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[ "Jusuf Kalla", "Presidential elections 2014", "What was the result of the 2014 elections?", "Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate.", "Was Kalla happy with the result?", "In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election", "What caused Kalla to lose?", "I don't know.", "Any other interesting information?", "During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election", "Was he asked to run or did he decide on his own?", "Kalla stated his willingness to run" ]

[ "Bulaki Das Kalla (born 4 October 1949) or Dr. B.D. Kalla, is an Indian politician from Bikaner Rajasthan. He is Education(primary and secondary), sanskrit education,arts, literature and culture & ASI minister in Rajasthan government.\n\nFamily and Education \nHe has done B.Sc., M.A. (Economics), L.L.B and Ph.D. He is the son of Giridhari Lal Kalla. He got married to Shiv Kumari Kalla on 10 February 1971. They have two sons (Ashwani Kalla and Pawan Kalla) and two daughters (Radha & Rajani).\n\nCareer \nDr. B.D. Kalla began his career in 1974 as a lecturer in a B.J.S. Rampuriya College in Bikaner. Then he turned towards politics and served as an MLA from Bikaner city in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly upon winning assembly elections for 5 times i.e. in 1980, 1985, 1990, 1998 and 2003.\n\nKalla served as the Minister for Secondary Education from 1990 and 2003 and did justice for his position with his previous experience in the education sector. Dr. B.D. Kalla was the Leader of the Opposition party from January 2004 to January 2006, as an active member of Indian National Congress in Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. He also served as President of Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee & Chairman of 4th Finance Commission.\n\nIn 2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections, the Bikaner constituency was split into Bikaner East (Rajasthan Assembly constituency) and Bikaner West (Rajasthan Assembly constituency) after the delimitation of boundaries by the Govt. BD Kalla lost 2008 & 2013 elections to BJP candidate Dr. Gopal Joshi (who is also Dr. Kalla's brother-in-law).\n\n2018 Rajasthan Assembly Elections \n\nIn November 2018, INC announced its first list of candidates & Dr. Kalla's name was not in it. His supporters took it offensively which caused political turmoil in Bikaner and Congress leadership took note of it, hence allocating ticket to Dr.Kalla from Bikaner West Constituency.\n\nIn December 2018, Dr BD Kalla won & become Minister in CM Ashok Gehlot's cabinet. He is one of the three ministers who have studied up to Ph.D., out of a total of 23 ministers in Gehlot's 2018 Cabinet. He was minister of Energy, Public Health Engineering, Ground Water, Art, Culture & Archeology departments till November 2021, and currently is the State Education Minister in Rajasthan Government.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Profile\n Personal website\n\nIndian National Congress politicians\n1949 births\nLiving people\nRajasthani politicians\nPeople from Bikaner\nLeaders of the Opposition in Rajasthan", "On Wednesday, 20 October 2004, President-elect Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (better known by his initials as \"SBY\") was Inaugurated as the 6th President of Indonesia. Yudhoyono was the first democratically direct-elected President of Indonesia, after previous presidents was elected by the People's Consultative Assembly. \n\nYudhoyono took his oath in the MPR/DPR buildings in Jakarta. This ceremony marked the commencement of the first five-year term of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as president and second non-consecutive and final term of Jusuf Kalla as vice president. Both were sworn in after winning the second round of the presidential election on September 20, 2004.\n\nBackground\n\nSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono was nominated for vice president after the MPR selected Megawati to succeed Abdurrahman Wahid by F-KKI, but he lost the election to PPP Chairman Hamzah Haz and DPR Speaker Akbar Tanjung. He reprised his prior cabinet position in Megawati's administration but resigned on 1 March 2004 to join the race for the presidency. The Democratic Party, established as a vehicle for Yudhoyono's political career by secular nationalists who saw the potential of his leadership, received 7.45% of votes and 10% of DPR seats in the April legislative election.\n\nYudhoyono's running mate was Jusuf Kalla, a Buginese businessman and member of Golkar who served as Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare under Megawati. Kalla joined Golkar's selection process for the party's presidential nominee in August 2003 but withdrew his candidacy days before the party convention the following April. Several days later, he resigned his cabinet position and announced his alliance with Yudhoyono.\n\nSecond Round of the election\nYudhoyono-Kalla gained 33,57% votes in the first round of the election. However, the requirements for winning the election is to gain at least 50% of the votes, this made Yudhoyono and Kalla must participate in the second round. On 20 September 2004, Yudhoyono-Kalla won 69,266,350 votes or 60.62% in the second round of the election beating Megawati-Hasyim. Yudhoyono and Kalla was Inaugurated on 20 October 2004.\n\nInaugural event\nThe People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) session with the agenda for the Inauguration of the elected President and Vice President for the 2004-2009 period was held at 10:20 Western Indonesia Time (UTC +7). The session was chaired by the Chairperson of the MPR, Hidayat Nur Wahid. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Jusuf Kalla were sworn in at the DPR/MPR Building, on October 20, 2004. Yudhoyono and Kalla read out his oath of office in front of 611 out of 678 MPR RI members who were present. President Megawati Sukarnoputri and Vice-president Hamzah Haz did not attend the inaugural event.\n\nForeign guests\nIt was the first time that foreign leaders had witnessed the swearing in of a new Indonesian president and vice-president. This is the list of foreign leaders who attended Yudhoyono's inauguration:\n Lee Hsien Loong\n Abdullah Badawi\n John Howard\n Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah\n Mari Alkatiri\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n \n \n \n\nPost-Suharto era\n2004 in Indonesia\n2004 elections in Indonesia\nSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono" ]

[ "Muhammad Jusuf Kalla (; born 15 May 1942) is an Indonesian politician and businessman who served as the 10th and 12th Vice President of Indonesia, the only vice president in Indonesian history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office (2004–2009 and 2014–2019). He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 presidential election.", "He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 presidential election. Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie.", "Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie. Since 2009 Kalla serves as the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society.", "Since 2009 Kalla serves as the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society. Early life Kalla was born on 15 May 1942 in Watampone, now sits in South Sulawesi. His parents were Hadji Kalla, a local businessman and Athirah, a woman who sold Buginese silk for a living. He was the second of 10 children.", "He was the second of 10 children. After completing school, Kalla attended Hasanuddin University in Makassar. At university he became active in the Indonesian Student Action Front (KAMI), a student organization which supported General Suharto in his bid to gain power from president Sukarno. Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI.", "Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI. He showed interest in a political career, becoming a member of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) and chairman of the Youth Division of Golkar when it was still organised under a Joint Secretariat (Sekretariat Bersama or Sekber) format.", "He showed interest in a political career, becoming a member of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) and chairman of the Youth Division of Golkar when it was still organised under a Joint Secretariat (Sekretariat Bersama or Sekber) format. Businessman In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University.", "Businessman In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University. The economic situation was bleak at the time and his father, Hadji Kalla, considered shutting down the family business, NV Hadji Kalla. Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm.", "Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm. Putting aside his political activities, in 1968 Kalla became CEO of NV Hadji Kalla while his father became chairman. In the beginning the business only had one employee and business was slow. Kalla's mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses.", "Kalla's mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses. Over time the business grew and became quite successful.", "Over time the business grew and became quite successful. NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors (hotels, infrastructure construction, car dealerships, aerobridges, shipping, real estate, transportation, a shrimp farm, oil palm, and telecommunications).", "NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors (hotels, infrastructure construction, car dealerships, aerobridges, shipping, real estate, transportation, a shrimp farm, oil palm, and telecommunications). In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm.", "In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm. In 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris.", "In 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris. \"NV Hadji Kalla\" is now known as the Kalla Group and is one of the leading business groups in Indonesia, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Affiliations Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations.", "Affiliations Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations. From 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association (ISEI) in Makassar (known as Ujung Pandang at the time) and continues to be an adviser for ISEI.", "From 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association (ISEI) in Makassar (known as Ujung Pandang at the time) and continues to be an adviser for ISEI. Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN).", "Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN). From 1985 to 1998 he was chairman for KADIN in South Sulawesi and was coordinator for KADIN in eastern Indonesia. In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar.", "In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar. Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre.", "Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre. Former Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla acted as an ambassador for Komodo in the New 7 Wonders of Nature, a global voting campaign to elect the seven natural wonders of the world.", "Former Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla acted as an ambassador for Komodo in the New 7 Wonders of Nature, a global voting campaign to elect the seven natural wonders of the world. The results of the campaign were released in 2011, and Komodo is now one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature.", "The results of the campaign were released in 2011, and Komodo is now one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. In 2015, the Jusuf Kalla School of Government at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta was established, with the school being funded by Kalla.", "In 2015, the Jusuf Kalla School of Government at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta was established, with the school being funded by Kalla. Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth and encouraging them to commit violence.", "Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth and encouraging them to commit violence. Political career Member of the People's Consultative Assembly Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as a regional representative for South Sulawesi.", "Political career Member of the People's Consultative Assembly Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as a regional representative for South Sulawesi. He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992, 1997, and 1999.", "He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992, 1997, and 1999. Wahid and Megawati Presidency When Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (often known as Gus Dur) was elected as president by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade.", "Wahid and Megawati Presidency When Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (often known as Gus Dur) was elected as president by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade. He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises.", "He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises. Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations.", "Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations. In July 2001, at a special session of the MPR, President Gus Dur was dismissed from office.", "In July 2001, at a special session of the MPR, President Gus Dur was dismissed from office. Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over the presidency and included Kalla in her cabinet, appointing him to the senior post of Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare.", "Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over the presidency and included Kalla in her cabinet, appointing him to the senior post of Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare. Although it was not part of his ministerial brief, Kalla helped solve the inter-religious conflict in Poso on his native island of Sulawesi.", "Although it was not part of his ministerial brief, Kalla helped solve the inter-religious conflict in Poso on his native island of Sulawesi. Kalla facilitated the negotiation which resulted in the signing of the Malino II Accord on 20 December 2001 and an end to the conflict which had gone on for three years.", "Kalla facilitated the negotiation which resulted in the signing of the Malino II Accord on 20 December 2001 and an end to the conflict which had gone on for three years. Two months later, Kalla helped solve another conflict in Sulawesi.", "Two months later, Kalla helped solve another conflict in Sulawesi. On 12 February 2002, Kalla, together with Coordinating Minister of Politics and Society Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, managed to solve a similar conflict on Ambon and Molucca through a second Malino Declaration.", "On 12 February 2002, Kalla, together with Coordinating Minister of Politics and Society Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, managed to solve a similar conflict on Ambon and Molucca through a second Malino Declaration. Road to Vice Presidency Now a popular figure for assisting with the peace process in Sulawesi, Kalla considered putting himself forward as a candidate in the 2004 presidential elections.", "Road to Vice Presidency Now a popular figure for assisting with the peace process in Sulawesi, Kalla considered putting himself forward as a candidate in the 2004 presidential elections. In August 2003 he announced his candidacy and enlisted as a participant in Golkar's 2004 Convention which would choose the Golkar candidate for president.", "In August 2003 he announced his candidacy and enlisted as a participant in Golkar's 2004 Convention which would choose the Golkar candidate for president. As the months went by, however, Kalla came to be seen more as a vice presidential candidate.", "As the months went by, however, Kalla came to be seen more as a vice presidential candidate. He was expected to partner a Javanese presidential candidate and his non-Javanese background was seen as a means of attracting non-Javanese votes which a Javanese candidate might have trouble getting.", "He was expected to partner a Javanese presidential candidate and his non-Javanese background was seen as a means of attracting non-Javanese votes which a Javanese candidate might have trouble getting. Just days before the Golkar national convention, Kalla decided to withdraw from running under the Golkar banner.", "Just days before the Golkar national convention, Kalla decided to withdraw from running under the Golkar banner. Rather, he accepted the offer from the Democratic Party's (PD) Yudhoyono to become his running mate.", "Rather, he accepted the offer from the Democratic Party's (PD) Yudhoyono to become his running mate. The pair also received the support of the Crescent Star Party (PBB), the Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI), and Reform Star Party (PBR). On 5 July 2004 the presidential election was held.", "On 5 July 2004 the presidential election was held. Yudhoyono and Kalla won the popular vote with 33% of the votes but 50% of votes is required for election as president and vice president so a run-off was required. Yudhoyono and Megawati proceeded to the second election round held later in the year.", "Yudhoyono and Megawati proceeded to the second election round held later in the year. In the second ground Yudhoyono faced a considerable challenge from Megawati who formed a national coalition consisting of her own Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) along with Golkar, the United Development Party, the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the Indonesian National Party (PNI).", "In the second ground Yudhoyono faced a considerable challenge from Megawati who formed a national coalition consisting of her own Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) along with Golkar, the United Development Party, the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the Indonesian National Party (PNI). Whilst Yudhoyono consolidated political support from other parties, Kalla turned to Golkar for support.", "Whilst Yudhoyono consolidated political support from other parties, Kalla turned to Golkar for support. Led by Fahmi Idris and ignoring the party line, pro-Kalla elements in Golkar declared their support for Kalla and Yudhoyono. On 20 September 2004 Yudhoyono and Kalla won the run-off with 60.1% of the vote.", "On 20 September 2004 Yudhoyono and Kalla won the run-off with 60.1% of the vote. First vice-presidential term Although he had overwhelmingly won the Presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the People's Representative Council (DPR).", "First vice-presidential term Although he had overwhelmingly won the Presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the People's Representative Council (DPR). PD with all of its coalition partners were still too weak to contend with the legislative muscles of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition.", "PD with all of its coalition partners were still too weak to contend with the legislative muscles of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition. With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar Chairman.", "With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar Chairman. When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh.", "When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh. Finally, when Paloh was also perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship.", "Finally, when Paloh was also perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship. On 19 December 2004, Kalla was elected as the new Chairman of Golkar. Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono.", "Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono. Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that in one sense, he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono.", "Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that in one sense, he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono. The first sign of rivalry came during the Indian Ocean tsunami when Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled the ministers and signed a vice presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh.", "The first sign of rivalry came during the Indian Ocean tsunami when Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled the ministers and signed a vice presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh. The legality of the Vice Presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed.", "The legality of the Vice Presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed. The second sign was in September 2005 when Yudhoyono went to New York to attend the annual United Nations Summit.", "The second sign was in September 2005 when Yudhoyono went to New York to attend the annual United Nations Summit. Although Yudhoyono had left Kalla to take charge of proceedings at Jakarta, he seemed to be bent on maintaining a watch on matters at home. Yudhoyono would hold a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers.", "Yudhoyono would hold a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers. Critics suggested that such conduct was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters.", "Critics suggested that such conduct was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters. Although things calmed down, especially with Golkar gaining another cabinet position in the reshuffle, the alleged rivalry surfaced again in October 2006 when Yudhoyono established the Presidential Work Unit for the Organization of Reform Program (UKP3R).", "Although things calmed down, especially with Golkar gaining another cabinet position in the reshuffle, the alleged rivalry surfaced again in October 2006 when Yudhoyono established the Presidential Work Unit for the Organization of Reform Program (UKP3R). Critics questioned whether the establishment of the unit was an attempt by Yudhoyono to exclude Kalla from the government.", "Critics questioned whether the establishment of the unit was an attempt by Yudhoyono to exclude Kalla from the government. Yudhoyono was quick to clarify that in supervising UKP3R, he would be assisted by Kalla. Potential presidential candidacy in 2014 Kalla has been often mentioned as a possible nominee of the Golkar Party in the 2014 presidential race.", "Potential presidential candidacy in 2014 Kalla has been often mentioned as a possible nominee of the Golkar Party in the 2014 presidential race. In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election with former Armed Forces Chief of Staff Wiranto as his running mate, finishing third with 12.4% of the vote.", "In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election with former Armed Forces Chief of Staff Wiranto as his running mate, finishing third with 12.4% of the vote. During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election in 2014 should he receive sufficient public support.", "During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election in 2014 should he receive sufficient public support. By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election.", "By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election. Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate for the Golkar Party and that he had no intention of competing with him despite surveys that showed that Kalla was likely to be more electable than Bakrie.", "Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate for the Golkar Party and that he had no intention of competing with him despite surveys that showed that Kalla was likely to be more electable than Bakrie. During Golkar's National Leadership meeting in Bogor on 29 June 2012, Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate.", "During Golkar's National Leadership meeting in Bogor on 29 June 2012, Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate. Nevertheless, in the changeable political scene in Indonesia the situation can be expected to evolve in the preparations for the 2014 presidential election.", "Nevertheless, in the changeable political scene in Indonesia the situation can be expected to evolve in the preparations for the 2014 presidential election. In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) with former president Megawati as candidate for president and him as the vice-presidential candidate.", "In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) with former president Megawati as candidate for president and him as the vice-presidential candidate. \"If I am not representing Golkar Party, then I have no objection ... Everything is possible in politics,\" Kalla said.", "\"If I am not representing Golkar Party, then I have no objection ... Everything is possible in politics,\" Kalla said. Jokowi's running mate Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)'s presidential candidate Joko Widodo announced Jusuf Kalla as his vice presidential running mate at Gedung Juang, Jakarta, on 19 May 2014.", "Jokowi's running mate Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)'s presidential candidate Joko Widodo announced Jusuf Kalla as his vice presidential running mate at Gedung Juang, Jakarta, on 19 May 2014. Second vice-presidential term During his second term as vice president, Kalla criticized neighbor nations Malaysia and Singapore for airing their concerns about suffering from the repeated haze caused by Indonesian forest fires, stating in March 2015: \"For 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us.", "Second vice-presidential term During his second term as vice president, Kalla criticized neighbor nations Malaysia and Singapore for airing their concerns about suffering from the repeated haze caused by Indonesian forest fires, stating in March 2015: \"For 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us. They have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset.\"", "They have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset.\" During the 2015 Southeast Asian haze crisis in September, Kalla restated a similar position, while further questioning \"why should there be an apology\" from Indonesia.", "During the 2015 Southeast Asian haze crisis in September, Kalla restated a similar position, while further questioning \"why should there be an apology\" from Indonesia. It was also noted that Kalla had made similar comments between 2005 and 2007 during his first term of Vice Presidency.", "It was also noted that Kalla had made similar comments between 2005 and 2007 during his first term of Vice Presidency. In what was interpreted as a response to Kalla, the Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs, K. Shanmugam, while noting that \"PSI levels in parts of Indonesia are at almost 2,000\", expressed disappointment at \"shocking statements made, at senior levels, from Indonesia ... without any regard for their people, or ours, and without any embarrassment, or sense of responsibility\".", "In what was interpreted as a response to Kalla, the Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs, K. Shanmugam, while noting that \"PSI levels in parts of Indonesia are at almost 2,000\", expressed disappointment at \"shocking statements made, at senior levels, from Indonesia ... without any regard for their people, or ours, and without any embarrassment, or sense of responsibility\". With Indonesia's pollution index by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics declaring values over 350 to be \"hazardous\", it was reported on 22 September 2015 that the index in Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan had hit 1,986.", "With Indonesia's pollution index by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics declaring values over 350 to be \"hazardous\", it was reported on 22 September 2015 that the index in Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan had hit 1,986. Later in September, Kalla insisted that Indonesia is \"open\", and requested that \"Singapore, please come if you want to help.", "Later in September, Kalla insisted that Indonesia is \"open\", and requested that \"Singapore, please come if you want to help. Don't just talk\"; this was in spite of earlier rejections (in that month) by Indonesia of Singapore's offers of assistance.", "Don't just talk\"; this was in spite of earlier rejections (in that month) by Indonesia of Singapore's offers of assistance. In November, Kalla said that the destruction of Indonesian forests was \"not only our problem\" as \"foreign people\" were also responsible.", "In November, Kalla said that the destruction of Indonesian forests was \"not only our problem\" as \"foreign people\" were also responsible. He scolded foreign companies, saying \"You take [Indonesian products], and pay $5, and you bring it here, and sell for $100.", "He scolded foreign companies, saying \"You take [Indonesian products], and pay $5, and you bring it here, and sell for $100. Indonesian companies just get $5 ... you have to pay, if not we will cut down all the trees, and let the world feel the heat ...", "Indonesian companies just get $5 ... you have to pay, if not we will cut down all the trees, and let the world feel the heat ... The world has to pay for all of this. Don't always accuse Indonesia.\"", "Don't always accuse Indonesia.\" He also reiterated that since Singapore and Malaysia did not thank Indonesia for \"fresh air from Sumatra, Kalimantan\", then there was no need for Indonesia to apologize for haze from Indonesian forest fires.", "He also reiterated that since Singapore and Malaysia did not thank Indonesia for \"fresh air from Sumatra, Kalimantan\", then there was no need for Indonesia to apologize for haze from Indonesian forest fires. In February 2016, Kalla told the United Nations Development Programme not to finance or carry out an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community program in Indonesia.", "In February 2016, Kalla told the United Nations Development Programme not to finance or carry out an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community program in Indonesia. Kalla previously stated opposition to LGBT campaigns in Indonesia, which he considered at that point as deviating from social values.", "Kalla previously stated opposition to LGBT campaigns in Indonesia, which he considered at that point as deviating from social values. In April 2016, Kalla reportedly criticized how Singapore, \"never wants to sign\" an extradition agreement with Indonesia, despite Singapore supposedly being the \"country where the largest number of\" Indonesian fugitives had fled.", "In April 2016, Kalla reportedly criticized how Singapore, \"never wants to sign\" an extradition agreement with Indonesia, despite Singapore supposedly being the \"country where the largest number of\" Indonesian fugitives had fled. The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by pointing out that an Indonesia-Singapore extradition treaty cum defence cooperation pact had been signed in 2007, while Kalla was also Vice President, but the treaty was still pending ratification by the Indonesian House of Representatives.", "The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by pointing out that an Indonesia-Singapore extradition treaty cum defence cooperation pact had been signed in 2007, while Kalla was also Vice President, but the treaty was still pending ratification by the Indonesian House of Representatives. The Indonesian House had rejected the dual agreement in 2013 as \"not favourable to Indonesia\", maintaining that \"extradition and defence are two separate issues\".", "The Indonesian House had rejected the dual agreement in 2013 as \"not favourable to Indonesia\", maintaining that \"extradition and defence are two separate issues\". In December 2018, the issue of China's Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority was brought up in parliament.", "In December 2018, the issue of China's Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority was brought up in parliament. Kalla said: \"we don't want to intervene in the domestic affairs of another country.\"", "Kalla said: \"we don't want to intervene in the domestic affairs of another country.\" Personal life Kalla is married to Mufidah Miad Saad, with whom he has five children, Muchlisa, Muswira, Imelda, Solichin and Chaerani. His career after the vice presidency has included many community activities.", "His career after the vice presidency has included many community activities. On 22 December 2009, he was elected as chairman of Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI).", "On 22 December 2009, he was elected as chairman of Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI). Kalla said that under his leadership the PMI would build up stocks in the national blood bank to prepare for any increased demand for blood by hospital patients and victims of natural disasters.", "Kalla said that under his leadership the PMI would build up stocks in the national blood bank to prepare for any increased demand for blood by hospital patients and victims of natural disasters. He also holds an Advance class amateur radio license with call sign YC8HYK.", "He also holds an Advance class amateur radio license with call sign YC8HYK. Decorations As the vice president of Indonesia, Kalla is automatically bestowed the highest class of 6 out of 7 civilian Star Decorations (), namely: See also List of vice presidents of Indonesia Notes References External links Profile at TokohIndonesia Official Site of Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla's Blog Official Site of Sahabat Muda Jusuf Kalla-Wiranto Official Site of Jusuf Kalla and Wiranto for Presidential Election 2009 1942 births Bugis people Hasanuddin University alumni INSEAD alumni Indonesian Muslims Living people Politicians from South Sulawesi Vice presidents of Indonesia Golkar politicians People from Bone Regency Government ministers of Indonesia Trade ministers of Indonesia Industry ministers of Indonesia" ]

[ "Jusuf Kalla", "Presidential elections 2014", "What was the result of the 2014 elections?", "Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate.", "Was Kalla happy with the result?", "In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election", "What caused Kalla to lose?", "I don't know.", "Any other interesting information?", "During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election", "Was he asked to run or did he decide on his own?", "Kalla stated his willingness to run", "What did Kalla do after the elections?", "Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate" ]

[ "Pete Rios was a member of the Arizona House of Representatives and the Arizona Senate, serving two stretches in the Senate and a single term in the House. He first ran, unsuccessfully, for the House in 1980. In 1982 he ran for the State Senate, winning the seat from Arizona's 7th District. He won re-election in 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 1992. He served as the Senate President during the 40th Legislature from 1991–1992. In 1994, he did not run for re-election to the Senate, instead choosing to run for the Arizona Secretary of State, a bid for which he was unsuccessful. In 1996 Rios once again ran for the Senate, regaining his seat in District 7. He won election three times, the first two in 1998 and 2000 to District, and then to District 23 in 2002, after re-districting. In 2004, due to Arizona's term limit laws, Rios was unable to run again for the Senate, and chose to run for the House seat from District 23, which he won. He won re-election in 2006. He did not run for re-election in 2008.\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nArizona Democrats\nMembers of the Arizona House of Representatives\nArizona state senators\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nPresidents of the Arizona State Senate", "Middleton (1822 – after 1833), also known as Chestnut Middleton, was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. His racing career consisted of a single race: a win in the 1825 Epsom Derby. Training problems prevented him from racing again, and he was retired undefeated to stud. He was exported to Russia in 1833.\n\nBackground\nMiddleton was a big, heavily built chestnut horse with a white blaze bred by his owner George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey at his stud at Middleton Stoney in Oxfordshire. His sire, Phantom won the Derby in 1811 and went on to be Champion sire on two occasions. Middleton’s dam, Web, was a half-sister of the Derby winner Whisker and became an extremely successful broodmare, her descendants including the Classic winners Glencoe, Cobweb (Epsom Oaks), Charlotte West (1000 Guineas) and Riddlesworth (2000 Guineas).\n\nRacing career\nMiddleton was slow to mature and did not run as a two-year-old. In early 1825, however, he performed well in private trial races.\nDespite never having raced in public, he became the leading fancy for The Derby and was the subject of much heavy betting for the race, with Lord Jersey and the Duke of Wellington among the biggest gamblers.\n\nOn the morning of the race, Middleton was the target of a plan by bookmakers to prevent him winning the race. A stable lad was bribed to allow the colt to drink several buckets of water, leaving him bloated. Edwards responded by giving Middleton a four-mile exercise walk after which he professed himself satisfied with the colt's condition. Middleton started at odds of 7/4 against seventeen opponents and won cleverly, from Rufus, with Hogarth third. Both Jersey and Wellington reportedly claimed over £1,000 in winning bets.\n\nIn autumn, Middleton was entered in several match races but did not run after either he or his opponent was withdrawn.\nMiddleton began to suffer from Navicular Disease which caused chronic lameness. It proved impossible to run him again, and he was retired to stud with an unbeaten record.\n\nStud career\nMiddleton stood as a stallion at the Horse Bazaar, Portman Square, London, where he had little success. In 1833, he was sold and exported to Russia.\n\nPedigree\n\nReferences\n\n1822 racehorse births\nEpsom Derby winners\nUndefeated racehorses\nRacehorses bred in the United Kingdom\nRacehorses trained in the United Kingdom\nThoroughbred family 1-s\nByerley Turk sire line" ]

[ "Muhammad Jusuf Kalla (; born 15 May 1942) is an Indonesian politician and businessman who served as the 10th and 12th Vice President of Indonesia, the only vice president in Indonesian history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office (2004–2009 and 2014–2019). He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 presidential election.", "He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 presidential election. Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie.", "Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie. Since 2009 Kalla serves as the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society.", "Since 2009 Kalla serves as the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society. Early life Kalla was born on 15 May 1942 in Watampone, now sits in South Sulawesi. His parents were Hadji Kalla, a local businessman and Athirah, a woman who sold Buginese silk for a living. He was the second of 10 children.", "He was the second of 10 children. After completing school, Kalla attended Hasanuddin University in Makassar. At university he became active in the Indonesian Student Action Front (KAMI), a student organization which supported General Suharto in his bid to gain power from president Sukarno. Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI.", "Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI. He showed interest in a political career, becoming a member of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) and chairman of the Youth Division of Golkar when it was still organised under a Joint Secretariat (Sekretariat Bersama or Sekber) format.", "He showed interest in a political career, becoming a member of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) and chairman of the Youth Division of Golkar when it was still organised under a Joint Secretariat (Sekretariat Bersama or Sekber) format. Businessman In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University.", "Businessman In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University. The economic situation was bleak at the time and his father, Hadji Kalla, considered shutting down the family business, NV Hadji Kalla. Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm.", "Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm. Putting aside his political activities, in 1968 Kalla became CEO of NV Hadji Kalla while his father became chairman. In the beginning the business only had one employee and business was slow. Kalla's mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses.", "Kalla's mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses. Over time the business grew and became quite successful.", "Over time the business grew and became quite successful. NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors (hotels, infrastructure construction, car dealerships, aerobridges, shipping, real estate, transportation, a shrimp farm, oil palm, and telecommunications).", "NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors (hotels, infrastructure construction, car dealerships, aerobridges, shipping, real estate, transportation, a shrimp farm, oil palm, and telecommunications). In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm.", "In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm. In 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris.", "In 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris. \"NV Hadji Kalla\" is now known as the Kalla Group and is one of the leading business groups in Indonesia, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Affiliations Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations.", "Affiliations Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations. From 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association (ISEI) in Makassar (known as Ujung Pandang at the time) and continues to be an adviser for ISEI.", "From 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association (ISEI) in Makassar (known as Ujung Pandang at the time) and continues to be an adviser for ISEI. Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN).", "Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN). From 1985 to 1998 he was chairman for KADIN in South Sulawesi and was coordinator for KADIN in eastern Indonesia. In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar.", "In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar. Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre.", "Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre. Former Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla acted as an ambassador for Komodo in the New 7 Wonders of Nature, a global voting campaign to elect the seven natural wonders of the world.", "Former Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla acted as an ambassador for Komodo in the New 7 Wonders of Nature, a global voting campaign to elect the seven natural wonders of the world. The results of the campaign were released in 2011, and Komodo is now one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature.", "The results of the campaign were released in 2011, and Komodo is now one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. In 2015, the Jusuf Kalla School of Government at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta was established, with the school being funded by Kalla.", "In 2015, the Jusuf Kalla School of Government at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta was established, with the school being funded by Kalla. Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth and encouraging them to commit violence.", "Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth and encouraging them to commit violence. Political career Member of the People's Consultative Assembly Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as a regional representative for South Sulawesi.", "Political career Member of the People's Consultative Assembly Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as a regional representative for South Sulawesi. He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992, 1997, and 1999.", "He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992, 1997, and 1999. Wahid and Megawati Presidency When Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (often known as Gus Dur) was elected as president by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade.", "Wahid and Megawati Presidency When Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (often known as Gus Dur) was elected as president by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade. He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises.", "He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises. Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations.", "Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations. In July 2001, at a special session of the MPR, President Gus Dur was dismissed from office.", "In July 2001, at a special session of the MPR, President Gus Dur was dismissed from office. Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over the presidency and included Kalla in her cabinet, appointing him to the senior post of Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare.", "Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over the presidency and included Kalla in her cabinet, appointing him to the senior post of Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare. Although it was not part of his ministerial brief, Kalla helped solve the inter-religious conflict in Poso on his native island of Sulawesi.", "Although it was not part of his ministerial brief, Kalla helped solve the inter-religious conflict in Poso on his native island of Sulawesi. Kalla facilitated the negotiation which resulted in the signing of the Malino II Accord on 20 December 2001 and an end to the conflict which had gone on for three years.", "Kalla facilitated the negotiation which resulted in the signing of the Malino II Accord on 20 December 2001 and an end to the conflict which had gone on for three years. Two months later, Kalla helped solve another conflict in Sulawesi.", "Two months later, Kalla helped solve another conflict in Sulawesi. On 12 February 2002, Kalla, together with Coordinating Minister of Politics and Society Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, managed to solve a similar conflict on Ambon and Molucca through a second Malino Declaration.", "On 12 February 2002, Kalla, together with Coordinating Minister of Politics and Society Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, managed to solve a similar conflict on Ambon and Molucca through a second Malino Declaration. Road to Vice Presidency Now a popular figure for assisting with the peace process in Sulawesi, Kalla considered putting himself forward as a candidate in the 2004 presidential elections.", "Road to Vice Presidency Now a popular figure for assisting with the peace process in Sulawesi, Kalla considered putting himself forward as a candidate in the 2004 presidential elections. In August 2003 he announced his candidacy and enlisted as a participant in Golkar's 2004 Convention which would choose the Golkar candidate for president.", "In August 2003 he announced his candidacy and enlisted as a participant in Golkar's 2004 Convention which would choose the Golkar candidate for president. As the months went by, however, Kalla came to be seen more as a vice presidential candidate.", "As the months went by, however, Kalla came to be seen more as a vice presidential candidate. He was expected to partner a Javanese presidential candidate and his non-Javanese background was seen as a means of attracting non-Javanese votes which a Javanese candidate might have trouble getting.", "He was expected to partner a Javanese presidential candidate and his non-Javanese background was seen as a means of attracting non-Javanese votes which a Javanese candidate might have trouble getting. Just days before the Golkar national convention, Kalla decided to withdraw from running under the Golkar banner.", "Just days before the Golkar national convention, Kalla decided to withdraw from running under the Golkar banner. Rather, he accepted the offer from the Democratic Party's (PD) Yudhoyono to become his running mate.", "Rather, he accepted the offer from the Democratic Party's (PD) Yudhoyono to become his running mate. The pair also received the support of the Crescent Star Party (PBB), the Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI), and Reform Star Party (PBR). On 5 July 2004 the presidential election was held.", "On 5 July 2004 the presidential election was held. Yudhoyono and Kalla won the popular vote with 33% of the votes but 50% of votes is required for election as president and vice president so a run-off was required. Yudhoyono and Megawati proceeded to the second election round held later in the year.", "Yudhoyono and Megawati proceeded to the second election round held later in the year. In the second ground Yudhoyono faced a considerable challenge from Megawati who formed a national coalition consisting of her own Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) along with Golkar, the United Development Party, the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the Indonesian National Party (PNI).", "In the second ground Yudhoyono faced a considerable challenge from Megawati who formed a national coalition consisting of her own Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) along with Golkar, the United Development Party, the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the Indonesian National Party (PNI). Whilst Yudhoyono consolidated political support from other parties, Kalla turned to Golkar for support.", "Whilst Yudhoyono consolidated political support from other parties, Kalla turned to Golkar for support. Led by Fahmi Idris and ignoring the party line, pro-Kalla elements in Golkar declared their support for Kalla and Yudhoyono. On 20 September 2004 Yudhoyono and Kalla won the run-off with 60.1% of the vote.", "On 20 September 2004 Yudhoyono and Kalla won the run-off with 60.1% of the vote. First vice-presidential term Although he had overwhelmingly won the Presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the People's Representative Council (DPR).", "First vice-presidential term Although he had overwhelmingly won the Presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the People's Representative Council (DPR). PD with all of its coalition partners were still too weak to contend with the legislative muscles of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition.", "PD with all of its coalition partners were still too weak to contend with the legislative muscles of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition. With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar Chairman.", "With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar Chairman. When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh.", "When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh. Finally, when Paloh was also perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship.", "Finally, when Paloh was also perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship. On 19 December 2004, Kalla was elected as the new Chairman of Golkar. Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono.", "Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono. Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that in one sense, he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono.", "Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that in one sense, he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono. The first sign of rivalry came during the Indian Ocean tsunami when Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled the ministers and signed a vice presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh.", "The first sign of rivalry came during the Indian Ocean tsunami when Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled the ministers and signed a vice presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh. The legality of the Vice Presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed.", "The legality of the Vice Presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed. The second sign was in September 2005 when Yudhoyono went to New York to attend the annual United Nations Summit.", "The second sign was in September 2005 when Yudhoyono went to New York to attend the annual United Nations Summit. Although Yudhoyono had left Kalla to take charge of proceedings at Jakarta, he seemed to be bent on maintaining a watch on matters at home. Yudhoyono would hold a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers.", "Yudhoyono would hold a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers. Critics suggested that such conduct was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters.", "Critics suggested that such conduct was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters. Although things calmed down, especially with Golkar gaining another cabinet position in the reshuffle, the alleged rivalry surfaced again in October 2006 when Yudhoyono established the Presidential Work Unit for the Organization of Reform Program (UKP3R).", "Although things calmed down, especially with Golkar gaining another cabinet position in the reshuffle, the alleged rivalry surfaced again in October 2006 when Yudhoyono established the Presidential Work Unit for the Organization of Reform Program (UKP3R). Critics questioned whether the establishment of the unit was an attempt by Yudhoyono to exclude Kalla from the government.", "Critics questioned whether the establishment of the unit was an attempt by Yudhoyono to exclude Kalla from the government. Yudhoyono was quick to clarify that in supervising UKP3R, he would be assisted by Kalla. Potential presidential candidacy in 2014 Kalla has been often mentioned as a possible nominee of the Golkar Party in the 2014 presidential race.", "Potential presidential candidacy in 2014 Kalla has been often mentioned as a possible nominee of the Golkar Party in the 2014 presidential race. In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election with former Armed Forces Chief of Staff Wiranto as his running mate, finishing third with 12.4% of the vote.", "In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election with former Armed Forces Chief of Staff Wiranto as his running mate, finishing third with 12.4% of the vote. During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election in 2014 should he receive sufficient public support.", "During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election in 2014 should he receive sufficient public support. By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election.", "By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election. Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate for the Golkar Party and that he had no intention of competing with him despite surveys that showed that Kalla was likely to be more electable than Bakrie.", "Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate for the Golkar Party and that he had no intention of competing with him despite surveys that showed that Kalla was likely to be more electable than Bakrie. During Golkar's National Leadership meeting in Bogor on 29 June 2012, Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate.", "During Golkar's National Leadership meeting in Bogor on 29 June 2012, Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate. Nevertheless, in the changeable political scene in Indonesia the situation can be expected to evolve in the preparations for the 2014 presidential election.", "Nevertheless, in the changeable political scene in Indonesia the situation can be expected to evolve in the preparations for the 2014 presidential election. In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) with former president Megawati as candidate for president and him as the vice-presidential candidate.", "In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) with former president Megawati as candidate for president and him as the vice-presidential candidate. \"If I am not representing Golkar Party, then I have no objection ... Everything is possible in politics,\" Kalla said.", "\"If I am not representing Golkar Party, then I have no objection ... Everything is possible in politics,\" Kalla said. Jokowi's running mate Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)'s presidential candidate Joko Widodo announced Jusuf Kalla as his vice presidential running mate at Gedung Juang, Jakarta, on 19 May 2014.", "Jokowi's running mate Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)'s presidential candidate Joko Widodo announced Jusuf Kalla as his vice presidential running mate at Gedung Juang, Jakarta, on 19 May 2014. Second vice-presidential term During his second term as vice president, Kalla criticized neighbor nations Malaysia and Singapore for airing their concerns about suffering from the repeated haze caused by Indonesian forest fires, stating in March 2015: \"For 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us.", "Second vice-presidential term During his second term as vice president, Kalla criticized neighbor nations Malaysia and Singapore for airing their concerns about suffering from the repeated haze caused by Indonesian forest fires, stating in March 2015: \"For 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us. They have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset.\"", "They have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset.\" During the 2015 Southeast Asian haze crisis in September, Kalla restated a similar position, while further questioning \"why should there be an apology\" from Indonesia.", "During the 2015 Southeast Asian haze crisis in September, Kalla restated a similar position, while further questioning \"why should there be an apology\" from Indonesia. It was also noted that Kalla had made similar comments between 2005 and 2007 during his first term of Vice Presidency.", "It was also noted that Kalla had made similar comments between 2005 and 2007 during his first term of Vice Presidency. In what was interpreted as a response to Kalla, the Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs, K. Shanmugam, while noting that \"PSI levels in parts of Indonesia are at almost 2,000\", expressed disappointment at \"shocking statements made, at senior levels, from Indonesia ... without any regard for their people, or ours, and without any embarrassment, or sense of responsibility\".", "In what was interpreted as a response to Kalla, the Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs, K. Shanmugam, while noting that \"PSI levels in parts of Indonesia are at almost 2,000\", expressed disappointment at \"shocking statements made, at senior levels, from Indonesia ... without any regard for their people, or ours, and without any embarrassment, or sense of responsibility\". With Indonesia's pollution index by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics declaring values over 350 to be \"hazardous\", it was reported on 22 September 2015 that the index in Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan had hit 1,986.", "With Indonesia's pollution index by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics declaring values over 350 to be \"hazardous\", it was reported on 22 September 2015 that the index in Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan had hit 1,986. Later in September, Kalla insisted that Indonesia is \"open\", and requested that \"Singapore, please come if you want to help.", "Later in September, Kalla insisted that Indonesia is \"open\", and requested that \"Singapore, please come if you want to help. Don't just talk\"; this was in spite of earlier rejections (in that month) by Indonesia of Singapore's offers of assistance.", "Don't just talk\"; this was in spite of earlier rejections (in that month) by Indonesia of Singapore's offers of assistance. In November, Kalla said that the destruction of Indonesian forests was \"not only our problem\" as \"foreign people\" were also responsible.", "In November, Kalla said that the destruction of Indonesian forests was \"not only our problem\" as \"foreign people\" were also responsible. He scolded foreign companies, saying \"You take [Indonesian products], and pay $5, and you bring it here, and sell for $100.", "He scolded foreign companies, saying \"You take [Indonesian products], and pay $5, and you bring it here, and sell for $100. Indonesian companies just get $5 ... you have to pay, if not we will cut down all the trees, and let the world feel the heat ...", "Indonesian companies just get $5 ... you have to pay, if not we will cut down all the trees, and let the world feel the heat ... The world has to pay for all of this. Don't always accuse Indonesia.\"", "Don't always accuse Indonesia.\" He also reiterated that since Singapore and Malaysia did not thank Indonesia for \"fresh air from Sumatra, Kalimantan\", then there was no need for Indonesia to apologize for haze from Indonesian forest fires.", "He also reiterated that since Singapore and Malaysia did not thank Indonesia for \"fresh air from Sumatra, Kalimantan\", then there was no need for Indonesia to apologize for haze from Indonesian forest fires. In February 2016, Kalla told the United Nations Development Programme not to finance or carry out an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community program in Indonesia.", "In February 2016, Kalla told the United Nations Development Programme not to finance or carry out an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community program in Indonesia. Kalla previously stated opposition to LGBT campaigns in Indonesia, which he considered at that point as deviating from social values.", "Kalla previously stated opposition to LGBT campaigns in Indonesia, which he considered at that point as deviating from social values. In April 2016, Kalla reportedly criticized how Singapore, \"never wants to sign\" an extradition agreement with Indonesia, despite Singapore supposedly being the \"country where the largest number of\" Indonesian fugitives had fled.", "In April 2016, Kalla reportedly criticized how Singapore, \"never wants to sign\" an extradition agreement with Indonesia, despite Singapore supposedly being the \"country where the largest number of\" Indonesian fugitives had fled. The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by pointing out that an Indonesia-Singapore extradition treaty cum defence cooperation pact had been signed in 2007, while Kalla was also Vice President, but the treaty was still pending ratification by the Indonesian House of Representatives.", "The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by pointing out that an Indonesia-Singapore extradition treaty cum defence cooperation pact had been signed in 2007, while Kalla was also Vice President, but the treaty was still pending ratification by the Indonesian House of Representatives. The Indonesian House had rejected the dual agreement in 2013 as \"not favourable to Indonesia\", maintaining that \"extradition and defence are two separate issues\".", "The Indonesian House had rejected the dual agreement in 2013 as \"not favourable to Indonesia\", maintaining that \"extradition and defence are two separate issues\". In December 2018, the issue of China's Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority was brought up in parliament.", "In December 2018, the issue of China's Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority was brought up in parliament. Kalla said: \"we don't want to intervene in the domestic affairs of another country.\"", "Kalla said: \"we don't want to intervene in the domestic affairs of another country.\" Personal life Kalla is married to Mufidah Miad Saad, with whom he has five children, Muchlisa, Muswira, Imelda, Solichin and Chaerani. His career after the vice presidency has included many community activities.", "His career after the vice presidency has included many community activities. On 22 December 2009, he was elected as chairman of Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI).", "On 22 December 2009, he was elected as chairman of Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI). Kalla said that under his leadership the PMI would build up stocks in the national blood bank to prepare for any increased demand for blood by hospital patients and victims of natural disasters.", "Kalla said that under his leadership the PMI would build up stocks in the national blood bank to prepare for any increased demand for blood by hospital patients and victims of natural disasters. He also holds an Advance class amateur radio license with call sign YC8HYK.", "He also holds an Advance class amateur radio license with call sign YC8HYK. Decorations As the vice president of Indonesia, Kalla is automatically bestowed the highest class of 6 out of 7 civilian Star Decorations (), namely: See also List of vice presidents of Indonesia Notes References External links Profile at TokohIndonesia Official Site of Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla's Blog Official Site of Sahabat Muda Jusuf Kalla-Wiranto Official Site of Jusuf Kalla and Wiranto for Presidential Election 2009 1942 births Bugis people Hasanuddin University alumni INSEAD alumni Indonesian Muslims Living people Politicians from South Sulawesi Vice presidents of Indonesia Golkar politicians People from Bone Regency Government ministers of Indonesia Trade ministers of Indonesia Industry ministers of Indonesia" ]

[ "Jusuf Kalla", "Presidential elections 2014", "What was the result of the 2014 elections?", "Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate.", "Was Kalla happy with the result?", "In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election", "What caused Kalla to lose?", "I don't know.", "Any other interesting information?", "During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election", "Was he asked to run or did he decide on his own?", "Kalla stated his willingness to run", "What did Kalla do after the elections?", "Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate", "Did he plan to run again?", "In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party" ]

[ "Byram v. United States, 705 F.2d 1418 (5th Cir. 1983) is a Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decision that helps determine when a sale of land will result in a capital gain for purpose of the U.S. Federal income tax.\n\nFacts \n\nTaxpayer John D. Byram sold seven pieces of real estate in 1973. All transactions were initiated by the purchases; he did not subdivide the land, and spent minimal time and effort. From 1971–1973 Byram sold 22 parcels of real estate for a gross return of over $9 million and a net profit of $3.4 million.\n\nIssue \n\nWere the properties held for investment purposes (allowing capital gains treatment) and not primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business?\n\nHolding \n\nThe Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the holding of the District Court. The properties were held for investment purposes and not primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business and therefore warranted capital gains treatment under Internal Revenue Code sections 1201 and 1202.\n\nThe Fifth Circuit Court's reasoning \n•\tByram made no personal effort to initiate the sales, he did not advertise, he did not have a sales office, he did not enlist the aid of brokers, he did not improve or develop the land, and he devoted minimal time and effort to the transactions.\n•\tThe court determined that the standard for review from the district court’s finding must be accepted unless it is clearly erroneous \n•\tThe district court did not clearly err in determining that 22 sales in 3 years were not sufficiently frequent or continuous to compel an inference of intent to hold the property for sale rather than investment \n•\tSubstantial and frequent sales activity standing alone has never been held to be automatically sufficient to trigger ordinary income treatment\n•\tA court should avoid placing too much weight on duration of ownership where other indicia of intent to hold the property for sale are minimal in order to follow Congressional intent.\n\nNotes \n\n•\tCapital Asset: property held by the taxpayer not including property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of the taxpayer's trade or business\n\n7 Pillars of Capital Gain Treatment \n(1) the nature and purpose of the acquisition of the property and the duration of the ownership; \n(2) the extent and nature of the taxpayer's efforts to sell the property; \n(3) the number, extent, continuity and substantiality of the sales; \n(4) the extent of subdividing, developing, and advertising to increase sales;\n(5) the use of a business office for the sale of the property; \n(6) the character and degree of supervision or control exercised by the taxpayer over any representative selling the property; and\n(7) the time and effort the taxpayer habitually devoted to the sales.\n\nImportance \n\nThe takeaway from this case, and the reason it is important to everyday investors, is that Byram demonstrated that if you want to sell property AND obtain favorable capital gains treatment, it is essential that you consider the 7 Pillars of Capital Gain Treatment and attempt to stay on the “Byram” Side of the line. If you begin to deviate, such as having a business office, or subdividing the land, or spending a significant amount of time and effort on sales, the court may disallow capital gains treatment on the sale of property.\n\nSee also capital gain\n\nSources \n\n1983 in United States case law\nUnited States taxation and revenue case law\nUnited States property case law\nUnited States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit cases", "This is a list of parliamentary by-elections in the United Kingdom held between 1931 and 1950, with the names of the incumbent and victor and their respective parties. Where seats changed political party at the election, the result is highlighted: red for a Labour gain, blue for a Conservative gain, orange for a Liberal gain, yellow for a SNP gain and grey for any other gain. A grand total of 333 by-elections were held during this period.\n\nResignations \n\nWhere the cause of by-election is given as \"resignation\" or \"seeks re-election\", this indicates that the incumbent was appointed on his or her own request to an \"office of profit under the Crown\", either the Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds or the Steward of the Manor of Northstead. These appointments are made as a constitutional device for leaving the House of Commons, whose Members are not permitted to resign.\n\nBy-elections\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nBritish Parliamentary By-Elections since 1945\nList of MPs since 1660\nF. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Statistics 1832-1987\nF. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-49\nF. W. S. Craig, Chronology of British Parliamentary By-elections 1833-1987\n\n1931\n20th century in the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Muhammad Jusuf Kalla (; born 15 May 1942) is an Indonesian politician and businessman who served as the 10th and 12th Vice President of Indonesia, the only vice president in Indonesian history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office (2004–2009 and 2014–2019). He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 presidential election.", "He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 presidential election. Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie.", "Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie. Since 2009 Kalla serves as the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society.", "Since 2009 Kalla serves as the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society. Early life Kalla was born on 15 May 1942 in Watampone, now sits in South Sulawesi. His parents were Hadji Kalla, a local businessman and Athirah, a woman who sold Buginese silk for a living. He was the second of 10 children.", "He was the second of 10 children. After completing school, Kalla attended Hasanuddin University in Makassar. At university he became active in the Indonesian Student Action Front (KAMI), a student organization which supported General Suharto in his bid to gain power from president Sukarno. Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI.", "Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI. He showed interest in a political career, becoming a member of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) and chairman of the Youth Division of Golkar when it was still organised under a Joint Secretariat (Sekretariat Bersama or Sekber) format.", "He showed interest in a political career, becoming a member of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) and chairman of the Youth Division of Golkar when it was still organised under a Joint Secretariat (Sekretariat Bersama or Sekber) format. Businessman In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University.", "Businessman In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University. The economic situation was bleak at the time and his father, Hadji Kalla, considered shutting down the family business, NV Hadji Kalla. Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm.", "Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm. Putting aside his political activities, in 1968 Kalla became CEO of NV Hadji Kalla while his father became chairman. In the beginning the business only had one employee and business was slow. Kalla's mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses.", "Kalla's mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses. Over time the business grew and became quite successful.", "Over time the business grew and became quite successful. NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors (hotels, infrastructure construction, car dealerships, aerobridges, shipping, real estate, transportation, a shrimp farm, oil palm, and telecommunications).", "NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors (hotels, infrastructure construction, car dealerships, aerobridges, shipping, real estate, transportation, a shrimp farm, oil palm, and telecommunications). In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm.", "In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm. In 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris.", "In 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris. \"NV Hadji Kalla\" is now known as the Kalla Group and is one of the leading business groups in Indonesia, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Affiliations Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations.", "Affiliations Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations. From 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association (ISEI) in Makassar (known as Ujung Pandang at the time) and continues to be an adviser for ISEI.", "From 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association (ISEI) in Makassar (known as Ujung Pandang at the time) and continues to be an adviser for ISEI. Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN).", "Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN). From 1985 to 1998 he was chairman for KADIN in South Sulawesi and was coordinator for KADIN in eastern Indonesia. In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar.", "In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar. Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre.", "Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre. Former Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla acted as an ambassador for Komodo in the New 7 Wonders of Nature, a global voting campaign to elect the seven natural wonders of the world.", "Former Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla acted as an ambassador for Komodo in the New 7 Wonders of Nature, a global voting campaign to elect the seven natural wonders of the world. The results of the campaign were released in 2011, and Komodo is now one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature.", "The results of the campaign were released in 2011, and Komodo is now one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. In 2015, the Jusuf Kalla School of Government at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta was established, with the school being funded by Kalla.", "In 2015, the Jusuf Kalla School of Government at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta was established, with the school being funded by Kalla. Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth and encouraging them to commit violence.", "Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth and encouraging them to commit violence. Political career Member of the People's Consultative Assembly Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as a regional representative for South Sulawesi.", "Political career Member of the People's Consultative Assembly Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as a regional representative for South Sulawesi. He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992, 1997, and 1999.", "He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992, 1997, and 1999. Wahid and Megawati Presidency When Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (often known as Gus Dur) was elected as president by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade.", "Wahid and Megawati Presidency When Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (often known as Gus Dur) was elected as president by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade. He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises.", "He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises. Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations.", "Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations. In July 2001, at a special session of the MPR, President Gus Dur was dismissed from office.", "In July 2001, at a special session of the MPR, President Gus Dur was dismissed from office. Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over the presidency and included Kalla in her cabinet, appointing him to the senior post of Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare.", "Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over the presidency and included Kalla in her cabinet, appointing him to the senior post of Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare. Although it was not part of his ministerial brief, Kalla helped solve the inter-religious conflict in Poso on his native island of Sulawesi.", "Although it was not part of his ministerial brief, Kalla helped solve the inter-religious conflict in Poso on his native island of Sulawesi. Kalla facilitated the negotiation which resulted in the signing of the Malino II Accord on 20 December 2001 and an end to the conflict which had gone on for three years.", "Kalla facilitated the negotiation which resulted in the signing of the Malino II Accord on 20 December 2001 and an end to the conflict which had gone on for three years. Two months later, Kalla helped solve another conflict in Sulawesi.", "Two months later, Kalla helped solve another conflict in Sulawesi. On 12 February 2002, Kalla, together with Coordinating Minister of Politics and Society Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, managed to solve a similar conflict on Ambon and Molucca through a second Malino Declaration.", "On 12 February 2002, Kalla, together with Coordinating Minister of Politics and Society Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, managed to solve a similar conflict on Ambon and Molucca through a second Malino Declaration. Road to Vice Presidency Now a popular figure for assisting with the peace process in Sulawesi, Kalla considered putting himself forward as a candidate in the 2004 presidential elections.", "Road to Vice Presidency Now a popular figure for assisting with the peace process in Sulawesi, Kalla considered putting himself forward as a candidate in the 2004 presidential elections. In August 2003 he announced his candidacy and enlisted as a participant in Golkar's 2004 Convention which would choose the Golkar candidate for president.", "In August 2003 he announced his candidacy and enlisted as a participant in Golkar's 2004 Convention which would choose the Golkar candidate for president. As the months went by, however, Kalla came to be seen more as a vice presidential candidate.", "As the months went by, however, Kalla came to be seen more as a vice presidential candidate. He was expected to partner a Javanese presidential candidate and his non-Javanese background was seen as a means of attracting non-Javanese votes which a Javanese candidate might have trouble getting.", "He was expected to partner a Javanese presidential candidate and his non-Javanese background was seen as a means of attracting non-Javanese votes which a Javanese candidate might have trouble getting. Just days before the Golkar national convention, Kalla decided to withdraw from running under the Golkar banner.", "Just days before the Golkar national convention, Kalla decided to withdraw from running under the Golkar banner. Rather, he accepted the offer from the Democratic Party's (PD) Yudhoyono to become his running mate.", "Rather, he accepted the offer from the Democratic Party's (PD) Yudhoyono to become his running mate. The pair also received the support of the Crescent Star Party (PBB), the Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI), and Reform Star Party (PBR). On 5 July 2004 the presidential election was held.", "On 5 July 2004 the presidential election was held. Yudhoyono and Kalla won the popular vote with 33% of the votes but 50% of votes is required for election as president and vice president so a run-off was required. Yudhoyono and Megawati proceeded to the second election round held later in the year.", "Yudhoyono and Megawati proceeded to the second election round held later in the year. In the second ground Yudhoyono faced a considerable challenge from Megawati who formed a national coalition consisting of her own Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) along with Golkar, the United Development Party, the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the Indonesian National Party (PNI).", "In the second ground Yudhoyono faced a considerable challenge from Megawati who formed a national coalition consisting of her own Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) along with Golkar, the United Development Party, the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the Indonesian National Party (PNI). Whilst Yudhoyono consolidated political support from other parties, Kalla turned to Golkar for support.", "Whilst Yudhoyono consolidated political support from other parties, Kalla turned to Golkar for support. Led by Fahmi Idris and ignoring the party line, pro-Kalla elements in Golkar declared their support for Kalla and Yudhoyono. On 20 September 2004 Yudhoyono and Kalla won the run-off with 60.1% of the vote.", "On 20 September 2004 Yudhoyono and Kalla won the run-off with 60.1% of the vote. First vice-presidential term Although he had overwhelmingly won the Presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the People's Representative Council (DPR).", "First vice-presidential term Although he had overwhelmingly won the Presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the People's Representative Council (DPR). PD with all of its coalition partners were still too weak to contend with the legislative muscles of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition.", "PD with all of its coalition partners were still too weak to contend with the legislative muscles of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition. With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar Chairman.", "With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar Chairman. When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh.", "When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh. Finally, when Paloh was also perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship.", "Finally, when Paloh was also perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship. On 19 December 2004, Kalla was elected as the new Chairman of Golkar. Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono.", "Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono. Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that in one sense, he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono.", "Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that in one sense, he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono. The first sign of rivalry came during the Indian Ocean tsunami when Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled the ministers and signed a vice presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh.", "The first sign of rivalry came during the Indian Ocean tsunami when Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled the ministers and signed a vice presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh. The legality of the Vice Presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed.", "The legality of the Vice Presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed. The second sign was in September 2005 when Yudhoyono went to New York to attend the annual United Nations Summit.", "The second sign was in September 2005 when Yudhoyono went to New York to attend the annual United Nations Summit. Although Yudhoyono had left Kalla to take charge of proceedings at Jakarta, he seemed to be bent on maintaining a watch on matters at home. Yudhoyono would hold a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers.", "Yudhoyono would hold a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers. Critics suggested that such conduct was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters.", "Critics suggested that such conduct was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters. Although things calmed down, especially with Golkar gaining another cabinet position in the reshuffle, the alleged rivalry surfaced again in October 2006 when Yudhoyono established the Presidential Work Unit for the Organization of Reform Program (UKP3R).", "Although things calmed down, especially with Golkar gaining another cabinet position in the reshuffle, the alleged rivalry surfaced again in October 2006 when Yudhoyono established the Presidential Work Unit for the Organization of Reform Program (UKP3R). Critics questioned whether the establishment of the unit was an attempt by Yudhoyono to exclude Kalla from the government.", "Critics questioned whether the establishment of the unit was an attempt by Yudhoyono to exclude Kalla from the government. Yudhoyono was quick to clarify that in supervising UKP3R, he would be assisted by Kalla. Potential presidential candidacy in 2014 Kalla has been often mentioned as a possible nominee of the Golkar Party in the 2014 presidential race.", "Potential presidential candidacy in 2014 Kalla has been often mentioned as a possible nominee of the Golkar Party in the 2014 presidential race. In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election with former Armed Forces Chief of Staff Wiranto as his running mate, finishing third with 12.4% of the vote.", "In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election with former Armed Forces Chief of Staff Wiranto as his running mate, finishing third with 12.4% of the vote. During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election in 2014 should he receive sufficient public support.", "During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election in 2014 should he receive sufficient public support. By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election.", "By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election. Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate for the Golkar Party and that he had no intention of competing with him despite surveys that showed that Kalla was likely to be more electable than Bakrie.", "Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate for the Golkar Party and that he had no intention of competing with him despite surveys that showed that Kalla was likely to be more electable than Bakrie. During Golkar's National Leadership meeting in Bogor on 29 June 2012, Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate.", "During Golkar's National Leadership meeting in Bogor on 29 June 2012, Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate. Nevertheless, in the changeable political scene in Indonesia the situation can be expected to evolve in the preparations for the 2014 presidential election.", "Nevertheless, in the changeable political scene in Indonesia the situation can be expected to evolve in the preparations for the 2014 presidential election. In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) with former president Megawati as candidate for president and him as the vice-presidential candidate.", "In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) with former president Megawati as candidate for president and him as the vice-presidential candidate. \"If I am not representing Golkar Party, then I have no objection ... Everything is possible in politics,\" Kalla said.", "\"If I am not representing Golkar Party, then I have no objection ... Everything is possible in politics,\" Kalla said. Jokowi's running mate Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)'s presidential candidate Joko Widodo announced Jusuf Kalla as his vice presidential running mate at Gedung Juang, Jakarta, on 19 May 2014.", "Jokowi's running mate Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)'s presidential candidate Joko Widodo announced Jusuf Kalla as his vice presidential running mate at Gedung Juang, Jakarta, on 19 May 2014. Second vice-presidential term During his second term as vice president, Kalla criticized neighbor nations Malaysia and Singapore for airing their concerns about suffering from the repeated haze caused by Indonesian forest fires, stating in March 2015: \"For 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us.", "Second vice-presidential term During his second term as vice president, Kalla criticized neighbor nations Malaysia and Singapore for airing their concerns about suffering from the repeated haze caused by Indonesian forest fires, stating in March 2015: \"For 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us. They have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset.\"", "They have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset.\" During the 2015 Southeast Asian haze crisis in September, Kalla restated a similar position, while further questioning \"why should there be an apology\" from Indonesia.", "During the 2015 Southeast Asian haze crisis in September, Kalla restated a similar position, while further questioning \"why should there be an apology\" from Indonesia. It was also noted that Kalla had made similar comments between 2005 and 2007 during his first term of Vice Presidency.", "It was also noted that Kalla had made similar comments between 2005 and 2007 during his first term of Vice Presidency. In what was interpreted as a response to Kalla, the Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs, K. Shanmugam, while noting that \"PSI levels in parts of Indonesia are at almost 2,000\", expressed disappointment at \"shocking statements made, at senior levels, from Indonesia ... without any regard for their people, or ours, and without any embarrassment, or sense of responsibility\".", "In what was interpreted as a response to Kalla, the Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs, K. Shanmugam, while noting that \"PSI levels in parts of Indonesia are at almost 2,000\", expressed disappointment at \"shocking statements made, at senior levels, from Indonesia ... without any regard for their people, or ours, and without any embarrassment, or sense of responsibility\". With Indonesia's pollution index by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics declaring values over 350 to be \"hazardous\", it was reported on 22 September 2015 that the index in Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan had hit 1,986.", "With Indonesia's pollution index by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics declaring values over 350 to be \"hazardous\", it was reported on 22 September 2015 that the index in Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan had hit 1,986. Later in September, Kalla insisted that Indonesia is \"open\", and requested that \"Singapore, please come if you want to help.", "Later in September, Kalla insisted that Indonesia is \"open\", and requested that \"Singapore, please come if you want to help. Don't just talk\"; this was in spite of earlier rejections (in that month) by Indonesia of Singapore's offers of assistance.", "Don't just talk\"; this was in spite of earlier rejections (in that month) by Indonesia of Singapore's offers of assistance. In November, Kalla said that the destruction of Indonesian forests was \"not only our problem\" as \"foreign people\" were also responsible.", "In November, Kalla said that the destruction of Indonesian forests was \"not only our problem\" as \"foreign people\" were also responsible. He scolded foreign companies, saying \"You take [Indonesian products], and pay $5, and you bring it here, and sell for $100.", "He scolded foreign companies, saying \"You take [Indonesian products], and pay $5, and you bring it here, and sell for $100. Indonesian companies just get $5 ... you have to pay, if not we will cut down all the trees, and let the world feel the heat ...", "Indonesian companies just get $5 ... you have to pay, if not we will cut down all the trees, and let the world feel the heat ... The world has to pay for all of this. Don't always accuse Indonesia.\"", "Don't always accuse Indonesia.\" He also reiterated that since Singapore and Malaysia did not thank Indonesia for \"fresh air from Sumatra, Kalimantan\", then there was no need for Indonesia to apologize for haze from Indonesian forest fires.", "He also reiterated that since Singapore and Malaysia did not thank Indonesia for \"fresh air from Sumatra, Kalimantan\", then there was no need for Indonesia to apologize for haze from Indonesian forest fires. In February 2016, Kalla told the United Nations Development Programme not to finance or carry out an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community program in Indonesia.", "In February 2016, Kalla told the United Nations Development Programme not to finance or carry out an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community program in Indonesia. Kalla previously stated opposition to LGBT campaigns in Indonesia, which he considered at that point as deviating from social values.", "Kalla previously stated opposition to LGBT campaigns in Indonesia, which he considered at that point as deviating from social values. In April 2016, Kalla reportedly criticized how Singapore, \"never wants to sign\" an extradition agreement with Indonesia, despite Singapore supposedly being the \"country where the largest number of\" Indonesian fugitives had fled.", "In April 2016, Kalla reportedly criticized how Singapore, \"never wants to sign\" an extradition agreement with Indonesia, despite Singapore supposedly being the \"country where the largest number of\" Indonesian fugitives had fled. The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by pointing out that an Indonesia-Singapore extradition treaty cum defence cooperation pact had been signed in 2007, while Kalla was also Vice President, but the treaty was still pending ratification by the Indonesian House of Representatives.", "The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by pointing out that an Indonesia-Singapore extradition treaty cum defence cooperation pact had been signed in 2007, while Kalla was also Vice President, but the treaty was still pending ratification by the Indonesian House of Representatives. The Indonesian House had rejected the dual agreement in 2013 as \"not favourable to Indonesia\", maintaining that \"extradition and defence are two separate issues\".", "The Indonesian House had rejected the dual agreement in 2013 as \"not favourable to Indonesia\", maintaining that \"extradition and defence are two separate issues\". In December 2018, the issue of China's Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority was brought up in parliament.", "In December 2018, the issue of China's Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority was brought up in parliament. Kalla said: \"we don't want to intervene in the domestic affairs of another country.\"", "Kalla said: \"we don't want to intervene in the domestic affairs of another country.\" Personal life Kalla is married to Mufidah Miad Saad, with whom he has five children, Muchlisa, Muswira, Imelda, Solichin and Chaerani. His career after the vice presidency has included many community activities.", "His career after the vice presidency has included many community activities. On 22 December 2009, he was elected as chairman of Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI).", "On 22 December 2009, he was elected as chairman of Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI). Kalla said that under his leadership the PMI would build up stocks in the national blood bank to prepare for any increased demand for blood by hospital patients and victims of natural disasters.", "Kalla said that under his leadership the PMI would build up stocks in the national blood bank to prepare for any increased demand for blood by hospital patients and victims of natural disasters. He also holds an Advance class amateur radio license with call sign YC8HYK.", "He also holds an Advance class amateur radio license with call sign YC8HYK. Decorations As the vice president of Indonesia, Kalla is automatically bestowed the highest class of 6 out of 7 civilian Star Decorations (), namely: See also List of vice presidents of Indonesia Notes References External links Profile at TokohIndonesia Official Site of Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla's Blog Official Site of Sahabat Muda Jusuf Kalla-Wiranto Official Site of Jusuf Kalla and Wiranto for Presidential Election 2009 1942 births Bugis people Hasanuddin University alumni INSEAD alumni Indonesian Muslims Living people Politicians from South Sulawesi Vice presidents of Indonesia Golkar politicians People from Bone Regency Government ministers of Indonesia Trade ministers of Indonesia Industry ministers of Indonesia" ]

[ "Jusuf Kalla", "Presidential elections 2014", "What was the result of the 2014 elections?", "Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate.", "Was Kalla happy with the result?", "In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election", "What caused Kalla to lose?", "I don't know.", "Any other interesting information?", "During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election", "Was he asked to run or did he decide on his own?", "Kalla stated his willingness to run", "What did Kalla do after the elections?", "Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate", "Did he plan to run again?", "In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party", "Did he gain any other office?", "By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election." ]

[ "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts", "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region" ]

[ "Muhammad Jusuf Kalla (; born 15 May 1942) is an Indonesian politician and businessman who served as the 10th and 12th Vice President of Indonesia, the only vice president in Indonesian history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office (2004–2009 and 2014–2019). He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 presidential election.", "He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 presidential election. Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie.", "Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie. Since 2009 Kalla serves as the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society.", "Since 2009 Kalla serves as the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society. Early life Kalla was born on 15 May 1942 in Watampone, now sits in South Sulawesi. His parents were Hadji Kalla, a local businessman and Athirah, a woman who sold Buginese silk for a living. He was the second of 10 children.", "He was the second of 10 children. After completing school, Kalla attended Hasanuddin University in Makassar. At university he became active in the Indonesian Student Action Front (KAMI), a student organization which supported General Suharto in his bid to gain power from president Sukarno. Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI.", "Kalla was elected as chair of South Sulawesi branch of KAMI. He showed interest in a political career, becoming a member of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) and chairman of the Youth Division of Golkar when it was still organised under a Joint Secretariat (Sekretariat Bersama or Sekber) format.", "He showed interest in a political career, becoming a member of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) and chairman of the Youth Division of Golkar when it was still organised under a Joint Secretariat (Sekretariat Bersama or Sekber) format. Businessman In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University.", "Businessman In 1967 Kalla graduated from the Economics Faculty at Hasanuddin University. The economic situation was bleak at the time and his father, Hadji Kalla, considered shutting down the family business, NV Hadji Kalla. Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm.", "Instead, Kalla decided to take over the firm. Putting aside his political activities, in 1968 Kalla became CEO of NV Hadji Kalla while his father became chairman. In the beginning the business only had one employee and business was slow. Kalla's mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses.", "Kalla's mother assisted by trading silk and running a small transportation business with three buses. Over time the business grew and became quite successful.", "Over time the business grew and became quite successful. NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors (hotels, infrastructure construction, car dealerships, aerobridges, shipping, real estate, transportation, a shrimp farm, oil palm, and telecommunications).", "NV Hadji Kalla expanded from the export-import trading business into other sectors (hotels, infrastructure construction, car dealerships, aerobridges, shipping, real estate, transportation, a shrimp farm, oil palm, and telecommunications). In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm.", "In addition to being CEO of NV Hadji Kalla, Kalla was also CEO of various subsidiaries of the firm. In 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris.", "In 1977, Kalla graduated from INSEAD, an international business school in Fontainebleau, south of Paris. \"NV Hadji Kalla\" is now known as the Kalla Group and is one of the leading business groups in Indonesia, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Affiliations Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations.", "Affiliations Aside from his business career, Kalla has been active in numerous well-known organizations. From 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association (ISEI) in Makassar (known as Ujung Pandang at the time) and continues to be an adviser for ISEI.", "From 1979 to 1989, he was chairman of the Indonesian Economics Graduates Association (ISEI) in Makassar (known as Ujung Pandang at the time) and continues to be an adviser for ISEI. Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN).", "Kalla was extensively involved with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN). From 1985 to 1998 he was chairman for KADIN in South Sulawesi and was coordinator for KADIN in eastern Indonesia. In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar.", "In addition, Kalla is on the board of trustees for three universities in Makassar. Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre.", "Kalla has contributed socially by building the Al Markaz Mosque and becoming chairman of its Islamic centre. Former Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla acted as an ambassador for Komodo in the New 7 Wonders of Nature, a global voting campaign to elect the seven natural wonders of the world.", "Former Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla acted as an ambassador for Komodo in the New 7 Wonders of Nature, a global voting campaign to elect the seven natural wonders of the world. The results of the campaign were released in 2011, and Komodo is now one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature.", "The results of the campaign were released in 2011, and Komodo is now one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. In 2015, the Jusuf Kalla School of Government at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta was established, with the school being funded by Kalla.", "In 2015, the Jusuf Kalla School of Government at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta was established, with the school being funded by Kalla. Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth and encouraging them to commit violence.", "Kalla is seen in The Act of Killing film praising Pancasila Youth and encouraging them to commit violence. Political career Member of the People's Consultative Assembly Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as a regional representative for South Sulawesi.", "Political career Member of the People's Consultative Assembly Kalla returned to active politics in 1987 when he was appointed to the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as a regional representative for South Sulawesi. He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992, 1997, and 1999.", "He was re-appointed to the MPR in 1992, 1997, and 1999. Wahid and Megawati Presidency When Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (often known as Gus Dur) was elected as president by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade.", "Wahid and Megawati Presidency When Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (often known as Gus Dur) was elected as president by the MPR in 1999, Kalla was included in the cabinet and became Minister of Industry and Trade. He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises.", "He had only been a minister for six months when in April 2000 Wahid removed him along with the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises. Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations.", "Wahid accused both Kalla and minister Laksamana of corruption, although he never produced evidence to support the charge, and Kalla denied the allegations. In July 2001, at a special session of the MPR, President Gus Dur was dismissed from office.", "In July 2001, at a special session of the MPR, President Gus Dur was dismissed from office. Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over the presidency and included Kalla in her cabinet, appointing him to the senior post of Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare.", "Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over the presidency and included Kalla in her cabinet, appointing him to the senior post of Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare. Although it was not part of his ministerial brief, Kalla helped solve the inter-religious conflict in Poso on his native island of Sulawesi.", "Although it was not part of his ministerial brief, Kalla helped solve the inter-religious conflict in Poso on his native island of Sulawesi. Kalla facilitated the negotiation which resulted in the signing of the Malino II Accord on 20 December 2001 and an end to the conflict which had gone on for three years.", "Kalla facilitated the negotiation which resulted in the signing of the Malino II Accord on 20 December 2001 and an end to the conflict which had gone on for three years. Two months later, Kalla helped solve another conflict in Sulawesi.", "Two months later, Kalla helped solve another conflict in Sulawesi. On 12 February 2002, Kalla, together with Coordinating Minister of Politics and Society Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, managed to solve a similar conflict on Ambon and Molucca through a second Malino Declaration.", "On 12 February 2002, Kalla, together with Coordinating Minister of Politics and Society Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, managed to solve a similar conflict on Ambon and Molucca through a second Malino Declaration. Road to Vice Presidency Now a popular figure for assisting with the peace process in Sulawesi, Kalla considered putting himself forward as a candidate in the 2004 presidential elections.", "Road to Vice Presidency Now a popular figure for assisting with the peace process in Sulawesi, Kalla considered putting himself forward as a candidate in the 2004 presidential elections. In August 2003 he announced his candidacy and enlisted as a participant in Golkar's 2004 Convention which would choose the Golkar candidate for president.", "In August 2003 he announced his candidacy and enlisted as a participant in Golkar's 2004 Convention which would choose the Golkar candidate for president. As the months went by, however, Kalla came to be seen more as a vice presidential candidate.", "As the months went by, however, Kalla came to be seen more as a vice presidential candidate. He was expected to partner a Javanese presidential candidate and his non-Javanese background was seen as a means of attracting non-Javanese votes which a Javanese candidate might have trouble getting.", "He was expected to partner a Javanese presidential candidate and his non-Javanese background was seen as a means of attracting non-Javanese votes which a Javanese candidate might have trouble getting. Just days before the Golkar national convention, Kalla decided to withdraw from running under the Golkar banner.", "Just days before the Golkar national convention, Kalla decided to withdraw from running under the Golkar banner. Rather, he accepted the offer from the Democratic Party's (PD) Yudhoyono to become his running mate.", "Rather, he accepted the offer from the Democratic Party's (PD) Yudhoyono to become his running mate. The pair also received the support of the Crescent Star Party (PBB), the Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI), and Reform Star Party (PBR). On 5 July 2004 the presidential election was held.", "On 5 July 2004 the presidential election was held. Yudhoyono and Kalla won the popular vote with 33% of the votes but 50% of votes is required for election as president and vice president so a run-off was required. Yudhoyono and Megawati proceeded to the second election round held later in the year.", "Yudhoyono and Megawati proceeded to the second election round held later in the year. In the second ground Yudhoyono faced a considerable challenge from Megawati who formed a national coalition consisting of her own Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) along with Golkar, the United Development Party, the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the Indonesian National Party (PNI).", "In the second ground Yudhoyono faced a considerable challenge from Megawati who formed a national coalition consisting of her own Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P) along with Golkar, the United Development Party, the Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), and the Indonesian National Party (PNI). Whilst Yudhoyono consolidated political support from other parties, Kalla turned to Golkar for support.", "Whilst Yudhoyono consolidated political support from other parties, Kalla turned to Golkar for support. Led by Fahmi Idris and ignoring the party line, pro-Kalla elements in Golkar declared their support for Kalla and Yudhoyono. On 20 September 2004 Yudhoyono and Kalla won the run-off with 60.1% of the vote.", "On 20 September 2004 Yudhoyono and Kalla won the run-off with 60.1% of the vote. First vice-presidential term Although he had overwhelmingly won the Presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the People's Representative Council (DPR).", "First vice-presidential term Although he had overwhelmingly won the Presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the People's Representative Council (DPR). PD with all of its coalition partners were still too weak to contend with the legislative muscles of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition.", "PD with all of its coalition partners were still too weak to contend with the legislative muscles of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition. With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar Chairman.", "With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar Chairman. When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh.", "When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh. Finally, when Paloh was also perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship.", "Finally, when Paloh was also perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship. On 19 December 2004, Kalla was elected as the new Chairman of Golkar. Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono.", "Kalla's victory posed a dilemma for Yudhoyono. Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that in one sense, he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono.", "Although it now enabled Yudhoyono to pass legislation, Kalla's new position meant that in one sense, he was now more powerful than Yudhoyono. The first sign of rivalry came during the Indian Ocean tsunami when Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled the ministers and signed a vice presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh.", "The first sign of rivalry came during the Indian Ocean tsunami when Kalla, apparently on his own initiative, assembled the ministers and signed a vice presidential decree ordering work to begin on rehabilitating Aceh. The legality of the Vice Presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed.", "The legality of the Vice Presidential decree was questioned although Yudhoyono maintained that it was he who gave the orders for Kalla to proceed. The second sign was in September 2005 when Yudhoyono went to New York to attend the annual United Nations Summit.", "The second sign was in September 2005 when Yudhoyono went to New York to attend the annual United Nations Summit. Although Yudhoyono had left Kalla to take charge of proceedings at Jakarta, he seemed to be bent on maintaining a watch on matters at home. Yudhoyono would hold a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers.", "Yudhoyono would hold a video conference from New York to receive reports from ministers. Critics suggested that such conduct was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters.", "Critics suggested that such conduct was an expression of distrust by Yudhoyono The suggestion seemed to gain momentum when Kalla only showed up for one video conference and then spent the rest of the time taking care of Golkar matters. Although things calmed down, especially with Golkar gaining another cabinet position in the reshuffle, the alleged rivalry surfaced again in October 2006 when Yudhoyono established the Presidential Work Unit for the Organization of Reform Program (UKP3R).", "Although things calmed down, especially with Golkar gaining another cabinet position in the reshuffle, the alleged rivalry surfaced again in October 2006 when Yudhoyono established the Presidential Work Unit for the Organization of Reform Program (UKP3R). Critics questioned whether the establishment of the unit was an attempt by Yudhoyono to exclude Kalla from the government.", "Critics questioned whether the establishment of the unit was an attempt by Yudhoyono to exclude Kalla from the government. Yudhoyono was quick to clarify that in supervising UKP3R, he would be assisted by Kalla. Potential presidential candidacy in 2014 Kalla has been often mentioned as a possible nominee of the Golkar Party in the 2014 presidential race.", "Potential presidential candidacy in 2014 Kalla has been often mentioned as a possible nominee of the Golkar Party in the 2014 presidential race. In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election with former Armed Forces Chief of Staff Wiranto as his running mate, finishing third with 12.4% of the vote.", "In 2009 Kalla ran in the Indonesian presidential election with former Armed Forces Chief of Staff Wiranto as his running mate, finishing third with 12.4% of the vote. During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election in 2014 should he receive sufficient public support.", "During a dedication ceremony of the Indonesian Red Cross headquarters in the Riau province on 3 February 2012 Kalla stated his willingness to run in the presidential election in 2014 should he receive sufficient public support. By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election.", "By May 2012 however, Kalla stated that he had no intention of running in the 2014 Presidential election. Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate for the Golkar Party and that he had no intention of competing with him despite surveys that showed that Kalla was likely to be more electable than Bakrie.", "Kalla said he had no hard feelings about party chairman Aburizal Bakrie's upcoming inauguration as presidential candidate for the Golkar Party and that he had no intention of competing with him despite surveys that showed that Kalla was likely to be more electable than Bakrie. During Golkar's National Leadership meeting in Bogor on 29 June 2012, Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate.", "During Golkar's National Leadership meeting in Bogor on 29 June 2012, Bakrie was officially declared the Golkar Party's 2014 Presidential candidate. Nevertheless, in the changeable political scene in Indonesia the situation can be expected to evolve in the preparations for the 2014 presidential election.", "Nevertheless, in the changeable political scene in Indonesia the situation can be expected to evolve in the preparations for the 2014 presidential election. In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) with former president Megawati as candidate for president and him as the vice-presidential candidate.", "In late 2012 Jusuf Kalla indicated that he would be prepared to move away from Golkar and join a ticket sponsored by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) with former president Megawati as candidate for president and him as the vice-presidential candidate. \"If I am not representing Golkar Party, then I have no objection ... Everything is possible in politics,\" Kalla said.", "\"If I am not representing Golkar Party, then I have no objection ... Everything is possible in politics,\" Kalla said. Jokowi's running mate Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)'s presidential candidate Joko Widodo announced Jusuf Kalla as his vice presidential running mate at Gedung Juang, Jakarta, on 19 May 2014.", "Jokowi's running mate Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP)'s presidential candidate Joko Widodo announced Jusuf Kalla as his vice presidential running mate at Gedung Juang, Jakarta, on 19 May 2014. Second vice-presidential term During his second term as vice president, Kalla criticized neighbor nations Malaysia and Singapore for airing their concerns about suffering from the repeated haze caused by Indonesian forest fires, stating in March 2015: \"For 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us.", "Second vice-presidential term During his second term as vice president, Kalla criticized neighbor nations Malaysia and Singapore for airing their concerns about suffering from the repeated haze caused by Indonesian forest fires, stating in March 2015: \"For 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us. They have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset.\"", "They have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset.\" During the 2015 Southeast Asian haze crisis in September, Kalla restated a similar position, while further questioning \"why should there be an apology\" from Indonesia.", "During the 2015 Southeast Asian haze crisis in September, Kalla restated a similar position, while further questioning \"why should there be an apology\" from Indonesia. It was also noted that Kalla had made similar comments between 2005 and 2007 during his first term of Vice Presidency.", "It was also noted that Kalla had made similar comments between 2005 and 2007 during his first term of Vice Presidency. In what was interpreted as a response to Kalla, the Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs, K. Shanmugam, while noting that \"PSI levels in parts of Indonesia are at almost 2,000\", expressed disappointment at \"shocking statements made, at senior levels, from Indonesia ... without any regard for their people, or ours, and without any embarrassment, or sense of responsibility\".", "In what was interpreted as a response to Kalla, the Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs, K. Shanmugam, while noting that \"PSI levels in parts of Indonesia are at almost 2,000\", expressed disappointment at \"shocking statements made, at senior levels, from Indonesia ... without any regard for their people, or ours, and without any embarrassment, or sense of responsibility\". With Indonesia's pollution index by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics declaring values over 350 to be \"hazardous\", it was reported on 22 September 2015 that the index in Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan had hit 1,986.", "With Indonesia's pollution index by the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics declaring values over 350 to be \"hazardous\", it was reported on 22 September 2015 that the index in Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan had hit 1,986. Later in September, Kalla insisted that Indonesia is \"open\", and requested that \"Singapore, please come if you want to help.", "Later in September, Kalla insisted that Indonesia is \"open\", and requested that \"Singapore, please come if you want to help. Don't just talk\"; this was in spite of earlier rejections (in that month) by Indonesia of Singapore's offers of assistance.", "Don't just talk\"; this was in spite of earlier rejections (in that month) by Indonesia of Singapore's offers of assistance. In November, Kalla said that the destruction of Indonesian forests was \"not only our problem\" as \"foreign people\" were also responsible.", "In November, Kalla said that the destruction of Indonesian forests was \"not only our problem\" as \"foreign people\" were also responsible. He scolded foreign companies, saying \"You take [Indonesian products], and pay $5, and you bring it here, and sell for $100.", "He scolded foreign companies, saying \"You take [Indonesian products], and pay $5, and you bring it here, and sell for $100. Indonesian companies just get $5 ... you have to pay, if not we will cut down all the trees, and let the world feel the heat ...", "Indonesian companies just get $5 ... you have to pay, if not we will cut down all the trees, and let the world feel the heat ... The world has to pay for all of this. Don't always accuse Indonesia.\"", "Don't always accuse Indonesia.\" He also reiterated that since Singapore and Malaysia did not thank Indonesia for \"fresh air from Sumatra, Kalimantan\", then there was no need for Indonesia to apologize for haze from Indonesian forest fires.", "He also reiterated that since Singapore and Malaysia did not thank Indonesia for \"fresh air from Sumatra, Kalimantan\", then there was no need for Indonesia to apologize for haze from Indonesian forest fires. In February 2016, Kalla told the United Nations Development Programme not to finance or carry out an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community program in Indonesia.", "In February 2016, Kalla told the United Nations Development Programme not to finance or carry out an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community program in Indonesia. Kalla previously stated opposition to LGBT campaigns in Indonesia, which he considered at that point as deviating from social values.", "Kalla previously stated opposition to LGBT campaigns in Indonesia, which he considered at that point as deviating from social values. In April 2016, Kalla reportedly criticized how Singapore, \"never wants to sign\" an extradition agreement with Indonesia, despite Singapore supposedly being the \"country where the largest number of\" Indonesian fugitives had fled.", "In April 2016, Kalla reportedly criticized how Singapore, \"never wants to sign\" an extradition agreement with Indonesia, despite Singapore supposedly being the \"country where the largest number of\" Indonesian fugitives had fled. The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by pointing out that an Indonesia-Singapore extradition treaty cum defence cooperation pact had been signed in 2007, while Kalla was also Vice President, but the treaty was still pending ratification by the Indonesian House of Representatives.", "The Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by pointing out that an Indonesia-Singapore extradition treaty cum defence cooperation pact had been signed in 2007, while Kalla was also Vice President, but the treaty was still pending ratification by the Indonesian House of Representatives. The Indonesian House had rejected the dual agreement in 2013 as \"not favourable to Indonesia\", maintaining that \"extradition and defence are two separate issues\".", "The Indonesian House had rejected the dual agreement in 2013 as \"not favourable to Indonesia\", maintaining that \"extradition and defence are two separate issues\". In December 2018, the issue of China's Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority was brought up in parliament.", "In December 2018, the issue of China's Xinjiang re-education camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority was brought up in parliament. Kalla said: \"we don't want to intervene in the domestic affairs of another country.\"", "Kalla said: \"we don't want to intervene in the domestic affairs of another country.\" Personal life Kalla is married to Mufidah Miad Saad, with whom he has five children, Muchlisa, Muswira, Imelda, Solichin and Chaerani. His career after the vice presidency has included many community activities.", "His career after the vice presidency has included many community activities. On 22 December 2009, he was elected as chairman of Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI).", "On 22 December 2009, he was elected as chairman of Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI). Kalla said that under his leadership the PMI would build up stocks in the national blood bank to prepare for any increased demand for blood by hospital patients and victims of natural disasters.", "Kalla said that under his leadership the PMI would build up stocks in the national blood bank to prepare for any increased demand for blood by hospital patients and victims of natural disasters. He also holds an Advance class amateur radio license with call sign YC8HYK.", "He also holds an Advance class amateur radio license with call sign YC8HYK. Decorations As the vice president of Indonesia, Kalla is automatically bestowed the highest class of 6 out of 7 civilian Star Decorations (), namely: See also List of vice presidents of Indonesia Notes References External links Profile at TokohIndonesia Official Site of Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla's Blog Official Site of Sahabat Muda Jusuf Kalla-Wiranto Official Site of Jusuf Kalla and Wiranto for Presidential Election 2009 1942 births Bugis people Hasanuddin University alumni INSEAD alumni Indonesian Muslims Living people Politicians from South Sulawesi Vice presidents of Indonesia Golkar politicians People from Bone Regency Government ministers of Indonesia Trade ministers of Indonesia Industry ministers of Indonesia" ]

[ "Matthew Paris", "Paris as an artist" ]

[ "Jean-Baptiste-François de Montullé (3 February 1721 – 26 August 1787) was a French magistrate, who was born and died in Paris. His daughter Émilie-Sophie became an artist, whilst Jean-Baptiste himself was an art collector, though he had to sell off his collection thanks to financial difficulties at the end of 1783 - it included five paintings by Antoine Watteau. He was also executor to the collector Jean de Jullienne.\n\nSources\nNotes prises aux archives de l'État-civil de Paris, par le comte de Chastellux, Paris, 1875, p. 443.\n\nArt collectors from Paris\nFrench judges\n1721 births\n1787 deaths", "Angelika Schatz (1897 – May 1975) was an Israeli artist.\n\nThe daughter of Boris Schatz, a well-known Israeli artist, and Zhenia Zhermovsky, his first wife, she was born in Sofia, Bulgaria. When she was six, her mother left her father to go to Paris with , one of her father's students, and took her daughter with her. Schatz went on to study art at an academy in Germany.\n\nIn 1919, Schatz married Robert Meerson. The couple lived in Hamburg, later moving to Paris. In 1923, they moved to Berlin; they had their only child, a son, there. In 1925, the couple moved to Prague, where they stayed for ten years. She spent some time in Paris in 1928. In 1932, she won a gold medal at the Grand Prix, an art show in Paris. Schatz also had exhibitions in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. The family later moved to Sofia, where Schatz was part of a group of female artists and also published articles as an art critic. Around 1940, Schatz and her husband divorced. During World War II, both Schatz and her son were interned for a time in labor camps. In January 1948, she went to Israel with her son. Schatz married Dan Schneider in 1951; the couple and her son lived in Tel Aviv. She joined the Association of Painters and Sculptors there and continued to paint but was not otherwise well-connected with the local art scene.\n\nShe died in Tel Aviv at the age of 78 and was buried in Kiryat Shaul Cemetery.\n\nReferences \n\n1897 births\n1975 deaths\n20th-century women artists\nIsraeli women artists\nArtists from Sofia\nArtists from Paris" ]

[ "Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\".", "He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\". Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse.", "Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope.", "He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope. However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\".", "However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\". Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.", "Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire. He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School.", "He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217.", "The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside.", "It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality.", "He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality. His life was mainly spent in this religious house.", "His life was mainly spent in this religious house. In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim.", "In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim. Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous.", "Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236.", "After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259.", "This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work. The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used.", "The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?)", "They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?) and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist.", "and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle.", "The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle. Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures.", "Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris.", "Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery (from some inscriptions it seems they were regarded as his property to dispose of). The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution.", "The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MSS seem to have been appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library. Chronica Majora. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm.", "Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 + 281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work (see below), but less heavily illustrated per page than others. These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253.", "These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward.", "The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward. There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately.", "There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately. A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below.", "A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below. An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol.", "An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol. 162–393. Flores Historiarum. Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712.", "Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712. Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark.", "Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark. Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey.", "Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey. It was apparently started there, copying another MS of Paris' text that went up to 1240. Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2.", "Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2. The illustrations are similar to Paris' style but not by him. Later additions took the chronicle up to 1327. Historia Anglorum. British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, fols. 8v–156v.", "8v–156v. 8v–156v. 358 x 250 mm, ff 232 in all. A history of England, begun in 1250 and perhaps completed around 1255, covering the years 1070–1253. The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica.", "The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica. Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England.", "Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England. All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v).", "All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v). The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him.", "The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him. By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\".", "By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\". Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back.", "Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back. Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford.", "Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford. The fact that the book was acquired by a 16th-century Earl of Arundel suggests that Duke Humphrey's inscription was not entirely accurate, as New College would probably not have disposed of it. Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols.", "Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols. 5–100. Another shortened history, mainly covering 1067 to 1253. Probably begun circa 1255, it remained unfinished at Paris' death. Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy.", "Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy. It also contains the most developed of Paris' four maps of Great Britain. Chronica excerpta a magnis cronicis. British Library Cotton MS Vitellius A XX, folios 77r–108v. Covers from 1066 to 1246. Written at some point between 1246 and 1259.", "Written at some point between 1246 and 1259. Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand.", "Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand. Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents.", "Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents. A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris.", "A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris. Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page.", "Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page. 240 x 165 mm. Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated.", "Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated. The Life of St Alban is in French verse, adapted from a Latin Life of St Alban by William of St Albans, ca. 1178.", "1178. 1178. The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography.", "The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography. Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59.", "Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations.", "This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations. Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162.", "Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162. Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations.", "Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations. Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198.", "Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198. The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan.", "The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan. Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\".", "Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\". Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240.", "Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240. Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories.", "Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories. A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v.", "A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v. One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library.", "One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library. Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts.", "Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Ashmole 304, 176 x 128 mm, ff72. Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance.", "Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance. Several later copies of the text and illustrations survive. Provenance before 1602 unknown.", "Provenance before 1602 unknown. Provenance before 1602 unknown. Miscellaneous writings by John of Wallingford (the Younger), British Library, MS Cotton Julius D VII, 188 × 130 mm, ff. 134. 1247–58. Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings.", "Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings. A portrait of John, a map of the British Isles, and a Christ in Majesty are all accepted as by Paris. The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's.", "The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's. This was John's property, left to his final monastery at Wymondham. Also, fragments of a Latin biography of Stephen Langton. Various other works, especially maps.", "Various other works, especially maps. A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248.", "A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248. Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later.", "Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later. Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page.", "Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page. Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century. They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations.", "They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations. The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period.", "The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period. A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640.", "A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640. This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century.", "This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century. Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated.", "Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated. This is likely because so much more is known about him than other English illuminators of the period, who are mostly anonymous. Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period.", "Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period. William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only.", "William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only. The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him.", "The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him. Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200.", "Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200. He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London.", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London. His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae.", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae. It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period.", "It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period. His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive. What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed.", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed. He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events.", "He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events. Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms.", "Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible.", "The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible. In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\"", "In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\" It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy.", "It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy. Henry Richards Luard supposes that Paris never intended his work to be read in its present form. Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran.", "Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran. On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime.", "On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime. Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret.", "Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret. There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer.", "There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer. Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill.", "Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill. Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form.", "Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form. A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world.", "A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world. Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces.", "Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces. The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869).", "The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869). Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890).", "Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890). This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326.", "This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326. He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury.", "He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury. He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (the History of Saint Edward the King), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. The manuscript has had a varied publication history.", "The manuscript has had a varied publication history. Sections were printed in Francisque Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace.", "Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace. A facsimile for the Roxburghe Club was edited by M. R. James, and the whole manuscript has been digitalized and can be seen online. Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him.", "Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him. Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris.", "Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris. 12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.", "12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library Fully annotated copy of Matthew Paris's Claudius Map, with translations and transcriptions 1200 births 1259 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from St Albans English Benedictines English Christian monks English chroniclers English cartographers English historians Historians of the Catholic Church Heraldists Manuscript illuminators Writers who illustrated their own writing Medieval European scribes People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Artist authors Medieval English painters 13th-century Christian monks 13th-century painters 13th-century English artists 13th-century Latin writers 13th-century English writers 13th-century English people 13th-century historians" ]

[ "Matthew Paris", "Paris as an artist", "When was Paris an artist?", "first half of the 13th century." ]

[ "War paint is paint ritually applied to the face and/or body prior to going into a battle.\nWar Paint or Warpaint may also refer to:\n\nMusic\n Warpaint (band), an American indie rock band from Los Angeles\nWarpaint (Warpaint album), 2014 album by Warpaint\n\"Warpaint\", song by Warpaint from The Fool (2010)\n\nAlbums\n Warpaint (The Black Crowes album) (2008)\n War Paint (The Dangerous Summer album), or the title song (2011)\n War Paint (Lorrie Morgan album), or the title song (1994)\n Warpaint (Happy Rhodes album), or the title song (1991)\n\nSongs\n \"War Paint\" (Fletcher song) (2015)\n \"War Paint\" (Madeline Merlo song) (2016)\n \"War Paint\", by Gwen Stefani from This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016)\n \"Warpaint\", by Ivory Hours (2015)\n \"War Paint\", by Kelly Clarkson from Piece by Piece (2015)\n \"War Paint\", by Rush from Presto (1989)\n \"War Paint\" , by Jonah Marais\n\nFilms\n War Paint (1926 film), a western by W. S. Van Dyke\n War Paint (1953 film), a western starring Robert Stack and Joan Taylor\n Iliza Shlesinger: War Paint, a 2013 stand-up comedy film\n\nOther uses\nWar Paint (horse), (c. 1945) a ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking horse\n Warpaint (mascot), a mascot of the Kansas City Chiefs NFL team\n War Paint (musical), a Broadway musical based on the rivalry between Elizabeth Arden and Helena Rubinstein\n Luxilus coccogenis or warpaint shiner\n War Paint, a Disney comic by Carl Barks\n Military camouflage", "Lucas Mlambo (born 28 December 1959 in Sidvwashini, Mbabane) is a Swazi painter.\n\nBiography\nThe only boy of eight children, his father died when he was very young and was raised by his mother whilst attending Lozita Secondary School. In 1984, the Mlambo family were forced to relocate by the government to make way for roads and he began drawing to remember his childhood home. He got a job in Beral and developed his skills in painting at the weekends and selling them to his colleagues. In 1985, a man named Dori whom he met at the Indingilizi Gallery recognized his talent and encouraged him to exhibit. The following year he did so at the gallery, with Lisa Forslund from Sweden.\n\nIn 1991, Mlambo painted five murals at Indingilizi to depict the Reed Dance Ceremony. He has since showcased his works in Total Gallery in Johannesburg and University of Zululand in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Grahamstown Arts Festival, at the Swaziland Arts Society, and in Denmark and the United States. His paintings are noted for their bright colours, often in lively scenes, and generally capture every day life and landmarks in the country. Mlambo has said “Many people like my paintings. I like to use bright colours. In my work, you can see how people in Swaziland live and what they do. I like Mbabane very much because when I see the mountains I see something to paint. When I see the streets, people and buildings, I see something to paint. Even in the location where I stay, I find many stories to paint to show how the people live and what they do.” Notable works include After the Storm, Washing Day - Manzini, Nhlangano Town Mshengu St and Nhlangano - Old Bus Rank. Mlambo is married with a son and a daughter.\n\nReferences\n\nSwazi painters\nPeople from Mbabane\n1959 births\nLiving people\n20th-century painters\n21st-century painters" ]

[ "Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\".", "He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\". Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse.", "Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope.", "He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope. However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\".", "However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\". Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.", "Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire. He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School.", "He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217.", "The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside.", "It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality.", "He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality. His life was mainly spent in this religious house.", "His life was mainly spent in this religious house. In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim.", "In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim. Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous.", "Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236.", "After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259.", "This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work. The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used.", "The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?)", "They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?) and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist.", "and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle.", "The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle. Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures.", "Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris.", "Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery (from some inscriptions it seems they were regarded as his property to dispose of). The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution.", "The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MSS seem to have been appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library. Chronica Majora. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm.", "Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 + 281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work (see below), but less heavily illustrated per page than others. These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253.", "These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward.", "The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward. There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately.", "There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately. A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below.", "A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below. An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol.", "An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol. 162–393. Flores Historiarum. Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712.", "Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712. Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark.", "Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark. Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey.", "Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey. It was apparently started there, copying another MS of Paris' text that went up to 1240. Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2.", "Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2. The illustrations are similar to Paris' style but not by him. Later additions took the chronicle up to 1327. Historia Anglorum. British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, fols. 8v–156v.", "8v–156v. 8v–156v. 358 x 250 mm, ff 232 in all. A history of England, begun in 1250 and perhaps completed around 1255, covering the years 1070–1253. The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica.", "The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica. Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England.", "Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England. All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v).", "All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v). The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him.", "The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him. By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\".", "By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\". Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back.", "Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back. Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford.", "Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford. The fact that the book was acquired by a 16th-century Earl of Arundel suggests that Duke Humphrey's inscription was not entirely accurate, as New College would probably not have disposed of it. Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols.", "Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols. 5–100. Another shortened history, mainly covering 1067 to 1253. Probably begun circa 1255, it remained unfinished at Paris' death. Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy.", "Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy. It also contains the most developed of Paris' four maps of Great Britain. Chronica excerpta a magnis cronicis. British Library Cotton MS Vitellius A XX, folios 77r–108v. Covers from 1066 to 1246. Written at some point between 1246 and 1259.", "Written at some point between 1246 and 1259. Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand.", "Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand. Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents.", "Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents. A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris.", "A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris. Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page.", "Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page. 240 x 165 mm. Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated.", "Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated. The Life of St Alban is in French verse, adapted from a Latin Life of St Alban by William of St Albans, ca. 1178.", "1178. 1178. The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography.", "The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography. Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59.", "Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations.", "This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations. Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162.", "Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162. Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations.", "Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations. Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198.", "Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198. The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan.", "The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan. Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\".", "Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\". Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240.", "Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240. Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories.", "Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories. A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v.", "A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v. One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library.", "One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library. Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts.", "Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Ashmole 304, 176 x 128 mm, ff72. Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance.", "Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance. Several later copies of the text and illustrations survive. Provenance before 1602 unknown.", "Provenance before 1602 unknown. Provenance before 1602 unknown. Miscellaneous writings by John of Wallingford (the Younger), British Library, MS Cotton Julius D VII, 188 × 130 mm, ff. 134. 1247–58. Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings.", "Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings. A portrait of John, a map of the British Isles, and a Christ in Majesty are all accepted as by Paris. The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's.", "The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's. This was John's property, left to his final monastery at Wymondham. Also, fragments of a Latin biography of Stephen Langton. Various other works, especially maps.", "Various other works, especially maps. A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248.", "A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248. Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later.", "Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later. Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page.", "Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page. Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century. They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations.", "They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations. The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period.", "The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period. A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640.", "A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640. This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century.", "This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century. Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated.", "Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated. This is likely because so much more is known about him than other English illuminators of the period, who are mostly anonymous. Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period.", "Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period. William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only.", "William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only. The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him.", "The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him. Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200.", "Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200. He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London.", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London. His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae.", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae. It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period.", "It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period. His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive. What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed.", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed. He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events.", "He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events. Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms.", "Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible.", "The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible. In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\"", "In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\" It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy.", "It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy. Henry Richards Luard supposes that Paris never intended his work to be read in its present form. Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran.", "Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran. On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime.", "On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime. Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret.", "Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret. There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer.", "There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer. Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill.", "Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill. Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form.", "Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form. A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world.", "A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world. Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces.", "Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces. The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869).", "The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869). Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890).", "Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890). This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326.", "This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326. He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury.", "He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury. He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (the History of Saint Edward the King), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. The manuscript has had a varied publication history.", "The manuscript has had a varied publication history. Sections were printed in Francisque Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace.", "Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace. A facsimile for the Roxburghe Club was edited by M. R. James, and the whole manuscript has been digitalized and can be seen online. Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him.", "Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him. Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris.", "Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris. 12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.", "12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library Fully annotated copy of Matthew Paris's Claudius Map, with translations and transcriptions 1200 births 1259 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from St Albans English Benedictines English Christian monks English chroniclers English cartographers English historians Historians of the Catholic Church Heraldists Manuscript illuminators Writers who illustrated their own writing Medieval European scribes People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Artist authors Medieval English painters 13th-century Christian monks 13th-century painters 13th-century English artists 13th-century Latin writers 13th-century English writers 13th-century English people 13th-century historians" ]

[ "Matthew Paris", "Paris as an artist", "When was Paris an artist?", "first half of the 13th century.", "What did he paint?", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures," ]

[ "Wilt \"Tallpree\" Cambridge (born 29 July 1973) is a Grenadian soca artist.\n\nHe initially began performing as a reggae dancehall artist in the late 1980s and made the switch to becoming a soca artist the late 90s. His first stage name was Mr. Evilus, but by the time he began singing the popular \"Jab Jab\" – infused music soca enthusiasts have come to expect from him, he changed his name to Tallpree.\n\nIn 2000, Tallpree built a massive audience in the Spicemas Grenada Carnival season with the soca song \"Grave, Jail, Hospital,\" which was named the Road March (most popular/played song) that year.\n\nTallpree continues to perform popular soca tunes all around the world, and in 2011, he was named Grenadian Cultural Ambassador.\n\nEPs\n\n Jab Love (FOX FUSE, 2017)\n\nReferences \n\nSoca musicians\n1973 births\nLiving people", "Chin Faithes ( b. April 1, 1946), known professionally as Chinakorn Krailat (), was a Thai Luk thung singer, and was named National Artist of Thailand in 1999.\n\nEarly life \nHe was born in Sukhothai Province.\n\nCareer \nBeginning as a singer from \"Cheer Ramwong band\", he started performing on stage during the 1950s. His first album was \"Luk thung Ram Luek\" followed by many popular songs including \"Phet Luang Nai Salam\" (), \"Phet Cha Kad Jai\" (), \"Thee Rak Rao Rak Kan Mai Dai\" (), etc including his most popular one \"Yor Yot Pra Lor\" ().\n\nHe was awarded National Artist of Thailand award, for performing arts (International music) in 1999.\n\nHe died from colon cancer on May 18, 2017, at age 70.\n\nReferences\n\nChin Faithes\n1946 births\n2017 deaths\nChin Faithes\nChin Faithes\nChin Faithes\nChin Faithes" ]

[ "Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\".", "He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\". Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse.", "Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope.", "He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope. However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\".", "However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\". Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.", "Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire. He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School.", "He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217.", "The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside.", "It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality.", "He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality. His life was mainly spent in this religious house.", "His life was mainly spent in this religious house. In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim.", "In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim. Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous.", "Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236.", "After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259.", "This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work. The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used.", "The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?)", "They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?) and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist.", "and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle.", "The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle. Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures.", "Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris.", "Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery (from some inscriptions it seems they were regarded as his property to dispose of). The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution.", "The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MSS seem to have been appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library. Chronica Majora. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm.", "Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 + 281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work (see below), but less heavily illustrated per page than others. These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253.", "These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward.", "The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward. There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately.", "There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately. A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below.", "A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below. An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol.", "An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol. 162–393. Flores Historiarum. Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712.", "Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712. Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark.", "Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark. Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey.", "Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey. It was apparently started there, copying another MS of Paris' text that went up to 1240. Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2.", "Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2. The illustrations are similar to Paris' style but not by him. Later additions took the chronicle up to 1327. Historia Anglorum. British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, fols. 8v–156v.", "8v–156v. 8v–156v. 358 x 250 mm, ff 232 in all. A history of England, begun in 1250 and perhaps completed around 1255, covering the years 1070–1253. The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica.", "The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica. Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England.", "Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England. All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v).", "All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v). The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him.", "The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him. By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\".", "By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\". Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back.", "Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back. Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford.", "Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford. The fact that the book was acquired by a 16th-century Earl of Arundel suggests that Duke Humphrey's inscription was not entirely accurate, as New College would probably not have disposed of it. Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols.", "Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols. 5–100. Another shortened history, mainly covering 1067 to 1253. Probably begun circa 1255, it remained unfinished at Paris' death. Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy.", "Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy. It also contains the most developed of Paris' four maps of Great Britain. Chronica excerpta a magnis cronicis. British Library Cotton MS Vitellius A XX, folios 77r–108v. Covers from 1066 to 1246. Written at some point between 1246 and 1259.", "Written at some point between 1246 and 1259. Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand.", "Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand. Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents.", "Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents. A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris.", "A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris. Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page.", "Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page. 240 x 165 mm. Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated.", "Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated. The Life of St Alban is in French verse, adapted from a Latin Life of St Alban by William of St Albans, ca. 1178.", "1178. 1178. The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography.", "The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography. Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59.", "Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations.", "This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations. Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162.", "Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162. Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations.", "Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations. Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198.", "Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198. The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan.", "The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan. Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\".", "Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\". Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240.", "Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240. Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories.", "Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories. A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v.", "A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v. One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library.", "One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library. Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts.", "Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Ashmole 304, 176 x 128 mm, ff72. Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance.", "Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance. Several later copies of the text and illustrations survive. Provenance before 1602 unknown.", "Provenance before 1602 unknown. Provenance before 1602 unknown. Miscellaneous writings by John of Wallingford (the Younger), British Library, MS Cotton Julius D VII, 188 × 130 mm, ff. 134. 1247–58. Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings.", "Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings. A portrait of John, a map of the British Isles, and a Christ in Majesty are all accepted as by Paris. The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's.", "The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's. This was John's property, left to his final monastery at Wymondham. Also, fragments of a Latin biography of Stephen Langton. Various other works, especially maps.", "Various other works, especially maps. A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248.", "A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248. Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later.", "Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later. Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page.", "Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page. Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century. They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations.", "They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations. The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period.", "The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period. A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640.", "A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640. This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century.", "This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century. Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated.", "Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated. This is likely because so much more is known about him than other English illuminators of the period, who are mostly anonymous. Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period.", "Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period. William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only.", "William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only. The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him.", "The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him. Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200.", "Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200. He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London.", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London. His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae.", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae. It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period.", "It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period. His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive. What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed.", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed. He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events.", "He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events. Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms.", "Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible.", "The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible. In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\"", "In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\" It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy.", "It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy. Henry Richards Luard supposes that Paris never intended his work to be read in its present form. Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran.", "Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran. On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime.", "On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime. Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret.", "Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret. There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer.", "There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer. Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill.", "Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill. Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form.", "Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form. A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world.", "A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world. Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces.", "Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces. The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869).", "The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869). Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890).", "Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890). This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326.", "This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326. He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury.", "He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury. He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (the History of Saint Edward the King), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. The manuscript has had a varied publication history.", "The manuscript has had a varied publication history. Sections were printed in Francisque Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace.", "Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace. A facsimile for the Roxburghe Club was edited by M. R. James, and the whole manuscript has been digitalized and can be seen online. Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him.", "Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him. Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris.", "Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris. 12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.", "12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library Fully annotated copy of Matthew Paris's Claudius Map, with translations and transcriptions 1200 births 1259 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from St Albans English Benedictines English Christian monks English chroniclers English cartographers English historians Historians of the Catholic Church Heraldists Manuscript illuminators Writers who illustrated their own writing Medieval European scribes People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Artist authors Medieval English painters 13th-century Christian monks 13th-century painters 13th-century English artists 13th-century Latin writers 13th-century English writers 13th-century English people 13th-century historians" ]

[ "Matthew Paris", "Paris as an artist", "When was Paris an artist?", "first half of the 13th century.", "What did he paint?", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures,", "Was he a popular artist?", "became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century." ]

[ "Vinston Eric Painter (born October 11, 1989) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the sixth round of the 2013 NFL Draft out of Virginia Tech.\n\nProfessional career\n\nDenver Broncos\nPainter was drafted in the sixth round, 173rd overall, by the Denver Broncos in the 2013 NFL Draft. On August 31, 2013, he was released and was signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on January 14, 2014.\n\nOn August 30, 2014, Painter was released by the Broncos and was signed to the practice squad the next day.\n\nCleveland Browns\nOn September 1, 2014, Painter was signed by the Cleveland Browns off the Broncos' practice squad.\n\nOn September 5, 2015, he was waived by the Browns.\n\nNew York Giants\nOn September 16, 2015, Painter was signed to the New York Giants' practice squad. On September 30, 2015, he was released by the Giants.\n\nMiami Dolphins\nOn January 5, 2016, Painter signed with the Dolphins. On August 27, 2016, Painter was waived by the Dolphins.\n\nWashington Redskins\nPainter was claimed off waivers by the Washington Redskins on August 29, 2016. He was released by the team on September 3, 2016. The next day, the team signed him to their practice squad. On September 27, 2016, he was promoted to the active roster.\n\nOn February 28, 2017, Painter was tendered by the Redskins. He officially re-signed with the team on March 15. He was waived on September 2, 2017.\n\nArizona Cardinals\nOn September 14, 2017, Painter was signed to the Arizona Cardinals' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on September 30, 2017, but was waived three days later and re-signed back to the practice squad. He was promoted back to the active roster on November 16, 2017. He was waived on November 28, 2017 and was re-signed to the practice squad. On December 11, 2017, he was promoted to the active roster after Jared Veldheer suffered a season-ending ankle injury that resulted him being placed on injured reserve.\n\nOn September 1, 2018, Painter was released by the Cardinals.\n\nHamilton Tiger-Cats\nPainter signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League on March 20, 2019. He retired from professional football on May 15, 2019.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWashington Redskins bio\nVirginia Tech Hokies bio\n\n1989 births\nLiving people\nPlayers of American football from Norfolk, Virginia\nPlayers of Canadian football from Norfolk, Virginia\nAmerican football offensive tackles\nAmerican football offensive guards\nVirginia Tech Hokies football players\nDenver Broncos players\nCleveland Browns players\nNew York Giants players\nMiami Dolphins players\nWashington Redskins players\nArizona Cardinals players\nHamilton Tiger-Cats players", "The KY Painter was an Attic black-figure vase painter. He was active between 585 and 570 BC.\n\nBesides the KX Painter, the KY Painter was the main representative of the Komast Group, which succeeded the Gorgon Painter. His conventional name was allocated by John Beazley. He is considered the less talented and chronologically somewhat later representative of the group. Komasts are one of his favourite motifs. He mainly painted skyphoi, lekanes, kothones and Komast cups. He was the first artist to paint a column krater, which was to become a popular wine-mixing vessel.\n\nBibliography \n John D. Beazley: Attic Black-figure Vase-painters. Oxford 1956, p. 31-33\n \n\nAncient Greek vase painters" ]

[ "Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\".", "He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\". Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse.", "Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope.", "He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope. However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\".", "However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\". Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.", "Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire. He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School.", "He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217.", "The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside.", "It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality.", "He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality. His life was mainly spent in this religious house.", "His life was mainly spent in this religious house. In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim.", "In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim. Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous.", "Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236.", "After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259.", "This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work. The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used.", "The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?)", "They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?) and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist.", "and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle.", "The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle. Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures.", "Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris.", "Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery (from some inscriptions it seems they were regarded as his property to dispose of). The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution.", "The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MSS seem to have been appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library. Chronica Majora. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm.", "Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 + 281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work (see below), but less heavily illustrated per page than others. These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253.", "These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward.", "The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward. There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately.", "There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately. A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below.", "A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below. An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol.", "An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol. 162–393. Flores Historiarum. Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712.", "Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712. Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark.", "Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark. Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey.", "Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey. It was apparently started there, copying another MS of Paris' text that went up to 1240. Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2.", "Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2. The illustrations are similar to Paris' style but not by him. Later additions took the chronicle up to 1327. Historia Anglorum. British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, fols. 8v–156v.", "8v–156v. 8v–156v. 358 x 250 mm, ff 232 in all. A history of England, begun in 1250 and perhaps completed around 1255, covering the years 1070–1253. The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica.", "The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica. Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England.", "Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England. All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v).", "All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v). The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him.", "The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him. By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\".", "By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\". Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back.", "Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back. Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford.", "Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford. The fact that the book was acquired by a 16th-century Earl of Arundel suggests that Duke Humphrey's inscription was not entirely accurate, as New College would probably not have disposed of it. Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols.", "Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols. 5–100. Another shortened history, mainly covering 1067 to 1253. Probably begun circa 1255, it remained unfinished at Paris' death. Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy.", "Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy. It also contains the most developed of Paris' four maps of Great Britain. Chronica excerpta a magnis cronicis. British Library Cotton MS Vitellius A XX, folios 77r–108v. Covers from 1066 to 1246. Written at some point between 1246 and 1259.", "Written at some point between 1246 and 1259. Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand.", "Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand. Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents.", "Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents. A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris.", "A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris. Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page.", "Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page. 240 x 165 mm. Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated.", "Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated. The Life of St Alban is in French verse, adapted from a Latin Life of St Alban by William of St Albans, ca. 1178.", "1178. 1178. The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography.", "The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography. Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59.", "Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations.", "This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations. Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162.", "Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162. Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations.", "Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations. Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198.", "Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198. The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan.", "The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan. Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\".", "Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\". Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240.", "Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240. Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories.", "Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories. A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v.", "A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v. One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library.", "One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library. Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts.", "Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Ashmole 304, 176 x 128 mm, ff72. Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance.", "Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance. Several later copies of the text and illustrations survive. Provenance before 1602 unknown.", "Provenance before 1602 unknown. Provenance before 1602 unknown. Miscellaneous writings by John of Wallingford (the Younger), British Library, MS Cotton Julius D VII, 188 × 130 mm, ff. 134. 1247–58. Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings.", "Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings. A portrait of John, a map of the British Isles, and a Christ in Majesty are all accepted as by Paris. The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's.", "The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's. This was John's property, left to his final monastery at Wymondham. Also, fragments of a Latin biography of Stephen Langton. Various other works, especially maps.", "Various other works, especially maps. A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248.", "A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248. Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later.", "Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later. Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page.", "Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page. Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century. They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations.", "They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations. The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period.", "The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period. A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640.", "A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640. This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century.", "This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century. Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated.", "Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated. This is likely because so much more is known about him than other English illuminators of the period, who are mostly anonymous. Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period.", "Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period. William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only.", "William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only. The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him.", "The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him. Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200.", "Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200. He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London.", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London. His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae.", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae. It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period.", "It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period. His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive. What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed.", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed. He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events.", "He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events. Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms.", "Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible.", "The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible. In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\"", "In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\" It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy.", "It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy. Henry Richards Luard supposes that Paris never intended his work to be read in its present form. Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran.", "Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran. On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime.", "On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime. Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret.", "Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret. There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer.", "There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer. Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill.", "Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill. Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form.", "Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form. A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world.", "A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world. Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces.", "Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces. The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869).", "The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869). Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890).", "Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890). This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326.", "This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326. He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury.", "He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury. He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (the History of Saint Edward the King), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. The manuscript has had a varied publication history.", "The manuscript has had a varied publication history. Sections were printed in Francisque Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace.", "Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace. A facsimile for the Roxburghe Club was edited by M. R. James, and the whole manuscript has been digitalized and can be seen online. Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him.", "Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him. Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris.", "Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris. 12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.", "12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library Fully annotated copy of Matthew Paris's Claudius Map, with translations and transcriptions 1200 births 1259 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from St Albans English Benedictines English Christian monks English chroniclers English cartographers English historians Historians of the Catholic Church Heraldists Manuscript illuminators Writers who illustrated their own writing Medieval European scribes People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Artist authors Medieval English painters 13th-century Christian monks 13th-century painters 13th-century English artists 13th-century Latin writers 13th-century English writers 13th-century English people 13th-century historians" ]

[ "Matthew Paris", "Paris as an artist", "When was Paris an artist?", "first half of the 13th century.", "What did he paint?", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures,", "Was he a popular artist?", "became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Was he a painter?", "Tinted drawings" ]

[ "Nick Kyrgios was the defending champion, but he did not participate this year. He played in Barcelona during this week.\n\nChung Hyeon won the title, defeating James McGee in the final, 6–3, 6–2.\n\nSeeds\n\nDraw\n\nFinals\n\nTop half\n\nBottom half\n\nReferences\n Main Draw\n Qualifying Draw\n\nSavannah Challenger - Singles", "Gilles Müller was the defending champion, but he did not participate this year. He played in Estoril instead.\n\nSam Groth won the tournament, defeating Konstantin Kravchuk in the final.\n\nSeeds\n\nDraw\n\nFinals\n\nTop half\n\nBottom half\n\nReferences\n Main Draw\n Qualifying Draw\n\nSantaizi ATP Challenger - Singles\n2015 Singles" ]

[ "Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\".", "He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\". Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse.", "Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope.", "He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope. However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\".", "However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\". Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.", "Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire. He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School.", "He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217.", "The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside.", "It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality.", "He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality. His life was mainly spent in this religious house.", "His life was mainly spent in this religious house. In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim.", "In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim. Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous.", "Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236.", "After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259.", "This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work. The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used.", "The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?)", "They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?) and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist.", "and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle.", "The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle. Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures.", "Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris.", "Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery (from some inscriptions it seems they were regarded as his property to dispose of). The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution.", "The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MSS seem to have been appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library. Chronica Majora. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm.", "Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 + 281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work (see below), but less heavily illustrated per page than others. These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253.", "These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward.", "The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward. There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately.", "There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately. A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below.", "A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below. An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol.", "An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol. 162–393. Flores Historiarum. Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712.", "Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712. Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark.", "Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark. Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey.", "Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey. It was apparently started there, copying another MS of Paris' text that went up to 1240. Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2.", "Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2. The illustrations are similar to Paris' style but not by him. Later additions took the chronicle up to 1327. Historia Anglorum. British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, fols. 8v–156v.", "8v–156v. 8v–156v. 358 x 250 mm, ff 232 in all. A history of England, begun in 1250 and perhaps completed around 1255, covering the years 1070–1253. The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica.", "The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica. Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England.", "Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England. All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v).", "All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v). The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him.", "The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him. By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\".", "By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\". Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back.", "Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back. Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford.", "Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford. The fact that the book was acquired by a 16th-century Earl of Arundel suggests that Duke Humphrey's inscription was not entirely accurate, as New College would probably not have disposed of it. Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols.", "Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols. 5–100. Another shortened history, mainly covering 1067 to 1253. Probably begun circa 1255, it remained unfinished at Paris' death. Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy.", "Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy. It also contains the most developed of Paris' four maps of Great Britain. Chronica excerpta a magnis cronicis. British Library Cotton MS Vitellius A XX, folios 77r–108v. Covers from 1066 to 1246. Written at some point between 1246 and 1259.", "Written at some point between 1246 and 1259. Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand.", "Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand. Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents.", "Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents. A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris.", "A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris. Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page.", "Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page. 240 x 165 mm. Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated.", "Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated. The Life of St Alban is in French verse, adapted from a Latin Life of St Alban by William of St Albans, ca. 1178.", "1178. 1178. The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography.", "The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography. Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59.", "Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations.", "This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations. Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162.", "Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162. Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations.", "Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations. Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198.", "Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198. The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan.", "The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan. Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\".", "Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\". Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240.", "Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240. Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories.", "Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories. A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v.", "A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v. One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library.", "One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library. Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts.", "Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Ashmole 304, 176 x 128 mm, ff72. Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance.", "Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance. Several later copies of the text and illustrations survive. Provenance before 1602 unknown.", "Provenance before 1602 unknown. Provenance before 1602 unknown. Miscellaneous writings by John of Wallingford (the Younger), British Library, MS Cotton Julius D VII, 188 × 130 mm, ff. 134. 1247–58. Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings.", "Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings. A portrait of John, a map of the British Isles, and a Christ in Majesty are all accepted as by Paris. The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's.", "The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's. This was John's property, left to his final monastery at Wymondham. Also, fragments of a Latin biography of Stephen Langton. Various other works, especially maps.", "Various other works, especially maps. A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248.", "A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248. Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later.", "Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later. Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page.", "Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page. Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century. They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations.", "They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations. The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period.", "The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period. A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640.", "A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640. This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century.", "This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century. Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated.", "Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated. This is likely because so much more is known about him than other English illuminators of the period, who are mostly anonymous. Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period.", "Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period. William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only.", "William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only. The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him.", "The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him. Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200.", "Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200. He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London.", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London. His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae.", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae. It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period.", "It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period. His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive. What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed.", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed. He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events.", "He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events. Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms.", "Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible.", "The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible. In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\"", "In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\" It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy.", "It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy. Henry Richards Luard supposes that Paris never intended his work to be read in its present form. Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran.", "Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran. On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime.", "On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime. Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret.", "Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret. There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer.", "There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer. Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill.", "Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill. Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form.", "Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form. A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world.", "A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world. Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces.", "Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces. The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869).", "The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869). Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890).", "Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890). This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326.", "This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326. He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury.", "He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury. He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (the History of Saint Edward the King), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. The manuscript has had a varied publication history.", "The manuscript has had a varied publication history. Sections were printed in Francisque Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace.", "Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace. A facsimile for the Roxburghe Club was edited by M. R. James, and the whole manuscript has been digitalized and can be seen online. Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him.", "Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him. Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris.", "Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris. 12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.", "12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library Fully annotated copy of Matthew Paris's Claudius Map, with translations and transcriptions 1200 births 1259 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from St Albans English Benedictines English Christian monks English chroniclers English cartographers English historians Historians of the Catholic Church Heraldists Manuscript illuminators Writers who illustrated their own writing Medieval European scribes People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Artist authors Medieval English painters 13th-century Christian monks 13th-century painters 13th-century English artists 13th-century Latin writers 13th-century English writers 13th-century English people 13th-century historians" ]

[ "Matthew Paris", "Paris as an artist", "When was Paris an artist?", "first half of the 13th century.", "What did he paint?", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures,", "Was he a popular artist?", "became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Was he a painter?", "Tinted drawings", "What did he draw?", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions," ]

[ "Carl Czerny's Rondino on a Theme of Auber for Piano Quintet, Op. 127 () was published by Diabelli around 1826. Scored for a standard piano quintet (Piano, 2 Violins, Viola, Cello), the composition is what the composer would have dubbed a \"brilliant\" piece, intended to show off the skills of the piano soloist in a concert setting.\n\nStructure\n\nThe composition consists of a single multi-tempo movement divided into two sections, the F major Introduction (Marked: Andante) and the A major Rondino (Marked: Allegretto grazioso - Allegro vivace).\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCompositions by Carl Czerny\nCzerny\n1826 compositions\nCompositions in F major\nCompositions in A major", "Tempest Fantasy is a 2003 chamber music composition in five movements for cello, clarinet, violin, and piano by the American composer Paul Moravec. The piece is dedicated to clarinetist David Krakauer and the piano trio Trio Solisti, who premiered the work May 2, 2003 at Morgan Library & Museum in New York City. The title of the work comes from the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare. The work won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Music.\n\nComposition\n\nStructure\nTempest Fantasy has a duration of approximately thirty minutes and is composed in five movements:\nAriel\nProspero\nCaliban\nSweet Airs\nFantasia\n\nStyle and inspiration\nMoravec commented on the composition in the program notes for the work, saying:\nMoravec has also suggested that the piece was an allegory for his own struggle with depression, commenting: \"Coming back from depression, I identified with Prospero and his melancholy and his downcast state. Through the power of imagination he improves his condition, and so that’s what I did as a composer.\"\n\nSee also\nList of compositions by Paul Moravec\n\nReferences\n\nCompositions by Paul Moravec\n2003 compositions\nPulitzer Prize for Music-winning works\nChamber music compositions\n21st-century classical music\nMusic based on works by William Shakespeare\nWorks based on The Tempest" ]

[ "Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\".", "He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\". Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse.", "Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope.", "He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope. However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\".", "However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\". Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.", "Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire. He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School.", "He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217.", "The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside.", "It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality.", "He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality. His life was mainly spent in this religious house.", "His life was mainly spent in this religious house. In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim.", "In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim. Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous.", "Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236.", "After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259.", "This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work. The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used.", "The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?)", "They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?) and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist.", "and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle.", "The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle. Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures.", "Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris.", "Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery (from some inscriptions it seems they were regarded as his property to dispose of). The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution.", "The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MSS seem to have been appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library. Chronica Majora. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm.", "Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 + 281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work (see below), but less heavily illustrated per page than others. These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253.", "These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward.", "The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward. There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately.", "There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately. A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below.", "A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below. An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol.", "An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol. 162–393. Flores Historiarum. Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712.", "Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712. Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark.", "Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark. Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey.", "Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey. It was apparently started there, copying another MS of Paris' text that went up to 1240. Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2.", "Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2. The illustrations are similar to Paris' style but not by him. Later additions took the chronicle up to 1327. Historia Anglorum. British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, fols. 8v–156v.", "8v–156v. 8v–156v. 358 x 250 mm, ff 232 in all. A history of England, begun in 1250 and perhaps completed around 1255, covering the years 1070–1253. The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica.", "The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica. Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England.", "Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England. All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v).", "All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v). The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him.", "The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him. By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\".", "By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\". Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back.", "Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back. Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford.", "Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford. The fact that the book was acquired by a 16th-century Earl of Arundel suggests that Duke Humphrey's inscription was not entirely accurate, as New College would probably not have disposed of it. Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols.", "Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols. 5–100. Another shortened history, mainly covering 1067 to 1253. Probably begun circa 1255, it remained unfinished at Paris' death. Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy.", "Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy. It also contains the most developed of Paris' four maps of Great Britain. Chronica excerpta a magnis cronicis. British Library Cotton MS Vitellius A XX, folios 77r–108v. Covers from 1066 to 1246. Written at some point between 1246 and 1259.", "Written at some point between 1246 and 1259. Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand.", "Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand. Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents.", "Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents. A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris.", "A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris. Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page.", "Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page. 240 x 165 mm. Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated.", "Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated. The Life of St Alban is in French verse, adapted from a Latin Life of St Alban by William of St Albans, ca. 1178.", "1178. 1178. The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography.", "The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography. Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59.", "Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations.", "This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations. Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162.", "Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162. Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations.", "Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations. Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198.", "Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198. The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan.", "The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan. Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\".", "Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\". Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240.", "Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240. Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories.", "Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories. A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v.", "A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v. One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library.", "One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library. Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts.", "Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Ashmole 304, 176 x 128 mm, ff72. Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance.", "Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance. Several later copies of the text and illustrations survive. Provenance before 1602 unknown.", "Provenance before 1602 unknown. Provenance before 1602 unknown. Miscellaneous writings by John of Wallingford (the Younger), British Library, MS Cotton Julius D VII, 188 × 130 mm, ff. 134. 1247–58. Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings.", "Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings. A portrait of John, a map of the British Isles, and a Christ in Majesty are all accepted as by Paris. The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's.", "The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's. This was John's property, left to his final monastery at Wymondham. Also, fragments of a Latin biography of Stephen Langton. Various other works, especially maps.", "Various other works, especially maps. A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248.", "A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248. Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later.", "Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later. Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page.", "Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page. Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century. They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations.", "They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations. The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period.", "The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period. A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640.", "A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640. This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century.", "This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century. Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated.", "Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated. This is likely because so much more is known about him than other English illuminators of the period, who are mostly anonymous. Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period.", "Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period. William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only.", "William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only. The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him.", "The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him. Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200.", "Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200. He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London.", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London. His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae.", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae. It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period.", "It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period. His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive. What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed.", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed. He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events.", "He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events. Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms.", "Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible.", "The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible. In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\"", "In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\" It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy.", "It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy. Henry Richards Luard supposes that Paris never intended his work to be read in its present form. Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran.", "Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran. On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime.", "On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime. Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret.", "Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret. There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer.", "There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer. Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill.", "Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill. Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form.", "Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form. A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world.", "A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world. Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces.", "Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces. The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869).", "The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869). Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890).", "Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890). This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326.", "This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326. He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury.", "He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury. He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (the History of Saint Edward the King), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. The manuscript has had a varied publication history.", "The manuscript has had a varied publication history. Sections were printed in Francisque Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace.", "Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace. A facsimile for the Roxburghe Club was edited by M. R. James, and the whole manuscript has been digitalized and can be seen online. Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him.", "Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him. Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris.", "Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris. 12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.", "12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library Fully annotated copy of Matthew Paris's Claudius Map, with translations and transcriptions 1200 births 1259 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from St Albans English Benedictines English Christian monks English chroniclers English cartographers English historians Historians of the Catholic Church Heraldists Manuscript illuminators Writers who illustrated their own writing Medieval European scribes People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Artist authors Medieval English painters 13th-century Christian monks 13th-century painters 13th-century English artists 13th-century Latin writers 13th-century English writers 13th-century English people 13th-century historians" ]

[ "Matthew Paris", "Paris as an artist", "When was Paris an artist?", "first half of the 13th century.", "What did he paint?", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures,", "Was he a popular artist?", "became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Was he a painter?", "Tinted drawings", "What did he draw?", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions,", "What were the new compositions?", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "Did he go to school for this?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Richard C. Muhlberger (born 1938 in New Jersey, United States died March 23, 2019) was an American art critic, and museum curator. He was Curator of Education for the Worcester Art Museum. He later became a professor of art history at Western New England College, and the vice-director for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but he is best recognized for his analysis of many famous art pieces.\n\nCareer\nSome of the most famous pieces Mühlberger has critiqued are done by Rembrandt, Leonardo da Vinci, and Pablo Picasso. Along with being a critic, Muhlberger was also a writer. He was known for a series containing critiques of illustrious authors. This series is made up of several books, \"What makes a Rembrandt a Rembrandt?\", \"What makes a Van Gogh a Van Gogh?\", \"What makes a Monet a Monet?\", \"What makes a Degas a Degas?\", \"What makes a Cassatt a Cassatt?\", \"What makes a Goya a Goya?\", \"What makes a Bruegel a Bruegel?\", What makes a Leonardo a Leonardo?\", \"What makes a Raphael a Raphael?\", and \"What makes a Picasso a Picasso?\". More of his written works included a series titled \"The Bible in Art\". It contains the following books \"Bible in Art: The Old Testament\" and, \"Bible in Art: The New Testament\". Mühlberger's latest work was called \"Charles Webster Hawthorne: Paintings drawings,and Watercolors\".\n\nWorks\n\nDeath\nRichard Muhlberger passed away in June age 2019, age 81\n\nReferences\n\n1938 births\nWestern New England University faculty\nPeople associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art\nLiving people\nPeople associated with the Worcester Art Museum", "Okuda Genso (奥田元宋) (6 July 1912 – 15 February 2003) was one of the most famous Nihonga painters of the Showa era. He gave his name to a red pigment \"Genso red\".\n\nBiography \nOkuda was born in Hiroshima prefecture, in what is now Miyoshi City. His original name used the characters 厳三.\n\nTimeline\n\nFamous works\nMatsushima Twilight 松島暮色, 1 panel, 77.6 x 167.1 cm (1976)\n \n Lakeshore Spring Glittering 湖畔春耀, 1 panel, 89.0 x 105.6 cm (1986)\n\nReferences \n\n1912 births\n2003 deaths\nNihonga painters\nArtists from Hiroshima Prefecture\n20th-century Japanese painters" ]

[ "Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\".", "He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\". Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse.", "Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope.", "He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope. However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\".", "However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\". Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.", "Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire. He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School.", "He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217.", "The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside.", "It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality.", "He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality. His life was mainly spent in this religious house.", "His life was mainly spent in this religious house. In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim.", "In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim. Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous.", "Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236.", "After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259.", "This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work. The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used.", "The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?)", "They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?) and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist.", "and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle.", "The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle. Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures.", "Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris.", "Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery (from some inscriptions it seems they were regarded as his property to dispose of). The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution.", "The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MSS seem to have been appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library. Chronica Majora. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm.", "Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 + 281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work (see below), but less heavily illustrated per page than others. These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253.", "These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward.", "The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward. There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately.", "There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately. A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below.", "A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below. An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol.", "An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol. 162–393. Flores Historiarum. Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712.", "Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712. Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark.", "Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark. Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey.", "Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey. It was apparently started there, copying another MS of Paris' text that went up to 1240. Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2.", "Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2. The illustrations are similar to Paris' style but not by him. Later additions took the chronicle up to 1327. Historia Anglorum. British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, fols. 8v–156v.", "8v–156v. 8v–156v. 358 x 250 mm, ff 232 in all. A history of England, begun in 1250 and perhaps completed around 1255, covering the years 1070–1253. The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica.", "The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica. Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England.", "Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England. All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v).", "All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v). The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him.", "The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him. By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\".", "By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\". Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back.", "Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back. Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford.", "Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford. The fact that the book was acquired by a 16th-century Earl of Arundel suggests that Duke Humphrey's inscription was not entirely accurate, as New College would probably not have disposed of it. Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols.", "Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols. 5–100. Another shortened history, mainly covering 1067 to 1253. Probably begun circa 1255, it remained unfinished at Paris' death. Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy.", "Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy. It also contains the most developed of Paris' four maps of Great Britain. Chronica excerpta a magnis cronicis. British Library Cotton MS Vitellius A XX, folios 77r–108v. Covers from 1066 to 1246. Written at some point between 1246 and 1259.", "Written at some point between 1246 and 1259. Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand.", "Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand. Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents.", "Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents. A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris.", "A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris. Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page.", "Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page. 240 x 165 mm. Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated.", "Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated. The Life of St Alban is in French verse, adapted from a Latin Life of St Alban by William of St Albans, ca. 1178.", "1178. 1178. The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography.", "The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography. Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59.", "Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations.", "This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations. Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162.", "Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162. Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations.", "Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations. Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198.", "Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198. The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan.", "The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan. Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\".", "Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\". Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240.", "Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240. Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories.", "Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories. A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v.", "A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v. One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library.", "One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library. Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts.", "Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Ashmole 304, 176 x 128 mm, ff72. Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance.", "Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance. Several later copies of the text and illustrations survive. Provenance before 1602 unknown.", "Provenance before 1602 unknown. Provenance before 1602 unknown. Miscellaneous writings by John of Wallingford (the Younger), British Library, MS Cotton Julius D VII, 188 × 130 mm, ff. 134. 1247–58. Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings.", "Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings. A portrait of John, a map of the British Isles, and a Christ in Majesty are all accepted as by Paris. The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's.", "The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's. This was John's property, left to his final monastery at Wymondham. Also, fragments of a Latin biography of Stephen Langton. Various other works, especially maps.", "Various other works, especially maps. A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248.", "A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248. Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later.", "Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later. Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page.", "Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page. Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century. They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations.", "They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations. The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period.", "The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period. A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640.", "A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640. This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century.", "This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century. Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated.", "Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated. This is likely because so much more is known about him than other English illuminators of the period, who are mostly anonymous. Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period.", "Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period. William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only.", "William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only. The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him.", "The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him. Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200.", "Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200. He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London.", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London. His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae.", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae. It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period.", "It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period. His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive. What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed.", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed. He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events.", "He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events. Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms.", "Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible.", "The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible. In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\"", "In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\" It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy.", "It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy. Henry Richards Luard supposes that Paris never intended his work to be read in its present form. Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran.", "Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran. On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime.", "On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime. Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret.", "Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret. There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer.", "There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer. Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill.", "Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill. Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form.", "Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form. A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world.", "A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world. Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces.", "Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces. The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869).", "The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869). Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890).", "Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890). This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326.", "This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326. He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury.", "He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury. He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (the History of Saint Edward the King), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. The manuscript has had a varied publication history.", "The manuscript has had a varied publication history. Sections were printed in Francisque Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace.", "Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace. A facsimile for the Roxburghe Club was edited by M. R. James, and the whole manuscript has been digitalized and can be seen online. Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him.", "Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him. Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris.", "Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris. 12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.", "12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library Fully annotated copy of Matthew Paris's Claudius Map, with translations and transcriptions 1200 births 1259 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from St Albans English Benedictines English Christian monks English chroniclers English cartographers English historians Historians of the Catholic Church Heraldists Manuscript illuminators Writers who illustrated their own writing Medieval European scribes People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Artist authors Medieval English painters 13th-century Christian monks 13th-century painters 13th-century English artists 13th-century Latin writers 13th-century English writers 13th-century English people 13th-century historians" ]

[ "Matthew Paris", "Paris as an artist", "When was Paris an artist?", "first half of the 13th century.", "What did he paint?", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures,", "Was he a popular artist?", "became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Was he a painter?", "Tinted drawings", "What did he draw?", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions,", "What were the new compositions?", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "Did he go to school for this?", "I don't know.", "What are his famous works?", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I." ]

[ "Dan Margulis (born 21 December 1951) is an expert on color correction and reproduction of photographs, using Adobe Photoshop or similar software.\n\nHis Professional Photoshop series (first edition 1994, currently in its fifth edition, 2006) is widely viewed as an authoritative work in the field of digital color correction of photographs. His Photoshop LAB Color: The Canyon Conundrum and Other Adventures in the Most Powerful Colorspace (first edition 2005, second edition 2015) established the usage of L*a*b* as a standard part of the repertory of high-end retouchers. His magazine column, Makeready, which ran from 1993 to 2006, introduced many concepts in color handling that have since become accepted practice in the industry. The column appeared in several publications worldwide. In its later years, it was carried simultaneously by Electronic Publishing and Photoshop User magazines in the United States.\n\nBody of work\nThe work of Margulis is associated with the concept that digital color correction should seek to correspond to what a human observer would see if placed in the position of the camera. He popularized, but did not originate, a method he described as \"color by the numbers\", which requires the retoucher to verify that certain values in the digital file agree with known standards.\n\nHis techniques attempt to emulate certain well-known reactions/attributes of the human visual system, such as chromatic adaptation and simultaneous contrast. He has identified several other characteristics of human perception that he states should be taken into account when processing a digital image. These include assertions that humans prefer fuller and richer tonality in the quartertone region than cameras customarily provide, that humans subconsciously use saturation as a measure of an object's distance, and that humans do not focus on strongly colored objects as intensely as on more neutral ones.\n\nOther theoretical suggestions made by Margulis include:\n In conversions from color to black and white, the objective is to identify areas of contrasting color and adjust them to substitute contrast in luminosity.\n Identification of the A channel of L*a*b* (usually written as LAB by imaging professionals) as operating on a magenta-green axis, as opposed to the red-green axis described in previous technical works.\n\nImage-processing techniques published or authored by Margulis include:\n The concept of assigning important image regions to the steepest parts of input-output channel curves (\"the steeper the curve, the more the contrast\").\n Use of channel blending to enhance detail in weaker channels.\n Overlay blending to enhance highlight and/or shadow detail.\n Using different styles of black generation (gray component replacement, or GCR) to avoid press problems or to make color correction easier.\nUnsharp masking by channel rather than overall.\nEmphasizing the darkening function of sharpening at the expense of lightening.\nThe \"Man from Mars Method\" of driving colors apart without regard to whether gray balance is altered.\nLAB as a primary tool in color correction.\nBlurring the AB channels of LAB to reduce colored noise.\nAssigning a \"false profile\" to an RGB image so that it will be interpreted as lighter during subsequent conversions.\nHigh Radius, Low Amount (\"hiraloam\") method of unsharp masking.\nUniting separate versions of the same image through use of masks that, although based on the original photograph, have been blurred beyond recognition.\n\nAt a presentation to MIT faculty and graduate students in 2007, Margulis introduced the \"picture-postcard workflow\", which he claimed to yield better correction results in shorter times than did traditional methods of image enhancement. He proposed a three-stage approach. First, any obvious problems with color are corrected. Second, contrast is enhanced without changing the color of the first step. Third, more pleasing color is incorporated, usually in LAB. The proposal suggested replacing the traditional method of color correction, where one step is intended to solve color and contrast problems simultaneously. The new workflow was set out in detail, with accompanying video presentations, in his 2013 book Modern Photoshop Color Workflow.\n\nIn 2020, Margulis released a new translation, with substantial supporting material and graphics, of the classic 1839 text On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colors by M.E. Chevreul.\n\nIn 2001, Margulis was one of the first three members, and the only writer, inducted into the Photoshop Hall of Fame. In the United States, his small-group, hands-on courses in these subjects are sponsored by Sterling Ledet & Associates, Inc. In Europe, he has taught in German, Italian, Spanish and English.\n\nBibliography\n 2020 On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colors, \n 2015 Photoshop LAB Color Second Edition: The Canyon Conundrum and Other Adventures in the Most Powerful Colorspace, \n 2013 Modern Photoshop Color Workflow: The Quartertone Quandary, the PPW, and Other Ideas for Speedy Image Enhancement, \n 2006 Professional Photoshop Fifth Edition: The Classic Guide to Color Correction, \n 2005 Photoshop LAB Color: The Canyon Conundrum and Other Adventures in the Most Powerful Colorspace, \n 2002 Professional Photoshop Fourth Edition: The Classic Guide to Color Correction, \n 2000 Professional Photoshop 6: The Classic Guide to Color Correction, \n 1998 Professional Photoshop 5: The Classic Guide to Color Correction, \n 1996 Makeready: A Prepress Resource, \n 1994 Professional Photoshop: Color Correction, Retouching, and Image Manipulation With Adobe Photoshop,\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n The Makeready Archive, 1993–2006 – abstract for all columns, with links to PDFs of some\n Photoshop Training with Dan Margulis – Articles – assorted articles\n\n1951 births\nLiving people", "A continuous tone image (contone for short, or CT even shorter) is one where each color at any point in the image is reproduced as a single tone, and not as discrete halftones, such as one single color for monochromatic prints, or a combination of halftones for color prints.\n\nThe most common continuous tone images are film photographs (digital latitude is not continuous!) Also see film latitude. Every single dot of which can take a continuous range of colors depending on the quantity of captured radiance. On the other hand, at a microscopic level, developed black-and-white photographic film consists of only two colors, and not an infinite range of continuous tones. For details, see film grain. \n\nAn example of a continuous-tone device is a CRT computer screen. Here, any pixel can represent any color, because the color components of the pixel are analog and can vary in infinite steps, and hence do not need halftones to make the colors. Of course, because the computer is a digital device, it cannot provide the CRT with infinite tone variations. In 24-bit color mode, it provides the monitor with 256 discrete steps for each channel (red, green, and blue), for a total of 16,777,216 (2563) discrete colors. A purely analog video signal (one that has not been manipulated by a computer of any kind) can provide infinite tone variations inside its own gamut.\n\nA halftone device, in contrast, uses discrete dots of color, which at a certain distance look closely like the intended color. Examples of this are inkjet printers. Magazines and most printed material also use this technique to create the colors.\n\nSee also\nHalftone\n\nPrinting terminology" ]

[ "Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\".", "He wrote a number of works, mostly historical, which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called \"tinted drawings\". Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse.", "Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited source, though modern historians recognise that Paris was not always reliable. He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope.", "He tended to glorify Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and denigrate the Pope. However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\".", "However, in his Historia Anglorum, Paris displays a highly negative view of Frederick, going as far as to describe him as a \"tyrant\" who \"committed disgraceful crimes\". Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.", "Life and work In spite of his surname and knowledge of the French language, Paris was of English birth, and is believed by some chroniclers to be of the Paris family of Hildersham, Cambridgeshire. He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School.", "He may have studied at Paris in his youth after early education at St Albans School. The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217.", "The first we know of Matthew Paris (from his own writings) is that he was admitted as a monk to St Albans in 1217. It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside.", "It is on the assumption that he was in his teens on admission that his birth date is estimated; some scholars suspect he may have been ten years or more older; many monks only entered monastic life after pursuing a career in the world outside. He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality.", "He was clearly at ease with the nobility and even royalty, which may indicate that he came from a family of some status, although it also seems an indication of his personality. His life was mainly spent in this religious house.", "His life was mainly spent in this religious house. In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim.", "In 1248, Paris was sent to Norway as the bearer of a message from Louis IX to Haakon IV; he made himself so agreeable to the Norwegian sovereign that he was invited to superintend the reformation of the Benedictine Nidarholm Abbey outside Trondheim. Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous.", "Apart from these missions, his known activities were devoted to the composition of history, a pursuit for which the monks of St Albans had long been famous. After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236.", "After admission to the order in 1217, he inherited the mantle of Roger of Wendover, the abbey's official recorder of events, in 1236. Paris revised Roger's work, adding new material to cover his own tenure. This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259.", "This Chronica Majora is an important historical source document, especially for the period between 1235 and 1259. Equally interesting are the illustrations Paris created for his work. The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used.", "The Dublin MS (see below) contains interesting notes, which shed light on Paris' involvement in other manuscripts, and on the way his own were used. They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?)", "They are in French and in his handwriting: \"If you please you can keep this book till Easter\" \"G, please send to the Lady Countess of Arundel, Isabel, that she is to send you the book about St Thomas the Martyr and St Edward which I copied (translated?) and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist.", "and illustrated, and which the Lady Countess of Cornwall may keep until Whitsuntide\" some verses \"In the Countess of Winchester's book let there be a pair of images on each page thus\": (verses follow describing thirteen saints) It is presumed the last relates to Paris acting as commissioning agent and iconographical consultant for the Countess with another artist. The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle.", "The lending of his manuscripts to aristocratic households, apparently for periods of weeks or months at a time, suggests why he made several different illustrated versions of his Chronicle. Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures.", "Manuscripts by Matthew Paris Paris' manuscripts mostly contain more than one text, and often begin with a rather random assortment of prefatory full-page miniatures. Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris.", "Some have survived incomplete, and the various elements now bound together may not have been intended to be so by Paris. Unless stated otherwise, all were given by Paris to his monastery (from some inscriptions it seems they were regarded as his property to dispose of). The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution.", "The monastic libraries were broken up at the Dissolution. These MSS seem to have been appreciated, and were quickly collected by bibliophiles. Many of his manuscripts in the British Library are from the Cotton Library. Chronica Majora. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm.", "Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mss 26 and 16, 362 x 244/248 mm. ff 141 + 281, composed 1240–53. His major historical work (see below), but less heavily illustrated per page than others. These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253.", "These two volumes contain annals from the creation of the world up to the year 1253. The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward.", "The content up to 1234 or 1235 is based in the main on Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, with additions; after that date the material is Paris' own, and written in his own hand from the annal for 1213 onward. There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately.", "There are 100 marginal drawings (25 + 75), some fragmentary maps and an itinerary, and full-page drawings of William I. MS 16 has very recently had all prefatory matter re-bound separately. A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below.", "A continuation of the Chronica, from 1254 until Paris' death in 1259, is bound with the Historia Anglorum in the British Library volume below. An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol.", "An unillustrated copy of the material from 1189 to 1250, with much of his sharper commentary about Henry III toned down or removed, was supervised by Paris himself and now exists as British Library Cotton MS Nero D V, fol. 162–393. Flores Historiarum. Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712.", "Chetham's Hospital and Library, Manchester, MS 6712. Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark.", "Only part of the text, covering 1241 to 1249, is in Paris' hand, though he is credited with the authorship of the whole text, which is an abridgement of the Chronica with additions from the annals of Reading and of Southwark. Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey.", "Additional interpolations to the text make it clear the volume was created for Westminster Abbey. It was apparently started there, copying another MS of Paris' text that went up to 1240. Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2.", "Later it was sent back to the author for him to update; Vaughan argues this was in 1251-2. The illustrations are similar to Paris' style but not by him. Later additions took the chronicle up to 1327. Historia Anglorum. British Library, Royal MS 14 C VII, fols. 8v–156v.", "8v–156v. 8v–156v. 358 x 250 mm, ff 232 in all. A history of England, begun in 1250 and perhaps completed around 1255, covering the years 1070–1253. The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica.", "The text is an abridgement of the Chronica, also drawing on Wendover's Flores Historiarum and Paris' earlier edited version of the Chronica. Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England.", "Bound with it is the final part of Paris' Chronica Majora, covering the years 1254–1259 (folios 157–218), and prefatory material including an itinerary from London to Jerusalem and tinted drawings of the kings of England. All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v).", "All is in Paris' own hand, apart from folios 210–218 and 154v-156v, which are in a hand of the scribe who has added a note of Matthew Paris' death (f. 218v). The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him.", "The Chronica concludes with a portrait of Paris on his death-bed, presumably not by him. By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\".", "By the 15th century this volume belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, son of Henry IV, who inscribed it \"Ceste livre est a moy Homffrey Duc de Gloucestre\". Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back.", "Later it was held by the bishop of Lincoln, who wrote a note that if the monks of St Albans could prove the book was a loan, they should have it back. Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford.", "Otherwise it was bequeathed to New College, Oxford. The fact that the book was acquired by a 16th-century Earl of Arundel suggests that Duke Humphrey's inscription was not entirely accurate, as New College would probably not have disposed of it. Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols.", "Abbreviatio chronicorum (or Historia minor), British Library Cotton MS Claudius D VI, fols. 5–100. Another shortened history, mainly covering 1067 to 1253. Probably begun circa 1255, it remained unfinished at Paris' death. Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy.", "Illustrated with thirty-three seated figures of English kings illustrating a genealogy. It also contains the most developed of Paris' four maps of Great Britain. Chronica excerpta a magnis cronicis. British Library Cotton MS Vitellius A XX, folios 77r–108v. Covers from 1066 to 1246. Written at some point between 1246 and 1259.", "Written at some point between 1246 and 1259. Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand.", "Not definitely by Paris, but evidently written under his supervision, with some of the text in his own hand. Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents.", "Book of Additions (Liber additamentorum) British Library Cotton MS Nero D I, ff202 in all, contains maps, Vitae duorum Offarum (illustrated), Gesta abbatum, the lives of the first 23 abbots of St Albans with a miniature portrait of each, coats of arms, as well as copies of original documents. A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris.", "A version of his well-known drawing of an elephant is in this volume, as is a large drawing of Christ, not by Paris. Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page.", "Life of St Alban etc., dating controversial (1230–1250), Trinity College, Dublin Library, Ms 177 (former Ms E.I.40) 77 ff with 54 miniatures, mostly half-page. 240 x 165 mm. Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated.", "Also contains a Life of St Amphibalus, and various other works relating to the history of St Albans Abbey, both also illustrated. The Life of St Alban is in French verse, adapted from a Latin Life of St Alban by William of St Albans, ca. 1178.", "1178. 1178. The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography.", "The manuscript also contains notes in Paris' hand (see above) showing that his manuscripts were lent to various aristocratic ladies for periods, and that he probably acted as an intermediary between commissioners of manuscripts and the (probably) lay artists who produced them, advising on the calendars and iconography. Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59.", "Life of King Edward the Confessor 1230s or 40s, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations.", "This is the only surviving copy of this work, but is believed to be a slightly later copy made in London, probably by court artists, of Paris' text and framed illustrations. Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162.", "Based on the Latin Life of Edward the Confessor by Aelred of Rievaulx, c. 1162. Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations.", "Life of St Thomas of Canterbury, British Library, Loan MS 88 – Four leaves (the \"Becket Leaves\") survive from a French-verse history of the life of Thomas Becket with large illuminations. Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198.", "Based on the Latin Quadrilogus compiled by Elias of Evesham at Crowland Abbey in 1198. The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan.", "The illuminations are attributed to Paris by Janet Backhouse, but not by Nigel Morgan. Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\".", "Vaughan had previously noted that the leaves from the Life of St Thomas and the Life of King Edward are of different sizes, and written by different scribes, neither of them Paris himself, so they are not likely to be part of the manuscript that Paris wrote of having lent to the Countess of Arundel; but that, \"to judge from the script and the style of illumination\" they are \"very close copies of Matthew [Paris]'s original\". Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240.", "Life of St Edmund, a French-verse history of the life of Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1233 to 1240. Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories.", "Based on Paris' own Latin prose life of Rich, composed in the late 1240s, which drew on a collection of materials made at Pontigny, statements from Robert Bacon and Richard Wych, Bishop of Chichester, and other materials including from Paris' own histories. A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v.", "A 14th-century copy of the prose life has survived in British Library Cotton MS Julius D VI, folios 123–156v. One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library.", "One copy of the verse life that was in Cotton MS Vitellius D VIII was destroyed in the fire of 1731; but another copy was discovered in the early 1900s at Welbeck Abbey and is now in the British Library. Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts.", "Liber Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris, and other fortune-telling tracts. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms. Ashmole 304, 176 x 128 mm, ff72. Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance.", "Many illustrations: author portraits (many of ancient Greeks – Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Pythagoras), birds, tables and diagrams of geomantic significance. Several later copies of the text and illustrations survive. Provenance before 1602 unknown.", "Provenance before 1602 unknown. Provenance before 1602 unknown. Miscellaneous writings by John of Wallingford (the Younger), British Library, MS Cotton Julius D VII, 188 × 130 mm, ff. 134. 1247–58. Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings.", "Mostly scribed by John of Wallingford, another monk of St Albans, who also probably did some drawings. A portrait of John, a map of the British Isles, and a Christ in Majesty are all accepted as by Paris. The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's.", "The main text is a chronicle, highly derivative of Paris's. This was John's property, left to his final monastery at Wymondham. Also, fragments of a Latin biography of Stephen Langton. Various other works, especially maps.", "Various other works, especially maps. A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248.", "A panel painting on oak of St Peter, the only surviving part of a tabernacle shrine (1850 x 750 mm), in the Museum of Oslo University has been attributed to Paris, presumably dating from his visit in 1248. Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later.", "Local paintings are usually on pine, so he may have brought this with him, or sent it later. Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page.", "Paris as an artist In some of Paris' manuscripts, a framed miniature occupies the upper half of the page, and in others they are \"marginal\" – unframed and occupying the bottom quarter (approximately) of the page. Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century.", "Tinted drawings were an established style well before Paris, and became especially popular in the first half of the 13th century. They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations.", "They were certainly much cheaper and quicker than fully painted illuminations. The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period.", "The tradition of tinted drawings or outline drawings with ink supplemented by coloured wash was distinctively English, dating back to the Anglo-Saxon art of the mid-10th century, and connected with the English Benedictine Reform of the period. A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640.", "A strong influence on one branch of the style was the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, which was at Canterbury from about 1000 to 1640. This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century.", "This was copied in the 1020s in the Harley Psalter, and in the Eadwine Psalter of the mid-12th century. Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated.", "Recent scholarship, notably that of Nigel Morgan, suggests that Paris' influence on other artists of the period has been exaggerated. This is likely because so much more is known about him than other English illuminators of the period, who are mostly anonymous. Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period.", "Most manuscripts seem to have been produced by lay artists in this period. William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only.", "William de Brailes is shown with a clerical tonsure, but he was married, which suggests he had minor orders only. The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him.", "The manuscripts produced by Paris show few signs of collaboration, but art historians detect a School of St Albans' surviving after Paris' death, influenced by him. Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200.", "Paris' style suggests that it was formed by works from around 1200. He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London.", "He was somewhat old-fashioned in retaining a roundness in his figures, rather than adopting the thin angularity of most of his artist contemporaries, especially those in London. His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae.", "His compositions are very inventive; his position as a well-connected monk may have given him more confidence in creating new compositions, whereas a lay artist would prefer to stick to traditional formulae. It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period.", "It may also reflect the lack of full training in the art of the period. His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive.", "His colouring emphasises green and blue, and together with his characteristic layout of a picture in the top half of a page, is relatively distinctive. What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed.", "What are probably his final sketches are found in Vitae duorum Offarum in BL MS Cotton Nero D I. Paris as a historian From 1235, the point at which Wendover dropped his pen, Paris continued the history on the plan which his predecessors had followed. He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events.", "He derived much of his information from the letters of important people, which he sometimes inserts, but much more from conversation with the eyewitnesses of events. Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms.", "Among his informants were Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King Henry III, with whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible.", "The king knew that Paris was writing a history, and wanted it to be as exact as possible. In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\"", "In 1257, in the course of a week's visit to St Albans, Henry kept the chronicler beside him night and day, \"and guided my pen,\" says Paris, \"with much goodwill and diligence.\" It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy.", "It is curious that the Chronica Majora gives so unfavourable an account of the king's policy. Henry Richards Luard supposes that Paris never intended his work to be read in its present form. Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran.", "Many passages of the autograph have written next to them, the note offendiculum, which shows that the writer understood the danger which he ran. On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime.", "On the other hand, unexpurgated copies were made in Paris's lifetime. Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret.", "Although the offending passages are duly omitted or softened in his abridgment of his longer work, the Historia Anglorum (written about 1253), Paris's real feelings must have been an open secret. There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer.", "There is no ground for the old theory that he was an official historiographer. Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill.", "Naturalists have praised his descriptions of the English wildlife of his time, brief though they are: in particular his valuable description of the first irruption into England in 1254 of the common crossbill. Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form.", "Paris as cartographer Outstanding among his other maps were (four versions of) a pilgrim itinerary charting the route from London to Rome in graphic form. A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world.", "A sequence of pictures of towns on the route marked the terminus of each day's travel, enabling the viewer to envisage and follow the whole journey rather like a comic strip – an achievement unprecedented elsewhere in the medieval world. Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces.", "Studies of Matthew Paris The relation of Matthew Paris's work to those of John de Celia (John of Wallingford) and Roger of Wendover may be studied in Henry Richards Luard's edition of the Chronica Majora (7 vols., Rolls series, 1872–1881), which contains valuable prefaces. The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869).", "The Historia Anglorum sive historia minor (1067–1253) has been edited by Frederic Madden (3 vols., Rolls series, 1866–1869). Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890).", "Matthew Paris is sometimes confused with Matthew of Westminster, the reputed author of the Flores historiarum edited by Luard (3 vols., Rolls series, 1890). This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326.", "This work, compiled by various hands, is an edition of Matthew Paris, with continuations extending to 1326. He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury.", "He wrote a life of St Edmund of Abingdon, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury. He also wrote the Anglo-Norman La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei (the History of Saint Edward the King), which survives in a beautifully illuminated manuscript version, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59. The manuscript has had a varied publication history.", "The manuscript has had a varied publication history. Sections were printed in Francisque Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes. Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace.", "Luard's edition for the Rolls series was severely criticized; it was re-edited for the Anglo-Norman Text Society by K. Y. Wallace. A facsimile for the Roxburghe Club was edited by M. R. James, and the whole manuscript has been digitalized and can be seen online. Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him.", "Paris House at St Albans High School for Girls is named after him. Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris.", "Notes Bibliography (on manuscripts, and artistic style) External links Images Stanford Digitized texts – Works by and about Paris, including Vaughan etc, in huge pdf files JSTOR review of Vaughan book Matthew Paris' Jerusalem pilgrim's travel guide: information, zoomable image British Library website Art Bulletin article on his maps;Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris. 12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21.", "12/1/1999 by Connolly, Daniel K Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries:Matthew Paris from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume I, 1907–21. Life of St Edward the Confessor, Cambridge Digital Library Fully annotated copy of Matthew Paris's Claudius Map, with translations and transcriptions 1200 births 1259 deaths Year of birth uncertain People from St Albans English Benedictines English Christian monks English chroniclers English cartographers English historians Historians of the Catholic Church Heraldists Manuscript illuminators Writers who illustrated their own writing Medieval European scribes People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire Artist authors Medieval English painters 13th-century Christian monks 13th-century painters 13th-century English artists 13th-century Latin writers 13th-century English writers 13th-century English people 13th-century historians" ]

[ "Leonardo da Vinci", "Verrocchio's workshop, 1466-1476", "What was his first love", "Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione,", "WHat year was this", "1466,", "Whatwas he known for", "known as Verrocchio,", "What did he teach him", "whose bottega (workshop) was \"one of the finest in Florence\". He apprenticed as a garzone", "What did he do", "Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio," ]

[ "Else is a feminine given name, appearing in German, Danish and Norwegian. It is a shortened form of Elisabeth.\n\nNotable people with the name include:\n\n Else Alfelt (1910–1974), Danish painter\n Else Ackermann, German physician and pharmacologist\n Else Winther Andersen (born 1941), Danish politician\n Else Berg (1877–1942), Dutch painter\n Else Bugge Fougner (born 1944), Norwegian lawyer and politician\n Else Christensen (1913–2005), Danish neopagan\n Else Feldmann (1884–1942), Austrian writer\n Else Frenkel-Brunswik (1908–1958), Polish-Austrian psychologist\n Else Hench (20th century), Austrian luger\n Else Hirsch (1889–1942/3), German-Jewish teacher\n Else Holmelund Minarik (1920–2012), Danish American author\n Else Jacobsen (1911–1965), Danish swimmer\n Else Krüger (born 1915), German secretary\n Else Lasker-Schüler (1869–1945), Jewish German poet and playwright\n Else Mayer (1891–1962), German nun\n Else Meidner (1901–1987), Jewish German painter\n Else Repål (1930–2015), Norwegian politician\n Else Reppen (1933–2006), Norwegian philanthropist\n Else Sehrig-Vehling (1897–1994), German expressionist\n Else Seifert (1879–1968), German photographer\n Else Ury (1877–1943), German writer\n Else von Richthofen (1874–1973), German social scientist\n\nSee also\nElse-Marie\nElse-Marthe Sørlie Lybekk (born 1978), Norwegian handball player\n\nFeminine given names", "Something Else or Somethin' Else may refer to:\n\nBooks\n Something Else (book), a children's book by Kathryn Cave\n Something Else Press, an American small-press publisher\n Archie's Something Else! by Spire Christian Comics\n\nFilm and television\n Somethin' Else (content agency), a content and talent agency based in London\n Something Else (TV series), a 1978–1982 UK youth TV programme\n Something Else, a 1970–71 American musical variety show hosted by John Byner\n Something Else, a 2001 British children's animated show produced by Studio B Productions\n\nMusic\n\nPerformers\n Somethin' Else!, a rock and roll band featuring Bobby Cochran, nephew of Eddie Cochran\n Something Else (Japanese band), a J-Pop band\n Something Else, a 1970s Scottish band featuring Sheena Easton\n\nAlbums\n Something Else!!!!, a 1958 album by Ornette Coleman\n Somethin' Else (Cannonball Adderley album), or the title song by Miles Davis, 1958\n Somethin' Else (The Kingston Trio album), 1965\n Something Else by The Kinks, a 1967 album\n Something Else from The Move, a 1968 EP\n Something Else (Shirley Bassey album), 1971\n Something Else (Robin Thicke album), 2008\n Something Else, a 2012 album by Elom Adablah\n Something Else (Tech N9ne album), 2013\n Something Else (The Cranberries album), 2017\n Something Else (The Brian Jones Massacre album), 2018\n\nSongs\n \"Somethin' Else\" (song), a 1959 song by Eddie Cochran, covered by several other performers\n \"Something Else\", a song by Diamond Rings from Special Affections\n \"Something Else\", a song by The Doubleclicks from Lasers and Feelings\n \"Something Else\", a song by Gary Jules from Trading Snakeoil for Wolftickets\n \"Something Else\", a song by Good Charlotte from Good Morning Revival\n\nSee also\n Something (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology.", "While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo.", "Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo. Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio.", "Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan.", "He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students.", "Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519.", "Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture.", "Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture. Leonardo is among the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance.", "Leonardo is among the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and less than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art.", "Despite having many lost works and less than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art. His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting.", "His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon.", "The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction.", "In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction. Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull.", "Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance.", "Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire.", "Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.", "He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science. Biography Early life (1452–1472) Birth and background Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci; Florence was 20 miles away.", "Biography Early life (1452–1472) Birth and background Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci; Florence was 20 miles away. He was born out of wedlock to (Ser Piero di Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, and ( – 1494), from the lower-class.", "He was born out of wedlock to (Ser Piero di Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, and ( – 1494), from the lower-class. It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had.", "It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had. Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth.", "Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth. Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only \"Caterina\" or \"Catelina\"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed \"L'Accattabriga\" (\"the quarrelsome one\").", "Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only \"Caterina\" or \"Catelina\"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed \"L'Accattabriga\" (\"the quarrelsome one\"). Other theories have been proposed, particularly that of art historian Martin Kemp, who suggested Caterina di Meo Lippi, an orphan that married purportedly with aid from Ser Piero and his family.", "Other theories have been proposed, particularly that of art historian Martin Kemp, who suggested Caterina di Meo Lippi, an orphan that married purportedly with aid from Ser Piero and his family. Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1462, went on to have three subsequent marriages.", "Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1462, went on to have three subsequent marriages. From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 12 half-siblings who were much younger than he was (the last was born when Leonardo was 40 years old) and with whom he had very little contact.", "From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 12 half-siblings who were much younger than he was (the last was born when Leonardo was 40 years old) and with whom he had very little contact. Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) from the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari.", "Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) from the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari. Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone.", "Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone. He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his father was likely in Florence most of the time.", "He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his father was likely in Florence most of the time. Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and led a successful career.", "Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and led a successful career. Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there.", "Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there. Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus.", "Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus. While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy.", "While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy. Verrocchio's workshop In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture.", "Verrocchio's workshop In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture. Around the age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time.", "Around the age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time. This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello.", "This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello. Leonardo became an apprentice by the age of 17 and remained in training for seven years. Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.", "Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling.", "Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling. Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.", "Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was. He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici.", "He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici. Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds.", "Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light.", "Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.", "These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks. Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants.", "Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be an apocryphal story.", "According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be an apocryphal story. Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.", "Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo. Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.", "Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel. Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him.", "Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan.", "Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan. First Florentine period (1472–c.", "First Florentine period (1472–c. First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482) By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him.", "1482) By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him. Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley.", "Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley. According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa.", "According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa. In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio.", "In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio. An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met.", "An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met. In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi.", "In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi. Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza.", "Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint.", "Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint. He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head.", "He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head. With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost.", "With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost. Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.", "Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola. In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499.", "In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499. First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499.", "First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.", "He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Sforza to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna.", "In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Sforza to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna. Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, a drawing and wooden model for a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral (which he withdrew), and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza.", "Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, a drawing and wooden model for a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral (which he withdrew), and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza. This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo.", "This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo. Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France.", "Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France. Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle.", "Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle. The decoration was completed in 1498.", "The decoration was completed in 1498. The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling.", "The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling. Second Florentine period (1500–1508) When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli.", "Second Florentine period (1500–1508) When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli. In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.", "In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack. On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that \"men [and] women, young and old\" flocked to see it \"as if they were going to a solemn festival.\"", "On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that \"men [and] women, young and old\" flocked to see it \"as if they were going to a solemn festival.\" In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.", "In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron. Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage.", "Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect.", "Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position.", "Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.", "He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons. Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year.", "Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years.", "By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed.", "In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed. He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina.", "He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina. In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city.", "In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city. There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student.", "There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student. The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits.", "The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits. Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture.", "Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture. Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests.", "Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests. Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono.", "Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono. In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504.", "In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504. Second Milanese period (1508–1513) By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.", "Second Milanese period (1508–1513) By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila. In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan.", "In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan. Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa.", "Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa. Rome and France (1513–1519) In March of 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano.", "Rome and France (1513–1519) In March of 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano. From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active.", "From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active. Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver.", "Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver. The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish.", "The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish. Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death.", "Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death. He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes.", "He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes. He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful.", "He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful. In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan.", "In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan. Leonardo was present at the 19 December meeting of Francis I and Leo X, which took place in Bologna. In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise.", "In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise. Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.", "Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.", "Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi. At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies () and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth.", "At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies () and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth. The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic at the age of 65, which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished.", "The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic at the age of 65, which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished. He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months.", "He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months. Death Leonardo died at Clos Lucé on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67, possibly of a stroke. Francis I had become a close friend.", "Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that \"he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done.\"", "Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that \"he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done.\" Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.", "Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament. Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact.", "Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact. In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket.", "In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects.", "Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards.", "Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards. His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a fur-lined cloak. On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise.", "On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise. Salaì, or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One,\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant.", "Salaì, or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One,\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton,\" after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.", "After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton,\" after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes. Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.", "Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years. Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him many things about painting,\" his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio.", "Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him many things about painting,\" his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio. Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.", "Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait. Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\"", "Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\" Personal life Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life.", "Personal life Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life. Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his \"great physical beauty\" and \"infinite grace,\" as described by Vasari, as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others.", "Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his \"great physical beauty\" and \"infinite grace,\" as described by Vasari, as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.", "One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them. Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s.", "Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella.", "Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella. While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.", "While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost. Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation.", "His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud in his Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood. Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi.", "Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature.", "It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute.", "Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.", "The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal. Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.", "Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings. Paintings Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter.", "Paintings Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces.", "A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter.", "By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter. Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone.", "Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks.", "All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks. Early works Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio.", "Early works Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are Annunciations. One is small, long and high.", "One is small, long and high. It is a \"predella\" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, long.", "The other is a much larger work, long. In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily.", "In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.", "Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo. In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece.", "Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.", "The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise. This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence.", "This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.", "In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation. Paintings of the 1480s In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition.", "Paintings of the 1480s In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.", "Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment. One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\"", "One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\" Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.", "Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual. Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above.", "Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction.", "His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.", "J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies. Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.", "The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted. The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto.", "The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background.", "It is a complex composition, of about Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.", "In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned. The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception.", "The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece.", "The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece. Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt.", "Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.", "The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water. While the painting is quite large, about , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details.", "While the painting is quite large, about , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France.", "The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.", "The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century. Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (), lover of Ludovico Sforza.", "Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (), lover of Ludovico Sforza. The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile.", "The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine.", "The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine. Paintings of the 1490s Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan.", "Paintings of the 1490s Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused.", "It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused. The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.", "The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time. This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene.", "This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.", "Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model. The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\"", "The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\" Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.", "Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking. Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.", "Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums. Toward the end of this period, in 1498 da Vinci's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco.", "Toward the end of this period, in 1498 da Vinci's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco. Paintings of the 1500s In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.", "Paintings of the 1500s In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440.", "Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the Battle of Cascina. Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens.", "Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens. Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or La Gioconda, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world.", "In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined.", "Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato,\" or Leonardo's smoke.", "The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato,\" or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\"", "Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\" Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.", "Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable. Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\"", "Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\" The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.", "The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date. In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle.", "In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed.", "What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.", "She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice. This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio.", "This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.", "The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese. Drawings Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention.", "Drawings Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper.", "As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper. His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.", "His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail. Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London.", "Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London. This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa.", "This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre.", "It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre. Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as \"caricatures\" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models.", "Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as \"caricatures\" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work.", "Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work. There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salaì, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called \"Grecian profile.\" These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.", "These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior. Salaì is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works.", "A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy.", "Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy. In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died.", "In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died. Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.", "Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised. Journals and notes Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.", "Journals and notes Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work. These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science).", "These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.", "They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him. Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water.", "Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.", "There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture. These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death.", "These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death. These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.", "These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing. Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art .", "Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art . After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals.", "After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals. In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio.", "In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio. Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta.", "Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta. News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus.", "News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus. The other six works had been distributed to a few others.", "The other six works had been distributed to a few others. After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal.", "After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal. Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online.", "Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online. Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman.", "Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman. The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world.", "The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world. Most of Leonardo's writings are in mirror-image cursive. Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left.", "Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left. Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication.", "Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication. In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order.", "In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order. Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.", "Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown. Science and inventions Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation.", "Science and inventions Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin.", "Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. His keen observations in many areas were noted, such as when he wrote \"Il sole non si move.\" (\"The Sun does not move.\")", "(\"The Sun does not move.\") In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book Divina proportione, published in 1509. While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa.", "While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa. Scientific writings in his notebook on fossils have been considered as influential on early palaeontology. The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects.", "The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517.", "A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517. Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin.", "Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin. According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as \"the precursor of French academic thought on art.\"", "According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as \"the precursor of French academic thought on art.\" While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a \"Renaissance Man\", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.", "While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a \"Renaissance Man\", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting. Anatomy and physiology Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject.", "Anatomy and physiology Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.", "As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.", "As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre. Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy.", "Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy. Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting.", "Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting. During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them.", "During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them. Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews.", "Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.", "He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics. He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero.", "He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero. The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.", "The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science. Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.", "Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.", "He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness. Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.", "He also made a number of studies of horses. Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression.", "He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of bodily humours, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles.", "He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis.", "He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns.", "He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns. Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.", "Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543. Engineering and inventions During his lifetime, Leonardo was also valued as an engineer. With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices.", "With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices. He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected \"exploded view\" technique, to represent internal components.", "He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected \"exploded view\" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages.", "Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages. In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege.", "In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack.", "When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.", "In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked. He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical.", "He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon.", "They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon. Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor.", "Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor. A 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed.", "A 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed. Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested.", "Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested. Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo.", "Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo. Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime.", "Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime. Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility.", "Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility. By reconstituting technical inventions he created something new. In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the ‘laws’ of sliding friction in 1493.", "In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the ‘laws’ of sliding friction in 1493. His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible.", "His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible. His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated.", "His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated. For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 \"Men of Tribology\" by Duncan Dowson.", "For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 \"Men of Tribology\" by Duncan Dowson. Legacy Although he had no formal academic training, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"Universal Genius\" or \"Renaissance Man\", an individual of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination.\"", "Legacy Although he had no formal academic training, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"Universal Genius\" or \"Renaissance Man\", an individual of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination.\" He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived.", "He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote.\"", "According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote.\" Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time.", "Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time. Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died.", "Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished.", "Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in.", "Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in. The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes.", "The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: \"...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled...\" while the biographer known as \"Anonimo Gaddiano\" wrote, : \"His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf...\" Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill.", "Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: \"...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled...\" while the biographer known as \"Anonimo Gaddiano\" wrote, : \"His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf...\" Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.", "Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease. The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: \"Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius...\" This is echoed by A.E.", "The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: \"Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius...\" This is echoed by A.E. Rio who wrote in 1861: \"He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.\"", "Rio who wrote in 1861: \"He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.\" By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings.", "By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: \"There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries.\"", "Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: \"There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries.\" Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: \"Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty.", "Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: \"Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.\"", "Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.\" The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.", "The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found. Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: \"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term.", "Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: \"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century.", "Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe.\" The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles.", "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles. Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators.", "Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a \"fun, joyous\" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius.", "Isaacson was surprised to discover a \"fun, joyous\" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius. On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020.", "On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020. The exhibit includes over 100 paintings, drawings and notebooks. Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included.", "Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included. Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery.", "Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery. Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.", "Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. Salvator Mundi was also not included because its Saudi owner did not agree to lease the work. The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made.", "The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon.", "The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon. More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021.", "More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021. It was determined that the artist has 14 living male relatives. The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo.", "The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo. Location of remains While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear.", "Location of remains While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear. Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802.", "Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802. Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard.", "Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard. In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions \"EO\", \"AR\", \"DUS\", and \"VINC\"—interpreted as forming \"Leonardus Vinci\".", "In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions \"EO\", \"AR\", \"DUS\", and \"VINC\"—interpreted as forming \"Leonardus Vinci\". The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France.", "The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France. Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a \"dubious phrenological deduction.\"", "Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a \"dubious phrenological deduction.\" At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of seemed too short.", "At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of seemed too short. Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo.", "Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo. The skull was allegedly presented to Napoleon III before being returned to the Château d'Amboise, where they were in the chapel of Saint Hubert in 1874. A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo.", "A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo. It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand.", "It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand. In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct.", "In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct. The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; it may also be sequenced.", "The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; it may also be sequenced. In 2019, documents were published revealing that Houssaye had kept the ring and a lock of hair. In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector.", "In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector. Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death.", "Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death. Notes General Dates of works References Citations Early Modern Works cited Early in in Modern Books volume 2: .", "Notes General Dates of works References Citations Early Modern Works cited Early in in Modern Books volume 2: . A reprint of the original 1883 edition Journals and encyclopedia articles Further reading See and for extensive bibliographies External links General Universal Leonardo, a database of Leonardo's life and works maintained by Martin Kemp and Marina Wallace Leonardo da Vinci on the National Gallery website Works Biblioteca Leonardiana, online bibliography (in Italian) e-Leo: Archivio digitale di storia della tecnica e della scienza, archive of drawings, notes and manuscripts Complete text and images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci 1452 births 1519 deaths 15th-century Italian mathematicians 15th-century Italian painters 15th-century Italian scientists 15th-century Italian sculptors 15th-century people of the Republic of Florence 16th-century Italian mathematicians 16th-century Italian painters 16th-century Italian scientists 16th-century Italian sculptors 16th-century people of the Republic of Florence Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence Ballistics experts Fabulists Painters from Florence Botanical illustrators Fluid dynamicists History of anatomy Italian anatomists Italian caricaturists Italian civil engineers 16th-century Italian inventors Italian male painters Italian male sculptors Italian military engineers Italian physiologists Italian Renaissance humanists Italian Renaissance painters Italian Renaissance sculptors Italian Roman Catholics Mathematical artists Painters by city People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws Philosophical theists Physiognomists Renaissance architects Renaissance painters Renaissance scientists Painters from Tuscany Burials in France Writers who illustrated their own writing" ]

[ "Leonardo da Vinci", "Verrocchio's workshop, 1466-1476", "What was his first love", "Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione,", "WHat year was this", "1466,", "Whatwas he known for", "known as Verrocchio,", "What did he teach him", "whose bottega (workshop) was \"one of the finest in Florence\". He apprenticed as a garzone", "What did he do", "Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio,", "Who else", "Perugino, Botticelli," ]

[ "Else is a feminine given name, appearing in German, Danish and Norwegian. It is a shortened form of Elisabeth.\n\nNotable people with the name include:\n\n Else Alfelt (1910–1974), Danish painter\n Else Ackermann, German physician and pharmacologist\n Else Winther Andersen (born 1941), Danish politician\n Else Berg (1877–1942), Dutch painter\n Else Bugge Fougner (born 1944), Norwegian lawyer and politician\n Else Christensen (1913–2005), Danish neopagan\n Else Feldmann (1884–1942), Austrian writer\n Else Frenkel-Brunswik (1908–1958), Polish-Austrian psychologist\n Else Hench (20th century), Austrian luger\n Else Hirsch (1889–1942/3), German-Jewish teacher\n Else Holmelund Minarik (1920–2012), Danish American author\n Else Jacobsen (1911–1965), Danish swimmer\n Else Krüger (born 1915), German secretary\n Else Lasker-Schüler (1869–1945), Jewish German poet and playwright\n Else Mayer (1891–1962), German nun\n Else Meidner (1901–1987), Jewish German painter\n Else Repål (1930–2015), Norwegian politician\n Else Reppen (1933–2006), Norwegian philanthropist\n Else Sehrig-Vehling (1897–1994), German expressionist\n Else Seifert (1879–1968), German photographer\n Else Ury (1877–1943), German writer\n Else von Richthofen (1874–1973), German social scientist\n\nSee also\nElse-Marie\nElse-Marthe Sørlie Lybekk (born 1978), Norwegian handball player\n\nFeminine given names", "Something Else or Somethin' Else may refer to:\n\nBooks\n Something Else (book), a children's book by Kathryn Cave\n Something Else Press, an American small-press publisher\n Archie's Something Else! by Spire Christian Comics\n\nFilm and television\n Somethin' Else (content agency), a content and talent agency based in London\n Something Else (TV series), a 1978–1982 UK youth TV programme\n Something Else, a 1970–71 American musical variety show hosted by John Byner\n Something Else, a 2001 British children's animated show produced by Studio B Productions\n\nMusic\n\nPerformers\n Somethin' Else!, a rock and roll band featuring Bobby Cochran, nephew of Eddie Cochran\n Something Else (Japanese band), a J-Pop band\n Something Else, a 1970s Scottish band featuring Sheena Easton\n\nAlbums\n Something Else!!!!, a 1958 album by Ornette Coleman\n Somethin' Else (Cannonball Adderley album), or the title song by Miles Davis, 1958\n Somethin' Else (The Kingston Trio album), 1965\n Something Else by The Kinks, a 1967 album\n Something Else from The Move, a 1968 EP\n Something Else (Shirley Bassey album), 1971\n Something Else (Robin Thicke album), 2008\n Something Else, a 2012 album by Elom Adablah\n Something Else (Tech N9ne album), 2013\n Something Else (The Cranberries album), 2017\n Something Else (The Brian Jones Massacre album), 2018\n\nSongs\n \"Somethin' Else\" (song), a 1959 song by Eddie Cochran, covered by several other performers\n \"Something Else\", a song by Diamond Rings from Special Affections\n \"Something Else\", a song by The Doubleclicks from Lasers and Feelings\n \"Something Else\", a song by Gary Jules from Trading Snakeoil for Wolftickets\n \"Something Else\", a song by Good Charlotte from Good Morning Revival\n\nSee also\n Something (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology.", "While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo.", "Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo. Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio.", "Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan.", "He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students.", "Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519.", "Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture.", "Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture. Leonardo is among the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance.", "Leonardo is among the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and less than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art.", "Despite having many lost works and less than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art. His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting.", "His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon.", "The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction.", "In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction. Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull.", "Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance.", "Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire.", "Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.", "He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science. Biography Early life (1452–1472) Birth and background Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci; Florence was 20 miles away.", "Biography Early life (1452–1472) Birth and background Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci; Florence was 20 miles away. He was born out of wedlock to (Ser Piero di Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, and ( – 1494), from the lower-class.", "He was born out of wedlock to (Ser Piero di Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, and ( – 1494), from the lower-class. It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had.", "It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had. Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth.", "Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth. Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only \"Caterina\" or \"Catelina\"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed \"L'Accattabriga\" (\"the quarrelsome one\").", "Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only \"Caterina\" or \"Catelina\"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed \"L'Accattabriga\" (\"the quarrelsome one\"). Other theories have been proposed, particularly that of art historian Martin Kemp, who suggested Caterina di Meo Lippi, an orphan that married purportedly with aid from Ser Piero and his family.", "Other theories have been proposed, particularly that of art historian Martin Kemp, who suggested Caterina di Meo Lippi, an orphan that married purportedly with aid from Ser Piero and his family. Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1462, went on to have three subsequent marriages.", "Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1462, went on to have three subsequent marriages. From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 12 half-siblings who were much younger than he was (the last was born when Leonardo was 40 years old) and with whom he had very little contact.", "From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 12 half-siblings who were much younger than he was (the last was born when Leonardo was 40 years old) and with whom he had very little contact. Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) from the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari.", "Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) from the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari. Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone.", "Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone. He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his father was likely in Florence most of the time.", "He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his father was likely in Florence most of the time. Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and led a successful career.", "Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and led a successful career. Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there.", "Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there. Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus.", "Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus. While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy.", "While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy. Verrocchio's workshop In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture.", "Verrocchio's workshop In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture. Around the age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time.", "Around the age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time. This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello.", "This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello. Leonardo became an apprentice by the age of 17 and remained in training for seven years. Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.", "Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling.", "Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling. Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.", "Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was. He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici.", "He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici. Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds.", "Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light.", "Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.", "These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks. Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants.", "Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be an apocryphal story.", "According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be an apocryphal story. Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.", "Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo. Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.", "Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel. Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him.", "Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan.", "Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan. First Florentine period (1472–c.", "First Florentine period (1472–c. First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482) By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him.", "1482) By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him. Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley.", "Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley. According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa.", "According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa. In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio.", "In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio. An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met.", "An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met. In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi.", "In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi. Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza.", "Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint.", "Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint. He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head.", "He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head. With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost.", "With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost. Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.", "Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola. In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499.", "In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499. First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499.", "First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.", "He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Sforza to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna.", "In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Sforza to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna. Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, a drawing and wooden model for a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral (which he withdrew), and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza.", "Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, a drawing and wooden model for a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral (which he withdrew), and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza. This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo.", "This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo. Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France.", "Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France. Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle.", "Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle. The decoration was completed in 1498.", "The decoration was completed in 1498. The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling.", "The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling. Second Florentine period (1500–1508) When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli.", "Second Florentine period (1500–1508) When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli. In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.", "In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack. On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that \"men [and] women, young and old\" flocked to see it \"as if they were going to a solemn festival.\"", "On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that \"men [and] women, young and old\" flocked to see it \"as if they were going to a solemn festival.\" In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.", "In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron. Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage.", "Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect.", "Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position.", "Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.", "He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons. Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year.", "Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years.", "By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed.", "In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed. He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina.", "He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina. In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city.", "In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city. There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student.", "There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student. The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits.", "The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits. Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture.", "Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture. Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests.", "Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests. Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono.", "Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono. In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504.", "In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504. Second Milanese period (1508–1513) By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.", "Second Milanese period (1508–1513) By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila. In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan.", "In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan. Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa.", "Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa. Rome and France (1513–1519) In March of 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano.", "Rome and France (1513–1519) In March of 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano. From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active.", "From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active. Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver.", "Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver. The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish.", "The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish. Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death.", "Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death. He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes.", "He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes. He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful.", "He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful. In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan.", "In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan. Leonardo was present at the 19 December meeting of Francis I and Leo X, which took place in Bologna. In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise.", "In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise. Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.", "Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.", "Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi. At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies () and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth.", "At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies () and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth. The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic at the age of 65, which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished.", "The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic at the age of 65, which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished. He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months.", "He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months. Death Leonardo died at Clos Lucé on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67, possibly of a stroke. Francis I had become a close friend.", "Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that \"he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done.\"", "Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that \"he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done.\" Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.", "Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament. Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact.", "Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact. In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket.", "In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects.", "Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards.", "Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards. His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a fur-lined cloak. On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise.", "On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise. Salaì, or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One,\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant.", "Salaì, or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One,\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton,\" after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.", "After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton,\" after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes. Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.", "Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years. Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him many things about painting,\" his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio.", "Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him many things about painting,\" his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio. Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.", "Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait. Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\"", "Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\" Personal life Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life.", "Personal life Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life. Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his \"great physical beauty\" and \"infinite grace,\" as described by Vasari, as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others.", "Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his \"great physical beauty\" and \"infinite grace,\" as described by Vasari, as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.", "One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them. Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s.", "Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella.", "Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella. While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.", "While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost. Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation.", "His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud in his Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood. Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi.", "Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature.", "It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute.", "Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.", "The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal. Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.", "Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings. Paintings Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter.", "Paintings Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces.", "A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter.", "By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter. Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone.", "Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks.", "All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks. Early works Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio.", "Early works Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are Annunciations. One is small, long and high.", "One is small, long and high. It is a \"predella\" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, long.", "The other is a much larger work, long. In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily.", "In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.", "Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo. In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece.", "Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.", "The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise. This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence.", "This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.", "In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation. Paintings of the 1480s In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition.", "Paintings of the 1480s In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.", "Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment. One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\"", "One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\" Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.", "Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual. Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above.", "Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction.", "His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.", "J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies. Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.", "The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted. The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto.", "The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background.", "It is a complex composition, of about Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.", "In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned. The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception.", "The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece.", "The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece. Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt.", "Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.", "The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water. While the painting is quite large, about , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details.", "While the painting is quite large, about , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France.", "The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.", "The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century. Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (), lover of Ludovico Sforza.", "Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (), lover of Ludovico Sforza. The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile.", "The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine.", "The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine. Paintings of the 1490s Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan.", "Paintings of the 1490s Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused.", "It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused. The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.", "The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time. This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene.", "This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.", "Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model. The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\"", "The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\" Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.", "Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking. Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.", "Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums. Toward the end of this period, in 1498 da Vinci's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco.", "Toward the end of this period, in 1498 da Vinci's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco. Paintings of the 1500s In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.", "Paintings of the 1500s In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440.", "Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the Battle of Cascina. Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens.", "Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens. Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or La Gioconda, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world.", "In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined.", "Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato,\" or Leonardo's smoke.", "The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato,\" or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\"", "Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\" Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.", "Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable. Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\"", "Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\" The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.", "The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date. In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle.", "In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed.", "What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.", "She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice. This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio.", "This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.", "The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese. Drawings Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention.", "Drawings Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper.", "As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper. His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.", "His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail. Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London.", "Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London. This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa.", "This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre.", "It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre. Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as \"caricatures\" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models.", "Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as \"caricatures\" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work.", "Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work. There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salaì, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called \"Grecian profile.\" These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.", "These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior. Salaì is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works.", "A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy.", "Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy. In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died.", "In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died. Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.", "Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised. Journals and notes Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.", "Journals and notes Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work. These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science).", "These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.", "They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him. Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water.", "Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.", "There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture. These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death.", "These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death. These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.", "These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing. Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art .", "Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art . After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals.", "After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals. In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio.", "In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio. Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta.", "Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta. News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus.", "News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus. The other six works had been distributed to a few others.", "The other six works had been distributed to a few others. After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal.", "After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal. Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online.", "Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online. Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman.", "Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman. The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world.", "The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world. Most of Leonardo's writings are in mirror-image cursive. Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left.", "Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left. Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication.", "Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication. In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order.", "In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order. Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.", "Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown. Science and inventions Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation.", "Science and inventions Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin.", "Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. His keen observations in many areas were noted, such as when he wrote \"Il sole non si move.\" (\"The Sun does not move.\")", "(\"The Sun does not move.\") In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book Divina proportione, published in 1509. While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa.", "While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa. Scientific writings in his notebook on fossils have been considered as influential on early palaeontology. The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects.", "The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517.", "A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517. Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin.", "Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin. According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as \"the precursor of French academic thought on art.\"", "According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as \"the precursor of French academic thought on art.\" While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a \"Renaissance Man\", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.", "While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a \"Renaissance Man\", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting. Anatomy and physiology Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject.", "Anatomy and physiology Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.", "As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.", "As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre. Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy.", "Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy. Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting.", "Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting. During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them.", "During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them. Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews.", "Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.", "He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics. He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero.", "He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero. The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.", "The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science. Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.", "Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.", "He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness. Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.", "He also made a number of studies of horses. Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression.", "He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of bodily humours, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles.", "He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis.", "He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns.", "He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns. Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.", "Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543. Engineering and inventions During his lifetime, Leonardo was also valued as an engineer. With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices.", "With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices. He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected \"exploded view\" technique, to represent internal components.", "He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected \"exploded view\" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages.", "Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages. In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege.", "In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack.", "When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.", "In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked. He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical.", "He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon.", "They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon. Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor.", "Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor. A 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed.", "A 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed. Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested.", "Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested. Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo.", "Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo. Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime.", "Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime. Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility.", "Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility. By reconstituting technical inventions he created something new. In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the ‘laws’ of sliding friction in 1493.", "In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the ‘laws’ of sliding friction in 1493. His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible.", "His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible. His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated.", "His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated. For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 \"Men of Tribology\" by Duncan Dowson.", "For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 \"Men of Tribology\" by Duncan Dowson. Legacy Although he had no formal academic training, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"Universal Genius\" or \"Renaissance Man\", an individual of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination.\"", "Legacy Although he had no formal academic training, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"Universal Genius\" or \"Renaissance Man\", an individual of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination.\" He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived.", "He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote.\"", "According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote.\" Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time.", "Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time. Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died.", "Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished.", "Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in.", "Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in. The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes.", "The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: \"...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled...\" while the biographer known as \"Anonimo Gaddiano\" wrote, : \"His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf...\" Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill.", "Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: \"...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled...\" while the biographer known as \"Anonimo Gaddiano\" wrote, : \"His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf...\" Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.", "Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease. The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: \"Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius...\" This is echoed by A.E.", "The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: \"Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius...\" This is echoed by A.E. Rio who wrote in 1861: \"He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.\"", "Rio who wrote in 1861: \"He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.\" By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings.", "By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: \"There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries.\"", "Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: \"There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries.\" Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: \"Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty.", "Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: \"Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.\"", "Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.\" The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.", "The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found. Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: \"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term.", "Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: \"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century.", "Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe.\" The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles.", "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles. Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators.", "Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a \"fun, joyous\" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius.", "Isaacson was surprised to discover a \"fun, joyous\" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius. On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020.", "On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020. The exhibit includes over 100 paintings, drawings and notebooks. Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included.", "Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included. Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery.", "Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery. Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.", "Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. Salvator Mundi was also not included because its Saudi owner did not agree to lease the work. The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made.", "The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon.", "The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon. More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021.", "More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021. It was determined that the artist has 14 living male relatives. The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo.", "The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo. Location of remains While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear.", "Location of remains While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear. Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802.", "Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802. Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard.", "Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard. In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions \"EO\", \"AR\", \"DUS\", and \"VINC\"—interpreted as forming \"Leonardus Vinci\".", "In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions \"EO\", \"AR\", \"DUS\", and \"VINC\"—interpreted as forming \"Leonardus Vinci\". The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France.", "The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France. Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a \"dubious phrenological deduction.\"", "Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a \"dubious phrenological deduction.\" At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of seemed too short.", "At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of seemed too short. Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo.", "Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo. The skull was allegedly presented to Napoleon III before being returned to the Château d'Amboise, where they were in the chapel of Saint Hubert in 1874. A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo.", "A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo. It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand.", "It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand. In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct.", "In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct. The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; it may also be sequenced.", "The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; it may also be sequenced. In 2019, documents were published revealing that Houssaye had kept the ring and a lock of hair. In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector.", "In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector. Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death.", "Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death. Notes General Dates of works References Citations Early Modern Works cited Early in in Modern Books volume 2: .", "Notes General Dates of works References Citations Early Modern Works cited Early in in Modern Books volume 2: . A reprint of the original 1883 edition Journals and encyclopedia articles Further reading See and for extensive bibliographies External links General Universal Leonardo, a database of Leonardo's life and works maintained by Martin Kemp and Marina Wallace Leonardo da Vinci on the National Gallery website Works Biblioteca Leonardiana, online bibliography (in Italian) e-Leo: Archivio digitale di storia della tecnica e della scienza, archive of drawings, notes and manuscripts Complete text and images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci 1452 births 1519 deaths 15th-century Italian mathematicians 15th-century Italian painters 15th-century Italian scientists 15th-century Italian sculptors 15th-century people of the Republic of Florence 16th-century Italian mathematicians 16th-century Italian painters 16th-century Italian scientists 16th-century Italian sculptors 16th-century people of the Republic of Florence Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence Ballistics experts Fabulists Painters from Florence Botanical illustrators Fluid dynamicists History of anatomy Italian anatomists Italian caricaturists Italian civil engineers 16th-century Italian inventors Italian male painters Italian male sculptors Italian military engineers Italian physiologists Italian Renaissance humanists Italian Renaissance painters Italian Renaissance sculptors Italian Roman Catholics Mathematical artists Painters by city People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws Philosophical theists Physiognomists Renaissance architects Renaissance painters Renaissance scientists Painters from Tuscany Burials in France Writers who illustrated their own writing" ]

[ "Leonardo da Vinci", "Verrocchio's workshop, 1466-1476", "What was his first love", "Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione,", "WHat year was this", "1466,", "Whatwas he known for", "known as Verrocchio,", "What did he teach him", "whose bottega (workshop) was \"one of the finest in Florence\". He apprenticed as a garzone", "What did he do", "Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio,", "Who else", "Perugino, Botticelli,", "Who else", "Lorenzo di Credi." ]

[ "Cornelis Holsteyn (1618 – 2 December 1658) was a Dutch Golden Age painter from Haarlem.\n\nBiography\nAccording to the RKD he was a painter of historical allegories, portraits, and interior decorations, trained by his father Pieter Holsteyn I. According to Houbraken, his father was a glass painter, and thus was trained for glass painting, but the market in glass painting not being what it was, he turned his hand to painting canvas. Houbraken felt he received less for a painting than he deserved, because his work was of a very high quality. He describes a Triumph of Bacchus, and a Lycurgus, which was painted for the Amsterdam Orphanage.\n\nAccording to the RKD, he moved to Amsterdam with his brother Pieter Holsteyn II in 1647, became poorter there in 1652, and was betrothed there on Christmas Eve, 1654. He was buried in the Nieuwe Kerk on December 2, 1658, from his home on the Rozengracht. Houbraken claimed he had been fit until his sudden death by Hartvang, or heart-attack.\n\nReferences\n\n1618 births\n1658 deaths\nDutch Golden Age painters\nDutch male painters\nArtists from Haarlem\nPainters from Haarlem\nBurials at the Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam", "The Captive Slave is a painting by British artist John Simpson, which was first exhibited in London in 1827. The portrait shows a man, manacled, on a stone bench and looking pensively or plaintively upward. Its subject matter, historical period, and mode of creation suggest the artist intended the painting as an abolitionist statement. After going on display again in 1828, the painting was not given another public showing for 180 years until being purchased by the Art Institute of Chicago in 2008.\n\nPainting \nThe three-quarter portrait shows a Black man in orange-red open collar clothing, sitting on a stone bench, against a muted background, with the subject taking up most of the frame. Large metallic manacles are visible around his wrists, which lie on his lap, and a heavy chain falls across the bench and out of the frame. The man is gazing up and to his left. \n\nAt its original showing the painting was titled, The Captive Slave, and the viewer is informed of the sitter's condition as a slave by the manacles and by his dark skin, which connects him to the African slave trade. His clothes suggest somewhat foreign origin but also prison garb. The features of the subject show the man as a recognizable individual person. The painting has been described as a portrait but also a hybrid with genre painting, as the name of the character in the painting is unknown. His aspect is saintly or heroic, imploring, vulnerable, and somewhat passive in rest, which allowed British viewers, when the portrait was first shown to sympathize or pity the subject and deplore his condition. While the portrait follows high art conventions for depicting the saintly or long suffering, portraits of individual slaves were rare in the European high art tradition.\n\nContext\nThe artist, John Simpson, was a British portrait painter who studied at the Royal Academies, and was a longtime assistant of the portraitist Thomas Lawrence. In modern scholarship, Simpson is described as little known. The painting was created on a used canvas that x-rays showed had previously depicted a stately home and another portrait; this reuse suggests that Simpson did not paint it on commission, which is how he made his living, but here he appears to have chosen the subject of his own volition. The portrait was displayed in London at the Royal Academy in 1827, and again in London at the British Institution in 1828; that year, it was also displayed at an exhibition at the Liverpool Academy. Several contemporary reviews at that time noted the pathos that the painting evoked, and associated the painting with \"radical\" or \"sentimental\" abolitionist literature.\n\nIn the late 1820s, Britain was debating whether to abolish slavery throughout the British Empire. While Britain's international slave trade had been outlawed in 1807, the freedom of those remaining in slavery was still a pressing political question. Against this background, the production and display of the painting is understood as an effort to further the cause of abolition. Simpson included lines of William Cowper' poetry in the first exhibition catalogue: \"Ah but! what wish can prosper or what prayer/for merchants rich in cargoes of despair\". Reviewer Martin Postle concludes:\n\nThe model for the painting is thought to be the American-born actor Ira Aldridge. Aldridge was born a free negro and educated in New York, though he left the United States because of the lack of serious acting opportunities there for Black men. He went on to become a successful Shakespearean actor in Europe.\n\nProvenance \nThe painting was sold in Dublin from a private collection in 1996; at the time of the sale, a label on the frame read \"J. Simpson, The Slave\". A private British collector later sold it to an art dealer, who sold it to the Art Institute of Chicago in 2008. Prior to the acquisition by the museum where it underwent scientific testing, the painting had not been displayed to the general public for 180 years. What is now considered to be a copy from an unknown hand is in the collection of the Wilberforce House museum in Hull, England.\n\nReferences\n\nPaintings in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago\nPortraits by English artists\nSlavery in art\n1827 paintings" ]

[ "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology.", "While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo.", "Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo. Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio.", "Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan.", "He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students.", "Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519.", "Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture.", "Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture. Leonardo is among the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance.", "Leonardo is among the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and less than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art.", "Despite having many lost works and less than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art. His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting.", "His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon.", "The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction.", "In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction. Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull.", "Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance.", "Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire.", "Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.", "He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science. Biography Early life (1452–1472) Birth and background Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci; Florence was 20 miles away.", "Biography Early life (1452–1472) Birth and background Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci; Florence was 20 miles away. He was born out of wedlock to (Ser Piero di Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, and ( – 1494), from the lower-class.", "He was born out of wedlock to (Ser Piero di Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, and ( – 1494), from the lower-class. It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had.", "It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had. Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth.", "Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth. Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only \"Caterina\" or \"Catelina\"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed \"L'Accattabriga\" (\"the quarrelsome one\").", "Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only \"Caterina\" or \"Catelina\"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed \"L'Accattabriga\" (\"the quarrelsome one\"). Other theories have been proposed, particularly that of art historian Martin Kemp, who suggested Caterina di Meo Lippi, an orphan that married purportedly with aid from Ser Piero and his family.", "Other theories have been proposed, particularly that of art historian Martin Kemp, who suggested Caterina di Meo Lippi, an orphan that married purportedly with aid from Ser Piero and his family. Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1462, went on to have three subsequent marriages.", "Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1462, went on to have three subsequent marriages. From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 12 half-siblings who were much younger than he was (the last was born when Leonardo was 40 years old) and with whom he had very little contact.", "From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 12 half-siblings who were much younger than he was (the last was born when Leonardo was 40 years old) and with whom he had very little contact. Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) from the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari.", "Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) from the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari. Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone.", "Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone. He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his father was likely in Florence most of the time.", "He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his father was likely in Florence most of the time. Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and led a successful career.", "Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and led a successful career. Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there.", "Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there. Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus.", "Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus. While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy.", "While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy. Verrocchio's workshop In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture.", "Verrocchio's workshop In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture. Around the age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time.", "Around the age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time. This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello.", "This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello. Leonardo became an apprentice by the age of 17 and remained in training for seven years. Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.", "Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling.", "Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling. Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.", "Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was. He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici.", "He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici. Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds.", "Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light.", "Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.", "These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks. Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants.", "Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be an apocryphal story.", "According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be an apocryphal story. Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.", "Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo. Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.", "Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel. Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him.", "Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan.", "Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan. First Florentine period (1472–c.", "First Florentine period (1472–c. First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482) By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him.", "1482) By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him. Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley.", "Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley. According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa.", "According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa. In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio.", "In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio. An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met.", "An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met. In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi.", "In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi. Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza.", "Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint.", "Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint. He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head.", "He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head. With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost.", "With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost. Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.", "Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola. In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499.", "In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499. First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499.", "First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.", "He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Sforza to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna.", "In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Sforza to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna. Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, a drawing and wooden model for a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral (which he withdrew), and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza.", "Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, a drawing and wooden model for a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral (which he withdrew), and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza. This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo.", "This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo. Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France.", "Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France. Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle.", "Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle. The decoration was completed in 1498.", "The decoration was completed in 1498. The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling.", "The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling. Second Florentine period (1500–1508) When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli.", "Second Florentine period (1500–1508) When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli. In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.", "In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack. On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that \"men [and] women, young and old\" flocked to see it \"as if they were going to a solemn festival.\"", "On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that \"men [and] women, young and old\" flocked to see it \"as if they were going to a solemn festival.\" In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.", "In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron. Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage.", "Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect.", "Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position.", "Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.", "He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons. Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year.", "Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years.", "By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed.", "In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed. He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina.", "He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina. In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city.", "In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city. There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student.", "There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student. The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits.", "The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits. Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture.", "Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture. Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests.", "Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests. Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono.", "Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono. In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504.", "In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504. Second Milanese period (1508–1513) By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.", "Second Milanese period (1508–1513) By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila. In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan.", "In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan. Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa.", "Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa. Rome and France (1513–1519) In March of 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano.", "Rome and France (1513–1519) In March of 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano. From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active.", "From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active. Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver.", "Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver. The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish.", "The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish. Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death.", "Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death. He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes.", "He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes. He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful.", "He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful. In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan.", "In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan. Leonardo was present at the 19 December meeting of Francis I and Leo X, which took place in Bologna. In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise.", "In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise. Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.", "Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.", "Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi. At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies () and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth.", "At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies () and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth. The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic at the age of 65, which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished.", "The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic at the age of 65, which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished. He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months.", "He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months. Death Leonardo died at Clos Lucé on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67, possibly of a stroke. Francis I had become a close friend.", "Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that \"he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done.\"", "Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that \"he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done.\" Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.", "Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament. Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact.", "Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact. In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket.", "In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects.", "Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards.", "Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards. His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a fur-lined cloak. On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise.", "On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise. Salaì, or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One,\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant.", "Salaì, or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One,\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton,\" after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.", "After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton,\" after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes. Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.", "Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years. Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him many things about painting,\" his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio.", "Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him many things about painting,\" his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio. Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.", "Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait. Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\"", "Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\" Personal life Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life.", "Personal life Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life. Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his \"great physical beauty\" and \"infinite grace,\" as described by Vasari, as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others.", "Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his \"great physical beauty\" and \"infinite grace,\" as described by Vasari, as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.", "One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them. Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s.", "Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella.", "Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella. While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.", "While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost. Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation.", "His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud in his Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood. Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi.", "Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature.", "It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute.", "Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.", "The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal. Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.", "Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings. Paintings Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter.", "Paintings Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces.", "A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter.", "By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter. Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone.", "Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks.", "All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks. Early works Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio.", "Early works Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are Annunciations. One is small, long and high.", "One is small, long and high. It is a \"predella\" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, long.", "The other is a much larger work, long. In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily.", "In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.", "Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo. In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece.", "Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.", "The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise. This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence.", "This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.", "In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation. Paintings of the 1480s In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition.", "Paintings of the 1480s In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.", "Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment. One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\"", "One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\" Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.", "Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual. Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above.", "Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction.", "His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.", "J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies. Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.", "The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted. The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto.", "The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background.", "It is a complex composition, of about Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.", "In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned. The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception.", "The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece.", "The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece. Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt.", "Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.", "The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water. While the painting is quite large, about , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details.", "While the painting is quite large, about , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France.", "The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.", "The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century. Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (), lover of Ludovico Sforza.", "Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (), lover of Ludovico Sforza. The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile.", "The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine.", "The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine. Paintings of the 1490s Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan.", "Paintings of the 1490s Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused.", "It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused. The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.", "The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time. This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene.", "This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.", "Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model. The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\"", "The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\" Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.", "Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking. Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.", "Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums. Toward the end of this period, in 1498 da Vinci's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco.", "Toward the end of this period, in 1498 da Vinci's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco. Paintings of the 1500s In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.", "Paintings of the 1500s In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440.", "Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the Battle of Cascina. Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens.", "Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens. Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or La Gioconda, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world.", "In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined.", "Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato,\" or Leonardo's smoke.", "The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato,\" or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\"", "Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\" Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.", "Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable. Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\"", "Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\" The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.", "The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date. In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle.", "In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed.", "What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.", "She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice. This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio.", "This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.", "The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese. Drawings Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention.", "Drawings Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper.", "As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper. His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.", "His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail. Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London.", "Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London. This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa.", "This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre.", "It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre. Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as \"caricatures\" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models.", "Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as \"caricatures\" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work.", "Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work. There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salaì, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called \"Grecian profile.\" These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.", "These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior. Salaì is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works.", "A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy.", "Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy. In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died.", "In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died. Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.", "Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised. Journals and notes Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.", "Journals and notes Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work. These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science).", "These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.", "They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him. Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water.", "Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.", "There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture. These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death.", "These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death. These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.", "These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing. Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art .", "Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art . After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals.", "After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals. In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio.", "In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio. Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta.", "Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta. News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus.", "News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus. The other six works had been distributed to a few others.", "The other six works had been distributed to a few others. After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal.", "After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal. Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online.", "Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online. Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman.", "Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman. The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world.", "The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world. Most of Leonardo's writings are in mirror-image cursive. Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left.", "Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left. Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication.", "Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication. In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order.", "In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order. Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.", "Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown. Science and inventions Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation.", "Science and inventions Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin.", "Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. His keen observations in many areas were noted, such as when he wrote \"Il sole non si move.\" (\"The Sun does not move.\")", "(\"The Sun does not move.\") In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book Divina proportione, published in 1509. While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa.", "While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa. Scientific writings in his notebook on fossils have been considered as influential on early palaeontology. The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects.", "The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517.", "A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517. Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin.", "Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin. According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as \"the precursor of French academic thought on art.\"", "According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as \"the precursor of French academic thought on art.\" While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a \"Renaissance Man\", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.", "While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a \"Renaissance Man\", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting. Anatomy and physiology Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject.", "Anatomy and physiology Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.", "As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.", "As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre. Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy.", "Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy. Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting.", "Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting. During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them.", "During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them. Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews.", "Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.", "He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics. He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero.", "He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero. The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.", "The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science. Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.", "Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.", "He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness. Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.", "He also made a number of studies of horses. Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression.", "He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of bodily humours, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles.", "He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis.", "He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns.", "He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns. Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.", "Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543. Engineering and inventions During his lifetime, Leonardo was also valued as an engineer. With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices.", "With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices. He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected \"exploded view\" technique, to represent internal components.", "He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected \"exploded view\" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages.", "Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages. In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege.", "In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack.", "When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.", "In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked. He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical.", "He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon.", "They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon. Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor.", "Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor. A 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed.", "A 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed. Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested.", "Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested. Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo.", "Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo. Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime.", "Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime. Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility.", "Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility. By reconstituting technical inventions he created something new. In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the ‘laws’ of sliding friction in 1493.", "In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the ‘laws’ of sliding friction in 1493. His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible.", "His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible. His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated.", "His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated. For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 \"Men of Tribology\" by Duncan Dowson.", "For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 \"Men of Tribology\" by Duncan Dowson. Legacy Although he had no formal academic training, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"Universal Genius\" or \"Renaissance Man\", an individual of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination.\"", "Legacy Although he had no formal academic training, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"Universal Genius\" or \"Renaissance Man\", an individual of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination.\" He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived.", "He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote.\"", "According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote.\" Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time.", "Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time. Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died.", "Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished.", "Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in.", "Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in. The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes.", "The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: \"...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled...\" while the biographer known as \"Anonimo Gaddiano\" wrote, : \"His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf...\" Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill.", "Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: \"...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled...\" while the biographer known as \"Anonimo Gaddiano\" wrote, : \"His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf...\" Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.", "Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease. The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: \"Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius...\" This is echoed by A.E.", "The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: \"Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius...\" This is echoed by A.E. Rio who wrote in 1861: \"He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.\"", "Rio who wrote in 1861: \"He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.\" By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings.", "By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: \"There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries.\"", "Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: \"There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries.\" Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: \"Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty.", "Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: \"Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.\"", "Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.\" The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.", "The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found. Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: \"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term.", "Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: \"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century.", "Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe.\" The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles.", "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles. Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators.", "Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a \"fun, joyous\" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius.", "Isaacson was surprised to discover a \"fun, joyous\" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius. On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020.", "On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020. The exhibit includes over 100 paintings, drawings and notebooks. Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included.", "Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included. Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery.", "Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery. Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.", "Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. Salvator Mundi was also not included because its Saudi owner did not agree to lease the work. The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made.", "The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon.", "The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon. More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021.", "More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021. It was determined that the artist has 14 living male relatives. The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo.", "The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo. Location of remains While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear.", "Location of remains While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear. Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802.", "Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802. Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard.", "Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard. In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions \"EO\", \"AR\", \"DUS\", and \"VINC\"—interpreted as forming \"Leonardus Vinci\".", "In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions \"EO\", \"AR\", \"DUS\", and \"VINC\"—interpreted as forming \"Leonardus Vinci\". The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France.", "The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France. Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a \"dubious phrenological deduction.\"", "Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a \"dubious phrenological deduction.\" At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of seemed too short.", "At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of seemed too short. Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo.", "Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo. The skull was allegedly presented to Napoleon III before being returned to the Château d'Amboise, where they were in the chapel of Saint Hubert in 1874. A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo.", "A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo. It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand.", "It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand. In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct.", "In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct. The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; it may also be sequenced.", "The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; it may also be sequenced. In 2019, documents were published revealing that Houssaye had kept the ring and a lock of hair. In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector.", "In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector. Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death.", "Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death. Notes General Dates of works References Citations Early Modern Works cited Early in in Modern Books volume 2: .", "Notes General Dates of works References Citations Early Modern Works cited Early in in Modern Books volume 2: . A reprint of the original 1883 edition Journals and encyclopedia articles Further reading See and for extensive bibliographies External links General Universal Leonardo, a database of Leonardo's life and works maintained by Martin Kemp and Marina Wallace Leonardo da Vinci on the National Gallery website Works Biblioteca Leonardiana, online bibliography (in Italian) e-Leo: Archivio digitale di storia della tecnica e della scienza, archive of drawings, notes and manuscripts Complete text and images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci 1452 births 1519 deaths 15th-century Italian mathematicians 15th-century Italian painters 15th-century Italian scientists 15th-century Italian sculptors 15th-century people of the Republic of Florence 16th-century Italian mathematicians 16th-century Italian painters 16th-century Italian scientists 16th-century Italian sculptors 16th-century people of the Republic of Florence Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence Ballistics experts Fabulists Painters from Florence Botanical illustrators Fluid dynamicists History of anatomy Italian anatomists Italian caricaturists Italian civil engineers 16th-century Italian inventors Italian male painters Italian male sculptors Italian military engineers Italian physiologists Italian Renaissance humanists Italian Renaissance painters Italian Renaissance sculptors Italian Roman Catholics Mathematical artists Painters by city People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws Philosophical theists Physiognomists Renaissance architects Renaissance painters Renaissance scientists Painters from Tuscany Burials in France Writers who illustrated their own writing" ]

[ "Leonardo da Vinci", "Verrocchio's workshop, 1466-1476", "What was his first love", "Leonardo was apprenticed to the artist Andrea di Cione,", "WHat year was this", "1466,", "Whatwas he known for", "known as Verrocchio,", "What did he teach him", "whose bottega (workshop) was \"one of the finest in Florence\". He apprenticed as a garzone", "What did he do", "Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Domenico Ghirlandaio,", "Who else", "Perugino, Botticelli,", "Who else", "Lorenzo di Credi.", "What was his first painting", "Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ," ]

[ "Follow Me! is a series of television programmes produced by Bayerischer Rundfunk and the BBC in the late 1970s to provide a crash course in the English language. It became popular in many overseas countries as a first introduction to English; in 1983, one hundred million people watched the show in China alone, featuring Kathy Flower.\n\nThe British actor Francis Matthews hosted and narrated the series.\n\nThe course consists of sixty lessons. Each lesson lasts from 12 to 15 minutes and covers a specific lexis. The lessons follow a consistent group of actors, with the relationships between their characters developing during the course.\n\nFollow Me! actors\n Francis Matthews\n Raymond Mason\n David Savile\n Ian Bamforth\n Keith Alexander\n Diane Mercer\n Jane Argyle\n Diana King\n Veronica Leigh\n Elaine Wells\n Danielle Cohn\n Lashawnda Bell\n\nEpisodes \n \"What's your name\"\n \"How are you\"\n \"Can you help me\"\n \"Left, right, straight ahead\"\n \"Where are they\"\n \"What's the time\"\n \"What's this What's that\"\n \"I like it very much\"\n \"Have you got any wine\"\n \"What are they doing\"\n \"Can I have your name, please\"\n \"What does she look like\"\n \"No smoking\"\n \"It's on the first floor\"\n \"Where's he gone\"\n \"Going away\"\n \"Buying things\"\n \"Why do you like it\"\n \"What do you need\"\n \"I sometimes work late\"\n \"Welcome to Britain\"\n \"Who's that\"\n \"What would you like to do\"\n \"How can I get there?\"\n \"Where is it\"\n \"What's the date\"\n \"Whose is it\"\n \"I enjoy it\"\n \"How many and how much\"\n \"What have you done\"\n \"Haven't we met before\"\n \"What did you say\"\n \"Please stop\"\n \"How can I get to Brightly\"\n \"Where can I get it\"\n \"There's a concert on Wednesday\"\n \"What's it like\"\n \"What do you think of him\"\n \"I need someone\"\n \"What were you doing\"\n \"What do you do\"\n \"What do you know about him\"\n \"You shouldn't do that\"\n \"I hope you enjoy your holiday\"\n \"Where can I see a football match\"\n \"When will it be ready\"\n \"Where did you go\"\n \"I think it's awful\"\n \"A room with a view\"\n \"You'll be ill\"\n \"I don't believe in strikes\"\n \"They look tired\"\n \"Would you like to\"\n \"Holiday plans\"\n \"The second shelf on the left\"\n \"When you are ready\"\n \"Tell them about Britain\"\n \"I liked everything\"\n \"Classical or modern\"\n \"Finale\"\n\nReferences \n\n BBC article about the series in China\n\nExternal links \n Follow Me – Beginner level \n Follow Me – Elementary level\n Follow Me – Intermediate level\n Follow Me – Advanced level\n\nAdult education television series\nEnglish-language education television programming", "Like It Is, Was, and Evermore Shall Be is a compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in the US (Hickory LPM 143 (mono) /LPS 143 (stereo)) in April 1968. Like It Is, Was, and Evermore Shall Be marked the second Hickory Records compilation of Donovan's 1965 Pye Records material in the United States, following the moderately successful The Real Donovan from 1966.\n\nHistory\nBy 1968, Donovan had released a string of hit singles and albums in both the United States and United Kingdom. With his popularity reaching its zenith, Hickory Records compiled and released Like It Is, Was, and Evermore Shall Be from his 1965 Pye Records catalog.\n\nAlthough Donovan's Pye recordings bore little resemblance to his subsequent material, Hickory released the album with brightly colorful artwork reminiscent of Donovan's latest albums for Epic Records. The back cover contained a pair of reprinted fan letters; one a testimonial from a young female fan, the other thanks from a middle-aged businessman for the way one of Donovan's songs had caused him to reconsider life. (The song unfortunately was not named.)\n\nWhile most of the songs on Like It Is, Was, and Evermore Shall Be had been released on What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid (US-title: Catch the Wind), Fairytale, and The Real Donovan, the new compilation did contain \"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do\" and Donovan's recording of Bert Jansch's \"Do You Hear Me Now?\", neither of which had been included on any of Donovan's US long players. The album charted for 4 weeks, reaching No. 177 on the Billboard Magazine charts in the United States.\n\nAlbum origins of tracks\nThe following is a list explaining the original releases of each song.\n\n \"Summer Day Reflection Song\" (from Fairytale, released 22 October 1965)\n \"Do You Hear Me Now?\" (from The Universal Soldier EP, released 15 August 1965)\n \"Colours\" (from Fairytale)\n \"Universal Soldier\" (from Universal Soldier EP, released 15 August 1965)\n \"Josie\" (from What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid, released 14 May 1965)\n \"Catch the Wind\" (from What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid)\n \"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\" (b-side of \"Catch the Wind\", released 12 March 1965)\n \"To Try for the Sun\" (from Fairytale)\n \"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)\"* (b-side of \"Turquoise\", released 30 October 1965)\n \"The War Drags On\" (from The Universal Soldier EP)\n \"Sunny Goodge Street\" (from Fairytale)\n\nTrack listing\nAll tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.\n\nSide one\n\n\"Summer Day Reflection Song\" – 2:11\n\"Do You Hear Me Now?\" (Bert Jansch) – 1:45\n\"Colours\" – 2:44\n\"Universal Soldier\" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 2:13\n\"Josie\" – 3:24\n\"Catch the Wind\" – 2:53\n\nSide two\n\n\"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\" – 2:54\n\"To Try for the Sun\" – 3:37\n\"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)\" – 3:05\n\"The War Drags On\" (Mick Softley) – 3:40\n\"Sunny Goodge Street\" – 2:55\n\nExternal links\n Like It Is, Was, And Evermore Shall Be – Donovan Unofficial Site\n\n1968 compilation albums\nDonovan compilation albums\nHickory Records compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Geoff Stephens" ]

[ "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology.", "While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo.", "Leonardo's genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works compose a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo. Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio.", "Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan.", "He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students.", "Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519.", "Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture.", "Since his death, there has not been a time where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture. Leonardo is among the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance.", "Leonardo is among the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and less than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art.", "Despite having many lost works and less than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art. His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting.", "His magnum opus, the Mona Lisa, is his best known work and often regarded as the world's most famous painting. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon.", "The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction.", "In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for , setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction. Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull.", "Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualized flying machines, a type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance.", "Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire.", "Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.", "He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science. Biography Early life (1452–1472) Birth and background Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci; Florence was 20 miles away.", "Biography Early life (1452–1472) Birth and background Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci), was born on 15 April 1452 in, or close to, the Tuscan hill town of Vinci; Florence was 20 miles away. He was born out of wedlock to (Ser Piero di Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, and ( – 1494), from the lower-class.", "He was born out of wedlock to (Ser Piero di Antonio di Ser Piero di Ser Guido da Vinci; 1426–1504), a Florentine legal notary, and ( – 1494), from the lower-class. It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had.", "It remains uncertain where Leonardo was born; the traditional account, from a local oral tradition recorded by the historian Emanuele Repetti, is that he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had. Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth.", "Leonardo's parents both married separately the year after his birth. Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only \"Caterina\" or \"Catelina\"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed \"L'Accattabriga\" (\"the quarrelsome one\").", "Caterina—who later appears in Leonardo's notes as only \"Caterina\" or \"Catelina\"—is usually identified as the Caterina Buti del Vacca who married the local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, nicknamed \"L'Accattabriga\" (\"the quarrelsome one\"). Other theories have been proposed, particularly that of art historian Martin Kemp, who suggested Caterina di Meo Lippi, an orphan that married purportedly with aid from Ser Piero and his family.", "Other theories have been proposed, particularly that of art historian Martin Kemp, who suggested Caterina di Meo Lippi, an orphan that married purportedly with aid from Ser Piero and his family. Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1462, went on to have three subsequent marriages.", "Ser Piero married Albiera Amadori—having been betrothed to her the previous year—and after her death in 1462, went on to have three subsequent marriages. From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 12 half-siblings who were much younger than he was (the last was born when Leonardo was 40 years old) and with whom he had very little contact.", "From all the marriages, Leonardo eventually had 12 half-siblings who were much younger than he was (the last was born when Leonardo was 40 years old) and with whom he had very little contact. Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) from the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari.", "Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is shrouded in myth, partially because of his biography in the frequently apocryphal Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) from the 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari. Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone.", "Tax records indicate that by at least 1457 he lived in the household of his paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, but it is possible that he spent the years before then in the care of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone. He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his father was likely in Florence most of the time.", "He is thought to have been close to his uncle, Francesco da Vinci, but his father was likely in Florence most of the time. Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and led a successful career.", "Ser Piero, who was the descendant of a long line of notaries, established an official residence in Florence by at least 1469 and led a successful career. Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there.", "Despite his family history, Leonardo only received a basic and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading and mathematics, possibly because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his family decided to focus their attention there. Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus.", "Later in life, Leonardo recorded his earliest memory, now in the Codex Atlanticus. While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy.", "While writing on the flight of birds, he recalled as an infant when a kite came to his cradle and opened his mouth with its tail; commentators still debate whether the anecdote was an actual memory or a fantasy. Verrocchio's workshop In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture.", "Verrocchio's workshop In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture. Around the age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time.", "Around the age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, who was the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his time. This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello.", "This was about the time of the death of Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello. Leonardo became an apprentice by the age of 17 and remained in training for seven years. Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.", "Other famous painters apprenticed in the workshop or associated with it include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling.", "Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a wide range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, and woodwork, as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modelling. Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was.", "Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was. He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici.", "He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio or at the Platonic Academy of the Medici. Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds.", "Florence was ornamented by the works of artists such as Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light.", "Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.", "These studies and Leon Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks. Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants.", "Much of the painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be an apocryphal story.", "According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his The Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus' robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again, although this is believed to be an apocryphal story. Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.", "Close examination reveals areas of the work that have been painted or touched-up over the tempera, using the new technique of oil paint, including the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, and much of the figure of Jesus, bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo. Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.", "Leonardo may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello, and the Archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel. Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him.", "Vasari tells a story of Leonardo as a very young man: a local peasant made himself a round shield and requested that Ser Piero have it painted for him. Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan.", "Leonardo, inspired by the story of Medusa, responded with a painting of a monster spitting fire that was so terrifying that his father bought a different shield to give to the peasant and sold Leonardo's to a Florentine art dealer for 100 ducats, who in turn sold it to the Duke of Milan. First Florentine period (1472–c.", "First Florentine period (1472–c. First Florentine period (1472–c. 1482) By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him.", "1482) By 1472, at the age of 20, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate and live with him. Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley.", "Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a 1473 pen-and-ink drawing of the Arno valley. According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa.", "According to Vasari, the young Leonardo was the first to suggest making the Arno river a navigable channel between Florence and Pisa. In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio.", "In January 1478, Leonardo received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio, an indication of his independence from Verrocchio's studio. An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met.", "An anonymous early biographer, known as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and often worked in the garden of the Piazza San Marco, Florence, where a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organized by the Medici met. In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi.", "In March 1481, he received a commission from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi. Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza.", "Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Leonardo went to offer his services to Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint.", "Leonardo wrote Sforza a letter which described the diverse things that he could achieve in the fields of engineering and weapon design, and mentioned that he could paint. He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head.", "He brought with him a silver string instrument—either a lute or lyre—in the form of a horse's head. With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost.", "With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were the foremost. Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.", "Also associated with the Platonic Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola. In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499.", "In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499. First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499.", "First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499) Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.", "He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Sforza to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna.", "In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travelled to Hungary on behalf of Sforza to meet king Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a Madonna. Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, a drawing and wooden model for a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral (which he withdrew), and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza.", "Leonardo was employed on many other projects for Sforza, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, a drawing and wooden model for a competition to design the cupola for Milan Cathedral (which he withdrew), and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza. This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo.", "This would have surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo. Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France.", "Leonardo completed a model for the horse and made detailed plans for its casting, but in November 1494, Ludovico gave the bronze to his brother-in-law to be used for a cannon to defend the city from Charles VIII of France. Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle.", "Contemporary correspondence records that Leonardo and his assistants were commissioned by the Duke of Milan to paint the Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle. The decoration was completed in 1498.", "The decoration was completed in 1498. The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling.", "The project became a trompe-l'œil decoration that made the great hall appear to be a pergola created by the interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees, whose canopy included an intricate labyrinth of leaves and knots on the ceiling. Second Florentine period (1500–1508) When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli.", "Second Florentine period (1500–1508) When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by France in 1500, Leonardo fled Milan for Venice, accompanied by his assistant Salaì and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli. In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.", "In Venice, Leonardo was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack. On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that \"men [and] women, young and old\" flocked to see it \"as if they were going to a solemn festival.\"", "On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that \"men [and] women, young and old\" flocked to see it \"as if they were going to a solemn festival.\" In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron.", "In Cesena in 1502, Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron. Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage.", "Leonardo created a map of Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a town plan of Imola in order to win his patronage. Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect.", "Upon seeing it, Cesare hired Leonardo as his chief military engineer and architect. Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position.", "Later in the year, Leonardo produced another map for his patron, one of Chiana Valley, Tuscany, so as to give his patron a better overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons.", "He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons. Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year.", "Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years.", "By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed.", "In January 1504, he was part of a committee formed to recommend where Michelangelo's statue of David should be placed. He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina.", "He then spent two years in Florence designing and painting a mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina. In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city.", "In 1506, Leonardo was summoned to Milan by Charles II d'Amboise, the acting French governor of the city. There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student.", "There, Leonardo took on another pupil, Count Francesco Melzi, the son of a Lombard aristocrat, who is considered to have been his favourite student. The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits.", "The Council of Florence wished Leonardo to return promptly to finish The Battle of Anghiari, but he was given leave at the behest of Louis XII, who considered commissioning the artist to make some portraits. Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture.", "Leonardo may have commenced a project for an equestrian figure of d'Amboise; a wax model survives and, if genuine, is the only extant example of Leonardo's sculpture. Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests.", "Leonardo was otherwise free to pursue his scientific interests. Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono.", "Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio, and Marco d'Oggiono. In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504.", "In 1507, Leonardo was in Florence sorting out a dispute with his brothers over the estate of his father, who had died in 1504. Second Milanese period (1508–1513) By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.", "Second Milanese period (1508–1513) By 1508, Leonardo was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila. In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan.", "In 1512, Leonardo was working on plans for an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, but this was prevented by an invasion of a confederation of Swiss, Spanish and Venetian forces, which drove the French from Milan. Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa.", "Leonardo stayed in the city, spending several months in 1513 at the Medici's Vaprio d'Adda villa. Rome and France (1513–1519) In March of 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano.", "Rome and France (1513–1519) In March of 1513, Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni assumed the papacy (as Leo X); Leonardo went to Rome that September, where he was received by the pope's brother Giuliano. From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active.", "From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere Courtyard in the Apostolic Palace, where Michelangelo and Raphael were both active. Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver.", "Leonardo was given an allowance of 33 ducats a month, and according to Vasari, decorated a lizard with scales dipped in quicksilver. The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish.", "The pope gave him a painting commission of unknown subject matter, but cancelled it when the artist set about developing a new kind of varnish. Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death.", "Leonardo became ill, in what may have been the first of multiple strokes leading to his death. He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes.", "He practiced botany in the Gardens of Vatican City, and was commissioned to make plans for the pope's proposed draining of the Pontine Marshes. He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful.", "He also dissected cadavers, making notes for a treatise on vocal cords; these he gave to an official in hopes of regaining the pope's favor, but was unsuccessful. In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan.", "In October 1515, King Francis I of France recaptured Milan. Leonardo was present at the 19 December meeting of Francis I and Leo X, which took place in Bologna. In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise.", "In 1516, Leonardo entered Francis' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé, near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise. Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.", "Being frequently visited by Francis, he drew plans for an immense castle town the king intended to erect at Romorantin, and made a mechanical lion, which during a pageant walked toward the king and—upon being struck by a wand—opened its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.", "Leonardo was accompanied during this time by his friend and apprentice Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi. At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies () and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth.", "At some point, Melzi drew a portrait of Leonardo; the only others known from his lifetime were a sketch by an unknown assistant on the back of one of Leonardo's studies () and a drawing by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino depicting an elderly Leonardo with his right arm assuaged by cloth. The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic at the age of 65, which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished.", "The latter, in addition to the record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon, confirms an account of Leonardo's right hand being paralytic at the age of 65, which may indicate why he left works such as the Mona Lisa unfinished. He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months.", "He continued to work at some capacity until eventually becoming ill and bedridden for several months. Death Leonardo died at Clos Lucé on 2 May 1519 at the age of 67, possibly of a stroke. Francis I had become a close friend.", "Francis I had become a close friend. Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that \"he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done.\"", "Vasari describes Leonardo as lamenting on his deathbed, full of repentance, that \"he had offended against God and men by failing to practice his art as he should have done.\" Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.", "Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament. Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact.", "Vasari also records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story may be legend rather than fact. In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket.", "In accordance with his will, sixty beggars carrying tapers followed Leonardo's casket. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects.", "Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving, as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards.", "Leonardo's other long-time pupil and companion, Salaì, and his servant Baptista de Vilanis, each received half of Leonardo's vineyards. His brothers received land, and his serving woman received a fur-lined cloak. On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise.", "On 12 August 1519, Leonardo's remains were interred in the Collegiate Church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise. Salaì, or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One,\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant.", "Salaì, or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One,\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490 as an assistant. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton,\" after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes.", "After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton,\" after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes. Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years.", "Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years. Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him many things about painting,\" his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio.", "Salaì executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salaì, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him many things about painting,\" his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio. Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.", "Salaì owned the Mona Lisa at the time of Leonardo's death in 1524, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait. Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\"", "Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\" Personal life Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life.", "Personal life Despite the thousands of pages Leonardo left in notebooks and manuscripts, he scarcely made reference to his personal life. Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his \"great physical beauty\" and \"infinite grace,\" as described by Vasari, as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others.", "Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his \"great physical beauty\" and \"infinite grace,\" as described by Vasari, as well as all other aspects of his life, attracted the curiosity of others. One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.", "One such aspect was his love for animals, likely including vegetarianism and according to Vasari, a habit of purchasing caged birds and releasing them. Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s.", "Leonardo had many friends who are now notable either in their fields or for their historical significance, including mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on the book Divina proportione in the 1490s. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella.", "Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for his friendship with Cecilia Gallerani and the two Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella. While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost.", "While on a journey that took him through Mantua, he drew a portrait of Isabella that appears to have been used to create a painted portrait, now lost. Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation.", "His sexuality has been the subject of satire, analysis, and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud in his Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood. Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi.", "Leonardo's most intimate relationships were perhaps with his pupils Salaì and Melzi. Melzi, writing to inform Leonardo's brothers of his death, described Leonardo's feelings for his pupils as both loving and passionate. It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature.", "It has been claimed since the 16th century that these relationships were of a sexual or erotic nature. Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute.", "Court records of 1476, when he was aged twenty-four, show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy in an incident involving a well-known male prostitute. The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal.", "The charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, and there is speculation that since one of the accused, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, was related to Lorenzo de' Medici, the family exerted its influence to secure the dismissal. Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings.", "Since that date much has been written about his presumed homosexuality and its role in his art, particularly in the androgyny and eroticism manifested in Saint John the Baptist and Bacchus and more explicitly in a number of erotic drawings. Paintings Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter.", "Paintings Despite the recent awareness and admiration of Leonardo as a scientist and inventor, for the better part of four hundred years his fame rested on his achievements as a painter. A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces.", "A handful of works that are either authenticated or attributed to him have been regarded as among the great masterpieces. These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities that have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter.", "By the 1490s Leonardo had already been described as a \"Divine\" painter. Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone.", "Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are his innovative techniques for laying on the paint; his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology; his interest in physiognomy and the way humans register emotion in expression and gesture; his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition; and his use of subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks.", "All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Virgin of the Rocks. Early works Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio.", "Early works Leonardo first gained attention for his work on the Baptism of Christ, painted in conjunction with Verrocchio. Two other paintings appear to date from his time at Verrocchio's workshop, both of which are Annunciations. One is small, long and high.", "One is small, long and high. It is a \"predella\" to go at the base of a larger composition, a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated. The other is a much larger work, long.", "The other is a much larger work, long. In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily.", "In both Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, like two well-known pictures by Fra Angelico of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily. Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.", "Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo. In the smaller painting, Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will. Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece.", "Mary is not submissive, however, in the larger piece. The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.", "The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise. This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence.", "This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence. In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.", "In this painting, the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation. Paintings of the 1480s In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition.", "Paintings of the 1480s In the 1480s, Leonardo received two very important commissions and commenced another work that was of ground-breaking importance in terms of composition. Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment.", "Two of the three were never finished, and the third took so long that it was subject to lengthy negotiations over completion and payment. One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\"", "One of these paintings was Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, which Bortolon associates with a difficult period of Leonardo's life, as evidenced in his diary: \"I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.\" Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual.", "Although the painting is barely begun, the composition can be seen and is very unusual. Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above.", "Jerome, as a penitent, occupies the middle of the picture, set on a slight diagonal and viewed somewhat from above. His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction.", "His kneeling form takes on a trapezoid shape, with one arm stretched to the outer edge of the painting and his gaze looking in the opposite direction. J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies.", "J. Wasserman points out the link between this painting and Leonardo's anatomical studies. Across the foreground sprawls his symbol, a great lion whose body and tail make a double spiral across the base of the picture space. The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted.", "The other remarkable feature is the sketchy landscape of craggy rocks against which the figure is silhouetted. The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto.", "The daring display of figure composition, the landscape elements and personal drama also appear in the great unfinished masterpiece, the Adoration of the Magi, a commission from the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto. It is a complex composition, of about Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background.", "It is a complex composition, of about Leonardo did numerous drawings and preparatory studies, including a detailed one in linear perspective of the ruined classical architecture that forms part of the background. In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned.", "In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan at the behest of Lorenzo de' Medici in order to win favour with Ludovico il Moro, and the painting was abandoned. The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception.", "The third important work of this period is the Virgin of the Rocks, commissioned in Milan for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece.", "The painting, to be done with the assistance of the de Predis brothers, was to fill a large complex altarpiece. Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt.", "Leonardo chose to paint an apocryphal moment of the infancy of Christ when the infant John the Baptist, in protection of an angel, met the Holy Family on the road to Egypt. The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water.", "The painting demonstrates an eerie beauty as the graceful figures kneel in adoration around the infant Christ in a wild landscape of tumbling rock and whirling water. While the painting is quite large, about , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details.", "While the painting is quite large, about , it is not nearly as complex as the painting ordered by the monks of St Donato, having only four figures rather than about fifty and a rocky landscape rather than architectural details. The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France.", "The painting was eventually finished; in fact, two versions of the painting were finished: one remained at the chapel of the Confraternity, while Leonardo took the other to France. The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century.", "The Brothers did not get their painting, however, nor the de Predis their payment, until the next century. Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (), lover of Ludovico Sforza.", "Leonardo's most remarkable portrait of this period is the Lady with an Ermine, presumed to be Cecilia Gallerani (), lover of Ludovico Sforza. The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile.", "The painting is characterised by the pose of the figure with the head turned at a very different angle to the torso, unusual at a date when many portraits were still rigidly in profile. The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine.", "The ermine plainly carries symbolic meaning, relating either to the sitter, or to Ludovico who belonged to the prestigious Order of the Ermine. Paintings of the 1490s Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan.", "Paintings of the 1490s Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is The Last Supper, commissioned for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan. It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused.", "It represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death, and shows the moment when Jesus has just said \"one of you will betray me\", and the consternation that this statement caused. The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.", "The writer Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time. This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene.", "This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene. Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.", "Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model. The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\"", "The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as \"completely ruined.\" Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking.", "Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface subject to mould and to flaking. Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums.", "Despite this, the painting remains one of the most reproduced works of art; countless copies have been made in various mediums. Toward the end of this period, in 1498 da Vinci's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco.", "Toward the end of this period, in 1498 da Vinci's trompe-l'œil decoration of the Sala delle Asse was painted for the Duke of Milan in the Castello Sforzesco. Paintings of the 1500s In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.", "Paintings of the 1500s In 1505, Leonardo was commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the Salone dei Cinquecento (Hall of the Five Hundred) in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440.", "Leonardo devised a dynamic composition depicting four men riding raging war horses engaged in a battle for possession of a standard, at the Battle of Anghiari in 1440. Michelangelo was assigned the opposite wall to depict the Battle of Cascina. Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens.", "Leonardo's painting deteriorated rapidly and is now known from a copy by Rubens. Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or La Gioconda, the laughing one. In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world.", "In the present era, it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined.", "Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality perhaps due to the subtly shadowed corners of the mouth and eyes such that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato,\" or Leonardo's smoke.", "The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato,\" or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\"", "Vasari wrote that the smile was \"so pleasing that it seems more divine than human, and it was considered a wondrous thing that it was as lively as the smile of the living original.\" Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.", "Other characteristics of the painting are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details; the dramatic landscape background, in which the world seems to be in a state of flux; the subdued colouring; and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils laid on much like tempera, and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable. Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\"", "Vasari expressed that the painting's quality would make even \"the most confident master ... despair and lose heart.\" The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.", "The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date. In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle.", "In the painting Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape, which Wasserman describes as \"breathtakingly beautiful\" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle. What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed.", "What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed. Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne. She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.", "She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice. This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio.", "This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio. The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.", "The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese. Drawings Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention.", "Drawings Leonardo was a prolific draughtsman, keeping journals full of small sketches and detailed drawings recording all manner of things that took his attention. As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper.", "As well as the journals there exist many studies for paintings, some of which can be identified as preparatory to particular works such as The Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin of the Rocks and The Last Supper. His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.", "His earliest dated drawing is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail. Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London.", "Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body; the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre; a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem; and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London. This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa.", "This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre.", "It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Louvre. Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as \"caricatures\" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models.", "Other drawings of interest include numerous studies generally referred to as \"caricatures\" because, although exaggerated, they appear to be based upon observation of live models. Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work.", "Vasari relates that Leonardo would look for interesting faces in public to use as models for some of his work. There are numerous studies of beautiful young men, often associated with Salaì, with the rare and much admired facial feature, the so-called \"Grecian profile.\" These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior.", "These faces are often contrasted with that of a warrior. Salaì is often depicted in fancy-dress costume. Leonardo is known to have designed sets for pageants with which these may be associated. Other, often meticulous, drawings show studies of drapery. A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works.", "A marked development in Leonardo's ability to draw drapery occurred in his early works. Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy.", "Another often-reproduced drawing is a macabre sketch that was done by Leonardo in Florence in 1479 showing the body of Bernardo Baroncelli, hanged in connection with the murder of Giuliano, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, in the Pazzi conspiracy. In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died.", "In his notes, Leonardo recorded the colours of the robes that Baroncelli was wearing when he died. Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.", "Like the two contemporary architects Donato Bramante (who designed the Belvedere Courtyard) and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised. Journals and notes Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work.", "Journals and notes Renaissance humanism recognised no mutually exclusive polarities between the sciences and the arts, and Leonardo's studies in science and engineering are sometimes considered as impressive and innovative as his artistic work. These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science).", "These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy (the forerunner of modern science). They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.", "They were made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him. Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water.", "Leonardo's notes and drawings display an enormous range of interests and preoccupations, some as mundane as lists of groceries and people who owed him money and some as intriguing as designs for wings and shoes for walking on water. There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture.", "There are compositions for paintings, studies of details and drapery, studies of faces and emotions, of animals, babies, dissections, plant studies, rock formations, whirlpools, war machines, flying machines and architecture. These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death.", "These notebooks—originally loose papers of different types and sizes—were largely entrusted to Leonardo's pupil and heir Francesco Melzi after the master's death. These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.", "These were to be published, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing. Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art .", "Some of Leonardo's drawings were copied by an anonymous Milanese artist for a planned treatise on art . After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals.", "After Melzi's death in 1570, the collection passed to his son, the lawyer Orazio, who initially took little interest in the journals. In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio.", "In 1587, a Melzi household tutor named Lelio Gavardi took 13 of the manuscripts to Pisa; there, the architect Giovanni Magenta reproached Gavardi for having taken the manuscripts illicitly and returned them to Orazio. Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta.", "Having many more such works in his possession, Orazio gifted the volumes to Magenta. News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus.", "News spread of these lost works of Leonardo's, and Orazio retrieved seven of the 13 manuscripts, which he then gave to Pompeo Leoni for publication in two volumes; one of these was the Codex Atlanticus. The other six works had been distributed to a few others.", "The other six works had been distributed to a few others. After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal.", "After Orazio's death, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo's possessions, and thus began their dispersal. Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online.", "Some works have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, the Louvre, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, which holds the 12-volume Codex Atlanticus, and the British Library in London, which has put a selection from the Codex Arundel (BL Arundel MS 263) online. Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman.", "Works have also been at Holkham Hall, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in the private hands of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman. The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world.", "The Codex Leicester is the only privately owned major scientific work of Leonardo; it is owned by Bill Gates and displayed once a year in different cities around the world. Most of Leonardo's writings are in mirror-image cursive. Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left.", "Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it was probably easier for him to write from right to left. Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication.", "Leonardo used a variety of shorthand and symbols, and states in his notes that he intended to prepare them for publication. In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order.", "In many cases a single topic is covered in detail in both words and pictures on a single sheet, together conveying information that would not be lost if the pages were published out of order. Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown.", "Why they were not published during Leonardo's lifetime is unknown. Science and inventions Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation.", "Science and inventions Leonardo's approach to science was observational: he tried to understand a phenomenon by describing and depicting it in utmost detail and did not emphasise experiments or theoretical explanation. Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin.", "Since he lacked formal education in Latin and mathematics, contemporary scholars mostly ignored Leonardo the scientist, although he did teach himself Latin. His keen observations in many areas were noted, such as when he wrote \"Il sole non si move.\" (\"The Sun does not move.\")", "(\"The Sun does not move.\") In the 1490s he studied mathematics under Luca Pacioli and prepared a series of drawings of regular solids in a skeletal form to be engraved as plates for Pacioli's book Divina proportione, published in 1509. While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa.", "While living in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa. Scientific writings in his notebook on fossils have been considered as influential on early palaeontology. The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects.", "The content of his journals suggest that he was planning a series of treatises on a variety of subjects. A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517.", "A coherent treatise on anatomy is said to have been observed during a visit by Cardinal Louis d'Aragon's secretary in 1517. Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin.", "Aspects of his work on the studies of anatomy, light and the landscape were assembled for publication by Melzi and eventually published as A Treatise on Painting in France and Italy in 1651 and Germany in 1724, with engravings based upon drawings by the Classical painter Nicolas Poussin. According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as \"the precursor of French academic thought on art.\"", "According to Arasse, the treatise, which in France went into 62 editions in fifty years, caused Leonardo to be seen as \"the precursor of French academic thought on art.\" While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a \"Renaissance Man\", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting.", "While Leonardo's experimentation followed scientific methods, a recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton and other scientists who followed him in that, as a \"Renaissance Man\", his theorising and hypothesising integrated the arts and particularly painting. Anatomy and physiology Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject.", "Anatomy and physiology Leonardo started his study in the anatomy of the human body under the apprenticeship of Verrocchio, who demanded that his students develop a deep knowledge of the subject. As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.", "As an artist, he quickly became master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.", "As a successful artist, Leonardo was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome. From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre. Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy.", "Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words toward a treatise on anatomy. Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting.", "Only a small amount of the material on anatomy was published in Leonardo's Treatise on painting. During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them.", "During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer, who made a number of drawings from them. Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews.", "Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and of muscles and sinews. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.", "He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics. He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero.", "He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero. The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.", "The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science. Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.", "Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.", "He drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness. Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans. He also made a number of studies of horses.", "He also made a number of studies of horses. Leonardo's dissections and documentation of muscles, nerves, and vessels helped to describe the physiology and mechanics of movement. He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression.", "He attempted to identify the source of 'emotions' and their expression. He found it difficult to incorporate the prevailing system and theories of bodily humours, but eventually he abandoned these physiological explanations of bodily functions. He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles.", "He made the observations that humours were not located in cerebral spaces or ventricles. He documented that the humours were not contained in the heart or the liver, and that it was the heart that defined the circulatory system. He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis.", "He was the first to define atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis. He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns.", "He created models of the cerebral ventricles with the use of melted wax and constructed a glass aorta to observe the circulation of blood through the aortic valve by using water and grass seed to watch flow patterns. Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.", "Vesalius published his work on anatomy and physiology in De humani corporis fabrica in 1543. Engineering and inventions During his lifetime, Leonardo was also valued as an engineer. With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices.", "With the same rational and analytical approach that moved him to represent the human body and to investigate anatomy, Leonardo studied and designed many machines and devices. He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected \"exploded view\" technique, to represent internal components.", "He drew their “anatomy” with unparalleled mastery, producing the first form of the modern technical drawing, including a perfected \"exploded view\" technique, to represent internal components. Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages.", "Those studies and projects collected in his codices fill more than 5,000 pages. In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege.", "In a letter of 1482 to the lord of Milan Ludovico il Moro, he wrote that he could create all sorts of machines both for the protection of a city and for siege. When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack.", "When he fled from Milan to Venice in 1499, he found employment as an engineer and devised a system of moveable barricades to protect the city from attack. In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.", "In 1502, he created a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno river, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked. He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical.", "He continued to contemplate the canalization of Lombardy's plains while in Louis XII's company and of the Loire and its tributaries in the company of Francis I. Leonardo's journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon.", "They include musical instruments, a mechanical knight, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon. Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor.", "Leonardo was fascinated by the phenomenon of flight for much of his life, producing many studies, including Codex on the Flight of Birds (), as well as plans for several flying machines, such as a flapping ornithopter and a machine with a helical rotor. A 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed.", "A 2003 documentary by British television station Channel Four, titled Leonardo's Dream Machines, various designs by Leonardo, such as a parachute and a giant crossbow, were interpreted and constructed. Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested.", "Some of those designs proved successful, whilst others fared less well when tested. Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo.", "Research performed by Marc van den Broek revealed older prototypes for more than 100 inventions that are ascribed to Leonardo. Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime.", "Similarities between Leonardo's illustrations and drawings from the Middle Ages and from Ancient Greece and Rome, the Chinese and Persian Empires, and Egypt suggest that a large portion of Leonardo's inventions had been conceived before his lifetime. Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility.", "Leonardo's innovation was to combine different functions from existing drafts and set them into scenes that illustrated their utility. By reconstituting technical inventions he created something new. In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the ‘laws’ of sliding friction in 1493.", "In his notebooks, Leonardo first stated the ‘laws’ of sliding friction in 1493. His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible.", "His inspiration for investigating friction came about in part from his study of perpetual motion, which he correctly concluded was not possible. His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated.", "His results were never published and the friction laws were not rediscovered until 1699 by Guillaume Amontons, with whose name they are now usually associated. For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 \"Men of Tribology\" by Duncan Dowson.", "For this contribution, Leonardo was named as the first of the 23 \"Men of Tribology\" by Duncan Dowson. Legacy Although he had no formal academic training, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"Universal Genius\" or \"Renaissance Man\", an individual of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination.\"", "Legacy Although he had no formal academic training, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the \"Universal Genius\" or \"Renaissance Man\", an individual of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination.\" He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived.", "He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote.\"", "According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote.\" Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time.", "Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time. Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died.", "Leonardo's fame within his own lifetime was such that the King of France carried him away like a trophy, and was claimed to have supported him in his old age and held him in his arms as he died. Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished.", "Interest in Leonardo and his work has never diminished. Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in.", "Crowds still queue to see his best-known artworks, T-shirts still bear his most famous drawing, and writers continue to hail him as a genius while speculating about his private life, as well as about what one so intelligent actually believed in. The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes.", "The continued admiration that Leonardo commanded from painters, critics and historians is reflected in many other written tributes. Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: \"...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled...\" while the biographer known as \"Anonimo Gaddiano\" wrote, : \"His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf...\" Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill.", "Baldassare Castiglione, author of Il Cortegiano (The Courtier), wrote in 1528: \"...Another of the greatest painters in this world looks down on this art in which he is unequalled...\" while the biographer known as \"Anonimo Gaddiano\" wrote, : \"His genius was so rare and universal that it can be said that nature worked a miracle on his behalf...\" Vasari, in his Lives of the Artists (1568), opens his chapter on Leonardo: In the normal course of events many men and women are born with remarkable talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvellously endowed by Heaven with beauty, grace and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human skill. Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease.", "Everyone acknowledged that this was true of Leonardo da Vinci, an artist of outstanding physical beauty, who displayed infinite grace in everything that he did and who cultivated his genius so brilliantly that all problems he studied he solved with ease. The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: \"Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius...\" This is echoed by A.E.", "The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: \"Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius...\" This is echoed by A.E. Rio who wrote in 1861: \"He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.\"", "Rio who wrote in 1861: \"He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.\" By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings.", "By the 19th century, the scope of Leonardo's notebooks was known, as well as his paintings. Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: \"There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries.\"", "Hippolyte Taine wrote in 1866: \"There may not be in the world an example of another genius so universal, so incapable of fulfilment, so full of yearning for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far ahead of his own century and the following centuries.\" Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: \"Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty.", "Art historian Bernard Berenson wrote in 1896: \"Leonardo is the one artist of whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touched but turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.\"", "Whether it be the cross section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study of muscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forever transmuted it into life-communicating values.\" The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found.", "The interest in Leonardo's genius has continued unabated; experts study and translate his writings, analyse his paintings using scientific techniques, argue over attributions and search for works which have been recorded but never found. Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: \"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term.", "Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: \"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge...Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century.", "Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe.\" The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles.", "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana is a special collection at the University of California, Los Angeles. Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators.", "Twenty-first-century author Walter Isaacson based much of his biography of Leonardo on thousands of notebook entries, studying the personal notes, sketches, budget notations, and musings of the man whom he considers the greatest of innovators. Isaacson was surprised to discover a \"fun, joyous\" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius.", "Isaacson was surprised to discover a \"fun, joyous\" side of Leonardo in addition to his limitless curiosity and creative genius. On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020.", "On the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death, the Louvre in Paris arranged for the largest ever single exhibit of his work, called Leonardo, between November 2019 and February 2020. The exhibit includes over 100 paintings, drawings and notebooks. Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included.", "Eleven of the paintings that Leonardo completed in his lifetime were included. Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery.", "Five of these are owned by the Louvre, but the Mona Lisa was not included because it is in such great demand among general visitors to the Louvre; it remains on display in its gallery. Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.", "Vitruvian Man, however, is on display following a legal battle with its owner, the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. Salvator Mundi was also not included because its Saudi owner did not agree to lease the work. The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made.", "The Mona Lisa, considered Leonardo's magnum opus, is often regarded as the most famous portrait ever made. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon.", "The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man drawing is also considered a cultural icon. More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021.", "More than a decade of analysis of Leonardo's genetic genealogy, conducted by Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, came to a conclusion in mid-2021. It was determined that the artist has 14 living male relatives. The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo.", "The work could also help determine the authenticity of remains thought to belong to Leonardo. Location of remains While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear.", "Location of remains While Leonardo was certainly buried in the collegiate church of Saint Florentin at the Château d'Amboise in 12 August 1519, the current location of his remains is unclear. Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802.", "Much of Château d'Amboise was damaged during the French Revolution, leading to the church's demolition in 1802. Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard.", "Some of the graves were destroyed in the process, scattering the bones interred there and thereby leaving the whereabouts of Leonardo's remains subject to dispute; a gardener may have even buried some in the corner of the courtyard. In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions \"EO\", \"AR\", \"DUS\", and \"VINC\"—interpreted as forming \"Leonardus Vinci\".", "In 1863, fine-arts inspector general Arsène Houssaye received an imperial commission to excavate the site and discovered a partially complete skeleton with a bronze ring on one finger, white hair, and stone fragments bearing the inscriptions \"EO\", \"AR\", \"DUS\", and \"VINC\"—interpreted as forming \"Leonardus Vinci\". The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France.", "The skull's eight teeth corresponds to someone of approximately the appropriate age and a silver shield found near the bones depicts a beardless Francis I, corresponding to the king's appearance during Leonardo's time in France. Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a \"dubious phrenological deduction.\"", "Houssaye postulated that the unusually large skull was an indicator of Leonardo's intelligence; author Charles Nicholl describes this as a \"dubious phrenological deduction.\" At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of seemed too short.", "At the same time, Houssaye noted some issues with his observations, including that the feet were turned toward the high altar, a practice generally reserved for laymen, and that the skeleton of seemed too short. Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo.", "Art historian Mary Margaret Heaton wrote in 1874 that the height would be appropriate for Leonardo. The skull was allegedly presented to Napoleon III before being returned to the Château d'Amboise, where they were in the chapel of Saint Hubert in 1874. A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo.", "A plaque above the tomb states that its contents are only presumed to be those of Leonardo. It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand.", "It has since been theorized that the folding of the skeleton's right arm over the head may correspond to the paralysis of Leonardo's right hand. In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct.", "In 2016, it was announced that DNA tests would be conducted to determine whether the attribution is correct. The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; it may also be sequenced.", "The DNA of the remains will be compared to that of samples collected from Leonardo's work and his half-brother Domenico's descendants; it may also be sequenced. In 2019, documents were published revealing that Houssaye had kept the ring and a lock of hair. In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector.", "In 1925, his great-grandson sold these to an American collector. Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death.", "Sixty years later, another American acquired them, leading to their being displayed at the Leonardo Museum in Vinci beginning on 2 May 2019, the 500th anniversary of the artist's death. Notes General Dates of works References Citations Early Modern Works cited Early in in Modern Books volume 2: .", "Notes General Dates of works References Citations Early Modern Works cited Early in in Modern Books volume 2: . A reprint of the original 1883 edition Journals and encyclopedia articles Further reading See and for extensive bibliographies External links General Universal Leonardo, a database of Leonardo's life and works maintained by Martin Kemp and Marina Wallace Leonardo da Vinci on the National Gallery website Works Biblioteca Leonardiana, online bibliography (in Italian) e-Leo: Archivio digitale di storia della tecnica e della scienza, archive of drawings, notes and manuscripts Complete text and images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci 1452 births 1519 deaths 15th-century Italian mathematicians 15th-century Italian painters 15th-century Italian scientists 15th-century Italian sculptors 15th-century people of the Republic of Florence 16th-century Italian mathematicians 16th-century Italian painters 16th-century Italian scientists 16th-century Italian sculptors 16th-century people of the Republic of Florence Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence Ballistics experts Fabulists Painters from Florence Botanical illustrators Fluid dynamicists History of anatomy Italian anatomists Italian caricaturists Italian civil engineers 16th-century Italian inventors Italian male painters Italian male sculptors Italian military engineers Italian physiologists Italian Renaissance humanists Italian Renaissance painters Italian Renaissance sculptors Italian Roman Catholics Mathematical artists Painters by city People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws Philosophical theists Physiognomists Renaissance architects Renaissance painters Renaissance scientists Painters from Tuscany Burials in France Writers who illustrated their own writing" ]

[ "Madhvacharya", "Biography", "what is her biography?", "The biography of Madhvacharya is unclear. Many sources date him to 1238-1317 period, but some place him about the 1199-1278 period.", "was he married?", "became a monk or Sannyasi in his teenage.", "what was his greatest accomplishment?", "began his own Dvaita movement based on dualism premises of Dvi -" ]

[ "Yusuf Meher Ali (23 September 1903 – 2 July 1950) was an Indian freedom fighter and socialist leader. He was elected Mayor of Bombay in 1942 while he was imprisoned in Yerawada Central Prison.\n\nHe was the founder of the National Militia, Bombay Youth League and the Congress Socialist Party and played a role in several peasant and trade union movements. He coined the term 'Simon Go Back' \n\nHe coined the term \"quit India\" and was part of the Quit India Movement along with Mahatma Gandhi for India's last nationwide campaign for independence from the British Empire. He was a participant of underground movement and was in forefront of Quit India Movement.\n\nList of works\n What to Read: A Study Syllabus (1937)\n Leaders of India (1942)\n A Trip to Pakistan (1944)\n The Modern World: A Political Study Syllabus, Part 1 (1945)\n The Price of Liberty (1948)\n Underground Movement(1942)\n\nReferences \n\nIndian Muslims\nQuit India Movement\nIndian socialists\n1903 births\n1950 deaths\nMayors of Mumbai\nMaharashtra local politicians", "Yemane Niguse (Amharic: የማነ ንጉሴ; 1980s – 20 February 2021) was an Ethiopian politician who co-founded the Fenkil Tigray Movement.\n\nEarly life\nNiguse was born in Hewane, a small town in the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. He became a teacher before becoming politically active.\n\nPolitical career\nNiguse was known for being critical of the TPLF government and especially argued against the integrity of the regional election held in 2020. His most notable political contribution was popularizing the Fenkil Tigray Movement by using social media. His method of spreading awareness of Fenkil was especially successful amongst youths. Fenkil's political objective was to, \"free Tigray's people from the pressure of TPLF ... spreading across many towns in the Tigray region.\"\n\nIn July 2020, four months prior to the start of the Tigray War, as leader of the Fenkil Movement, Yemane criticised the TPLF for what he said was the recruitment of Tigrayan youths into military training on false pretences. According to Yemane, the youths were given promises of land that were not fulfilled, and the TPLF claimed that the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) were planning to attack Tigray Region. The TPLF claimed that the Fenkil Movement was supported by the government of Eritrea.\n\nAssassination\nNiguse was assassinated on 20 February 2021 in a small town outside of Mekelle, Tigray named Hewane. He was found dead alongside two members of his security detail. According to Borkena Media, \"The Ethiopian government confirmed that the activist is killed, and linked the assassination to what it called remnants [of] Tigray People's Liberation Front.\"\n\nReferences\n\nIndependent politicians in Ethiopia\nYear of birth uncertain\n2021 deaths" ]

[ "Madhvacharya (; ; CE 1199-1278 or CE 1238–1317), sometimes anglicised as Madhva Acharya, and also known as Purna Prajna () and Ānanda Tīrtha, was a Hindu philosopher and the chief proponent of the Dvaita (dualism) school of Vedanta. Madhva called his philosophy Tattvavāda meaning \"arguments from a realist viewpoint\".", "Madhva called his philosophy Tattvavāda meaning \"arguments from a realist viewpoint\". Madhvacharya was born on the west coast of Karnataka state in 13th-century India. As a teenager, he became a Sanyasi (monk) joining Brahma-sampradaya guru Achyutapreksha, of the Ekadandi order.", "As a teenager, he became a Sanyasi (monk) joining Brahma-sampradaya guru Achyutapreksha, of the Ekadandi order. Madhva studied the classics of Hindu philosophy, particularly the Principal Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahma Sutras (Prasthanatrayi). He commented on these, and is credited with thirty seven works in Sanskrit.", "He commented on these, and is credited with thirty seven works in Sanskrit. His writing style was of extreme brevity and condensed expression. His greatest work is considered to be the Anuvyakhyana, a philosophical supplement to his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras composed with a poetic structure.", "His greatest work is considered to be the Anuvyakhyana, a philosophical supplement to his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras composed with a poetic structure. In some of his works, he proclaimed himself to be an avatar of Vayu, the son of god Vishnu.", "In some of his works, he proclaimed himself to be an avatar of Vayu, the son of god Vishnu. Madhvacharya was a critic of Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta teachings. However, Dwaita was restricted to few states of India.", "However, Dwaita was restricted to few states of India. He toured India several times, visiting places such as Bengal, Varanasi, Dwarka, Goa and Kanyakumari, engaging in philosophical debates and visiting Hindu centres of learning. Madhva established the Krishna Mutt at Udupi with a murti secured from Dwarka Gujarat in CE 1285.", "Madhva established the Krishna Mutt at Udupi with a murti secured from Dwarka Gujarat in CE 1285. Madhvacharya's teachings are built on the premise that there is a fundamental difference between Atman (individual soul, self) and the Brahman (ultimate reality, God Vishnu), these are two different unchanging realities, with individual soul dependent on Brahman, never identical.", "Madhvacharya's teachings are built on the premise that there is a fundamental difference between Atman (individual soul, self) and the Brahman (ultimate reality, God Vishnu), these are two different unchanging realities, with individual soul dependent on Brahman, never identical. His school's theistic dualism teachings disagreed with the monist teachings of the other two most influential schools of Vedanta based on Advaita's nondualism and Vishishtadvaita's qualified nondualism.", "His school's theistic dualism teachings disagreed with the monist teachings of the other two most influential schools of Vedanta based on Advaita's nondualism and Vishishtadvaita's qualified nondualism. Liberation, asserted Madhva, is achievable only through the grace of God.", "Liberation, asserted Madhva, is achievable only through the grace of God. The Dvaita school founded by Madhva influenced Vaishnavism, the Bhakti movement in medieval India, and has been one of the three influential Vedānta philosophies, along with Advaita Vedanta and Vishishtadvaita Vedanta.", "The Dvaita school founded by Madhva influenced Vaishnavism, the Bhakti movement in medieval India, and has been one of the three influential Vedānta philosophies, along with Advaita Vedanta and Vishishtadvaita Vedanta. Madhva's historical influence in Hinduism, state Kulandran and Kraemer, has been salutary, but not extensive. Biography The biography of Madhvacharya is unclear.", "Biography The biography of Madhvacharya is unclear. Many sources date him to 1238–1317 period, but some place him about the 1199–1278 period. Madhvācārya was born in Pajaka near Udupi, a coastal district in the present day Indian state of Karnataka.", "Madhvācārya was born in Pajaka near Udupi, a coastal district in the present day Indian state of Karnataka. Traditionally it is believed that Naddantillaya (Sanskrit: Madhyageha, Madhyamandira) was the name of his father and Vedavati was Madhvācārya's mother. Born in a Tulu speaking Vaishnavite Brahmin household, he was named Vāsudeva.", "Born in a Tulu speaking Vaishnavite Brahmin household, he was named Vāsudeva. Later he became famous by the names Purnaprajna, Anandatirtha and Madhvacarya (or just Madhva). Pūrnaprajña was the name given to him at the time of his initiation into sannyasa (renunciation), as a teenager.", "Pūrnaprajña was the name given to him at the time of his initiation into sannyasa (renunciation), as a teenager. The name conferred on him when he became the head of his monastery was \"Ānanda Tīrtha\". All three of his later names are found in his works.", "All three of his later names are found in his works. Madhvācārya or Madhva are names most commonly found in modern literature on him, or Dvaita Vedanta related literature. Madhva began his school after his Upanayana at age seven, and became a monk or Sannyasi in his teenage, although his father was initially opposed to this.", "Madhva began his school after his Upanayana at age seven, and became a monk or Sannyasi in his teenage, although his father was initially opposed to this. He joined an Advaita Vedanta monastery in Udupi (Karnataka), accepted his guru to be Achyutrapreksha, who is also referred to as Achyutraprajna in some sources.", "He joined an Advaita Vedanta monastery in Udupi (Karnataka), accepted his guru to be Achyutrapreksha, who is also referred to as Achyutraprajna in some sources. Madhva studied the Upanishads and the Advaita literature, but was unconvinced by its nondualism philosophy of oneness of human soul and god, had frequent disagreements with his guru, left the monastery, and began his own Dvaita movement based on dualism premises of Dvi – asserting that human soul and god (as Vishnu) are two different things.", "Madhva studied the Upanishads and the Advaita literature, but was unconvinced by its nondualism philosophy of oneness of human soul and god, had frequent disagreements with his guru, left the monastery, and began his own Dvaita movement based on dualism premises of Dvi – asserting that human soul and god (as Vishnu) are two different things. Madhva never acknowledged Achyutrapreksha as his guru or his monastic lineage in his writings.", "Madhva never acknowledged Achyutrapreksha as his guru or his monastic lineage in his writings. Madhva is said to have been clever in philosophy, and also to have been tall and strongly built.", "Madhva is said to have been clever in philosophy, and also to have been tall and strongly built. According to Dehsen, perhaps there were two individuals named Madhvacharya in 13th-century India, with Anandatirtha – the younger Madhva being the most important early disciple of the elder Madhvacharya, and their works and life overlapped in Udupi, Tattvavada being the name adopted for Dvaita Vedanta by Anandatirtha.", "According to Dehsen, perhaps there were two individuals named Madhvacharya in 13th-century India, with Anandatirtha – the younger Madhva being the most important early disciple of the elder Madhvacharya, and their works and life overlapped in Udupi, Tattvavada being the name adopted for Dvaita Vedanta by Anandatirtha. Madhvacharya established a matha (monastery) dedicated to Dvaita philosophy, and this became the sanctuary for a series of Dvaita scholars such as Jayatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Vadiraja Tirtha, Raghuttama Tirtha, Raghavendra Tirtha and Satyanatha Tirtha who followed in footsteps of Madhva.", "Madhvacharya established a matha (monastery) dedicated to Dvaita philosophy, and this became the sanctuary for a series of Dvaita scholars such as Jayatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Vadiraja Tirtha, Raghuttama Tirtha, Raghavendra Tirtha and Satyanatha Tirtha who followed in footsteps of Madhva. A number of hagiographies have been written by Madhva's disciples and followers.", "A number of hagiographies have been written by Madhva's disciples and followers. Of these, the most referred to is the sixteen cantos Sanskrit biography Madhvavijaya by Nārāyana Panditācārya – son of Trivikrama Pandita, who himself was a disciple of Madhva.", "Of these, the most referred to is the sixteen cantos Sanskrit biography Madhvavijaya by Nārāyana Panditācārya – son of Trivikrama Pandita, who himself was a disciple of Madhva. Incarnation of Vayu, the wind god In several of his texts, state Sarma and other scholars, \"Madhvacharya proclaims himself to be the third avatar or incarnation of Vayu, wind god, the son of Vishnu\".", "Incarnation of Vayu, the wind god In several of his texts, state Sarma and other scholars, \"Madhvacharya proclaims himself to be the third avatar or incarnation of Vayu, wind god, the son of Vishnu\". He, thus, asserted himself to be like Hanuman – the first avatar of Vayu, and Bhima – a Pandava in the Mahabharata and the second avatar of Vayu.", "He, thus, asserted himself to be like Hanuman – the first avatar of Vayu, and Bhima – a Pandava in the Mahabharata and the second avatar of Vayu. In one of his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras, he asserts that the authority of the text is from his personal encounter with Vishnu.", "In one of his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras, he asserts that the authority of the text is from his personal encounter with Vishnu. Madhva, states Sarma, believed himself to be an intermediary between Vishnu and Dvaita devotees, guiding the latter in their journey towards Vishnu.", "Madhva, states Sarma, believed himself to be an intermediary between Vishnu and Dvaita devotees, guiding the latter in their journey towards Vishnu. Madhva is said to have performed several miracles during his lifetime, including transforming Tamarind grains into coins, fighting and winning against robbers and wild animals, crossing the Ganges without getting wet clothes, and giving light to his students through the nails of his big toes after the lamp went out while they were interpreting a text at night.", "Madhva is said to have performed several miracles during his lifetime, including transforming Tamarind grains into coins, fighting and winning against robbers and wild animals, crossing the Ganges without getting wet clothes, and giving light to his students through the nails of his big toes after the lamp went out while they were interpreting a text at night. Madhvacharya is said to have quoted some verses from his unique recensions of scriptures.", "Madhvacharya is said to have quoted some verses from his unique recensions of scriptures. Also, he is said to have quoted many unique books like Kamatha Sruti.", "Also, he is said to have quoted many unique books like Kamatha Sruti. The interpretation of Balittha Sukta by Madhvacharya and his followers to prove that Madhvacharya was an incarnation of Vayu is considered highly unique by standard commentaries on them like Sayana and Horace Hayman Wilson. Works of Madhvacharya Thirty seven Dvaita texts are attributed to Madhvacharya.", "Works of Madhvacharya Thirty seven Dvaita texts are attributed to Madhvacharya. Of these, thirteen are bhasya (review and commentary) on earliest Principal Upanishads, a Madhva-bhasya on the foundational text of Vedanta school of Hinduism – Brahma Sutras, another Gita-bhasya on Bhagavad Gita, a commentary on forty hymns of the Rigveda, a review of the Mahabharata in poetic style, a commentary called Bhagavata-tatparya-nirnaya on Bhagavata Purana, plus stotras, poems and texts on bhakti of Vishnu and his avatars.", "Of these, thirteen are bhasya (review and commentary) on earliest Principal Upanishads, a Madhva-bhasya on the foundational text of Vedanta school of Hinduism – Brahma Sutras, another Gita-bhasya on Bhagavad Gita, a commentary on forty hymns of the Rigveda, a review of the Mahabharata in poetic style, a commentary called Bhagavata-tatparya-nirnaya on Bhagavata Purana, plus stotras, poems and texts on bhakti of Vishnu and his avatars. The Anu-Vyakhyana, a supplement to Madhvacharya's commentary on Brahma Sutras, is his masterpiece, states Sharma.", "The Anu-Vyakhyana, a supplement to Madhvacharya's commentary on Brahma Sutras, is his masterpiece, states Sharma. While being a profusely productive writer, Madhvacharya restricted the access to and distribution of his works to outsiders who were not part of Dvaita school, according to Sarma.", "While being a profusely productive writer, Madhvacharya restricted the access to and distribution of his works to outsiders who were not part of Dvaita school, according to Sarma. However, Bartley disagrees and states that this is inconsistent with the known history of extensive medieval Vedantic debates on religious ideas in India which included Dvaita school's ideas.", "However, Bartley disagrees and states that this is inconsistent with the known history of extensive medieval Vedantic debates on religious ideas in India which included Dvaita school's ideas. Madhva's philosophy The premises and foundations of Dvaita Vedanta, also known as Dvaitavada and Tattvavada, are credited to Madhvacharya. His philosophy championed unqualified dualism.", "His philosophy championed unqualified dualism. His philosophy championed unqualified dualism. Madhva's work is classically placed in contrast with monist ideas of Shankara's Advaita Vedanta and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta. Epistemology Madhva calls epistemology as Anu pramana.", "Epistemology Madhva calls epistemology as Anu pramana. It accepts three pramānas, that is three facts or three correct means of knowledge, in contrast to one of Charvaka and six of Advaita schools of Hindu philosophies: Pratyaksha (प्रत्यक्ष) means perception. It is of two types in Dvaita and other Hindu schools: external and internal.", "It is of two types in Dvaita and other Hindu schools: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described as that of inner sense, the mind. Anumāna (अनुमान) means inference.", "Anumāna (अनुमान) means inference. It is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason. Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of Anumana.", "Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of Anumana. This method of inference consists of three parts: pratijna (hypothesis), hetu (a reason), and drshtanta (examples). Śabda (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts.", "Śabda (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts. It is also known as Agama in Madhva's Dvaita tradition, and incorporates all the Vedas. Hiriyanna explains Sabda-pramana as a concept which means reliable expert testimony.", "Hiriyanna explains Sabda-pramana as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.", "The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly. Madhva and his followers introduced kevala-pramaana as the \"knowledge of an object as it is\", separate from anu-pramana described above.", "Madhva and his followers introduced kevala-pramaana as the \"knowledge of an object as it is\", separate from anu-pramana described above. Madhva's Dvaita school holds that Vishnu as God, who is also Hari, Krishna, Vasudeva and Narayana, can only be known through the proper samanvaya (connection) and pramana of the Vedic scriptural teachings.", "Madhva's Dvaita school holds that Vishnu as God, who is also Hari, Krishna, Vasudeva and Narayana, can only be known through the proper samanvaya (connection) and pramana of the Vedic scriptural teachings. Vishnu, according to Madhvacharya, is not the creator of the Vedas, but the teacher of the Vedas.", "Vishnu, according to Madhvacharya, is not the creator of the Vedas, but the teacher of the Vedas. Knowledge is intrinsically valid, states Madhva's school, and the knower and the known are independently real.", "Knowledge is intrinsically valid, states Madhva's school, and the knower and the known are independently real. Both the ritual part (karma-kanda, Mimamsa) and the knowledge part (jnana-kanda, Upanishadic Vedanta) in the Vedas, asserted Madhvacharya, are equally valid and interconnected whole.", "Both the ritual part (karma-kanda, Mimamsa) and the knowledge part (jnana-kanda, Upanishadic Vedanta) in the Vedas, asserted Madhvacharya, are equally valid and interconnected whole. As asserted by the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy, Madhvacharya held that the Vedas are author-less, and that their truth is in all of its parts (i.e.", "As asserted by the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy, Madhvacharya held that the Vedas are author-less, and that their truth is in all of its parts (i.e. the , , and )... Metaphysics The metaphysical reality is plural, stated Madhvacharya.", "the , , and )... Metaphysics The metaphysical reality is plural, stated Madhvacharya. There are primarily two tattvas or categories of reality — (independent reality) and (dependent reality). Ishvara (as God Vishnu or Krishna) is the cause of the universe and the only independent reality, in Madhvacharya's view.", "Ishvara (as God Vishnu or Krishna) is the cause of the universe and the only independent reality, in Madhvacharya's view. The created universe is the dependent reality, consisting of (individual souls) and Jada (matter, material things). Individual souls are plural, different and distinct realities.", "Individual souls are plural, different and distinct realities. s are sentient and matter is non-sentient, according to Madhvacharya. Madhva further enumerates the difference between dependent and independent reality as a fivefold division (pancha-bheda) between God, souls and material things.", "Madhva further enumerates the difference between dependent and independent reality as a fivefold division (pancha-bheda) between God, souls and material things. These differences are: (1) Between material things; (2) Between material thing and soul; (3) Between material thing and God; (4) Between souls; and (5) Between soul and God.", "These differences are: (1) Between material things; (2) Between material thing and soul; (3) Between material thing and God; (4) Between souls; and (5) Between soul and God. This difference is neither temporary nor merely practical; it is an invariable and natural property of everything.", "This difference is neither temporary nor merely practical; it is an invariable and natural property of everything. Madhva calls it Taratamya (gradation in pluralism). There is no object like another, according to Madhvacharya. There is no soul like another. All souls are unique, reflected in individual personalities.", "All souls are unique, reflected in individual personalities. The sea is full; the tank is full; a pot is full; everything is full, yet each fullness is different, asserted Madhvacharya.", "The sea is full; the tank is full; a pot is full; everything is full, yet each fullness is different, asserted Madhvacharya. Even in liberation (moksha), states Madhvacharya, the bliss is different for each person, based on each's degree of knowledge and spiritual perfection.", "Even in liberation (moksha), states Madhvacharya, the bliss is different for each person, based on each's degree of knowledge and spiritual perfection. This liberation, according to him, is only achievable with grace of God Krishna.", "This liberation, according to him, is only achievable with grace of God Krishna. Nature of the Brahman Madhva conceptualised Brahman as a being who enjoys His own bliss, while the entire universe evolves through a nebulous chaos. He manifests, every now and then, to help the evolution process.", "He manifests, every now and then, to help the evolution process. The four primary manifestation of Him as the Brahman are, according to Madhva, Vasudeva, Pradyumna, Aniruddha and Sankarasana, which are respectively responsible for the redemptive, creative, sustaining and destructive aspects in the universe.", "The four primary manifestation of Him as the Brahman are, according to Madhva, Vasudeva, Pradyumna, Aniruddha and Sankarasana, which are respectively responsible for the redemptive, creative, sustaining and destructive aspects in the universe. His secondary manifestations are many, and all manifestations are at par with each other, it is the same infinite no matter how He manifests.", "His secondary manifestations are many, and all manifestations are at par with each other, it is the same infinite no matter how He manifests. Brahman is the creator of the universe, perfect in knowledge, perfect in knowing, perfect in its power, and distinct from souls, distinct from matter.", "Brahman is the creator of the universe, perfect in knowledge, perfect in knowing, perfect in its power, and distinct from souls, distinct from matter. For liberation, mere intellectual conceptualization of Brahman as creator is not enough, the individual soul must feel attraction, love, attachment and devotional surrender to Him, and only His grace leads to redemption and liberation, according to Madhva.", "For liberation, mere intellectual conceptualization of Brahman as creator is not enough, the individual soul must feel attraction, love, attachment and devotional surrender to Him, and only His grace leads to redemption and liberation, according to Madhva. The Vishnu as Brahman concept of Madhvacharya is a concept similar to God in major world religions.", "The Vishnu as Brahman concept of Madhvacharya is a concept similar to God in major world religions. His writings led some early colonial-era Indologists such as George Abraham Grierson to suggest the 13th-century Madhva was influenced by Christianity, but later scholarship has rejected this theory.", "His writings led some early colonial-era Indologists such as George Abraham Grierson to suggest the 13th-century Madhva was influenced by Christianity, but later scholarship has rejected this theory. Atat tvam asi One of the Mahavakyas (great sayings) in Hinduism is Tat tvam asi, or \"Thou art That\", found in verse 6.8.7 of Chandogya Upanishad.", "Atat tvam asi One of the Mahavakyas (great sayings) in Hinduism is Tat tvam asi, or \"Thou art That\", found in verse 6.8.7 of Chandogya Upanishad. This section of Chandogya Upanishad is credited to sage Uddalaka and the text considered central in Vedanta and the Brahma Sutras, interpreted to mean that there is no difference between the soul within (Thou) and the Brahman (That).", "This section of Chandogya Upanishad is credited to sage Uddalaka and the text considered central in Vedanta and the Brahma Sutras, interpreted to mean that there is no difference between the soul within (Thou) and the Brahman (That). The Dvaita school led by Madhva reinterpreted this section, by parsing the Sanskrit text as Atat tvam asi or \"Thou are not That\", asserting that there is no Sanskrit rule which does not allow such parsing.", "The Dvaita school led by Madhva reinterpreted this section, by parsing the Sanskrit text as Atat tvam asi or \"Thou are not That\", asserting that there is no Sanskrit rule which does not allow such parsing. He accepted that the tradition and prior scholars had all interpreted the text to be \"Tat tvam asi\", but then asserted that there is no metaphysical or logical requirement that he should too.", "He accepted that the tradition and prior scholars had all interpreted the text to be \"Tat tvam asi\", but then asserted that there is no metaphysical or logical requirement that he should too. Soteriology Madhvacharya considered Jnana Yoga and Karma Yoga to be insufficient to the path of liberation without Bhakti.", "Soteriology Madhvacharya considered Jnana Yoga and Karma Yoga to be insufficient to the path of liberation without Bhakti. Narayana or Vishnu was the supreme God to Madhva, who can only be reached through Vayu – the son of God; further, states Madhva, faith leads to the grace of God, and grace leads to the liberation of soul.", "Narayana or Vishnu was the supreme God to Madhva, who can only be reached through Vayu – the son of God; further, states Madhva, faith leads to the grace of God, and grace leads to the liberation of soul. The knowledge of God, for Madhvacharya, is not a matter of intellectual acceptance of the concept, but an attraction, affection, constant attachment, loving devotion and complete surrender to the grace of God.", "The knowledge of God, for Madhvacharya, is not a matter of intellectual acceptance of the concept, but an attraction, affection, constant attachment, loving devotion and complete surrender to the grace of God. He rejects monist theories that knowledge liberates, asserting instead that it is Divine grace through Bhakti that liberates.", "He rejects monist theories that knowledge liberates, asserting instead that it is Divine grace through Bhakti that liberates. To Madhva, God obscures reality by creating Maya and Prakriti, which causes bondage and suffering; and only God can be the source of soul's release.", "To Madhva, God obscures reality by creating Maya and Prakriti, which causes bondage and suffering; and only God can be the source of soul's release. Liberation occurs when, with the grace of God, one knows the true nature of self and the true nature of God.", "Liberation occurs when, with the grace of God, one knows the true nature of self and the true nature of God. Ethics Evil and suffering in the world, according to Madhvacharya, originates in man, and not God.", "Ethics Evil and suffering in the world, according to Madhvacharya, originates in man, and not God. Every Jiva (individual soul) is the agent of actions, not Jada (matter), and not Ishvara (God).", "Every Jiva (individual soul) is the agent of actions, not Jada (matter), and not Ishvara (God). While Madhva asserts each individual self is the Kartritva (real agency), the self is not an absolutely independent agent to him.", "While Madhva asserts each individual self is the Kartritva (real agency), the self is not an absolutely independent agent to him. This is because, states Madhva, the soul is influenced by sensory organs, one's physical body and such material things which he calls as gifts of God.", "This is because, states Madhva, the soul is influenced by sensory organs, one's physical body and such material things which he calls as gifts of God. Man has free will, but is influenced by his innate nature, inclinations and past karma.", "Man has free will, but is influenced by his innate nature, inclinations and past karma. Madhvacharya asserts, Yathecchasi tatha kuru, which Sharma translates and explains as \"one has the right to choose between right and wrong, a choice each individual makes out of his own responsibility and his own risk\".", "Madhvacharya asserts, Yathecchasi tatha kuru, which Sharma translates and explains as \"one has the right to choose between right and wrong, a choice each individual makes out of his own responsibility and his own risk\". Madhva does not address the problem of evil, that is how can evil exist with that of a God who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent.", "Madhva does not address the problem of evil, that is how can evil exist with that of a God who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent. According to Sharma, \"Madhva's tripartite classification of souls makes it unnecessary to answer the problem of evil\".", "According to Sharma, \"Madhva's tripartite classification of souls makes it unnecessary to answer the problem of evil\". According to David Buchta, this does not address the problem of evil, because the omnipotent God \"could change the system, but chooses not to\" and thus sustains the evil in the world.", "According to David Buchta, this does not address the problem of evil, because the omnipotent God \"could change the system, but chooses not to\" and thus sustains the evil in the world. This view of self's agency of Madhvacharya was, states Buchta, an outlier in Vedanta school and Indian philosophies in general.", "This view of self's agency of Madhvacharya was, states Buchta, an outlier in Vedanta school and Indian philosophies in general. Moral laws and ethics exist, according to Madhva, and are necessary for the grace of God and for liberation.", "Moral laws and ethics exist, according to Madhva, and are necessary for the grace of God and for liberation. Views on other schools Madhvacharya was a fierce critic of competing Vedanta schools, and other schools of Indian philosophies such as Buddhism and Jainism.", "Views on other schools Madhvacharya was a fierce critic of competing Vedanta schools, and other schools of Indian philosophies such as Buddhism and Jainism. He wrote up arguments against twenty one ancient and medieval era Indian scholars to help establish the foundations of his own school of thought.", "He wrote up arguments against twenty one ancient and medieval era Indian scholars to help establish the foundations of his own school of thought. Madhvacharya was fiercest critic of Advaita Vedanta, accusing Shankara and Advaitins for example, as \"deceitful demons\" teaching Buddhism under the cover of Vedanta.", "Madhvacharya was fiercest critic of Advaita Vedanta, accusing Shankara and Advaitins for example, as \"deceitful demons\" teaching Buddhism under the cover of Vedanta. Advaita's nondualism asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are blissful and identical, unchanging transcendent Reality, there is interconnected oneness of all souls and Brahman, and there are no pluralities.", "Advaita's nondualism asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are blissful and identical, unchanging transcendent Reality, there is interconnected oneness of all souls and Brahman, and there are no pluralities. Madhva in contrast asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are different, only Vishnu is the Lord (Brahman), individual souls are also different and depend on Vishnu, and there are pluralities.", "Madhva in contrast asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are different, only Vishnu is the Lord (Brahman), individual souls are also different and depend on Vishnu, and there are pluralities. Madhva criticized Advaita as being a version of Mahayana Buddhism, which he regarded as nihilistic.", "Madhva criticized Advaita as being a version of Mahayana Buddhism, which he regarded as nihilistic. Of all schools, Madhva focussed his criticism on Advaita most, and he wrote four major texts, including Upadhikhandana and Tattvadyota, primarily dedicated to criticizing Advaita. Madhvacharya disagreed with aspects of Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita.", "Madhvacharya disagreed with aspects of Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita. Vishishtadvaita school, a realist system of thought like Madhvacharya's Dvaita school, also asserts that Jiva (human souls) and Brahman (as Vishnu) are different, a difference that is never transcended.", "Vishishtadvaita school, a realist system of thought like Madhvacharya's Dvaita school, also asserts that Jiva (human souls) and Brahman (as Vishnu) are different, a difference that is never transcended. God Vishnu alone is independent, all other gods and beings are dependent on Him, according to both Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.", "God Vishnu alone is independent, all other gods and beings are dependent on Him, according to both Madhvacharya and Ramanuja. However, in contrast to Madhvacharya's views, Vishishtadvaita school asserts \"qualified non-dualism\", that souls share the same essential nature of Brahman, and that there is a universal sameness in the quality and degree of bliss possible for human souls, and every soul can reach the bliss state of God Himself.", "However, in contrast to Madhvacharya's views, Vishishtadvaita school asserts \"qualified non-dualism\", that souls share the same essential nature of Brahman, and that there is a universal sameness in the quality and degree of bliss possible for human souls, and every soul can reach the bliss state of God Himself. While the older school of Vishishtadvaita asserted \"qualitative monism and quantitative pluralism of souls\", states Sharma, Madhvacharya asserted both \"qualitative and quantitative pluralism of souls\".", "While the older school of Vishishtadvaita asserted \"qualitative monism and quantitative pluralism of souls\", states Sharma, Madhvacharya asserted both \"qualitative and quantitative pluralism of souls\". Shankara's Advaita school and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita school are premised on the assumption that all souls can hope for and achieve the state of blissful liberation; in contrast, Madhvacharya believed that some souls are eternally doomed and damned.", "Shankara's Advaita school and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita school are premised on the assumption that all souls can hope for and achieve the state of blissful liberation; in contrast, Madhvacharya believed that some souls are eternally doomed and damned. Madhvacharya's style of criticism of other schools of Indian philosophy was part of the ancient and medieval Indian tradition.", "Madhvacharya's style of criticism of other schools of Indian philosophy was part of the ancient and medieval Indian tradition. He was part of the Vedanta school, which emerged in post-Vedic period as the most influential of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, and his targeting of Advaita tradition, states Bryant, reflects it being the most influential of Vedanta schools.", "He was part of the Vedanta school, which emerged in post-Vedic period as the most influential of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, and his targeting of Advaita tradition, states Bryant, reflects it being the most influential of Vedanta schools. Influence Madhvacharya views represent a subschool of Vaishnavism, just like Ramanuja's.", "Influence Madhvacharya views represent a subschool of Vaishnavism, just like Ramanuja's. Both championed Vishnu in the saguna form. However, 11th-century Ramanuja's ideas have been most influential in Vaishnavism.", "However, 11th-century Ramanuja's ideas have been most influential in Vaishnavism. Madhvacharya's ideas led to the founding of Haridasa sect of Vaishnavism in Karnataka, also referred to as Vyasakuta, Dasakuta or Dasa Dasapantha, known for their devotional songs and music during the Bhakti movement.", "Madhvacharya's ideas led to the founding of Haridasa sect of Vaishnavism in Karnataka, also referred to as Vyasakuta, Dasakuta or Dasa Dasapantha, known for their devotional songs and music during the Bhakti movement. Other influential subschools of Vaishnavism competed with the ideas of Madhvacharya, such as the Chaitanya subschool, whose Jiva Gosvami asserts only Krishna is \"Svayam Bhagavan\" (supreme form of God), in contrast to Madhva who asserts that all Vishnu avatars are equal and identical, with both sharing the belief that emotional devotion to God is the means to spiritual liberation.", "Other influential subschools of Vaishnavism competed with the ideas of Madhvacharya, such as the Chaitanya subschool, whose Jiva Gosvami asserts only Krishna is \"Svayam Bhagavan\" (supreme form of God), in contrast to Madhva who asserts that all Vishnu avatars are equal and identical, with both sharing the belief that emotional devotion to God is the means to spiritual liberation. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu(1496-1534) is said to be a disciple of Isvara Puri who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha who was a disciple of Vyasatirtha(1469-1539) of Madhvacharya's Sampradaya.", "Chaitanya Mahaprabhu(1496-1534) is said to be a disciple of Isvara Puri who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha who was a disciple of Vyasatirtha(1469-1539) of Madhvacharya's Sampradaya. According to Sharma, the influence of Madhva's Dvaita ideas have been most prominent on the Chaitanya school of Bengal Vaishnavism, and in Assam.", "According to Sharma, the influence of Madhva's Dvaita ideas have been most prominent on the Chaitanya school of Bengal Vaishnavism, and in Assam. A subsect of Gaudiya Vaishnavas from Orissa and West Bengal claim to be followers of Madhvacharya. Madhva established in Udupi Krishna Matha attached to a god Krishna temple.", "Madhva established in Udupi Krishna Matha attached to a god Krishna temple. Gaudiya Vaishnavas also worship Krishna, who is in the mode of Vrindavana. Hindu-Christian-Muslim controversies Madhvacharya was misperceived and misrepresented by both Christian missionaries and Hindu writers during the colonial era scholarship.", "Hindu-Christian-Muslim controversies Madhvacharya was misperceived and misrepresented by both Christian missionaries and Hindu writers during the colonial era scholarship. The similarities in the primacy of one God, dualism and distinction between man and God, devotion to God, the son of God as the intermediary, predestination, the role of grace in salvation, as well as the similarities in the legends of miracles in Christianity and Madhvacharya's Dvaita tradition fed these stories.", "The similarities in the primacy of one God, dualism and distinction between man and God, devotion to God, the son of God as the intermediary, predestination, the role of grace in salvation, as well as the similarities in the legends of miracles in Christianity and Madhvacharya's Dvaita tradition fed these stories. Among Christian writers, GA Grierson creatively asserted that Madhva's ideas evidently were \"borrowed from Christianity, quite possibly promulgated as a rival to the central doctrine of that faith\".", "Among Christian writers, GA Grierson creatively asserted that Madhva's ideas evidently were \"borrowed from Christianity, quite possibly promulgated as a rival to the central doctrine of that faith\". Among Hindu writers, according to Sarma, SC Vasu creatively translated Madhvacharya's works to identify Madhvacharya with Christ, rather than compare their ideas.", "Among Hindu writers, according to Sarma, SC Vasu creatively translated Madhvacharya's works to identify Madhvacharya with Christ, rather than compare their ideas. Modern scholarship rules out the influence of Christianity on Madhvacharya, as there is no evidence that there ever was a Christian settlement where Madhvacharya grew up and lived, or that there was a sharing or discussion of ideas between someone with knowledge of the Bible and Christian legends, and him.", "Modern scholarship rules out the influence of Christianity on Madhvacharya, as there is no evidence that there ever was a Christian settlement where Madhvacharya grew up and lived, or that there was a sharing or discussion of ideas between someone with knowledge of the Bible and Christian legends, and him. There are also assumptions Madhva was influenced by Islam.", "There are also assumptions Madhva was influenced by Islam. The Madhvavijaya tells about Madhva meeting the Sultan of Delhi and saying to him in fluent Persian that both worship the same one God of the universe, and that he spreads the faith in God.", "The Madhvavijaya tells about Madhva meeting the Sultan of Delhi and saying to him in fluent Persian that both worship the same one God of the universe, and that he spreads the faith in God. The sultan is said to have been so impressed by this that he wanted give half of the empire to Madhva, which he refused.", "The sultan is said to have been so impressed by this that he wanted give half of the empire to Madhva, which he refused. However, the indologist and religious scholar Helmuth von Glasenapp assumes that monotheism can also be derived from the Indian intellectual world, and that there is no reason supporting the theory that Madhva's views on afterlife were influenced by Muslim or Christian impulses.", "However, the indologist and religious scholar Helmuth von Glasenapp assumes that monotheism can also be derived from the Indian intellectual world, and that there is no reason supporting the theory that Madhva's views on afterlife were influenced by Muslim or Christian impulses. Monasteries Madhvacharya established eight mathas (monasteries) in Udupi with his eight disciples as its head along with Adi Matha.", "Monasteries Madhvacharya established eight mathas (monasteries) in Udupi with his eight disciples as its head along with Adi Matha. These are referred to as Madhva mathas, or Udupi ashta matha, and include Palimaru matha, Adamaru matha, Krishnapura matha, Puttige matha, Shirur matha, Sodhe matha, Kaniyooru matha and Pejavara matha.", "These are referred to as Madhva mathas, or Udupi ashta matha, and include Palimaru matha, Adamaru matha, Krishnapura matha, Puttige matha, Shirur matha, Sodhe matha, Kaniyooru matha and Pejavara matha. These eight surround the Anantheswara Krishna Hindu temple.", "These eight surround the Anantheswara Krishna Hindu temple. The matha are laid out in a rectangle, the temples on a square grid pattern. The monks in the matha are sannyasis, and the tradition of their studies and succession (Paryaya system) were established by Madhvacharya.", "The monks in the matha are sannyasis, and the tradition of their studies and succession (Paryaya system) were established by Madhvacharya. The monastery has a pontiff system, that rotates after a fixed period of time. The pontiff is called Swamiji, and he leads daily Krishna prayers according to Madhva tradition, as well as annual festivals.", "The pontiff is called Swamiji, and he leads daily Krishna prayers according to Madhva tradition, as well as annual festivals. The process and Vedic mantra rituals for Krishna worship in Dvaita monasteries follow the procedure written by Madhvacharya in Tantrasara. The Krishna worship neither involves bali (sacrifice) nor any fire rituals.", "The Krishna worship neither involves bali (sacrifice) nor any fire rituals. The succession ceremony in Dvaita school involves the outgoing Swamiji welcoming the incoming one, then walking together to the icon of Madhvacharya at the entrance of Krishna temple in Udupi, offering water to him, expressing reverence then handing over the same vessel with water that Madhvacharya used when he handed over the leadership of the monastery he founded.", "The succession ceremony in Dvaita school involves the outgoing Swamiji welcoming the incoming one, then walking together to the icon of Madhvacharya at the entrance of Krishna temple in Udupi, offering water to him, expressing reverence then handing over the same vessel with water that Madhvacharya used when he handed over the leadership of the monastery he founded. The monastery include kitchens, bhojan-shala, run by monks and volunteers.", "The monastery include kitchens, bhojan-shala, run by monks and volunteers. These serve food daily to nearly 15,000 to 20,000 monks, students and visiting pilgrims without social discrimination. During succession ceremonies, over 80,000 people are served a vegetarian meal by Udupi bhojan-shalas.", "During succession ceremonies, over 80,000 people are served a vegetarian meal by Udupi bhojan-shalas. Madhvacharya established Adi Matha with his disciple Padmanabha Tirtha as its head with the instructions that his disciples Narahari Tirtha, Madhava Tirtha and Akshobhya Tirtha should inturn become the successors of this matha.", "Madhvacharya established Adi Matha with his disciple Padmanabha Tirtha as its head with the instructions that his disciples Narahari Tirtha, Madhava Tirtha and Akshobhya Tirtha should inturn become the successors of this matha. Padmanabha Tirtha and his descendants such as Narahari Tirtha, Akshobhya Tirtha, Jayatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Raghuttama Tirtha, Vijayendra Tirtha, Raghavendra Tirtha, Vidyadhisha Tirtha, Sumatindra Tirtha, Satyanatha Tirtha and Satyabodha Tirtha are responsible for the spread of Dvaita Vedanta outside Tulu Nadu region.", "Padmanabha Tirtha and his descendants such as Narahari Tirtha, Akshobhya Tirtha, Jayatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Raghuttama Tirtha, Vijayendra Tirtha, Raghavendra Tirtha, Vidyadhisha Tirtha, Sumatindra Tirtha, Satyanatha Tirtha and Satyabodha Tirtha are responsible for the spread of Dvaita Vedanta outside Tulu Nadu region. All the mathas outside of the Tulu region are one way or the other descended from Padmanabha Tirtha.", "All the mathas outside of the Tulu region are one way or the other descended from Padmanabha Tirtha. According to Surendranath Dasgupta, Uttaradi Math was divided twice, and so we end up with three mathas, the other two being Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math.", "According to Surendranath Dasgupta, Uttaradi Math was divided twice, and so we end up with three mathas, the other two being Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math. Uttaradi Math, along with Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math, is considered to be the three premier apostolic institutions of Dvaita Vedanta and are jointly referred as Mathatraya.", "Uttaradi Math, along with Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math, is considered to be the three premier apostolic institutions of Dvaita Vedanta and are jointly referred as Mathatraya. It is the pontiffs and pandits of the Mathatraya that have been the principle architects of post-Madhva Dvaita Vedanta through the centuries.", "It is the pontiffs and pandits of the Mathatraya that have been the principle architects of post-Madhva Dvaita Vedanta through the centuries. Among the mathas outside of Tulu Nadu region, Uttaradi Matha is the largest. Including those in Udupi, there are twenty-four Madhva mathas in India. The main center of Madhva's tradition is in Karnataka.", "The main center of Madhva's tradition is in Karnataka. Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says, Sannyasis in the lineage of Dvaita school of Vedanta belongs to Ēkadaṇḍi tradition just like the Sanyasi's of Advaita of Adi Shankara.", "Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says, Sannyasis in the lineage of Dvaita school of Vedanta belongs to Ēkadaṇḍi tradition just like the Sanyasi's of Advaita of Adi Shankara. Film In 1986 a film directed by G. V. Iyer named Madhvacharya was premiered, it was one of the films made entirely in Kannada language.", "Film In 1986 a film directed by G. V. Iyer named Madhvacharya was premiered, it was one of the films made entirely in Kannada language. See also Brahma Sampradaya Madhva Brahmins Dvaita literature Ashta Mathas of Udupi Notes References Bibliography External links Bibliography of Madhvacharya's works, Item 751, Karl Potter, University of Washington \"Madhva\" article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Madhvacharya at Encyclopædia Britannica A Note on the date of Madhvacharya by S. Srikanta Sastri Discussion on quotations and interpretations by Madhvacharya.", "See also Brahma Sampradaya Madhva Brahmins Dvaita literature Ashta Mathas of Udupi Notes References Bibliography External links Bibliography of Madhvacharya's works, Item 751, Karl Potter, University of Washington \"Madhva\" article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Madhvacharya at Encyclopædia Britannica A Note on the date of Madhvacharya by S. Srikanta Sastri Discussion on quotations and interpretations by Madhvacharya. https://gosai.com/writings/the-divinity-of-sri-caitanya-mahaprabhu-0 1238 births 13th-century Indian writers Hindu philosophers and theologians 13th-century Indian philosophers Indian Vaishnavites Indian Hindu religious leaders History of Karnataka Vaishnavism People from Udupi district Bhakti movement Tulu people Sanskrit writers Vaishnava saints Medieval Hindu religious leaders Writers from Karnataka Hindu saints Scholars from Karnataka Year of death unknown" ]

[ "Madhvacharya", "Biography", "what is her biography?", "The biography of Madhvacharya is unclear. Many sources date him to 1238-1317 period, but some place him about the 1199-1278 period.", "was he married?", "became a monk or Sannyasi in his teenage.", "what was his greatest accomplishment?", "began his own Dvaita movement based on dualism premises of Dvi -", "what was the movement?", "asserting that human soul and god (as Vishnu) are two different things.", "what is the most important fact mentioned in this article?", "he was named Vasudeva. Later he became famous by the names Purnaprajna, Anandatirtha and Madhvacarya (" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Madhvacharya (; ; CE 1199-1278 or CE 1238–1317), sometimes anglicised as Madhva Acharya, and also known as Purna Prajna () and Ānanda Tīrtha, was a Hindu philosopher and the chief proponent of the Dvaita (dualism) school of Vedanta. Madhva called his philosophy Tattvavāda meaning \"arguments from a realist viewpoint\".", "Madhva called his philosophy Tattvavāda meaning \"arguments from a realist viewpoint\". Madhvacharya was born on the west coast of Karnataka state in 13th-century India. As a teenager, he became a Sanyasi (monk) joining Brahma-sampradaya guru Achyutapreksha, of the Ekadandi order.", "As a teenager, he became a Sanyasi (monk) joining Brahma-sampradaya guru Achyutapreksha, of the Ekadandi order. Madhva studied the classics of Hindu philosophy, particularly the Principal Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahma Sutras (Prasthanatrayi). He commented on these, and is credited with thirty seven works in Sanskrit.", "He commented on these, and is credited with thirty seven works in Sanskrit. His writing style was of extreme brevity and condensed expression. His greatest work is considered to be the Anuvyakhyana, a philosophical supplement to his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras composed with a poetic structure.", "His greatest work is considered to be the Anuvyakhyana, a philosophical supplement to his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras composed with a poetic structure. In some of his works, he proclaimed himself to be an avatar of Vayu, the son of god Vishnu.", "In some of his works, he proclaimed himself to be an avatar of Vayu, the son of god Vishnu. Madhvacharya was a critic of Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta teachings. However, Dwaita was restricted to few states of India.", "However, Dwaita was restricted to few states of India. He toured India several times, visiting places such as Bengal, Varanasi, Dwarka, Goa and Kanyakumari, engaging in philosophical debates and visiting Hindu centres of learning. Madhva established the Krishna Mutt at Udupi with a murti secured from Dwarka Gujarat in CE 1285.", "Madhva established the Krishna Mutt at Udupi with a murti secured from Dwarka Gujarat in CE 1285. Madhvacharya's teachings are built on the premise that there is a fundamental difference between Atman (individual soul, self) and the Brahman (ultimate reality, God Vishnu), these are two different unchanging realities, with individual soul dependent on Brahman, never identical.", "Madhvacharya's teachings are built on the premise that there is a fundamental difference between Atman (individual soul, self) and the Brahman (ultimate reality, God Vishnu), these are two different unchanging realities, with individual soul dependent on Brahman, never identical. His school's theistic dualism teachings disagreed with the monist teachings of the other two most influential schools of Vedanta based on Advaita's nondualism and Vishishtadvaita's qualified nondualism.", "His school's theistic dualism teachings disagreed with the monist teachings of the other two most influential schools of Vedanta based on Advaita's nondualism and Vishishtadvaita's qualified nondualism. Liberation, asserted Madhva, is achievable only through the grace of God.", "Liberation, asserted Madhva, is achievable only through the grace of God. The Dvaita school founded by Madhva influenced Vaishnavism, the Bhakti movement in medieval India, and has been one of the three influential Vedānta philosophies, along with Advaita Vedanta and Vishishtadvaita Vedanta.", "The Dvaita school founded by Madhva influenced Vaishnavism, the Bhakti movement in medieval India, and has been one of the three influential Vedānta philosophies, along with Advaita Vedanta and Vishishtadvaita Vedanta. Madhva's historical influence in Hinduism, state Kulandran and Kraemer, has been salutary, but not extensive. Biography The biography of Madhvacharya is unclear.", "Biography The biography of Madhvacharya is unclear. Many sources date him to 1238–1317 period, but some place him about the 1199–1278 period. Madhvācārya was born in Pajaka near Udupi, a coastal district in the present day Indian state of Karnataka.", "Madhvācārya was born in Pajaka near Udupi, a coastal district in the present day Indian state of Karnataka. Traditionally it is believed that Naddantillaya (Sanskrit: Madhyageha, Madhyamandira) was the name of his father and Vedavati was Madhvācārya's mother. Born in a Tulu speaking Vaishnavite Brahmin household, he was named Vāsudeva.", "Born in a Tulu speaking Vaishnavite Brahmin household, he was named Vāsudeva. Later he became famous by the names Purnaprajna, Anandatirtha and Madhvacarya (or just Madhva). Pūrnaprajña was the name given to him at the time of his initiation into sannyasa (renunciation), as a teenager.", "Pūrnaprajña was the name given to him at the time of his initiation into sannyasa (renunciation), as a teenager. The name conferred on him when he became the head of his monastery was \"Ānanda Tīrtha\". All three of his later names are found in his works.", "All three of his later names are found in his works. Madhvācārya or Madhva are names most commonly found in modern literature on him, or Dvaita Vedanta related literature. Madhva began his school after his Upanayana at age seven, and became a monk or Sannyasi in his teenage, although his father was initially opposed to this.", "Madhva began his school after his Upanayana at age seven, and became a monk or Sannyasi in his teenage, although his father was initially opposed to this. He joined an Advaita Vedanta monastery in Udupi (Karnataka), accepted his guru to be Achyutrapreksha, who is also referred to as Achyutraprajna in some sources.", "He joined an Advaita Vedanta monastery in Udupi (Karnataka), accepted his guru to be Achyutrapreksha, who is also referred to as Achyutraprajna in some sources. Madhva studied the Upanishads and the Advaita literature, but was unconvinced by its nondualism philosophy of oneness of human soul and god, had frequent disagreements with his guru, left the monastery, and began his own Dvaita movement based on dualism premises of Dvi – asserting that human soul and god (as Vishnu) are two different things.", "Madhva studied the Upanishads and the Advaita literature, but was unconvinced by its nondualism philosophy of oneness of human soul and god, had frequent disagreements with his guru, left the monastery, and began his own Dvaita movement based on dualism premises of Dvi – asserting that human soul and god (as Vishnu) are two different things. Madhva never acknowledged Achyutrapreksha as his guru or his monastic lineage in his writings.", "Madhva never acknowledged Achyutrapreksha as his guru or his monastic lineage in his writings. Madhva is said to have been clever in philosophy, and also to have been tall and strongly built.", "Madhva is said to have been clever in philosophy, and also to have been tall and strongly built. According to Dehsen, perhaps there were two individuals named Madhvacharya in 13th-century India, with Anandatirtha – the younger Madhva being the most important early disciple of the elder Madhvacharya, and their works and life overlapped in Udupi, Tattvavada being the name adopted for Dvaita Vedanta by Anandatirtha.", "According to Dehsen, perhaps there were two individuals named Madhvacharya in 13th-century India, with Anandatirtha – the younger Madhva being the most important early disciple of the elder Madhvacharya, and their works and life overlapped in Udupi, Tattvavada being the name adopted for Dvaita Vedanta by Anandatirtha. Madhvacharya established a matha (monastery) dedicated to Dvaita philosophy, and this became the sanctuary for a series of Dvaita scholars such as Jayatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Vadiraja Tirtha, Raghuttama Tirtha, Raghavendra Tirtha and Satyanatha Tirtha who followed in footsteps of Madhva.", "Madhvacharya established a matha (monastery) dedicated to Dvaita philosophy, and this became the sanctuary for a series of Dvaita scholars such as Jayatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Vadiraja Tirtha, Raghuttama Tirtha, Raghavendra Tirtha and Satyanatha Tirtha who followed in footsteps of Madhva. A number of hagiographies have been written by Madhva's disciples and followers.", "A number of hagiographies have been written by Madhva's disciples and followers. Of these, the most referred to is the sixteen cantos Sanskrit biography Madhvavijaya by Nārāyana Panditācārya – son of Trivikrama Pandita, who himself was a disciple of Madhva.", "Of these, the most referred to is the sixteen cantos Sanskrit biography Madhvavijaya by Nārāyana Panditācārya – son of Trivikrama Pandita, who himself was a disciple of Madhva. Incarnation of Vayu, the wind god In several of his texts, state Sarma and other scholars, \"Madhvacharya proclaims himself to be the third avatar or incarnation of Vayu, wind god, the son of Vishnu\".", "Incarnation of Vayu, the wind god In several of his texts, state Sarma and other scholars, \"Madhvacharya proclaims himself to be the third avatar or incarnation of Vayu, wind god, the son of Vishnu\". He, thus, asserted himself to be like Hanuman – the first avatar of Vayu, and Bhima – a Pandava in the Mahabharata and the second avatar of Vayu.", "He, thus, asserted himself to be like Hanuman – the first avatar of Vayu, and Bhima – a Pandava in the Mahabharata and the second avatar of Vayu. In one of his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras, he asserts that the authority of the text is from his personal encounter with Vishnu.", "In one of his bhasya on the Brahma Sutras, he asserts that the authority of the text is from his personal encounter with Vishnu. Madhva, states Sarma, believed himself to be an intermediary between Vishnu and Dvaita devotees, guiding the latter in their journey towards Vishnu.", "Madhva, states Sarma, believed himself to be an intermediary between Vishnu and Dvaita devotees, guiding the latter in their journey towards Vishnu. Madhva is said to have performed several miracles during his lifetime, including transforming Tamarind grains into coins, fighting and winning against robbers and wild animals, crossing the Ganges without getting wet clothes, and giving light to his students through the nails of his big toes after the lamp went out while they were interpreting a text at night.", "Madhva is said to have performed several miracles during his lifetime, including transforming Tamarind grains into coins, fighting and winning against robbers and wild animals, crossing the Ganges without getting wet clothes, and giving light to his students through the nails of his big toes after the lamp went out while they were interpreting a text at night. Madhvacharya is said to have quoted some verses from his unique recensions of scriptures.", "Madhvacharya is said to have quoted some verses from his unique recensions of scriptures. Also, he is said to have quoted many unique books like Kamatha Sruti.", "Also, he is said to have quoted many unique books like Kamatha Sruti. The interpretation of Balittha Sukta by Madhvacharya and his followers to prove that Madhvacharya was an incarnation of Vayu is considered highly unique by standard commentaries on them like Sayana and Horace Hayman Wilson. Works of Madhvacharya Thirty seven Dvaita texts are attributed to Madhvacharya.", "Works of Madhvacharya Thirty seven Dvaita texts are attributed to Madhvacharya. Of these, thirteen are bhasya (review and commentary) on earliest Principal Upanishads, a Madhva-bhasya on the foundational text of Vedanta school of Hinduism – Brahma Sutras, another Gita-bhasya on Bhagavad Gita, a commentary on forty hymns of the Rigveda, a review of the Mahabharata in poetic style, a commentary called Bhagavata-tatparya-nirnaya on Bhagavata Purana, plus stotras, poems and texts on bhakti of Vishnu and his avatars.", "Of these, thirteen are bhasya (review and commentary) on earliest Principal Upanishads, a Madhva-bhasya on the foundational text of Vedanta school of Hinduism – Brahma Sutras, another Gita-bhasya on Bhagavad Gita, a commentary on forty hymns of the Rigveda, a review of the Mahabharata in poetic style, a commentary called Bhagavata-tatparya-nirnaya on Bhagavata Purana, plus stotras, poems and texts on bhakti of Vishnu and his avatars. The Anu-Vyakhyana, a supplement to Madhvacharya's commentary on Brahma Sutras, is his masterpiece, states Sharma.", "The Anu-Vyakhyana, a supplement to Madhvacharya's commentary on Brahma Sutras, is his masterpiece, states Sharma. While being a profusely productive writer, Madhvacharya restricted the access to and distribution of his works to outsiders who were not part of Dvaita school, according to Sarma.", "While being a profusely productive writer, Madhvacharya restricted the access to and distribution of his works to outsiders who were not part of Dvaita school, according to Sarma. However, Bartley disagrees and states that this is inconsistent with the known history of extensive medieval Vedantic debates on religious ideas in India which included Dvaita school's ideas.", "However, Bartley disagrees and states that this is inconsistent with the known history of extensive medieval Vedantic debates on religious ideas in India which included Dvaita school's ideas. Madhva's philosophy The premises and foundations of Dvaita Vedanta, also known as Dvaitavada and Tattvavada, are credited to Madhvacharya. His philosophy championed unqualified dualism.", "His philosophy championed unqualified dualism. His philosophy championed unqualified dualism. Madhva's work is classically placed in contrast with monist ideas of Shankara's Advaita Vedanta and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta. Epistemology Madhva calls epistemology as Anu pramana.", "Epistemology Madhva calls epistemology as Anu pramana. It accepts three pramānas, that is three facts or three correct means of knowledge, in contrast to one of Charvaka and six of Advaita schools of Hindu philosophies: Pratyaksha (प्रत्यक्ष) means perception. It is of two types in Dvaita and other Hindu schools: external and internal.", "It is of two types in Dvaita and other Hindu schools: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described as that of inner sense, the mind. Anumāna (अनुमान) means inference.", "Anumāna (अनुमान) means inference. It is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason. Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of Anumana.", "Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of Anumana. This method of inference consists of three parts: pratijna (hypothesis), hetu (a reason), and drshtanta (examples). Śabda (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts.", "Śabda (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts. It is also known as Agama in Madhva's Dvaita tradition, and incorporates all the Vedas. Hiriyanna explains Sabda-pramana as a concept which means reliable expert testimony.", "Hiriyanna explains Sabda-pramana as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.", "The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly. Madhva and his followers introduced kevala-pramaana as the \"knowledge of an object as it is\", separate from anu-pramana described above.", "Madhva and his followers introduced kevala-pramaana as the \"knowledge of an object as it is\", separate from anu-pramana described above. Madhva's Dvaita school holds that Vishnu as God, who is also Hari, Krishna, Vasudeva and Narayana, can only be known through the proper samanvaya (connection) and pramana of the Vedic scriptural teachings.", "Madhva's Dvaita school holds that Vishnu as God, who is also Hari, Krishna, Vasudeva and Narayana, can only be known through the proper samanvaya (connection) and pramana of the Vedic scriptural teachings. Vishnu, according to Madhvacharya, is not the creator of the Vedas, but the teacher of the Vedas.", "Vishnu, according to Madhvacharya, is not the creator of the Vedas, but the teacher of the Vedas. Knowledge is intrinsically valid, states Madhva's school, and the knower and the known are independently real.", "Knowledge is intrinsically valid, states Madhva's school, and the knower and the known are independently real. Both the ritual part (karma-kanda, Mimamsa) and the knowledge part (jnana-kanda, Upanishadic Vedanta) in the Vedas, asserted Madhvacharya, are equally valid and interconnected whole.", "Both the ritual part (karma-kanda, Mimamsa) and the knowledge part (jnana-kanda, Upanishadic Vedanta) in the Vedas, asserted Madhvacharya, are equally valid and interconnected whole. As asserted by the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy, Madhvacharya held that the Vedas are author-less, and that their truth is in all of its parts (i.e.", "As asserted by the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy, Madhvacharya held that the Vedas are author-less, and that their truth is in all of its parts (i.e. the , , and )... Metaphysics The metaphysical reality is plural, stated Madhvacharya.", "the , , and )... Metaphysics The metaphysical reality is plural, stated Madhvacharya. There are primarily two tattvas or categories of reality — (independent reality) and (dependent reality). Ishvara (as God Vishnu or Krishna) is the cause of the universe and the only independent reality, in Madhvacharya's view.", "Ishvara (as God Vishnu or Krishna) is the cause of the universe and the only independent reality, in Madhvacharya's view. The created universe is the dependent reality, consisting of (individual souls) and Jada (matter, material things). Individual souls are plural, different and distinct realities.", "Individual souls are plural, different and distinct realities. s are sentient and matter is non-sentient, according to Madhvacharya. Madhva further enumerates the difference between dependent and independent reality as a fivefold division (pancha-bheda) between God, souls and material things.", "Madhva further enumerates the difference between dependent and independent reality as a fivefold division (pancha-bheda) between God, souls and material things. These differences are: (1) Between material things; (2) Between material thing and soul; (3) Between material thing and God; (4) Between souls; and (5) Between soul and God.", "These differences are: (1) Between material things; (2) Between material thing and soul; (3) Between material thing and God; (4) Between souls; and (5) Between soul and God. This difference is neither temporary nor merely practical; it is an invariable and natural property of everything.", "This difference is neither temporary nor merely practical; it is an invariable and natural property of everything. Madhva calls it Taratamya (gradation in pluralism). There is no object like another, according to Madhvacharya. There is no soul like another. All souls are unique, reflected in individual personalities.", "All souls are unique, reflected in individual personalities. The sea is full; the tank is full; a pot is full; everything is full, yet each fullness is different, asserted Madhvacharya.", "The sea is full; the tank is full; a pot is full; everything is full, yet each fullness is different, asserted Madhvacharya. Even in liberation (moksha), states Madhvacharya, the bliss is different for each person, based on each's degree of knowledge and spiritual perfection.", "Even in liberation (moksha), states Madhvacharya, the bliss is different for each person, based on each's degree of knowledge and spiritual perfection. This liberation, according to him, is only achievable with grace of God Krishna.", "This liberation, according to him, is only achievable with grace of God Krishna. Nature of the Brahman Madhva conceptualised Brahman as a being who enjoys His own bliss, while the entire universe evolves through a nebulous chaos. He manifests, every now and then, to help the evolution process.", "He manifests, every now and then, to help the evolution process. The four primary manifestation of Him as the Brahman are, according to Madhva, Vasudeva, Pradyumna, Aniruddha and Sankarasana, which are respectively responsible for the redemptive, creative, sustaining and destructive aspects in the universe.", "The four primary manifestation of Him as the Brahman are, according to Madhva, Vasudeva, Pradyumna, Aniruddha and Sankarasana, which are respectively responsible for the redemptive, creative, sustaining and destructive aspects in the universe. His secondary manifestations are many, and all manifestations are at par with each other, it is the same infinite no matter how He manifests.", "His secondary manifestations are many, and all manifestations are at par with each other, it is the same infinite no matter how He manifests. Brahman is the creator of the universe, perfect in knowledge, perfect in knowing, perfect in its power, and distinct from souls, distinct from matter.", "Brahman is the creator of the universe, perfect in knowledge, perfect in knowing, perfect in its power, and distinct from souls, distinct from matter. For liberation, mere intellectual conceptualization of Brahman as creator is not enough, the individual soul must feel attraction, love, attachment and devotional surrender to Him, and only His grace leads to redemption and liberation, according to Madhva.", "For liberation, mere intellectual conceptualization of Brahman as creator is not enough, the individual soul must feel attraction, love, attachment and devotional surrender to Him, and only His grace leads to redemption and liberation, according to Madhva. The Vishnu as Brahman concept of Madhvacharya is a concept similar to God in major world religions.", "The Vishnu as Brahman concept of Madhvacharya is a concept similar to God in major world religions. His writings led some early colonial-era Indologists such as George Abraham Grierson to suggest the 13th-century Madhva was influenced by Christianity, but later scholarship has rejected this theory.", "His writings led some early colonial-era Indologists such as George Abraham Grierson to suggest the 13th-century Madhva was influenced by Christianity, but later scholarship has rejected this theory. Atat tvam asi One of the Mahavakyas (great sayings) in Hinduism is Tat tvam asi, or \"Thou art That\", found in verse 6.8.7 of Chandogya Upanishad.", "Atat tvam asi One of the Mahavakyas (great sayings) in Hinduism is Tat tvam asi, or \"Thou art That\", found in verse 6.8.7 of Chandogya Upanishad. This section of Chandogya Upanishad is credited to sage Uddalaka and the text considered central in Vedanta and the Brahma Sutras, interpreted to mean that there is no difference between the soul within (Thou) and the Brahman (That).", "This section of Chandogya Upanishad is credited to sage Uddalaka and the text considered central in Vedanta and the Brahma Sutras, interpreted to mean that there is no difference between the soul within (Thou) and the Brahman (That). The Dvaita school led by Madhva reinterpreted this section, by parsing the Sanskrit text as Atat tvam asi or \"Thou are not That\", asserting that there is no Sanskrit rule which does not allow such parsing.", "The Dvaita school led by Madhva reinterpreted this section, by parsing the Sanskrit text as Atat tvam asi or \"Thou are not That\", asserting that there is no Sanskrit rule which does not allow such parsing. He accepted that the tradition and prior scholars had all interpreted the text to be \"Tat tvam asi\", but then asserted that there is no metaphysical or logical requirement that he should too.", "He accepted that the tradition and prior scholars had all interpreted the text to be \"Tat tvam asi\", but then asserted that there is no metaphysical or logical requirement that he should too. Soteriology Madhvacharya considered Jnana Yoga and Karma Yoga to be insufficient to the path of liberation without Bhakti.", "Soteriology Madhvacharya considered Jnana Yoga and Karma Yoga to be insufficient to the path of liberation without Bhakti. Narayana or Vishnu was the supreme God to Madhva, who can only be reached through Vayu – the son of God; further, states Madhva, faith leads to the grace of God, and grace leads to the liberation of soul.", "Narayana or Vishnu was the supreme God to Madhva, who can only be reached through Vayu – the son of God; further, states Madhva, faith leads to the grace of God, and grace leads to the liberation of soul. The knowledge of God, for Madhvacharya, is not a matter of intellectual acceptance of the concept, but an attraction, affection, constant attachment, loving devotion and complete surrender to the grace of God.", "The knowledge of God, for Madhvacharya, is not a matter of intellectual acceptance of the concept, but an attraction, affection, constant attachment, loving devotion and complete surrender to the grace of God. He rejects monist theories that knowledge liberates, asserting instead that it is Divine grace through Bhakti that liberates.", "He rejects monist theories that knowledge liberates, asserting instead that it is Divine grace through Bhakti that liberates. To Madhva, God obscures reality by creating Maya and Prakriti, which causes bondage and suffering; and only God can be the source of soul's release.", "To Madhva, God obscures reality by creating Maya and Prakriti, which causes bondage and suffering; and only God can be the source of soul's release. Liberation occurs when, with the grace of God, one knows the true nature of self and the true nature of God.", "Liberation occurs when, with the grace of God, one knows the true nature of self and the true nature of God. Ethics Evil and suffering in the world, according to Madhvacharya, originates in man, and not God.", "Ethics Evil and suffering in the world, according to Madhvacharya, originates in man, and not God. Every Jiva (individual soul) is the agent of actions, not Jada (matter), and not Ishvara (God).", "Every Jiva (individual soul) is the agent of actions, not Jada (matter), and not Ishvara (God). While Madhva asserts each individual self is the Kartritva (real agency), the self is not an absolutely independent agent to him.", "While Madhva asserts each individual self is the Kartritva (real agency), the self is not an absolutely independent agent to him. This is because, states Madhva, the soul is influenced by sensory organs, one's physical body and such material things which he calls as gifts of God.", "This is because, states Madhva, the soul is influenced by sensory organs, one's physical body and such material things which he calls as gifts of God. Man has free will, but is influenced by his innate nature, inclinations and past karma.", "Man has free will, but is influenced by his innate nature, inclinations and past karma. Madhvacharya asserts, Yathecchasi tatha kuru, which Sharma translates and explains as \"one has the right to choose between right and wrong, a choice each individual makes out of his own responsibility and his own risk\".", "Madhvacharya asserts, Yathecchasi tatha kuru, which Sharma translates and explains as \"one has the right to choose between right and wrong, a choice each individual makes out of his own responsibility and his own risk\". Madhva does not address the problem of evil, that is how can evil exist with that of a God who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent.", "Madhva does not address the problem of evil, that is how can evil exist with that of a God who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent. According to Sharma, \"Madhva's tripartite classification of souls makes it unnecessary to answer the problem of evil\".", "According to Sharma, \"Madhva's tripartite classification of souls makes it unnecessary to answer the problem of evil\". According to David Buchta, this does not address the problem of evil, because the omnipotent God \"could change the system, but chooses not to\" and thus sustains the evil in the world.", "According to David Buchta, this does not address the problem of evil, because the omnipotent God \"could change the system, but chooses not to\" and thus sustains the evil in the world. This view of self's agency of Madhvacharya was, states Buchta, an outlier in Vedanta school and Indian philosophies in general.", "This view of self's agency of Madhvacharya was, states Buchta, an outlier in Vedanta school and Indian philosophies in general. Moral laws and ethics exist, according to Madhva, and are necessary for the grace of God and for liberation.", "Moral laws and ethics exist, according to Madhva, and are necessary for the grace of God and for liberation. Views on other schools Madhvacharya was a fierce critic of competing Vedanta schools, and other schools of Indian philosophies such as Buddhism and Jainism.", "Views on other schools Madhvacharya was a fierce critic of competing Vedanta schools, and other schools of Indian philosophies such as Buddhism and Jainism. He wrote up arguments against twenty one ancient and medieval era Indian scholars to help establish the foundations of his own school of thought.", "He wrote up arguments against twenty one ancient and medieval era Indian scholars to help establish the foundations of his own school of thought. Madhvacharya was fiercest critic of Advaita Vedanta, accusing Shankara and Advaitins for example, as \"deceitful demons\" teaching Buddhism under the cover of Vedanta.", "Madhvacharya was fiercest critic of Advaita Vedanta, accusing Shankara and Advaitins for example, as \"deceitful demons\" teaching Buddhism under the cover of Vedanta. Advaita's nondualism asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are blissful and identical, unchanging transcendent Reality, there is interconnected oneness of all souls and Brahman, and there are no pluralities.", "Advaita's nondualism asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are blissful and identical, unchanging transcendent Reality, there is interconnected oneness of all souls and Brahman, and there are no pluralities. Madhva in contrast asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are different, only Vishnu is the Lord (Brahman), individual souls are also different and depend on Vishnu, and there are pluralities.", "Madhva in contrast asserts that Atman (soul) and Brahman are different, only Vishnu is the Lord (Brahman), individual souls are also different and depend on Vishnu, and there are pluralities. Madhva criticized Advaita as being a version of Mahayana Buddhism, which he regarded as nihilistic.", "Madhva criticized Advaita as being a version of Mahayana Buddhism, which he regarded as nihilistic. Of all schools, Madhva focussed his criticism on Advaita most, and he wrote four major texts, including Upadhikhandana and Tattvadyota, primarily dedicated to criticizing Advaita. Madhvacharya disagreed with aspects of Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita.", "Madhvacharya disagreed with aspects of Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita. Vishishtadvaita school, a realist system of thought like Madhvacharya's Dvaita school, also asserts that Jiva (human souls) and Brahman (as Vishnu) are different, a difference that is never transcended.", "Vishishtadvaita school, a realist system of thought like Madhvacharya's Dvaita school, also asserts that Jiva (human souls) and Brahman (as Vishnu) are different, a difference that is never transcended. God Vishnu alone is independent, all other gods and beings are dependent on Him, according to both Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.", "God Vishnu alone is independent, all other gods and beings are dependent on Him, according to both Madhvacharya and Ramanuja. However, in contrast to Madhvacharya's views, Vishishtadvaita school asserts \"qualified non-dualism\", that souls share the same essential nature of Brahman, and that there is a universal sameness in the quality and degree of bliss possible for human souls, and every soul can reach the bliss state of God Himself.", "However, in contrast to Madhvacharya's views, Vishishtadvaita school asserts \"qualified non-dualism\", that souls share the same essential nature of Brahman, and that there is a universal sameness in the quality and degree of bliss possible for human souls, and every soul can reach the bliss state of God Himself. While the older school of Vishishtadvaita asserted \"qualitative monism and quantitative pluralism of souls\", states Sharma, Madhvacharya asserted both \"qualitative and quantitative pluralism of souls\".", "While the older school of Vishishtadvaita asserted \"qualitative monism and quantitative pluralism of souls\", states Sharma, Madhvacharya asserted both \"qualitative and quantitative pluralism of souls\". Shankara's Advaita school and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita school are premised on the assumption that all souls can hope for and achieve the state of blissful liberation; in contrast, Madhvacharya believed that some souls are eternally doomed and damned.", "Shankara's Advaita school and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita school are premised on the assumption that all souls can hope for and achieve the state of blissful liberation; in contrast, Madhvacharya believed that some souls are eternally doomed and damned. Madhvacharya's style of criticism of other schools of Indian philosophy was part of the ancient and medieval Indian tradition.", "Madhvacharya's style of criticism of other schools of Indian philosophy was part of the ancient and medieval Indian tradition. He was part of the Vedanta school, which emerged in post-Vedic period as the most influential of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, and his targeting of Advaita tradition, states Bryant, reflects it being the most influential of Vedanta schools.", "He was part of the Vedanta school, which emerged in post-Vedic period as the most influential of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, and his targeting of Advaita tradition, states Bryant, reflects it being the most influential of Vedanta schools. Influence Madhvacharya views represent a subschool of Vaishnavism, just like Ramanuja's.", "Influence Madhvacharya views represent a subschool of Vaishnavism, just like Ramanuja's. Both championed Vishnu in the saguna form. However, 11th-century Ramanuja's ideas have been most influential in Vaishnavism.", "However, 11th-century Ramanuja's ideas have been most influential in Vaishnavism. Madhvacharya's ideas led to the founding of Haridasa sect of Vaishnavism in Karnataka, also referred to as Vyasakuta, Dasakuta or Dasa Dasapantha, known for their devotional songs and music during the Bhakti movement.", "Madhvacharya's ideas led to the founding of Haridasa sect of Vaishnavism in Karnataka, also referred to as Vyasakuta, Dasakuta or Dasa Dasapantha, known for their devotional songs and music during the Bhakti movement. Other influential subschools of Vaishnavism competed with the ideas of Madhvacharya, such as the Chaitanya subschool, whose Jiva Gosvami asserts only Krishna is \"Svayam Bhagavan\" (supreme form of God), in contrast to Madhva who asserts that all Vishnu avatars are equal and identical, with both sharing the belief that emotional devotion to God is the means to spiritual liberation.", "Other influential subschools of Vaishnavism competed with the ideas of Madhvacharya, such as the Chaitanya subschool, whose Jiva Gosvami asserts only Krishna is \"Svayam Bhagavan\" (supreme form of God), in contrast to Madhva who asserts that all Vishnu avatars are equal and identical, with both sharing the belief that emotional devotion to God is the means to spiritual liberation. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu(1496-1534) is said to be a disciple of Isvara Puri who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha who was a disciple of Vyasatirtha(1469-1539) of Madhvacharya's Sampradaya.", "Chaitanya Mahaprabhu(1496-1534) is said to be a disciple of Isvara Puri who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha who was a disciple of Vyasatirtha(1469-1539) of Madhvacharya's Sampradaya. According to Sharma, the influence of Madhva's Dvaita ideas have been most prominent on the Chaitanya school of Bengal Vaishnavism, and in Assam.", "According to Sharma, the influence of Madhva's Dvaita ideas have been most prominent on the Chaitanya school of Bengal Vaishnavism, and in Assam. A subsect of Gaudiya Vaishnavas from Orissa and West Bengal claim to be followers of Madhvacharya. Madhva established in Udupi Krishna Matha attached to a god Krishna temple.", "Madhva established in Udupi Krishna Matha attached to a god Krishna temple. Gaudiya Vaishnavas also worship Krishna, who is in the mode of Vrindavana. Hindu-Christian-Muslim controversies Madhvacharya was misperceived and misrepresented by both Christian missionaries and Hindu writers during the colonial era scholarship.", "Hindu-Christian-Muslim controversies Madhvacharya was misperceived and misrepresented by both Christian missionaries and Hindu writers during the colonial era scholarship. The similarities in the primacy of one God, dualism and distinction between man and God, devotion to God, the son of God as the intermediary, predestination, the role of grace in salvation, as well as the similarities in the legends of miracles in Christianity and Madhvacharya's Dvaita tradition fed these stories.", "The similarities in the primacy of one God, dualism and distinction between man and God, devotion to God, the son of God as the intermediary, predestination, the role of grace in salvation, as well as the similarities in the legends of miracles in Christianity and Madhvacharya's Dvaita tradition fed these stories. Among Christian writers, GA Grierson creatively asserted that Madhva's ideas evidently were \"borrowed from Christianity, quite possibly promulgated as a rival to the central doctrine of that faith\".", "Among Christian writers, GA Grierson creatively asserted that Madhva's ideas evidently were \"borrowed from Christianity, quite possibly promulgated as a rival to the central doctrine of that faith\". Among Hindu writers, according to Sarma, SC Vasu creatively translated Madhvacharya's works to identify Madhvacharya with Christ, rather than compare their ideas.", "Among Hindu writers, according to Sarma, SC Vasu creatively translated Madhvacharya's works to identify Madhvacharya with Christ, rather than compare their ideas. Modern scholarship rules out the influence of Christianity on Madhvacharya, as there is no evidence that there ever was a Christian settlement where Madhvacharya grew up and lived, or that there was a sharing or discussion of ideas between someone with knowledge of the Bible and Christian legends, and him.", "Modern scholarship rules out the influence of Christianity on Madhvacharya, as there is no evidence that there ever was a Christian settlement where Madhvacharya grew up and lived, or that there was a sharing or discussion of ideas between someone with knowledge of the Bible and Christian legends, and him. There are also assumptions Madhva was influenced by Islam.", "There are also assumptions Madhva was influenced by Islam. The Madhvavijaya tells about Madhva meeting the Sultan of Delhi and saying to him in fluent Persian that both worship the same one God of the universe, and that he spreads the faith in God.", "The Madhvavijaya tells about Madhva meeting the Sultan of Delhi and saying to him in fluent Persian that both worship the same one God of the universe, and that he spreads the faith in God. The sultan is said to have been so impressed by this that he wanted give half of the empire to Madhva, which he refused.", "The sultan is said to have been so impressed by this that he wanted give half of the empire to Madhva, which he refused. However, the indologist and religious scholar Helmuth von Glasenapp assumes that monotheism can also be derived from the Indian intellectual world, and that there is no reason supporting the theory that Madhva's views on afterlife were influenced by Muslim or Christian impulses.", "However, the indologist and religious scholar Helmuth von Glasenapp assumes that monotheism can also be derived from the Indian intellectual world, and that there is no reason supporting the theory that Madhva's views on afterlife were influenced by Muslim or Christian impulses. Monasteries Madhvacharya established eight mathas (monasteries) in Udupi with his eight disciples as its head along with Adi Matha.", "Monasteries Madhvacharya established eight mathas (monasteries) in Udupi with his eight disciples as its head along with Adi Matha. These are referred to as Madhva mathas, or Udupi ashta matha, and include Palimaru matha, Adamaru matha, Krishnapura matha, Puttige matha, Shirur matha, Sodhe matha, Kaniyooru matha and Pejavara matha.", "These are referred to as Madhva mathas, or Udupi ashta matha, and include Palimaru matha, Adamaru matha, Krishnapura matha, Puttige matha, Shirur matha, Sodhe matha, Kaniyooru matha and Pejavara matha. These eight surround the Anantheswara Krishna Hindu temple.", "These eight surround the Anantheswara Krishna Hindu temple. The matha are laid out in a rectangle, the temples on a square grid pattern. The monks in the matha are sannyasis, and the tradition of their studies and succession (Paryaya system) were established by Madhvacharya.", "The monks in the matha are sannyasis, and the tradition of their studies and succession (Paryaya system) were established by Madhvacharya. The monastery has a pontiff system, that rotates after a fixed period of time. The pontiff is called Swamiji, and he leads daily Krishna prayers according to Madhva tradition, as well as annual festivals.", "The pontiff is called Swamiji, and he leads daily Krishna prayers according to Madhva tradition, as well as annual festivals. The process and Vedic mantra rituals for Krishna worship in Dvaita monasteries follow the procedure written by Madhvacharya in Tantrasara. The Krishna worship neither involves bali (sacrifice) nor any fire rituals.", "The Krishna worship neither involves bali (sacrifice) nor any fire rituals. The succession ceremony in Dvaita school involves the outgoing Swamiji welcoming the incoming one, then walking together to the icon of Madhvacharya at the entrance of Krishna temple in Udupi, offering water to him, expressing reverence then handing over the same vessel with water that Madhvacharya used when he handed over the leadership of the monastery he founded.", "The succession ceremony in Dvaita school involves the outgoing Swamiji welcoming the incoming one, then walking together to the icon of Madhvacharya at the entrance of Krishna temple in Udupi, offering water to him, expressing reverence then handing over the same vessel with water that Madhvacharya used when he handed over the leadership of the monastery he founded. The monastery include kitchens, bhojan-shala, run by monks and volunteers.", "The monastery include kitchens, bhojan-shala, run by monks and volunteers. These serve food daily to nearly 15,000 to 20,000 monks, students and visiting pilgrims without social discrimination. During succession ceremonies, over 80,000 people are served a vegetarian meal by Udupi bhojan-shalas.", "During succession ceremonies, over 80,000 people are served a vegetarian meal by Udupi bhojan-shalas. Madhvacharya established Adi Matha with his disciple Padmanabha Tirtha as its head with the instructions that his disciples Narahari Tirtha, Madhava Tirtha and Akshobhya Tirtha should inturn become the successors of this matha.", "Madhvacharya established Adi Matha with his disciple Padmanabha Tirtha as its head with the instructions that his disciples Narahari Tirtha, Madhava Tirtha and Akshobhya Tirtha should inturn become the successors of this matha. Padmanabha Tirtha and his descendants such as Narahari Tirtha, Akshobhya Tirtha, Jayatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Raghuttama Tirtha, Vijayendra Tirtha, Raghavendra Tirtha, Vidyadhisha Tirtha, Sumatindra Tirtha, Satyanatha Tirtha and Satyabodha Tirtha are responsible for the spread of Dvaita Vedanta outside Tulu Nadu region.", "Padmanabha Tirtha and his descendants such as Narahari Tirtha, Akshobhya Tirtha, Jayatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Raghuttama Tirtha, Vijayendra Tirtha, Raghavendra Tirtha, Vidyadhisha Tirtha, Sumatindra Tirtha, Satyanatha Tirtha and Satyabodha Tirtha are responsible for the spread of Dvaita Vedanta outside Tulu Nadu region. All the mathas outside of the Tulu region are one way or the other descended from Padmanabha Tirtha.", "All the mathas outside of the Tulu region are one way or the other descended from Padmanabha Tirtha. According to Surendranath Dasgupta, Uttaradi Math was divided twice, and so we end up with three mathas, the other two being Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math.", "According to Surendranath Dasgupta, Uttaradi Math was divided twice, and so we end up with three mathas, the other two being Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math. Uttaradi Math, along with Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math, is considered to be the three premier apostolic institutions of Dvaita Vedanta and are jointly referred as Mathatraya.", "Uttaradi Math, along with Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math, is considered to be the three premier apostolic institutions of Dvaita Vedanta and are jointly referred as Mathatraya. It is the pontiffs and pandits of the Mathatraya that have been the principle architects of post-Madhva Dvaita Vedanta through the centuries.", "It is the pontiffs and pandits of the Mathatraya that have been the principle architects of post-Madhva Dvaita Vedanta through the centuries. Among the mathas outside of Tulu Nadu region, Uttaradi Matha is the largest. Including those in Udupi, there are twenty-four Madhva mathas in India. The main center of Madhva's tradition is in Karnataka.", "The main center of Madhva's tradition is in Karnataka. Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says, Sannyasis in the lineage of Dvaita school of Vedanta belongs to Ēkadaṇḍi tradition just like the Sanyasi's of Advaita of Adi Shankara.", "Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says, Sannyasis in the lineage of Dvaita school of Vedanta belongs to Ēkadaṇḍi tradition just like the Sanyasi's of Advaita of Adi Shankara. Film In 1986 a film directed by G. V. Iyer named Madhvacharya was premiered, it was one of the films made entirely in Kannada language.", "Film In 1986 a film directed by G. V. Iyer named Madhvacharya was premiered, it was one of the films made entirely in Kannada language. See also Brahma Sampradaya Madhva Brahmins Dvaita literature Ashta Mathas of Udupi Notes References Bibliography External links Bibliography of Madhvacharya's works, Item 751, Karl Potter, University of Washington \"Madhva\" article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Madhvacharya at Encyclopædia Britannica A Note on the date of Madhvacharya by S. Srikanta Sastri Discussion on quotations and interpretations by Madhvacharya.", "See also Brahma Sampradaya Madhva Brahmins Dvaita literature Ashta Mathas of Udupi Notes References Bibliography External links Bibliography of Madhvacharya's works, Item 751, Karl Potter, University of Washington \"Madhva\" article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Madhvacharya at Encyclopædia Britannica A Note on the date of Madhvacharya by S. Srikanta Sastri Discussion on quotations and interpretations by Madhvacharya. https://gosai.com/writings/the-divinity-of-sri-caitanya-mahaprabhu-0 1238 births 13th-century Indian writers Hindu philosophers and theologians 13th-century Indian philosophers Indian Vaishnavites Indian Hindu religious leaders History of Karnataka Vaishnavism People from Udupi district Bhakti movement Tulu people Sanskrit writers Vaishnava saints Medieval Hindu religious leaders Writers from Karnataka Hindu saints Scholars from Karnataka Year of death unknown" ]

[ "Chris Chelios", "Montreal Canadiens (1984-1990)", "Who were the Montreal Canadiens?", "I don't know." ]

[ "This is a full list of ice hockey players who have played for the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL). It includes players that have played at least one regular season or playoff game for the Montreal Canadiens since the team joined the NHL in 1917. Founded in 1909 as one of the founding members of the National Hockey Association (NHA), the Montreal Canadiens were also one of the founding members of the NHL. Since the formation of the NHL, 709 different players have played with the Canadiens\n\nAs of May 5, 2019, 83 goaltenders and 777 skaters (forwards and defencemen) have appeared in at least one regular-season and/or playoff game with the Montreal Canadiens since the formation of the league in the 1917–18 NHL season. The 709 all-time members of the Canadiens are listed below, with statistics complete through the end of the 2013–14 NHL season. This list does not include members of the Montreal Canadiens while the team was a member of the NHA from 1909 until 1917.\n\nThe \"Seasons\" column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–01 season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000–2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.\n\nKey\n\nGoaltenders\n\nNote: Stats are updated through to the end of the 2020–21 season\n\nSkaters\n\nNote: Stats are updated through to the end of the 2020–2021 season.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nMontreal Canadiens all-time roster on the Internet Hockey Database\nMontreal Canadiens all-time roster at Legends of Hockey\nMontreal Canadiens all-time roster at the Montreal Canadiens Official Site\n\nMontreal Canadiens players\nplayers", "The 1939–40 Montreal Canadiens season was the 31st season in franchise history. The team placed seventh in the regular season and did not qualify for the playoffs for the first time since the 1935–36 season. The Canadiens would not finish a season in last place for another fifty-nine years.\n\nRegular season\nThe Canadiens' first game saw them score what would be a season-high 8 goals as they defeated the Chicago Black Hawks 8–2 at the Montreal Forum on November 5, 1939. The Habs were undefeated over their first six games (4-0-2) and were 6-2-2 in their first ten. After that, however, long winless streaks were the rule. They went 3-8-0 in December, 1-10-1 in January, 1-8-1 in February and 1-5-1 in March. Their most lopsided loss happened on February 22, 1940 – 1–10 against the Chicago Black Hawks at Chicago.\n\nFinal standings\n\nRecord vs. opponents\n\nSchedule and results\n\nPlayer statistics\n\nRegular season\nScoring\n\nGoaltending\n\nAwards and records\n\nTransactions\n\nPlayoffs\nThey didn't qualify for the playoffs\n\nSee also\n 1939–40 NHL season\n\nReferences\nCanadiens on Hockey Database\nCanadiens on NHL Reference\n\nMontreal Canadiens seasons\nMontreal\nMontreal" ]

[ "Christos Kostas Chelios (born January 25, 1962) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He was one of the longest tenured players in the National Hockey League, and is a three-time Stanley Cup champion—one with the Montreal Canadiens and two with the Detroit Red Wings.", "He was one of the longest tenured players in the National Hockey League, and is a three-time Stanley Cup champion—one with the Montreal Canadiens and two with the Detroit Red Wings. Chelios played for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, and the Atlanta Thrashers.", "Chelios played for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, and the Atlanta Thrashers. When he was called up from the AHL's Chicago Wolves to play for the Thrashers during the 2009–10 NHL season, Chelios was the oldest active player in the NHL and the second oldest of all time, had played the most games of any active player in the NHL, was the last player from the 1981 NHL Entry Draft still active (or any draft from 1986 and earlier), and had the most career penalty minutes of any active player.", "When he was called up from the AHL's Chicago Wolves to play for the Thrashers during the 2009–10 NHL season, Chelios was the oldest active player in the NHL and the second oldest of all time, had played the most games of any active player in the NHL, was the last player from the 1981 NHL Entry Draft still active (or any draft from 1986 and earlier), and had the most career penalty minutes of any active player. Chelios formerly the record-holder for most games played in the NHL by a defenseman, is eighth overall with 1,651 games played, holds the record for most career playoff games played with 266 and is tied with Gordie Howe for most NHL seasons played with 26.", "Chelios formerly the record-holder for most games played in the NHL by a defenseman, is eighth overall with 1,651 games played, holds the record for most career playoff games played with 266 and is tied with Gordie Howe for most NHL seasons played with 26. On May 1, 2009, he appeared in the playoffs for an NHL record 24th time, having missed the playoffs only once (1997–98).", "On May 1, 2009, he appeared in the playoffs for an NHL record 24th time, having missed the playoffs only once (1997–98). Chelios is also the record-holder for most career postseason losses, with 117 (also the most in any professional sport in North America).", "Chelios is also the record-holder for most career postseason losses, with 117 (also the most in any professional sport in North America). However, he only lost one Game 7 in his career, a 3-2 OT loss in the 1985 Adams Division Finals against the Nordiques.", "However, he only lost one Game 7 in his career, a 3-2 OT loss in the 1985 Adams Division Finals against the Nordiques. In 2017, Chelios was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Chelios is of Greek heritage.", "Chelios is of Greek heritage. Chelios is of Greek heritage. His cousin, Nikos Tselios, also played professional hockey and is a former first round draft pick of the Carolina Hurricanes. Chelios was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 8, 2013.", "Chelios was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 8, 2013. Playing career Early years Chelios was born in Chicago, Illinois on January 25, 1962, and raised by his parents, Gus and Susan Chelios. They lived in Evergreen Park, Illinois.", "They lived in Evergreen Park, Illinois. He attended Mount Carmel High School in Chicago until his family moved to Poway, California, where he attended Mira Mesa High School. Unable to play high school hockey in Southern California, Chelios was not recruited by any U.S. colleges.", "Unable to play high school hockey in Southern California, Chelios was not recruited by any U.S. colleges. His only scholarship offer came from San Diego-based United States International University, the only NCAA Division I hockey team west of the Rockies.", "His only scholarship offer came from San Diego-based United States International University, the only NCAA Division I hockey team west of the Rockies. However, when Chelios arrived on campus as a freshman in 1979, he soon realized he was in the wrong environment, facing bigger players with considerably more junior hockey experience.", "However, when Chelios arrived on campus as a freshman in 1979, he soon realized he was in the wrong environment, facing bigger players with considerably more junior hockey experience. He was eventually cut from the team and considered quitting hockey.", "He was eventually cut from the team and considered quitting hockey. Instead, Chelios tried his luck in Canada, where he was twice cut by Junior B teams and hit a low point when he had to borrow money from strangers to get home to California one year.", "Instead, Chelios tried his luck in Canada, where he was twice cut by Junior B teams and hit a low point when he had to borrow money from strangers to get home to California one year. He said, \"I wasn't any bigger or any better than the other guys, so they weren't going to take a kid from the States when they could have a local guy.\"", "He said, \"I wasn't any bigger or any better than the other guys, so they weren't going to take a kid from the States when they could have a local guy.\" Chelios returned home and grew three inches while adding 40 pounds of muscle.", "Chelios returned home and grew three inches while adding 40 pounds of muscle. He was then drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft.", "He was then drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft. Prior to that, he played for the Moose Jaw Canucks of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, where he tallied 87 points and 175 penalty minutes in just 54 games in his final season.", "Prior to that, he played for the Moose Jaw Canucks of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, where he tallied 87 points and 175 penalty minutes in just 54 games in his final season. Chelios then enjoyed two strong years playing for the Wisconsin Badgers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison after being drafted.", "Chelios then enjoyed two strong years playing for the Wisconsin Badgers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison after being drafted. As one of the top collegiate players in the country, he was selected for the United States team at the 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship.", "As one of the top collegiate players in the country, he was selected for the United States team at the 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship. In 1983, he was part of the Badgers' NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship team and was named to the all-tournament team and the second WCHA all-star team.", "In 1983, he was part of the Badgers' NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship team and was named to the all-tournament team and the second WCHA all-star team. Chelios was a member of the U.S. team for the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia.", "Chelios was a member of the U.S. team for the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. After that, he made his debut for the Canadiens, playing 12 games in the regular season and 15 in the playoffs. That summer he joined the U.S. team at the 1984 Canada Cup.", "That summer he joined the U.S. team at the 1984 Canada Cup. Montreal Canadiens (1984–1990) In 1984, Chelios made the Montreal Canadiens for good, distinguishing himself with his play. During his early days, he was known for his offensive abilities, and his teammates even called him \"Soft Hands Chelios.\"", "During his early days, he was known for his offensive abilities, and his teammates even called him \"Soft Hands Chelios.\" He earned a trip to the National Hockey League All-Star Game and was named to the 1985 NHL All-Rookie Team.", "He earned a trip to the National Hockey League All-Star Game and was named to the 1985 NHL All-Rookie Team. He scored 64 points in 74 games, a high total for a defenseman even in the high-scoring 1980s, and finished second to Mario Lemieux for the Calder Memorial Trophy.", "He scored 64 points in 74 games, a high total for a defenseman even in the high-scoring 1980s, and finished second to Mario Lemieux for the Calder Memorial Trophy. In the playoffs that year, he had 10 points in 9 games, with a +17 plus/minus.", "In the playoffs that year, he had 10 points in 9 games, with a +17 plus/minus. Although he only played 41 games in the 1985–86 season, he won his first Stanley Cup, playing in front of Conn Smythe Trophy-winning goaltender Patrick Roy.", "Although he only played 41 games in the 1985–86 season, he won his first Stanley Cup, playing in front of Conn Smythe Trophy-winning goaltender Patrick Roy. Following two more good seasons in Montreal, Chelios really broke out in the 1988–89 campaign.", "Following two more good seasons in Montreal, Chelios really broke out in the 1988–89 campaign. He scored 73 points in 80 games at +35, was named to the All-Star First-Team, and won his first James Norris Memorial Trophy.", "He scored 73 points in 80 games at +35, was named to the All-Star First-Team, and won his first James Norris Memorial Trophy. During that year's Wales Conference (now Eastern Conference) Finals series against the Philadelphia Flyers (which the Canadiens won in six games), Chelios became reviled by Flyer fans for a dirty hit on Brian Propp that left the Philadelphia winger with a serious concussion and forced him to miss the next game.", "During that year's Wales Conference (now Eastern Conference) Finals series against the Philadelphia Flyers (which the Canadiens won in six games), Chelios became reviled by Flyer fans for a dirty hit on Brian Propp that left the Philadelphia winger with a serious concussion and forced him to miss the next game. The Flyers did not retaliate against Chelios until their fate was sealed late in Game 6; Flyers goaltender Ron Hextall memorably skated out of his net to attack Chelios, earning him a 12-game suspension.", "The Flyers did not retaliate against Chelios until their fate was sealed late in Game 6; Flyers goaltender Ron Hextall memorably skated out of his net to attack Chelios, earning him a 12-game suspension. After playing only 53 games the following season (in which he served as Canadiens' co-captain, with Guy Carbonneau, making Chelios the first non-Canadian player to captain the Canadiens), Chelios was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks on June 29, 1990 with a 2nd-round draft pick for Denis Savard.", "After playing only 53 games the following season (in which he served as Canadiens' co-captain, with Guy Carbonneau, making Chelios the first non-Canadian player to captain the Canadiens), Chelios was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks on June 29, 1990 with a 2nd-round draft pick for Denis Savard. The trade occurred one day after Chelios was accused of fighting with two police officers as they tried to arrest him for urinating in public outside a bar in downtown Madison, Wisconsin, according to a criminal complaint.", "The trade occurred one day after Chelios was accused of fighting with two police officers as they tried to arrest him for urinating in public outside a bar in downtown Madison, Wisconsin, according to a criminal complaint. Chicago Blackhawks (1990–1999) In his first season with Chicago, Chelios continued to score at his usual rate, tallying 64 points, and earned a spot on the Second NHL All-Star Team.", "Chicago Blackhawks (1990–1999) In his first season with Chicago, Chelios continued to score at his usual rate, tallying 64 points, and earned a spot on the Second NHL All-Star Team. He helped lead the Blackhawks to the Stanley Cup Final in 1992, where they were swept by the Pittsburgh Penguins.", "He helped lead the Blackhawks to the Stanley Cup Final in 1992, where they were swept by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He was in top form for the 1992–93 season, scoring 73 points and winning his second James Norris Memorial Trophy.", "He was in top form for the 1992–93 season, scoring 73 points and winning his second James Norris Memorial Trophy. His Norris Trophy-winning play, which some sports reporters referred to as \"Sweet\", earned him the nickname \"Honey Nut\".", "His Norris Trophy-winning play, which some sports reporters referred to as \"Sweet\", earned him the nickname \"Honey Nut\". The nickname derives from his name being spelled and pronounced similarly to the famous breakfast cereal, Honey Nut Cheerios. During the 1994–95 NHL lockout he played for EHC Biel in the Swiss National League A.", "During the 1994–95 NHL lockout he played for EHC Biel in the Swiss National League A. For the 1995–96 season, Chelios was named captain of the Blackhawks, a role he served in until 1999. He enjoyed another fine season, scoring 72 points and winning his third James Norris Memorial Trophy.", "He enjoyed another fine season, scoring 72 points and winning his third James Norris Memorial Trophy. In the summer of 1996, he helped lead the United States to its biggest international hockey win since the 1980 Winter Olympics, as the Americans defeated Canada in the 1996 World Cup of Hockey. Chelios was named to the All-Tournament Team.", "Chelios was named to the All-Tournament Team. Detroit Red Wings (1999–2009) At 37, Chelios could still help teams with his veteran leadership and his largely remaining talent. On March 23, 1999, he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings for Anders Eriksson and two first-round draft picks.", "On March 23, 1999, he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings for Anders Eriksson and two first-round draft picks. The move to Detroit, where he had fewer responsibilities and more skilled teammates, helped keep Chelios playing at close to his peak level.", "The move to Detroit, where he had fewer responsibilities and more skilled teammates, helped keep Chelios playing at close to his peak level. In 2002, his +40 plus/minus led the league, and he was again named to the First All-Star Team.", "In 2002, his +40 plus/minus led the league, and he was again named to the First All-Star Team. He also led the United States hockey team to a silver medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics, and was named to the Tournament's All-Star Team.", "He also led the United States hockey team to a silver medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics, and was named to the Tournament's All-Star Team. His season culminated in the Red Wings' victory over the Carolina Hurricanes in the Stanley Cup Finals, giving Chelios his second Stanley Cup.", "His season culminated in the Red Wings' victory over the Carolina Hurricanes in the Stanley Cup Finals, giving Chelios his second Stanley Cup. In 2004, because of the cancellation of the NHL season, Chelios, along with fellow Red Wing teammates Derian Hatcher and Kris Draper, decided to play hockey for the Motor City Mechanics, a UHL team based out of Fraser, Michigan.", "In 2004, because of the cancellation of the NHL season, Chelios, along with fellow Red Wing teammates Derian Hatcher and Kris Draper, decided to play hockey for the Motor City Mechanics, a UHL team based out of Fraser, Michigan. He was heavily criticized for this decision as the UHL has a maximum salary in place, but at the same time he was strongly against a salary cap in the NHL.", "He was heavily criticized for this decision as the UHL has a maximum salary in place, but at the same time he was strongly against a salary cap in the NHL. In October 2004 he trained with the U.S. bobsled federation in a bid to compete for the Greek bobsled team at the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "In October 2004 he trained with the U.S. bobsled federation in a bid to compete for the Greek bobsled team at the 2006 Winter Olympics. While Chelios didn't compete in the bobsled, he did captain the USA hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.", "While Chelios didn't compete in the bobsled, he did captain the USA hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. On August 4, 2005, the 43-year-old re-signed with the Red Wings for a one-year contract. On May 24, 2006, Chelios re-signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Red Wings.", "On May 24, 2006, Chelios re-signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Red Wings. On July 3, 2006, Chelios became the active leader for most games played upon the retirement of teammate Steve Yzerman.", "On July 3, 2006, Chelios became the active leader for most games played upon the retirement of teammate Steve Yzerman. On April 21, 2007, he became the oldest defenseman to score a short-handed goal in the NHL in a playoff game against the Calgary Flames.", "On April 21, 2007, he became the oldest defenseman to score a short-handed goal in the NHL in a playoff game against the Calgary Flames. Chelios was the captain of the US Olympic Hockey Team that played at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy.", "Chelios was the captain of the US Olympic Hockey Team that played at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy. By participating in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Chelios set a new standard, by becoming the first player to take part in an Olympic ice hockey tournament, twenty-two years after he played in his first.", "By participating in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Chelios set a new standard, by becoming the first player to take part in an Olympic ice hockey tournament, twenty-two years after he played in his first. The old record was set by Swiss hockey player Bibi Torriani who had played twenty years after his debut (1928 and 1948).", "The old record was set by Swiss hockey player Bibi Torriani who had played twenty years after his debut (1928 and 1948). Chelios re-signed with the Detroit Red Wings for the 2007–08 season.", "Chelios re-signed with the Detroit Red Wings for the 2007–08 season. On January 8, 2008, Chelios became the second oldest player in the history of the NHL, at 45 years, 348 days, passing Moe Roberts. Only Gordie Howe, who played until age 52, was older.", "Only Gordie Howe, who played until age 52, was older. On April 12, 2008, Chelios played in his 248th playoff game, breaking the NHL record set by Hall of Fame goaltender Patrick Roy. Later that season, Chelios also became the oldest active player to win the Stanley Cup.", "Later that season, Chelios also became the oldest active player to win the Stanley Cup. Chelios signed another one-year contract with the Red Wings for the 2008–09 season.", "Chelios signed another one-year contract with the Red Wings for the 2008–09 season. On December 5, 2008, Chelios played in his first of two games for the Grand Rapids Griffins, the American Hockey League (AHL) farm club for the Red Wings, as part of a conditioning stint.", "On December 5, 2008, Chelios played in his first of two games for the Grand Rapids Griffins, the American Hockey League (AHL) farm club for the Red Wings, as part of a conditioning stint. At 46 years of age, he became the oldest player in the 73-year history of the AHL.", "At 46 years of age, he became the oldest player in the 73-year history of the AHL. At the conclusion of the 2008–09 season, Chelios was a finalist for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy.", "At the conclusion of the 2008–09 season, Chelios was a finalist for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy. Chicago Wolves and Atlanta Thrashers After the Red Wings announced that they would not be re-signing Chelios, he signed a 25-game pro tryout contract with the Chicago Wolves.", "Chicago Wolves and Atlanta Thrashers After the Red Wings announced that they would not be re-signing Chelios, he signed a 25-game pro tryout contract with the Chicago Wolves. After a second 25-game pro tryout contract with the Wolves, Chelios signed a two-way contract with the Atlanta Thrashers.", "After a second 25-game pro tryout contract with the Wolves, Chelios signed a two-way contract with the Atlanta Thrashers. Chelios remained with the Wolves until he was recalled to the Thrashers, hoping that he could provide a spark for the team's playoff hopes. He played in seven games for the Thrashers, but failed to record any points.", "He played in seven games for the Thrashers, but failed to record any points. On April 7, 2010, Chelios was sent back to the Wolves. Retirement, transition to Wings front office, and broadcasting On August 31, 2010, Chelios officially retired. He was 48 years of age.", "He was 48 years of age. The same day, Red Wings general manager Ken Holland announced that Chelios would be hired to work in the Red Wings' front office. He was named Adviser to Hockey Operations, with a role of working with Red Wings' defense prospects in Grand Rapids.", "He was named Adviser to Hockey Operations, with a role of working with Red Wings' defense prospects in Grand Rapids. In 2013, it was announced that Chelios would become an NHL analyst on FS1, which also included covering the hockey tournament in the 2014 Winter Olympics.", "In 2013, it was announced that Chelios would become an NHL analyst on FS1, which also included covering the hockey tournament in the 2014 Winter Olympics. In 2016, Chelios, along with former Red Wings teammate Brett Hull, was added to ESPN’s roster of analysts for their coverage of the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, which ESPN had picked up the U.S. broadcast rights to, after NBC pulled out due to scheduling conflicts.", "In 2016, Chelios, along with former Red Wings teammate Brett Hull, was added to ESPN’s roster of analysts for their coverage of the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, which ESPN had picked up the U.S. broadcast rights to, after NBC pulled out due to scheduling conflicts. In July 2018, Chelios announced that he was leaving the Detroit area, and the Red Wings front office, to return to Chicago to be close to his family.", "In July 2018, Chelios announced that he was leaving the Detroit area, and the Red Wings front office, to return to Chicago to be close to his family. At the same time, the Chicago Blackhawks announced that Chelios was being brought on board to serve as an ambassador for the franchise.", "At the same time, the Chicago Blackhawks announced that Chelios was being brought on board to serve as an ambassador for the franchise. In 2021, after ESPN regained the rights to broadcast the NHL, Chelios rejoined the network for their coverage.", "In 2021, after ESPN regained the rights to broadcast the NHL, Chelios rejoined the network for their coverage. Chelios serves the same studio analyst role he held for the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, and sits alongside Barry Melrose and Mark Messier, joining Steve Levy for games on ESPN, ABC, and ESPN+.", "Chelios serves the same studio analyst role he held for the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, and sits alongside Barry Melrose and Mark Messier, joining Steve Levy for games on ESPN, ABC, and ESPN+. Coaching career On June 17, 2015, USA Hockey named Chelios an assistant coach for Team USA at the 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.", "Coaching career On June 17, 2015, USA Hockey named Chelios an assistant coach for Team USA at the 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. On June 23, 2015, Chelios was named to the Red Wings coaching staff, where he will continue to play a role in player development, by working on-ice with the team's defensemen during practices.", "On June 23, 2015, Chelios was named to the Red Wings coaching staff, where he will continue to play a role in player development, by working on-ice with the team's defensemen during practices. His job involved evaluating in-game player performance and offering his insight and observations to Red Wings bench coaches.", "His job involved evaluating in-game player performance and offering his insight and observations to Red Wings bench coaches. He would also attend all home games, and on occasion, join the club on the road.", "He would also attend all home games, and on occasion, join the club on the road. International play Chelios has participated in 11 international tournaments for the United States: 1980 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 1984 Winter Olympics 1984 Canada Cup 1987 Canada Cup 1991 Canada Cup 1996 World Cup of Hockey (alternate captain) 1998 Winter Olympics (captain) 2002 Winter Olympics (captain) 2004 World Cup of Hockey (captain) 2006 Winter Olympics (captain) In 2020, Chelios was named into the IIHF All-Time USA Team.", "International play Chelios has participated in 11 international tournaments for the United States: 1980 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 1984 Winter Olympics 1984 Canada Cup 1987 Canada Cup 1991 Canada Cup 1996 World Cup of Hockey (alternate captain) 1998 Winter Olympics (captain) 2002 Winter Olympics (captain) 2004 World Cup of Hockey (captain) 2006 Winter Olympics (captain) In 2020, Chelios was named into the IIHF All-Time USA Team. Personal life Chelios grew up in Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Constantine \"Gus\" Chelios, owned a chain of Greek restaurants.", "Personal life Chelios grew up in Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Constantine \"Gus\" Chelios, owned a chain of Greek restaurants. The family name was originally \"Tselios\", but Gus chose to change the family's spelling.", "The family name was originally \"Tselios\", but Gus chose to change the family's spelling. The family moved to Poway, California, in 1977, when his father left his struggling business in Chicago to open a restaurant in the San Diego area.", "The family moved to Poway, California, in 1977, when his father left his struggling business in Chicago to open a restaurant in the San Diego area. He was a Chicago Blackhawks fan during his childhood but was more focused on football, idolizing Chicago Bears linebacker Dick Butkus.", "He was a Chicago Blackhawks fan during his childhood but was more focused on football, idolizing Chicago Bears linebacker Dick Butkus. Chelios attended Mount Carmel High School (Chicago) before his family moved west, and then finished prep studies at Mira Mesa Senior High School in San Diego. Chelios and his wife Tracee were married in 1987.", "Chelios and his wife Tracee were married in 1987. They met while students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. They have four children: Dean (born 1989), Jake (born 1991), Caley (born 1993), and Tara (born 1996).", "They have four children: Dean (born 1989), Jake (born 1991), Caley (born 1993), and Tara (born 1996). Dean Chelios, a forward, scored a pair of power play goals to help his Cranbrook-Kingswood high school team win the 2006 Division III Michigan state high school hockey championship.", "Dean Chelios, a forward, scored a pair of power play goals to help his Cranbrook-Kingswood high school team win the 2006 Division III Michigan state high school hockey championship. Dean played for the Chicago Steel of the USHL in Bensenville, Illinois, and last played in 2016 for the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL.", "Dean played for the Chicago Steel of the USHL in Bensenville, Illinois, and last played in 2016 for the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL. In May 2009, Jake was drafted by 49th overall by the Chicago Steel, and joined his brother at Michigan State.", "In May 2009, Jake was drafted by 49th overall by the Chicago Steel, and joined his brother at Michigan State. Jake is a defenseman, like his father, and currently plays with the Grand Rapids Griffins in the Detroit Red Wings organization. Caley graduated from Northwestern University and is currently a reporter for the Chicago Blackhawks.", "Caley graduated from Northwestern University and is currently a reporter for the Chicago Blackhawks. Chelios was very active in charitable causes during his playing time in Chicago, founding Cheli's Children.\" Chris is the older brother of former minor-leaguer Steve Chelios, and cousin of former NHL player Nikos Tselios.", "Chris is the older brother of former minor-leaguer Steve Chelios, and cousin of former NHL player Nikos Tselios. Through his career, Chelios has befriended many non-hockey athletes and entertainers. In 2004, he and surfer Laird Hamilton trained with the U.S. bobsled team and hoped to form the first Greek bobsled team at the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "In 2004, he and surfer Laird Hamilton trained with the U.S. bobsled team and hoped to form the first Greek bobsled team at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Chelios and his family can be found Stand up paddle surfing with Hamilton. Chris credits the activity with helping him maintain his long career.", "Chris credits the activity with helping him maintain his long career. On Scrubs, Dr. Perry Cox, played by Chelios' friend John C. McGinley, often wears a Red Wings jersey with Chelios' name and number.", "On Scrubs, Dr. Perry Cox, played by Chelios' friend John C. McGinley, often wears a Red Wings jersey with Chelios' name and number. During the fourth season of the show, which was concurrent with the 2004–05 lockout, Cox was seen on at least one occasion wearing a No.", "During the fourth season of the show, which was concurrent with the 2004–05 lockout, Cox was seen on at least one occasion wearing a No. 24 \"Motor City Mechanics\" jersey.", "24 \"Motor City Mechanics\" jersey. Chelios is also close friends with actors John Cusack and D. B. Sweeney, Pearl Jam frontman Eddie Vedder, Smashing Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan, and musician Kid Rock. Chelios was sitting courtside with Kid Rock during the Pacers-Pistons brawl at the Palace of Auburn Hills on November 19, 2004.", "Chelios was sitting courtside with Kid Rock during the Pacers-Pistons brawl at the Palace of Auburn Hills on November 19, 2004. Chelios and Sweeney are quite close, with the two having appeared together in The Cutting Edge (1992) and Two Tickets to Paradise (2007), in addition to Chelios being the godfather to Sweeney's son, Cade.", "Chelios and Sweeney are quite close, with the two having appeared together in The Cutting Edge (1992) and Two Tickets to Paradise (2007), in addition to Chelios being the godfather to Sweeney's son, Cade. Chelios was a regular at Michigan State University hockey games, cheering on his sons Jake and Dean.", "Chelios was a regular at Michigan State University hockey games, cheering on his sons Jake and Dean. DUI arrest On December 28, 2009, in Westmont, Illinois, Chelios was arrested for driving under the influence. He was the only occupant of the vehicle that was stopped at 4 a.m.", "He was the only occupant of the vehicle that was stopped at 4 a.m. The vehicle was towed and Chelios was taken to the Westmont station, where he was charged, processed, and posted bond. In March 2010, a judge reviewed the video tape of the arrest.", "In March 2010, a judge reviewed the video tape of the arrest. The case was dismissed for lack of probable cause to stop, and evidence the tape provided that Chelios was not impaired. He was however fined for improper lane usage and speeding.", "He was however fined for improper lane usage and speeding. Malibu Mob Chelios maintains a home in Malibu, California, and is well known as a member of the group of celebrity home owners and friends called the Malibu Mob.", "Malibu Mob Chelios maintains a home in Malibu, California, and is well known as a member of the group of celebrity home owners and friends called the Malibu Mob. Other members include tennis great John McEnroe, big-wave surfer Laird Hamilton and his wife beach volleyball pro Gabrielle Reece, musicians Tim Commerford and Kid Rock, and actors John C. McGinley, John Cusack, Kelsey Grammer, Tony Danza, Justin Long, and Ed O'Neill.", "Other members include tennis great John McEnroe, big-wave surfer Laird Hamilton and his wife beach volleyball pro Gabrielle Reece, musicians Tim Commerford and Kid Rock, and actors John C. McGinley, John Cusack, Kelsey Grammer, Tony Danza, Justin Long, and Ed O'Neill. Business Chelios has owned restaurant/bars in both the Chicago and Detroit areas, all under the name Cheli's Chili Bar.", "Business Chelios has owned restaurant/bars in both the Chicago and Detroit areas, all under the name Cheli's Chili Bar. The first operated on West Madison Street in Chicago (near the United Center) in the 1990s, but closed after his move to the Red Wings.", "The first operated on West Madison Street in Chicago (near the United Center) in the 1990s, but closed after his move to the Red Wings. A new Cheli's opened in Dearborn in 2003, followed by a second location in Detroit in 2006 and a third in Clinton Township in 2008.", "A new Cheli's opened in Dearborn in 2003, followed by a second location in Detroit in 2006 and a third in Clinton Township in 2008. All three are now closed, with the Detroit location shuttering in 2018 upon Chelios returning to live in the Windy City.", "All three are now closed, with the Detroit location shuttering in 2018 upon Chelios returning to live in the Windy City. He has indicated a desire to open a new restaurant in the Chicago area.", "He has indicated a desire to open a new restaurant in the Chicago area. On January 2, 2007, two employees of Cheli's in Detroit were fatally stabbed: Megan Soroka, 49, a manager at the restaurant, and Mark Barnard, 52, a chef.", "On January 2, 2007, two employees of Cheli's in Detroit were fatally stabbed: Megan Soroka, 49, a manager at the restaurant, and Mark Barnard, 52, a chef. Police arrested Justin Blackshere, 17, who confessed to the crime. He was a busboy at the restaurant and was fired in November 2006.", "He was a busboy at the restaurant and was fired in November 2006. Blackshere's pregnant girlfriend had also been fired from her job as a dishwasher. Chelios took a leave of absence from the Red Wings to help the families of his murdered employees.", "Chelios took a leave of absence from the Red Wings to help the families of his murdered employees. He said, \"I'll come back when I feel ready and the families feel ready. I'm just going to try to get through this day by day with everybody.\"", "I'm just going to try to get through this day by day with everybody.\" On January 9, 2007, the Red Wings announced that Chelios would be playing that night.", "On January 9, 2007, the Red Wings announced that Chelios would be playing that night. Blackshere was found guilty of murder in the first degree on August 22, 2007 and was sentenced to life in prison without parole on September 7, 2007.", "Blackshere was found guilty of murder in the first degree on August 22, 2007 and was sentenced to life in prison without parole on September 7, 2007. Career statistics Bold italics indicate NHL record Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honors Records NHL Games played in the regular season by a defenseman (1,651) Games played in the playoffs (266) See also List of NHL players with 1,000 games played List of NHL players with 2,000 career penalty minutes References External links Chris Chelios' bio @ hockeydraftcentral.com Chris Chelios: Made in America by Chris Chelios, Kevin Allen 1962 births American expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland American men's ice hockey defensemen American people of Greek descent American restaurateurs Atlanta Thrashers players Businesspeople from Chicago Chicago Blackhawks captains Chicago Blackhawks players Chicago Wolves players Detroit Red Wings coaches Detroit Red Wings personnel Detroit Red Wings players EHC Biel players Grand Rapids Griffins players Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Ice hockey players from Illinois Ice hockey players at the 1984 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics IIHF Hall of Fame inductees James Norris Memorial Trophy winners Living people Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Montreal Canadiens draft picks Montreal Canadiens players Moose Jaw Canucks players National Hockey League All-Stars Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey People from Evergreen Park, Illinois Stanley Cup champions United States men's national ice hockey team coaches Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey players NCAA men's ice hockey national champions" ]

[ "Chris Chelios", "Montreal Canadiens (1984-1990)", "Who were the Montreal Canadiens?", "I don't know.", "What were the Montreal Canadiens?", "play.", "Can you tell me some interesting aspects about this article?", "During his early days, Chelios was known for his offensive abilities," ]

[ "Bryan Stinespring (born October 12, 1963) is an American football coach. He is the assistant head coach and offensive line coach at the University of Delaware. Stinespring was the run game coordinator and offensive line coach at James Madison University from 2016 to 2017. He was previously the tight ends coach (1993–1997, 2006–2015) and recruiting coordinator for the Virginia Tech Hokies football program. He was a full-time member of head coach Frank Beamer's staff from 1993-2015. Throughout his tenure in Blacksburg, Stinespring held a number of other positions including offensive line coach (1993–2005), recruiting coordinator (1994–2001), assistant head coach (2001) and offensive coordinator (2002–2012).\n\nFollowing Beamer's retirement at the end of the 2015 season, Stinespring joined the staff at his alma mater James Madison where he served as offensive line coach and run-game coordinator.\n\nCriticism\nStinespring had faced criticism from the fans and a player for offensive output during his time as offensive coordinator, which compares poorly with that of his predecessors under Frank Beamer.\n\nIn 2008, sports columnist Norm Wood has commented that Stinespring's offensive production in recent years has been \"abysmal\", and that he heard fans chanting \"Fire Stinespring\" before one home game.\n \nWhile Stinespring faced criticism for offensive production, he has also been praised for his abilities as a recruiter. Players have also expressed their appreciation for Stinespring as a personal coach, and for his ability to recruit talented new players to the school.\n\nStatistics\nBelow are Virginia Tech's offensive statistics during Stinespring's time as offensive coordinator.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Old Dominion profile\n\n1963 births\nLiving people\nJames Madison Dukes football coaches\nJames Madison Dukes football players\nOld Dominion Monarchs football coaches\nVirginia Tech Hokies football coaches\nHigh school football coaches in Virginia\nPeople from Clifton Forge, Virginia", "Steve Myhra (April 2, 1934 – August 4, 1994) was a professional American football player who played offensive line and placekicker for six seasons for the Baltimore Colts.\n\nFootball career\n\nAfter playing at the University of North Dakota, Myhra was drafted in the 12th round of the 1956 NFL Draft by the Colts as an offensive guard and linebacker. In 1957, Myhra became the Colts' placekicker, and was successful on 88% of his extra point attempts (14 of 16) and 4 of 6 on field goals. The next season, Myhra was only 4 for 10 on field goal attempts, which many have speculated may be why Johnny Unitas and the Colts went for the touchdown in overtime of the championship game rather than line up for a game-winning field goal attempt.\n\nMyhra is known for kicking the game-tying field goal for the Baltimore Colts with seven seconds to go in the fourth quarter of the 1958 NFL Championship Game. His field goal pushed the game into overtime, marking the first occasion in professional football history that any game had moved into an extra period. The game was eventually won by the Colts on a touchdown by Alan Ameche, and has since become referred to as \"The Greatest Game Ever Played\".\n\nMyhra kicked for the Colts for three more seasons. He finished 180 for 189 on extra points, and 41 for 91 on field goal attempts.\n\nPersonal\nMyhra died of a heart attack in 1994 at age 60.\n\nReferences\n\n1934 births\n1994 deaths\nPeople from Wahpeton, North Dakota\nPeople from Richland County, North Dakota\nPlayers of American football from North Dakota\nAmerican football offensive linemen\nAmerican football placekickers\nNorth Dakota Fighting Hawks football players\nBaltimore Colts players" ]

[ "Christos Kostas Chelios (born January 25, 1962) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He was one of the longest tenured players in the National Hockey League, and is a three-time Stanley Cup champion—one with the Montreal Canadiens and two with the Detroit Red Wings.", "He was one of the longest tenured players in the National Hockey League, and is a three-time Stanley Cup champion—one with the Montreal Canadiens and two with the Detroit Red Wings. Chelios played for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, and the Atlanta Thrashers.", "Chelios played for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, and the Atlanta Thrashers. When he was called up from the AHL's Chicago Wolves to play for the Thrashers during the 2009–10 NHL season, Chelios was the oldest active player in the NHL and the second oldest of all time, had played the most games of any active player in the NHL, was the last player from the 1981 NHL Entry Draft still active (or any draft from 1986 and earlier), and had the most career penalty minutes of any active player.", "When he was called up from the AHL's Chicago Wolves to play for the Thrashers during the 2009–10 NHL season, Chelios was the oldest active player in the NHL and the second oldest of all time, had played the most games of any active player in the NHL, was the last player from the 1981 NHL Entry Draft still active (or any draft from 1986 and earlier), and had the most career penalty minutes of any active player. Chelios formerly the record-holder for most games played in the NHL by a defenseman, is eighth overall with 1,651 games played, holds the record for most career playoff games played with 266 and is tied with Gordie Howe for most NHL seasons played with 26.", "Chelios formerly the record-holder for most games played in the NHL by a defenseman, is eighth overall with 1,651 games played, holds the record for most career playoff games played with 266 and is tied with Gordie Howe for most NHL seasons played with 26. On May 1, 2009, he appeared in the playoffs for an NHL record 24th time, having missed the playoffs only once (1997–98).", "On May 1, 2009, he appeared in the playoffs for an NHL record 24th time, having missed the playoffs only once (1997–98). Chelios is also the record-holder for most career postseason losses, with 117 (also the most in any professional sport in North America).", "Chelios is also the record-holder for most career postseason losses, with 117 (also the most in any professional sport in North America). However, he only lost one Game 7 in his career, a 3-2 OT loss in the 1985 Adams Division Finals against the Nordiques.", "However, he only lost one Game 7 in his career, a 3-2 OT loss in the 1985 Adams Division Finals against the Nordiques. In 2017, Chelios was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Chelios is of Greek heritage.", "Chelios is of Greek heritage. Chelios is of Greek heritage. His cousin, Nikos Tselios, also played professional hockey and is a former first round draft pick of the Carolina Hurricanes. Chelios was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 8, 2013.", "Chelios was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 8, 2013. Playing career Early years Chelios was born in Chicago, Illinois on January 25, 1962, and raised by his parents, Gus and Susan Chelios. They lived in Evergreen Park, Illinois.", "They lived in Evergreen Park, Illinois. He attended Mount Carmel High School in Chicago until his family moved to Poway, California, where he attended Mira Mesa High School. Unable to play high school hockey in Southern California, Chelios was not recruited by any U.S. colleges.", "Unable to play high school hockey in Southern California, Chelios was not recruited by any U.S. colleges. His only scholarship offer came from San Diego-based United States International University, the only NCAA Division I hockey team west of the Rockies.", "His only scholarship offer came from San Diego-based United States International University, the only NCAA Division I hockey team west of the Rockies. However, when Chelios arrived on campus as a freshman in 1979, he soon realized he was in the wrong environment, facing bigger players with considerably more junior hockey experience.", "However, when Chelios arrived on campus as a freshman in 1979, he soon realized he was in the wrong environment, facing bigger players with considerably more junior hockey experience. He was eventually cut from the team and considered quitting hockey.", "He was eventually cut from the team and considered quitting hockey. Instead, Chelios tried his luck in Canada, where he was twice cut by Junior B teams and hit a low point when he had to borrow money from strangers to get home to California one year.", "Instead, Chelios tried his luck in Canada, where he was twice cut by Junior B teams and hit a low point when he had to borrow money from strangers to get home to California one year. He said, \"I wasn't any bigger or any better than the other guys, so they weren't going to take a kid from the States when they could have a local guy.\"", "He said, \"I wasn't any bigger or any better than the other guys, so they weren't going to take a kid from the States when they could have a local guy.\" Chelios returned home and grew three inches while adding 40 pounds of muscle.", "Chelios returned home and grew three inches while adding 40 pounds of muscle. He was then drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft.", "He was then drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft. Prior to that, he played for the Moose Jaw Canucks of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, where he tallied 87 points and 175 penalty minutes in just 54 games in his final season.", "Prior to that, he played for the Moose Jaw Canucks of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, where he tallied 87 points and 175 penalty minutes in just 54 games in his final season. Chelios then enjoyed two strong years playing for the Wisconsin Badgers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison after being drafted.", "Chelios then enjoyed two strong years playing for the Wisconsin Badgers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison after being drafted. As one of the top collegiate players in the country, he was selected for the United States team at the 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship.", "As one of the top collegiate players in the country, he was selected for the United States team at the 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship. In 1983, he was part of the Badgers' NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship team and was named to the all-tournament team and the second WCHA all-star team.", "In 1983, he was part of the Badgers' NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship team and was named to the all-tournament team and the second WCHA all-star team. Chelios was a member of the U.S. team for the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia.", "Chelios was a member of the U.S. team for the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. After that, he made his debut for the Canadiens, playing 12 games in the regular season and 15 in the playoffs. That summer he joined the U.S. team at the 1984 Canada Cup.", "That summer he joined the U.S. team at the 1984 Canada Cup. Montreal Canadiens (1984–1990) In 1984, Chelios made the Montreal Canadiens for good, distinguishing himself with his play. During his early days, he was known for his offensive abilities, and his teammates even called him \"Soft Hands Chelios.\"", "During his early days, he was known for his offensive abilities, and his teammates even called him \"Soft Hands Chelios.\" He earned a trip to the National Hockey League All-Star Game and was named to the 1985 NHL All-Rookie Team.", "He earned a trip to the National Hockey League All-Star Game and was named to the 1985 NHL All-Rookie Team. He scored 64 points in 74 games, a high total for a defenseman even in the high-scoring 1980s, and finished second to Mario Lemieux for the Calder Memorial Trophy.", "He scored 64 points in 74 games, a high total for a defenseman even in the high-scoring 1980s, and finished second to Mario Lemieux for the Calder Memorial Trophy. In the playoffs that year, he had 10 points in 9 games, with a +17 plus/minus.", "In the playoffs that year, he had 10 points in 9 games, with a +17 plus/minus. Although he only played 41 games in the 1985–86 season, he won his first Stanley Cup, playing in front of Conn Smythe Trophy-winning goaltender Patrick Roy.", "Although he only played 41 games in the 1985–86 season, he won his first Stanley Cup, playing in front of Conn Smythe Trophy-winning goaltender Patrick Roy. Following two more good seasons in Montreal, Chelios really broke out in the 1988–89 campaign.", "Following two more good seasons in Montreal, Chelios really broke out in the 1988–89 campaign. He scored 73 points in 80 games at +35, was named to the All-Star First-Team, and won his first James Norris Memorial Trophy.", "He scored 73 points in 80 games at +35, was named to the All-Star First-Team, and won his first James Norris Memorial Trophy. During that year's Wales Conference (now Eastern Conference) Finals series against the Philadelphia Flyers (which the Canadiens won in six games), Chelios became reviled by Flyer fans for a dirty hit on Brian Propp that left the Philadelphia winger with a serious concussion and forced him to miss the next game.", "During that year's Wales Conference (now Eastern Conference) Finals series against the Philadelphia Flyers (which the Canadiens won in six games), Chelios became reviled by Flyer fans for a dirty hit on Brian Propp that left the Philadelphia winger with a serious concussion and forced him to miss the next game. The Flyers did not retaliate against Chelios until their fate was sealed late in Game 6; Flyers goaltender Ron Hextall memorably skated out of his net to attack Chelios, earning him a 12-game suspension.", "The Flyers did not retaliate against Chelios until their fate was sealed late in Game 6; Flyers goaltender Ron Hextall memorably skated out of his net to attack Chelios, earning him a 12-game suspension. After playing only 53 games the following season (in which he served as Canadiens' co-captain, with Guy Carbonneau, making Chelios the first non-Canadian player to captain the Canadiens), Chelios was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks on June 29, 1990 with a 2nd-round draft pick for Denis Savard.", "After playing only 53 games the following season (in which he served as Canadiens' co-captain, with Guy Carbonneau, making Chelios the first non-Canadian player to captain the Canadiens), Chelios was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks on June 29, 1990 with a 2nd-round draft pick for Denis Savard. The trade occurred one day after Chelios was accused of fighting with two police officers as they tried to arrest him for urinating in public outside a bar in downtown Madison, Wisconsin, according to a criminal complaint.", "The trade occurred one day after Chelios was accused of fighting with two police officers as they tried to arrest him for urinating in public outside a bar in downtown Madison, Wisconsin, according to a criminal complaint. Chicago Blackhawks (1990–1999) In his first season with Chicago, Chelios continued to score at his usual rate, tallying 64 points, and earned a spot on the Second NHL All-Star Team.", "Chicago Blackhawks (1990–1999) In his first season with Chicago, Chelios continued to score at his usual rate, tallying 64 points, and earned a spot on the Second NHL All-Star Team. He helped lead the Blackhawks to the Stanley Cup Final in 1992, where they were swept by the Pittsburgh Penguins.", "He helped lead the Blackhawks to the Stanley Cup Final in 1992, where they were swept by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He was in top form for the 1992–93 season, scoring 73 points and winning his second James Norris Memorial Trophy.", "He was in top form for the 1992–93 season, scoring 73 points and winning his second James Norris Memorial Trophy. His Norris Trophy-winning play, which some sports reporters referred to as \"Sweet\", earned him the nickname \"Honey Nut\".", "His Norris Trophy-winning play, which some sports reporters referred to as \"Sweet\", earned him the nickname \"Honey Nut\". The nickname derives from his name being spelled and pronounced similarly to the famous breakfast cereal, Honey Nut Cheerios. During the 1994–95 NHL lockout he played for EHC Biel in the Swiss National League A.", "During the 1994–95 NHL lockout he played for EHC Biel in the Swiss National League A. For the 1995–96 season, Chelios was named captain of the Blackhawks, a role he served in until 1999. He enjoyed another fine season, scoring 72 points and winning his third James Norris Memorial Trophy.", "He enjoyed another fine season, scoring 72 points and winning his third James Norris Memorial Trophy. In the summer of 1996, he helped lead the United States to its biggest international hockey win since the 1980 Winter Olympics, as the Americans defeated Canada in the 1996 World Cup of Hockey. Chelios was named to the All-Tournament Team.", "Chelios was named to the All-Tournament Team. Detroit Red Wings (1999–2009) At 37, Chelios could still help teams with his veteran leadership and his largely remaining talent. On March 23, 1999, he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings for Anders Eriksson and two first-round draft picks.", "On March 23, 1999, he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings for Anders Eriksson and two first-round draft picks. The move to Detroit, where he had fewer responsibilities and more skilled teammates, helped keep Chelios playing at close to his peak level.", "The move to Detroit, where he had fewer responsibilities and more skilled teammates, helped keep Chelios playing at close to his peak level. In 2002, his +40 plus/minus led the league, and he was again named to the First All-Star Team.", "In 2002, his +40 plus/minus led the league, and he was again named to the First All-Star Team. He also led the United States hockey team to a silver medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics, and was named to the Tournament's All-Star Team.", "He also led the United States hockey team to a silver medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics, and was named to the Tournament's All-Star Team. His season culminated in the Red Wings' victory over the Carolina Hurricanes in the Stanley Cup Finals, giving Chelios his second Stanley Cup.", "His season culminated in the Red Wings' victory over the Carolina Hurricanes in the Stanley Cup Finals, giving Chelios his second Stanley Cup. In 2004, because of the cancellation of the NHL season, Chelios, along with fellow Red Wing teammates Derian Hatcher and Kris Draper, decided to play hockey for the Motor City Mechanics, a UHL team based out of Fraser, Michigan.", "In 2004, because of the cancellation of the NHL season, Chelios, along with fellow Red Wing teammates Derian Hatcher and Kris Draper, decided to play hockey for the Motor City Mechanics, a UHL team based out of Fraser, Michigan. He was heavily criticized for this decision as the UHL has a maximum salary in place, but at the same time he was strongly against a salary cap in the NHL.", "He was heavily criticized for this decision as the UHL has a maximum salary in place, but at the same time he was strongly against a salary cap in the NHL. In October 2004 he trained with the U.S. bobsled federation in a bid to compete for the Greek bobsled team at the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "In October 2004 he trained with the U.S. bobsled federation in a bid to compete for the Greek bobsled team at the 2006 Winter Olympics. While Chelios didn't compete in the bobsled, he did captain the USA hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.", "While Chelios didn't compete in the bobsled, he did captain the USA hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. On August 4, 2005, the 43-year-old re-signed with the Red Wings for a one-year contract. On May 24, 2006, Chelios re-signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Red Wings.", "On May 24, 2006, Chelios re-signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Red Wings. On July 3, 2006, Chelios became the active leader for most games played upon the retirement of teammate Steve Yzerman.", "On July 3, 2006, Chelios became the active leader for most games played upon the retirement of teammate Steve Yzerman. On April 21, 2007, he became the oldest defenseman to score a short-handed goal in the NHL in a playoff game against the Calgary Flames.", "On April 21, 2007, he became the oldest defenseman to score a short-handed goal in the NHL in a playoff game against the Calgary Flames. Chelios was the captain of the US Olympic Hockey Team that played at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy.", "Chelios was the captain of the US Olympic Hockey Team that played at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy. By participating in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Chelios set a new standard, by becoming the first player to take part in an Olympic ice hockey tournament, twenty-two years after he played in his first.", "By participating in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Chelios set a new standard, by becoming the first player to take part in an Olympic ice hockey tournament, twenty-two years after he played in his first. The old record was set by Swiss hockey player Bibi Torriani who had played twenty years after his debut (1928 and 1948).", "The old record was set by Swiss hockey player Bibi Torriani who had played twenty years after his debut (1928 and 1948). Chelios re-signed with the Detroit Red Wings for the 2007–08 season.", "Chelios re-signed with the Detroit Red Wings for the 2007–08 season. On January 8, 2008, Chelios became the second oldest player in the history of the NHL, at 45 years, 348 days, passing Moe Roberts. Only Gordie Howe, who played until age 52, was older.", "Only Gordie Howe, who played until age 52, was older. On April 12, 2008, Chelios played in his 248th playoff game, breaking the NHL record set by Hall of Fame goaltender Patrick Roy. Later that season, Chelios also became the oldest active player to win the Stanley Cup.", "Later that season, Chelios also became the oldest active player to win the Stanley Cup. Chelios signed another one-year contract with the Red Wings for the 2008–09 season.", "Chelios signed another one-year contract with the Red Wings for the 2008–09 season. On December 5, 2008, Chelios played in his first of two games for the Grand Rapids Griffins, the American Hockey League (AHL) farm club for the Red Wings, as part of a conditioning stint.", "On December 5, 2008, Chelios played in his first of two games for the Grand Rapids Griffins, the American Hockey League (AHL) farm club for the Red Wings, as part of a conditioning stint. At 46 years of age, he became the oldest player in the 73-year history of the AHL.", "At 46 years of age, he became the oldest player in the 73-year history of the AHL. At the conclusion of the 2008–09 season, Chelios was a finalist for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy.", "At the conclusion of the 2008–09 season, Chelios was a finalist for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy. Chicago Wolves and Atlanta Thrashers After the Red Wings announced that they would not be re-signing Chelios, he signed a 25-game pro tryout contract with the Chicago Wolves.", "Chicago Wolves and Atlanta Thrashers After the Red Wings announced that they would not be re-signing Chelios, he signed a 25-game pro tryout contract with the Chicago Wolves. After a second 25-game pro tryout contract with the Wolves, Chelios signed a two-way contract with the Atlanta Thrashers.", "After a second 25-game pro tryout contract with the Wolves, Chelios signed a two-way contract with the Atlanta Thrashers. Chelios remained with the Wolves until he was recalled to the Thrashers, hoping that he could provide a spark for the team's playoff hopes. He played in seven games for the Thrashers, but failed to record any points.", "He played in seven games for the Thrashers, but failed to record any points. On April 7, 2010, Chelios was sent back to the Wolves. Retirement, transition to Wings front office, and broadcasting On August 31, 2010, Chelios officially retired. He was 48 years of age.", "He was 48 years of age. The same day, Red Wings general manager Ken Holland announced that Chelios would be hired to work in the Red Wings' front office. He was named Adviser to Hockey Operations, with a role of working with Red Wings' defense prospects in Grand Rapids.", "He was named Adviser to Hockey Operations, with a role of working with Red Wings' defense prospects in Grand Rapids. In 2013, it was announced that Chelios would become an NHL analyst on FS1, which also included covering the hockey tournament in the 2014 Winter Olympics.", "In 2013, it was announced that Chelios would become an NHL analyst on FS1, which also included covering the hockey tournament in the 2014 Winter Olympics. In 2016, Chelios, along with former Red Wings teammate Brett Hull, was added to ESPN’s roster of analysts for their coverage of the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, which ESPN had picked up the U.S. broadcast rights to, after NBC pulled out due to scheduling conflicts.", "In 2016, Chelios, along with former Red Wings teammate Brett Hull, was added to ESPN’s roster of analysts for their coverage of the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, which ESPN had picked up the U.S. broadcast rights to, after NBC pulled out due to scheduling conflicts. In July 2018, Chelios announced that he was leaving the Detroit area, and the Red Wings front office, to return to Chicago to be close to his family.", "In July 2018, Chelios announced that he was leaving the Detroit area, and the Red Wings front office, to return to Chicago to be close to his family. At the same time, the Chicago Blackhawks announced that Chelios was being brought on board to serve as an ambassador for the franchise.", "At the same time, the Chicago Blackhawks announced that Chelios was being brought on board to serve as an ambassador for the franchise. In 2021, after ESPN regained the rights to broadcast the NHL, Chelios rejoined the network for their coverage.", "In 2021, after ESPN regained the rights to broadcast the NHL, Chelios rejoined the network for their coverage. Chelios serves the same studio analyst role he held for the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, and sits alongside Barry Melrose and Mark Messier, joining Steve Levy for games on ESPN, ABC, and ESPN+.", "Chelios serves the same studio analyst role he held for the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, and sits alongside Barry Melrose and Mark Messier, joining Steve Levy for games on ESPN, ABC, and ESPN+. Coaching career On June 17, 2015, USA Hockey named Chelios an assistant coach for Team USA at the 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.", "Coaching career On June 17, 2015, USA Hockey named Chelios an assistant coach for Team USA at the 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. On June 23, 2015, Chelios was named to the Red Wings coaching staff, where he will continue to play a role in player development, by working on-ice with the team's defensemen during practices.", "On June 23, 2015, Chelios was named to the Red Wings coaching staff, where he will continue to play a role in player development, by working on-ice with the team's defensemen during practices. His job involved evaluating in-game player performance and offering his insight and observations to Red Wings bench coaches.", "His job involved evaluating in-game player performance and offering his insight and observations to Red Wings bench coaches. He would also attend all home games, and on occasion, join the club on the road.", "He would also attend all home games, and on occasion, join the club on the road. International play Chelios has participated in 11 international tournaments for the United States: 1980 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 1984 Winter Olympics 1984 Canada Cup 1987 Canada Cup 1991 Canada Cup 1996 World Cup of Hockey (alternate captain) 1998 Winter Olympics (captain) 2002 Winter Olympics (captain) 2004 World Cup of Hockey (captain) 2006 Winter Olympics (captain) In 2020, Chelios was named into the IIHF All-Time USA Team.", "International play Chelios has participated in 11 international tournaments for the United States: 1980 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 1984 Winter Olympics 1984 Canada Cup 1987 Canada Cup 1991 Canada Cup 1996 World Cup of Hockey (alternate captain) 1998 Winter Olympics (captain) 2002 Winter Olympics (captain) 2004 World Cup of Hockey (captain) 2006 Winter Olympics (captain) In 2020, Chelios was named into the IIHF All-Time USA Team. Personal life Chelios grew up in Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Constantine \"Gus\" Chelios, owned a chain of Greek restaurants.", "Personal life Chelios grew up in Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Constantine \"Gus\" Chelios, owned a chain of Greek restaurants. The family name was originally \"Tselios\", but Gus chose to change the family's spelling.", "The family name was originally \"Tselios\", but Gus chose to change the family's spelling. The family moved to Poway, California, in 1977, when his father left his struggling business in Chicago to open a restaurant in the San Diego area.", "The family moved to Poway, California, in 1977, when his father left his struggling business in Chicago to open a restaurant in the San Diego area. He was a Chicago Blackhawks fan during his childhood but was more focused on football, idolizing Chicago Bears linebacker Dick Butkus.", "He was a Chicago Blackhawks fan during his childhood but was more focused on football, idolizing Chicago Bears linebacker Dick Butkus. Chelios attended Mount Carmel High School (Chicago) before his family moved west, and then finished prep studies at Mira Mesa Senior High School in San Diego. Chelios and his wife Tracee were married in 1987.", "Chelios and his wife Tracee were married in 1987. They met while students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. They have four children: Dean (born 1989), Jake (born 1991), Caley (born 1993), and Tara (born 1996).", "They have four children: Dean (born 1989), Jake (born 1991), Caley (born 1993), and Tara (born 1996). Dean Chelios, a forward, scored a pair of power play goals to help his Cranbrook-Kingswood high school team win the 2006 Division III Michigan state high school hockey championship.", "Dean Chelios, a forward, scored a pair of power play goals to help his Cranbrook-Kingswood high school team win the 2006 Division III Michigan state high school hockey championship. Dean played for the Chicago Steel of the USHL in Bensenville, Illinois, and last played in 2016 for the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL.", "Dean played for the Chicago Steel of the USHL in Bensenville, Illinois, and last played in 2016 for the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL. In May 2009, Jake was drafted by 49th overall by the Chicago Steel, and joined his brother at Michigan State.", "In May 2009, Jake was drafted by 49th overall by the Chicago Steel, and joined his brother at Michigan State. Jake is a defenseman, like his father, and currently plays with the Grand Rapids Griffins in the Detroit Red Wings organization. Caley graduated from Northwestern University and is currently a reporter for the Chicago Blackhawks.", "Caley graduated from Northwestern University and is currently a reporter for the Chicago Blackhawks. Chelios was very active in charitable causes during his playing time in Chicago, founding Cheli's Children.\" Chris is the older brother of former minor-leaguer Steve Chelios, and cousin of former NHL player Nikos Tselios.", "Chris is the older brother of former minor-leaguer Steve Chelios, and cousin of former NHL player Nikos Tselios. Through his career, Chelios has befriended many non-hockey athletes and entertainers. In 2004, he and surfer Laird Hamilton trained with the U.S. bobsled team and hoped to form the first Greek bobsled team at the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "In 2004, he and surfer Laird Hamilton trained with the U.S. bobsled team and hoped to form the first Greek bobsled team at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Chelios and his family can be found Stand up paddle surfing with Hamilton. Chris credits the activity with helping him maintain his long career.", "Chris credits the activity with helping him maintain his long career. On Scrubs, Dr. Perry Cox, played by Chelios' friend John C. McGinley, often wears a Red Wings jersey with Chelios' name and number.", "On Scrubs, Dr. Perry Cox, played by Chelios' friend John C. McGinley, often wears a Red Wings jersey with Chelios' name and number. During the fourth season of the show, which was concurrent with the 2004–05 lockout, Cox was seen on at least one occasion wearing a No.", "During the fourth season of the show, which was concurrent with the 2004–05 lockout, Cox was seen on at least one occasion wearing a No. 24 \"Motor City Mechanics\" jersey.", "24 \"Motor City Mechanics\" jersey. Chelios is also close friends with actors John Cusack and D. B. Sweeney, Pearl Jam frontman Eddie Vedder, Smashing Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan, and musician Kid Rock. Chelios was sitting courtside with Kid Rock during the Pacers-Pistons brawl at the Palace of Auburn Hills on November 19, 2004.", "Chelios was sitting courtside with Kid Rock during the Pacers-Pistons brawl at the Palace of Auburn Hills on November 19, 2004. Chelios and Sweeney are quite close, with the two having appeared together in The Cutting Edge (1992) and Two Tickets to Paradise (2007), in addition to Chelios being the godfather to Sweeney's son, Cade.", "Chelios and Sweeney are quite close, with the two having appeared together in The Cutting Edge (1992) and Two Tickets to Paradise (2007), in addition to Chelios being the godfather to Sweeney's son, Cade. Chelios was a regular at Michigan State University hockey games, cheering on his sons Jake and Dean.", "Chelios was a regular at Michigan State University hockey games, cheering on his sons Jake and Dean. DUI arrest On December 28, 2009, in Westmont, Illinois, Chelios was arrested for driving under the influence. He was the only occupant of the vehicle that was stopped at 4 a.m.", "He was the only occupant of the vehicle that was stopped at 4 a.m. The vehicle was towed and Chelios was taken to the Westmont station, where he was charged, processed, and posted bond. In March 2010, a judge reviewed the video tape of the arrest.", "In March 2010, a judge reviewed the video tape of the arrest. The case was dismissed for lack of probable cause to stop, and evidence the tape provided that Chelios was not impaired. He was however fined for improper lane usage and speeding.", "He was however fined for improper lane usage and speeding. Malibu Mob Chelios maintains a home in Malibu, California, and is well known as a member of the group of celebrity home owners and friends called the Malibu Mob.", "Malibu Mob Chelios maintains a home in Malibu, California, and is well known as a member of the group of celebrity home owners and friends called the Malibu Mob. Other members include tennis great John McEnroe, big-wave surfer Laird Hamilton and his wife beach volleyball pro Gabrielle Reece, musicians Tim Commerford and Kid Rock, and actors John C. McGinley, John Cusack, Kelsey Grammer, Tony Danza, Justin Long, and Ed O'Neill.", "Other members include tennis great John McEnroe, big-wave surfer Laird Hamilton and his wife beach volleyball pro Gabrielle Reece, musicians Tim Commerford and Kid Rock, and actors John C. McGinley, John Cusack, Kelsey Grammer, Tony Danza, Justin Long, and Ed O'Neill. Business Chelios has owned restaurant/bars in both the Chicago and Detroit areas, all under the name Cheli's Chili Bar.", "Business Chelios has owned restaurant/bars in both the Chicago and Detroit areas, all under the name Cheli's Chili Bar. The first operated on West Madison Street in Chicago (near the United Center) in the 1990s, but closed after his move to the Red Wings.", "The first operated on West Madison Street in Chicago (near the United Center) in the 1990s, but closed after his move to the Red Wings. A new Cheli's opened in Dearborn in 2003, followed by a second location in Detroit in 2006 and a third in Clinton Township in 2008.", "A new Cheli's opened in Dearborn in 2003, followed by a second location in Detroit in 2006 and a third in Clinton Township in 2008. All three are now closed, with the Detroit location shuttering in 2018 upon Chelios returning to live in the Windy City.", "All three are now closed, with the Detroit location shuttering in 2018 upon Chelios returning to live in the Windy City. He has indicated a desire to open a new restaurant in the Chicago area.", "He has indicated a desire to open a new restaurant in the Chicago area. On January 2, 2007, two employees of Cheli's in Detroit were fatally stabbed: Megan Soroka, 49, a manager at the restaurant, and Mark Barnard, 52, a chef.", "On January 2, 2007, two employees of Cheli's in Detroit were fatally stabbed: Megan Soroka, 49, a manager at the restaurant, and Mark Barnard, 52, a chef. Police arrested Justin Blackshere, 17, who confessed to the crime. He was a busboy at the restaurant and was fired in November 2006.", "He was a busboy at the restaurant and was fired in November 2006. Blackshere's pregnant girlfriend had also been fired from her job as a dishwasher. Chelios took a leave of absence from the Red Wings to help the families of his murdered employees.", "Chelios took a leave of absence from the Red Wings to help the families of his murdered employees. He said, \"I'll come back when I feel ready and the families feel ready. I'm just going to try to get through this day by day with everybody.\"", "I'm just going to try to get through this day by day with everybody.\" On January 9, 2007, the Red Wings announced that Chelios would be playing that night.", "On January 9, 2007, the Red Wings announced that Chelios would be playing that night. Blackshere was found guilty of murder in the first degree on August 22, 2007 and was sentenced to life in prison without parole on September 7, 2007.", "Blackshere was found guilty of murder in the first degree on August 22, 2007 and was sentenced to life in prison without parole on September 7, 2007. Career statistics Bold italics indicate NHL record Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honors Records NHL Games played in the regular season by a defenseman (1,651) Games played in the playoffs (266) See also List of NHL players with 1,000 games played List of NHL players with 2,000 career penalty minutes References External links Chris Chelios' bio @ hockeydraftcentral.com Chris Chelios: Made in America by Chris Chelios, Kevin Allen 1962 births American expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland American men's ice hockey defensemen American people of Greek descent American restaurateurs Atlanta Thrashers players Businesspeople from Chicago Chicago Blackhawks captains Chicago Blackhawks players Chicago Wolves players Detroit Red Wings coaches Detroit Red Wings personnel Detroit Red Wings players EHC Biel players Grand Rapids Griffins players Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Ice hockey players from Illinois Ice hockey players at the 1984 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics IIHF Hall of Fame inductees James Norris Memorial Trophy winners Living people Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Montreal Canadiens draft picks Montreal Canadiens players Moose Jaw Canucks players National Hockey League All-Stars Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey People from Evergreen Park, Illinois Stanley Cup champions United States men's national ice hockey team coaches Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey players NCAA men's ice hockey national champions" ]

[ "Nickelback", "Curb and The State (1996-2000)" ]

[ "Star De Azlan (born Esther Gonzalez) is an American country music singer. Signed to Curb Records in 2007, she released her debut single \"She's Pretty\" in early 2008; the song peaked at No. 51 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts.\n\nDe Azlan's parents owned a family restaurant in San Marcos, Texas, where her father would sometimes feature mariachi music. After performing at Fiesta San Antonio when she was 12, she returned often to perform in the city's Market Square area. While attending San Marcos High School (Texas), she was in the school's mariachi band and performing regularly at Cheatham Street, a local live music venue, as well. While performing at Cheatham Street, she was asked to audition for Curb Records after label head, Mike Curb heard her perform.\n\nDe Azlan released her debut single under Curb Records titled \"She's Pretty\" in 2007. On the chart week ending January 14, 2008, \"She's Pretty\" debuted at number 52 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart; it reached a peak of number 51 in its second week and spent eight weeks on the chart. It was followed in 2009 by her second single, \"Like a Rose,\" which failed to chart. A third single, \"A Man Who Can Dance,\" was released in 2011, and also failed to chart before de Azlan and Curb eventually parted ways.\n\nDiscography\n\nExtended plays\n\nSingles\n\nMusic Videos\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican women country singers\nAmerican country singer-songwriters\nCurb Records artists\nLiving people\nAfrican-American country musicians\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nAfrican-American songwriters\nAfrican-American women musicians\n21st-century African-American people\n21st-century African-American women", "was a Japanese record producer from Hiroshima. He was based in Kyoto. He was one half of the duo Yanokami along with Akiko Yano.\n\nBiography\nRei Harakami released his debut EP, titled Rei Harakami EP, in 1997. His first studio album, Unrest, was released in 1998. It was followed by Opa*q (1999), Red Curb (2001), and Lust (2005).\n\nHe died of a brain hemorrhage on 27 July 2011.\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n Unrest (1998)\n Opa*q (1999)\n Red Curb (2001)\n Lust (2005)\n The World of Kawagoe Rendezvous (2011)\n\nCompilation albums\n Wide world (1990–1991)\n Small world: rei harakami selected works 1991–1993 (1991–1993)\n Trace of Red Curb (2001)\n Wasuremono (2006)\n Colors of the Dark (2006) \n Asage: Selected Re-Mix & Re-Arrangement Works 1 (2009)\n Yūge: Selected Re-Mix & Re-Arrangement Works 2 (2009)\n\nSoundtrack albums\n Tennen Kokekkō (2007)\n\nEPs\n Rei Harakami EP (1997)\n November EP (1998)\n Blind / Swap EP (2000)\n Joy for Joy EP (2005)\n Evaporater EP (2006)\n\nSingles\n \"Red Curb Again\" (2001)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1970 births\n2011 deaths\nJapanese electronic musicians\nMusicians from Hiroshima Prefecture\n20th-century Japanese musicians" ]

[ "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta. It is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal.", "It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal. Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.", "Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. In 2009, Billboard ranked it the most successful rock group of that decade; \"How You Remind Me\" was the best-selling rock song and the fourth-best overall. The band ranked at No.", "The band ranked at No. The band ranked at No. 7 on the Billboard top artist of the decade list, with four albums among the publication's top albums of the decade. The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State.", "The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State. This album was commercially successful, as was its follow-up, Silver Side Up, in 2001. The band then released its biggest hit, \"How You Remind Me\", a No. 1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts.", "1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts. The fourth album, The Long Road, was released in 2003 and spawned five singles, including Canadian No. 1 \"Someday\", which also reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\".", "In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\". Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty.", "Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty. In 2011, the seventh album, Here and Now, topped the charts. The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017.", "The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017. Nickelback is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It originally published through EMI Canada before signing a global distribution deal with Roadrunner Records. For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada.", "For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada. History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake.", "History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake. The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\"", "The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\" The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica.", "The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica. Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996).", "Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996). The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms.", "The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms. Curb and The State (1996–2000) In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback. In 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998.", "Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998. While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\".", "While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\". Chad Kroeger stated that his skin was not able to handle cold weather and they convinced him to leave. In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band.", "In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed, he travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out.", "Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out. In Burman's words: \"I immediately got the chills! I thought their song 'Leader of Men' was a smash hit.\" Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career.", "Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career. Despite this, it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock. Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999.", "Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999. The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001.", "The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001. It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits.", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits. The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums.", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart.", "The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure.", "Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure. I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\"", "I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\" Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks.", "Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks. To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar.", "To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar. The album was written before the release of The State and was recorded at the same studio. The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.", "The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so.", "The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so. The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart.", "The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart. It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002.", "It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002. The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart.", "The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The final single from the album was \"Never Again\", which also hit number one on Mainstream Rock. In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\".", "In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home.", "In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home. On August 19, 2002, an incident occurred while the band was performing at the Ilha do Ermal festival in Portugal. While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience.", "While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience. After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\"", "After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\" A person in the audience then threw a rock at Chad's head. The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left.", "The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left. The band's label, Roadrunner, posted video footage of the entire incident on their website. In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road.", "In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road. The album was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA in March 2005 and it had sold 3,591,000 copies as of April 2011. It has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and, in 2003 alone, the album sold 2 million copies worldwide. It debuted at No.", "It debuted at No. It debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard 200. This was their first album produced by Joey Moi, a former classmate of the band's. The Long Road was ranked No. 157 on Billboards 200 Albums of the Decade. It spawned five singles. The lead single was \"Someday\".", "The lead single was \"Someday\". The band also released \"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good\" as a single, which peaked at number three on the Mainstream Rock Charts. \"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks.", "\"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks. All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair.", "All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair. Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005.", "Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005. The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005.", "The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005. It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S.", "It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S. Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\".", "Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\". Three of these became U.S. Hot 100 top 10 singles. Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart.", "Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart. The album sold more than 12 million singles and over 9 million ringtones. The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts.", "The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts. It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes.", "It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes. All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010.", "All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010. The band spent much of 2006 and 2007 touring across the globe. In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour.", "In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour. Over 2 million fans attended Nickelback's shows during those two years. The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally.", "The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally. The performance was filmed with 15 high-definition cameras. They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance.", "They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance. In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself.", "In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself. \"We just kinda showed up because we were supposed to give one of these away tonight,\" Chad Kroeger said after receiving the award. Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award.", "Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award. Dark Horse (2008–2010) After taking much of 2007 off, the band started recording a new album in earnest. In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth.", "In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth. On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008.", "On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008. This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single.", "This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single. It became Nickelback's 5th and so far final single to hit the No. 1 spot on the U.S. Adult Top 40 chart.", "Adult Top 40 chart. Adult Top 40 chart. The new album, produced by Mutt Lange and titled Dark Horse, was released on November 18, 2008. \"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one.", "\"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one. \"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album.", "\"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album. Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16.", "Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16. Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010.", "Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010. Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release.", "Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart.", "All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart. On November 26, 2008, the band announced the tour for the support of the album. Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts.", "Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts. The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act.", "The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act. The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel.", "The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel. The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act.", "The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act. For the second leg of the Europe tour, the band played with their opening act Daughtry. The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band.", "The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band. The band concluded their tour with the fourth leg in North America which included Buckcherry and Three Days Grace. The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows.", "The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows. The album also remained in the top 20 on the Billboard 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.", "The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S. However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative.", "However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative. In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony.", "In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony. In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year.", "In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year. The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist.", "The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist. On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero.", "On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero. On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\".", "On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\". In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour.", "In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour. Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind.", "Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind. Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\"", "Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\" Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\".", "Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\". Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it.", "Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it. We entered the studio this year with a vision, and it all came together. We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\"", "We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\" The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday.", "The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday. Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes.", "Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes. Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies.", "Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies. As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27.", "As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27. Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release.", "Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release. The band is nominated for 4 Juno Awards in 2012, and scheduled to perform at the ceremony. Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days.", "Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days. The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby.", "The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby. The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013.", "The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013. Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material.", "Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material. No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014.", "No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014. The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014.", "The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014. The track was described as a 'departure' for Nickelback and a political song. Frequent collaborator Chris Lord-Alge returned to mix some of the tracks on the album. It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records.", "It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records. The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18.", "The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18. The lead pop single, and second overall, was announced to be \"What Are You Waiting For? \", and was released in September.", "\", and was released in September. \"What Are You Waiting For?\" was released as a single on digital retailers on September 9, 2014. On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014.", "On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014. No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address.", "No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address. The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016).", "The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016). The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box.", "The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box. The entire leg of the European tour was postponed until Autumn 2016. On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services.", "On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services. On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour.", "On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour. On January 25, Nickelback signed with BMG Rights Management to release their ninth album, also titled Feed the Machine. The album was released on June 16, 2017.", "The album was released on June 16, 2017. The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017.", "The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017. Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts.", "Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts. Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it. Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs.", "Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs. On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone.", "On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone. Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal.", "Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal. Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge.", "Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge. Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational.", "Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational. Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews.", "Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling.", "AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling. Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption.", "Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption. However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound.", "However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound. In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace.", "In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace. In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed.", "In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed. In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\"", "In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\" In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives.", "In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives. In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\"", "In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\" Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go.", "Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream.", "He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world.\"", "This is your world.\" This is your world.\" Billboard gave praise to the band: \"The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times.\" Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band.", "Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band. Band membersCurrent members Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, lead guitar (1995–present); rhythm guitar (2008–present) Ryan Peake – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1995–present); keyboards (2002–present); lead guitar (2008–present) Mike Kroeger – bass (1995–present) Daniel Adair – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2005–present)Former members''' Brandon Kroeger – drums (1995–1997) Mitch Guindon – drums (1997–1998) Ryan Vikedal – drums, percussion (1998–2005) Timeline Discography Studio albumsCurb (1996)The State (1998)Silver Side Up (2001)The Long Road (2003)All the Right Reasons (2005)Dark Horse (2008)Here and Now (2011)No Fixed Address (2014)Feed the Machine'' (2017) Awards 2003 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award for the song \"How You Remind Me\" 2004 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2005 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2007 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2008 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award References External links Atlantic Records artists 1995 establishments in Alberta Canadian alternative metal musical groups Canadian hard rock musical groups Canadian heavy metal musical groups Canadian pop rock music groups Canadian post-grunge groups Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Alberta Musical quartets Republic Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Group of the Year winners Juno Fan Choice Award winners Musical families" ]

[ "Nickelback", "Curb and The State (1996-2000)", "When was Curb released?", "In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"" ]

[ "This is a comprehensive listing of official releases by Nick Lachey, an American pop singer. Nick has released four studio albums, eight singles, and four music videos under Motown Records, Universal Records and Jive Records.\n\nLachey's debut album, SoulO, was released on November 11, 2003 reached #51 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart. Two singles were released: \"Shut Up\" and \"This I Swear\". However, only the latter charted, where it reached #11 on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. \n\nHis second album, What's Left of Me, was released on May 9, 2006. It was a bigger success on the Billboard charts, where it reached a number 2 peak. The title track was released as the first single from the album and it became Lachey's first Top 10 single on the Hot 100. The following single, \"I Can't Hate You Anymore\", only reached number 87 on the Hot 100. A third and final single, \"Resolution\" was released, however, it only reached number 77 on the Pop 100 (now the Mainstream Top 40).\n\nIn 2009, two more singles were released. They were intended on being the lead singles for an upcoming third studio album, however, the album has been pushed back several times. It was expected that the album would be released sometime in 2010, however it was revealed in January 2010 that Lachey's label, Jive Records, have put the new album on hold indefinitely.\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nDiscographies of American artists\nPop music discographies\nDiscography", "\"I Can't Believe What You Say (For Seeing What You Do)\" is a song written by Ike Turner. It was originally released by R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner on Kent Records in 1964.\n\nRelease \n\"I Can't Believe What You Say (For Seeing What You Do)\" was written and produced by Ike Turner. It was released as a non-album track on Kent Records in September 1964. The single reached No. 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 33 on the Record World R&B chart. It was the best-selling R&B record for Kent in 1965. Tina Turner performed the song on Shindig! in August 1965. A different version of the song appeared on Ike & Tina Turner's album Get It – Get It, which was remixed and reissued as Her Man…His Woman in 1971. Ike Turner released another version on the album The Edge in 1980.\n\nCritical reception \nThe single was selected for Cash Box magazine's Pick of the Week.\n\nCash Box (October 10, 1964): \"This Kent outing for Ike & Tina Turner is already stirring up a heap of attention. Tagged I Can’t Believe What You Say, it’s a high-speed handclapping twister that sports a host of ultra-commercial vocal and instrumental sounds. Watch it. Backing's a soul-filled shuflle-rock blueser that Tina wails with loads of feeling.\"\n\nCover versions \n\n 1965: Manfred Mann released a version as the B-side to \"My Little Red Book\" from their album My Little Red Book Of Winners\n 1965: British singer Val McKenna released a rendition on Piccadilly Records in the UK\n 1967: Danish rock group The Defenders released the song as a single on Sonet Records from their album Looking at You\n 1972: Toots and The Maytals released a version on their album Funky Kingston\n 2000: Henning Stærk released the song on his album Hit House\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences \n\n1964 songs\n1964 singles\nIke & Tina Turner songs\nSongs written by Ike Turner\nSong recordings produced by Ike Turner\nKent Records singles\nManfred Mann songs\n1965 singles\n1967 singles\nPiccadilly Records singles" ]

[ "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta. It is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal.", "It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal. Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.", "Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. In 2009, Billboard ranked it the most successful rock group of that decade; \"How You Remind Me\" was the best-selling rock song and the fourth-best overall. The band ranked at No.", "The band ranked at No. The band ranked at No. 7 on the Billboard top artist of the decade list, with four albums among the publication's top albums of the decade. The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State.", "The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State. This album was commercially successful, as was its follow-up, Silver Side Up, in 2001. The band then released its biggest hit, \"How You Remind Me\", a No. 1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts.", "1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts. The fourth album, The Long Road, was released in 2003 and spawned five singles, including Canadian No. 1 \"Someday\", which also reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\".", "In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\". Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty.", "Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty. In 2011, the seventh album, Here and Now, topped the charts. The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017.", "The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017. Nickelback is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It originally published through EMI Canada before signing a global distribution deal with Roadrunner Records. For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada.", "For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada. History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake.", "History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake. The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\"", "The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\" The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica.", "The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica. Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996).", "Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996). The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms.", "The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms. Curb and The State (1996–2000) In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback. In 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998.", "Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998. While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\".", "While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\". Chad Kroeger stated that his skin was not able to handle cold weather and they convinced him to leave. In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band.", "In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed, he travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out.", "Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out. In Burman's words: \"I immediately got the chills! I thought their song 'Leader of Men' was a smash hit.\" Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career.", "Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career. Despite this, it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock. Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999.", "Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999. The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001.", "The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001. It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits.", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits. The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums.", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart.", "The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure.", "Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure. I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\"", "I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\" Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks.", "Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks. To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar.", "To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar. The album was written before the release of The State and was recorded at the same studio. The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.", "The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so.", "The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so. The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart.", "The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart. It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002.", "It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002. The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart.", "The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The final single from the album was \"Never Again\", which also hit number one on Mainstream Rock. In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\".", "In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home.", "In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home. On August 19, 2002, an incident occurred while the band was performing at the Ilha do Ermal festival in Portugal. While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience.", "While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience. After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\"", "After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\" A person in the audience then threw a rock at Chad's head. The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left.", "The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left. The band's label, Roadrunner, posted video footage of the entire incident on their website. In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road.", "In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road. The album was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA in March 2005 and it had sold 3,591,000 copies as of April 2011. It has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and, in 2003 alone, the album sold 2 million copies worldwide. It debuted at No.", "It debuted at No. It debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard 200. This was their first album produced by Joey Moi, a former classmate of the band's. The Long Road was ranked No. 157 on Billboards 200 Albums of the Decade. It spawned five singles. The lead single was \"Someday\".", "The lead single was \"Someday\". The band also released \"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good\" as a single, which peaked at number three on the Mainstream Rock Charts. \"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks.", "\"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks. All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair.", "All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair. Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005.", "Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005. The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005.", "The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005. It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S.", "It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S. Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\".", "Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\". Three of these became U.S. Hot 100 top 10 singles. Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart.", "Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart. The album sold more than 12 million singles and over 9 million ringtones. The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts.", "The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts. It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes.", "It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes. All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010.", "All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010. The band spent much of 2006 and 2007 touring across the globe. In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour.", "In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour. Over 2 million fans attended Nickelback's shows during those two years. The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally.", "The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally. The performance was filmed with 15 high-definition cameras. They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance.", "They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance. In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself.", "In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself. \"We just kinda showed up because we were supposed to give one of these away tonight,\" Chad Kroeger said after receiving the award. Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award.", "Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award. Dark Horse (2008–2010) After taking much of 2007 off, the band started recording a new album in earnest. In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth.", "In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth. On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008.", "On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008. This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single.", "This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single. It became Nickelback's 5th and so far final single to hit the No. 1 spot on the U.S. Adult Top 40 chart.", "Adult Top 40 chart. Adult Top 40 chart. The new album, produced by Mutt Lange and titled Dark Horse, was released on November 18, 2008. \"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one.", "\"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one. \"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album.", "\"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album. Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16.", "Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16. Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010.", "Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010. Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release.", "Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart.", "All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart. On November 26, 2008, the band announced the tour for the support of the album. Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts.", "Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts. The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act.", "The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act. The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel.", "The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel. The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act.", "The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act. For the second leg of the Europe tour, the band played with their opening act Daughtry. The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band.", "The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band. The band concluded their tour with the fourth leg in North America which included Buckcherry and Three Days Grace. The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows.", "The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows. The album also remained in the top 20 on the Billboard 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.", "The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S. However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative.", "However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative. In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony.", "In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony. In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year.", "In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year. The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist.", "The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist. On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero.", "On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero. On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\".", "On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\". In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour.", "In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour. Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind.", "Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind. Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\"", "Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\" Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\".", "Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\". Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it.", "Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it. We entered the studio this year with a vision, and it all came together. We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\"", "We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\" The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday.", "The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday. Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes.", "Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes. Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies.", "Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies. As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27.", "As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27. Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release.", "Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release. The band is nominated for 4 Juno Awards in 2012, and scheduled to perform at the ceremony. Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days.", "Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days. The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby.", "The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby. The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013.", "The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013. Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material.", "Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material. No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014.", "No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014. The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014.", "The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014. The track was described as a 'departure' for Nickelback and a political song. Frequent collaborator Chris Lord-Alge returned to mix some of the tracks on the album. It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records.", "It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records. The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18.", "The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18. The lead pop single, and second overall, was announced to be \"What Are You Waiting For? \", and was released in September.", "\", and was released in September. \"What Are You Waiting For?\" was released as a single on digital retailers on September 9, 2014. On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014.", "On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014. No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address.", "No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address. The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016).", "The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016). The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box.", "The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box. The entire leg of the European tour was postponed until Autumn 2016. On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services.", "On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services. On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour.", "On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour. On January 25, Nickelback signed with BMG Rights Management to release their ninth album, also titled Feed the Machine. The album was released on June 16, 2017.", "The album was released on June 16, 2017. The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017.", "The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017. Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts.", "Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts. Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it. Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs.", "Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs. On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone.", "On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone. Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal.", "Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal. Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge.", "Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge. Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational.", "Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational. Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews.", "Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling.", "AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling. Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption.", "Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption. However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound.", "However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound. In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace.", "In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace. In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed.", "In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed. In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\"", "In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\" In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives.", "In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives. In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\"", "In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\" Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go.", "Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream.", "He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world.\"", "This is your world.\" This is your world.\" Billboard gave praise to the band: \"The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times.\" Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band.", "Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band. Band membersCurrent members Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, lead guitar (1995–present); rhythm guitar (2008–present) Ryan Peake – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1995–present); keyboards (2002–present); lead guitar (2008–present) Mike Kroeger – bass (1995–present) Daniel Adair – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2005–present)Former members''' Brandon Kroeger – drums (1995–1997) Mitch Guindon – drums (1997–1998) Ryan Vikedal – drums, percussion (1998–2005) Timeline Discography Studio albumsCurb (1996)The State (1998)Silver Side Up (2001)The Long Road (2003)All the Right Reasons (2005)Dark Horse (2008)Here and Now (2011)No Fixed Address (2014)Feed the Machine'' (2017) Awards 2003 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award for the song \"How You Remind Me\" 2004 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2005 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2007 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2008 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award References External links Atlantic Records artists 1995 establishments in Alberta Canadian alternative metal musical groups Canadian hard rock musical groups Canadian heavy metal musical groups Canadian pop rock music groups Canadian post-grunge groups Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Alberta Musical quartets Republic Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Group of the Year winners Juno Fan Choice Award winners Musical families" ]

[ "Nickelback", "Curb and The State (1996-2000)", "When was Curb released?", "In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"", "What singles were on that album?", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback." ]

[ "Rough and Ready Volume 2 is a studio album released by Shabba Ranks. This album was not as successful as Volume 1 and it was going to be difficult to create an album as successful as its predecessor, X-tra Naked, which won a Grammy. Volume 2 was criticised for lacking variety.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\n1993 albums\nShabba Ranks albums\nEpic Records albums", "Aniksi (Greek: Άνοιξη; English: Springtime) is a successful studio album by Greek artist Glykeria. It was released in mid-2004 by Sony Music Greece. The album was certified Gold by IFPI Greece.\n\nThe album also includes several well-known collaborations including Kitrina Podilata, Antonis Vardis and Dimirtis Zervoudakis.\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\nAniksi was a successful album in Cyprus and Greece, however the album was only certified Gold in Greece over 2 years after its release.\n\n2004 albums\nGlykeria albums\nGreek-language albums\nSony Music Greece albums" ]

[ "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta. It is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal.", "It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal. Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.", "Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. In 2009, Billboard ranked it the most successful rock group of that decade; \"How You Remind Me\" was the best-selling rock song and the fourth-best overall. The band ranked at No.", "The band ranked at No. The band ranked at No. 7 on the Billboard top artist of the decade list, with four albums among the publication's top albums of the decade. The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State.", "The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State. This album was commercially successful, as was its follow-up, Silver Side Up, in 2001. The band then released its biggest hit, \"How You Remind Me\", a No. 1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts.", "1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts. The fourth album, The Long Road, was released in 2003 and spawned five singles, including Canadian No. 1 \"Someday\", which also reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\".", "In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\". Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty.", "Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty. In 2011, the seventh album, Here and Now, topped the charts. The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017.", "The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017. Nickelback is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It originally published through EMI Canada before signing a global distribution deal with Roadrunner Records. For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada.", "For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada. History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake.", "History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake. The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\"", "The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\" The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica.", "The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica. Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996).", "Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996). The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms.", "The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms. Curb and The State (1996–2000) In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback. In 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998.", "Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998. While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\".", "While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\". Chad Kroeger stated that his skin was not able to handle cold weather and they convinced him to leave. In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band.", "In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed, he travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out.", "Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out. In Burman's words: \"I immediately got the chills! I thought their song 'Leader of Men' was a smash hit.\" Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career.", "Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career. Despite this, it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock. Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999.", "Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999. The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001.", "The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001. It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits.", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits. The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums.", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart.", "The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure.", "Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure. I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\"", "I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\" Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks.", "Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks. To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar.", "To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar. The album was written before the release of The State and was recorded at the same studio. The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.", "The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so.", "The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so. The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart.", "The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart. It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002.", "It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002. The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart.", "The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The final single from the album was \"Never Again\", which also hit number one on Mainstream Rock. In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\".", "In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home.", "In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home. On August 19, 2002, an incident occurred while the band was performing at the Ilha do Ermal festival in Portugal. While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience.", "While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience. After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\"", "After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\" A person in the audience then threw a rock at Chad's head. The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left.", "The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left. The band's label, Roadrunner, posted video footage of the entire incident on their website. In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road.", "In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road. The album was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA in March 2005 and it had sold 3,591,000 copies as of April 2011. It has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and, in 2003 alone, the album sold 2 million copies worldwide. It debuted at No.", "It debuted at No. It debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard 200. This was their first album produced by Joey Moi, a former classmate of the band's. The Long Road was ranked No. 157 on Billboards 200 Albums of the Decade. It spawned five singles. The lead single was \"Someday\".", "The lead single was \"Someday\". The band also released \"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good\" as a single, which peaked at number three on the Mainstream Rock Charts. \"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks.", "\"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks. All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair.", "All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair. Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005.", "Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005. The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005.", "The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005. It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S.", "It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S. Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\".", "Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\". Three of these became U.S. Hot 100 top 10 singles. Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart.", "Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart. The album sold more than 12 million singles and over 9 million ringtones. The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts.", "The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts. It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes.", "It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes. All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010.", "All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010. The band spent much of 2006 and 2007 touring across the globe. In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour.", "In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour. Over 2 million fans attended Nickelback's shows during those two years. The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally.", "The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally. The performance was filmed with 15 high-definition cameras. They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance.", "They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance. In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself.", "In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself. \"We just kinda showed up because we were supposed to give one of these away tonight,\" Chad Kroeger said after receiving the award. Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award.", "Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award. Dark Horse (2008–2010) After taking much of 2007 off, the band started recording a new album in earnest. In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth.", "In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth. On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008.", "On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008. This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single.", "This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single. It became Nickelback's 5th and so far final single to hit the No. 1 spot on the U.S. Adult Top 40 chart.", "Adult Top 40 chart. Adult Top 40 chart. The new album, produced by Mutt Lange and titled Dark Horse, was released on November 18, 2008. \"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one.", "\"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one. \"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album.", "\"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album. Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16.", "Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16. Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010.", "Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010. Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release.", "Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart.", "All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart. On November 26, 2008, the band announced the tour for the support of the album. Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts.", "Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts. The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act.", "The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act. The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel.", "The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel. The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act.", "The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act. For the second leg of the Europe tour, the band played with their opening act Daughtry. The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band.", "The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band. The band concluded their tour with the fourth leg in North America which included Buckcherry and Three Days Grace. The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows.", "The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows. The album also remained in the top 20 on the Billboard 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.", "The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S. However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative.", "However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative. In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony.", "In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony. In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year.", "In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year. The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist.", "The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist. On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero.", "On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero. On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\".", "On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\". In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour.", "In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour. Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind.", "Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind. Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\"", "Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\" Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\".", "Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\". Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it.", "Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it. We entered the studio this year with a vision, and it all came together. We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\"", "We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\" The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday.", "The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday. Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes.", "Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes. Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies.", "Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies. As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27.", "As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27. Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release.", "Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release. The band is nominated for 4 Juno Awards in 2012, and scheduled to perform at the ceremony. Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days.", "Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days. The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby.", "The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby. The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013.", "The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013. Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material.", "Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material. No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014.", "No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014. The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014.", "The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014. The track was described as a 'departure' for Nickelback and a political song. Frequent collaborator Chris Lord-Alge returned to mix some of the tracks on the album. It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records.", "It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records. The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18.", "The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18. The lead pop single, and second overall, was announced to be \"What Are You Waiting For? \", and was released in September.", "\", and was released in September. \"What Are You Waiting For?\" was released as a single on digital retailers on September 9, 2014. On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014.", "On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014. No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address.", "No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address. The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016).", "The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016). The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box.", "The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box. The entire leg of the European tour was postponed until Autumn 2016. On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services.", "On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services. On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour.", "On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour. On January 25, Nickelback signed with BMG Rights Management to release their ninth album, also titled Feed the Machine. The album was released on June 16, 2017.", "The album was released on June 16, 2017. The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017.", "The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017. Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts.", "Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts. Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it. Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs.", "Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs. On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone.", "On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone. Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal.", "Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal. Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge.", "Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge. Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational.", "Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational. Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews.", "Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling.", "AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling. Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption.", "Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption. However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound.", "However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound. In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace.", "In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace. In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed.", "In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed. In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\"", "In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\" In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives.", "In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives. In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\"", "In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\" Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go.", "Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream.", "He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world.\"", "This is your world.\" This is your world.\" Billboard gave praise to the band: \"The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times.\" Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band.", "Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band. Band membersCurrent members Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, lead guitar (1995–present); rhythm guitar (2008–present) Ryan Peake – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1995–present); keyboards (2002–present); lead guitar (2008–present) Mike Kroeger – bass (1995–present) Daniel Adair – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2005–present)Former members''' Brandon Kroeger – drums (1995–1997) Mitch Guindon – drums (1997–1998) Ryan Vikedal – drums, percussion (1998–2005) Timeline Discography Studio albumsCurb (1996)The State (1998)Silver Side Up (2001)The Long Road (2003)All the Right Reasons (2005)Dark Horse (2008)Here and Now (2011)No Fixed Address (2014)Feed the Machine'' (2017) Awards 2003 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award for the song \"How You Remind Me\" 2004 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2005 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2007 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2008 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award References External links Atlantic Records artists 1995 establishments in Alberta Canadian alternative metal musical groups Canadian hard rock musical groups Canadian heavy metal musical groups Canadian pop rock music groups Canadian post-grunge groups Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Alberta Musical quartets Republic Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Group of the Year winners Juno Fan Choice Award winners Musical families" ]

[ "Nickelback", "Curb and The State (1996-2000)", "When was Curb released?", "In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"", "What singles were on that album?", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "Was this album successful?", "Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed," ]

[ "Travel III EP is the sixth album by the Christian rock band Future of Forestry, and the third in the \"Travel Series.\" The recording of the album “officially” started on February 11. It was released on June 29, 2010. Frontman Eric Owyoung wrote all of the songs for this EP and his wife, Tamara Owyoung, painted the cover art for the album. The band subsequently departed on what was called \"The 3 Tour\" to go along with the release. The tour was self-booked and took place in the West and Midwest regions of the United States starting on June 27, 2010 and ending on July 13, 2010.\n\nTrack listing\nThe names (and respective order) of the songs were released on the band's Myspace page leading up to the release of the CD, as they did for the rest of the Travel Series EPs. However, on Travel III, for the first time, Future of Forestry released the tracks out-of-order.\n\n \"Bold and Underlined\" - 4:04\n \"Working to Be Loved\" - 3:48\n \"Did You Lose Yourself\" - 4:47\n \"Protection\" - 4:14\n \"Horizon Rainfall\" - 2:53\n \"Your Day's Not Over\" - 5:00\n\nAwards\nThe album was nominated for a Dove Award for Rock Album of the Year at the 42nd GMA Dove Awards.\n\nReferences \n\n2010 EPs\nFuture of Forestry albums", "The Judds in Concert is the first live album by American country duo, The Judds. It was released on August 29, 1995 via Curb Records and RCA Nashville. It was produced by Steve Lindsey. In Concert was the first live studio offering by the duo in their career. A second live release would follow in 2000. The album was one of several released during the 1990s following the duo's departure in 1991.\n\nBackground, release and reception\nThe Judds had their biggest commercial success in the 1980s. They had multiple number one singles and top ten hits before disbanding in 1991. Their final studio album was released in 1990 entitled Love Can Build a Bridge. The Judds in Concert was their first album offering (with the exception of compilations) since their departure. The album had been recorded in 1985 during a major concert tour but had not been released to the public until this point. The album was produced by Steve Lindsey. \n\nThe album consisted of a total of 12 tracks. Eleven of the album's tracks were previously recorded by the duo. This included the hits \"Had a Dream (For the Heart),\" \"Why Not Me,\" \"Mama He's Crazy,\" \"Girls' Night Out\" and \"Love Is Alive.\" The twelfth track, \"Don't You Hear Jerusalem Moan,\" was not previously recorded by the duo.\n\nThe Judds in Concert was released on August 29, 1995 via Curb and RCA Records. It was the duo's first live release. The Judds would later release a second live album in 2000 after embarking on a reunion tour. The album was issued as a compact disc by Curb and RCA. The album did not reach any peak positions on national publication charts, notably Billboard. It also did not spawn any singles to radio. In later years, the album received a rating from Allmusic, which only gave it two out of five stars.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nAll credits are adapted from the liner notes of The Judds in Concert.\n\nMusical and technical personnel\n Pat Holt – mixing\n Naomi Judd – harmony vocals\n Wynonna Judd – lead vocals\n Steve Lindsey – producer\n Benny Quin – mixing\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n1995 live albums\nCurb Records albums\nThe Judds albums\nRCA Records albums" ]

[ "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta. It is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal.", "It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal. Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.", "Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. In 2009, Billboard ranked it the most successful rock group of that decade; \"How You Remind Me\" was the best-selling rock song and the fourth-best overall. The band ranked at No.", "The band ranked at No. The band ranked at No. 7 on the Billboard top artist of the decade list, with four albums among the publication's top albums of the decade. The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State.", "The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State. This album was commercially successful, as was its follow-up, Silver Side Up, in 2001. The band then released its biggest hit, \"How You Remind Me\", a No. 1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts.", "1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts. The fourth album, The Long Road, was released in 2003 and spawned five singles, including Canadian No. 1 \"Someday\", which also reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\".", "In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\". Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty.", "Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty. In 2011, the seventh album, Here and Now, topped the charts. The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017.", "The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017. Nickelback is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It originally published through EMI Canada before signing a global distribution deal with Roadrunner Records. For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada.", "For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada. History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake.", "History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake. The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\"", "The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\" The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica.", "The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica. Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996).", "Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996). The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms.", "The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms. Curb and The State (1996–2000) In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback. In 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998.", "Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998. While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\".", "While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\". Chad Kroeger stated that his skin was not able to handle cold weather and they convinced him to leave. In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band.", "In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed, he travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out.", "Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out. In Burman's words: \"I immediately got the chills! I thought their song 'Leader of Men' was a smash hit.\" Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career.", "Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career. Despite this, it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock. Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999.", "Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999. The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001.", "The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001. It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits.", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits. The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums.", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart.", "The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure.", "Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure. I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\"", "I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\" Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks.", "Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks. To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar.", "To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar. The album was written before the release of The State and was recorded at the same studio. The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.", "The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so.", "The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so. The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart.", "The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart. It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002.", "It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002. The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart.", "The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The final single from the album was \"Never Again\", which also hit number one on Mainstream Rock. In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\".", "In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home.", "In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home. On August 19, 2002, an incident occurred while the band was performing at the Ilha do Ermal festival in Portugal. While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience.", "While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience. After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\"", "After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\" A person in the audience then threw a rock at Chad's head. The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left.", "The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left. The band's label, Roadrunner, posted video footage of the entire incident on their website. In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road.", "In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road. The album was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA in March 2005 and it had sold 3,591,000 copies as of April 2011. It has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and, in 2003 alone, the album sold 2 million copies worldwide. It debuted at No.", "It debuted at No. It debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard 200. This was their first album produced by Joey Moi, a former classmate of the band's. The Long Road was ranked No. 157 on Billboards 200 Albums of the Decade. It spawned five singles. The lead single was \"Someday\".", "The lead single was \"Someday\". The band also released \"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good\" as a single, which peaked at number three on the Mainstream Rock Charts. \"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks.", "\"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks. All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair.", "All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair. Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005.", "Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005. The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005.", "The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005. It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S.", "It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S. Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\".", "Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\". Three of these became U.S. Hot 100 top 10 singles. Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart.", "Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart. The album sold more than 12 million singles and over 9 million ringtones. The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts.", "The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts. It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes.", "It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes. All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010.", "All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010. The band spent much of 2006 and 2007 touring across the globe. In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour.", "In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour. Over 2 million fans attended Nickelback's shows during those two years. The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally.", "The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally. The performance was filmed with 15 high-definition cameras. They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance.", "They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance. In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself.", "In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself. \"We just kinda showed up because we were supposed to give one of these away tonight,\" Chad Kroeger said after receiving the award. Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award.", "Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award. Dark Horse (2008–2010) After taking much of 2007 off, the band started recording a new album in earnest. In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth.", "In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth. On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008.", "On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008. This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single.", "This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single. It became Nickelback's 5th and so far final single to hit the No. 1 spot on the U.S. Adult Top 40 chart.", "Adult Top 40 chart. Adult Top 40 chart. The new album, produced by Mutt Lange and titled Dark Horse, was released on November 18, 2008. \"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one.", "\"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one. \"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album.", "\"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album. Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16.", "Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16. Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010.", "Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010. Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release.", "Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart.", "All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart. On November 26, 2008, the band announced the tour for the support of the album. Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts.", "Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts. The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act.", "The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act. The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel.", "The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel. The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act.", "The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act. For the second leg of the Europe tour, the band played with their opening act Daughtry. The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band.", "The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band. The band concluded their tour with the fourth leg in North America which included Buckcherry and Three Days Grace. The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows.", "The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows. The album also remained in the top 20 on the Billboard 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.", "The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S. However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative.", "However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative. In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony.", "In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony. In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year.", "In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year. The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist.", "The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist. On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero.", "On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero. On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\".", "On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\". In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour.", "In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour. Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind.", "Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind. Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\"", "Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\" Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\".", "Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\". Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it.", "Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it. We entered the studio this year with a vision, and it all came together. We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\"", "We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\" The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday.", "The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday. Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes.", "Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes. Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies.", "Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies. As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27.", "As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27. Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release.", "Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release. The band is nominated for 4 Juno Awards in 2012, and scheduled to perform at the ceremony. Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days.", "Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days. The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby.", "The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby. The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013.", "The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013. Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material.", "Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material. No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014.", "No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014. The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014.", "The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014. The track was described as a 'departure' for Nickelback and a political song. Frequent collaborator Chris Lord-Alge returned to mix some of the tracks on the album. It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records.", "It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records. The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18.", "The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18. The lead pop single, and second overall, was announced to be \"What Are You Waiting For? \", and was released in September.", "\", and was released in September. \"What Are You Waiting For?\" was released as a single on digital retailers on September 9, 2014. On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014.", "On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014. No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address.", "No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address. The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016).", "The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016). The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box.", "The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box. The entire leg of the European tour was postponed until Autumn 2016. On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services.", "On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services. On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour.", "On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour. On January 25, Nickelback signed with BMG Rights Management to release their ninth album, also titled Feed the Machine. The album was released on June 16, 2017.", "The album was released on June 16, 2017. The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017.", "The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017. Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts.", "Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts. Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it. Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs.", "Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs. On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone.", "On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone. Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal.", "Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal. Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge.", "Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge. Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational.", "Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational. Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews.", "Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling.", "AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling. Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption.", "Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption. However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound.", "However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound. In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace.", "In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace. In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed.", "In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed. In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\"", "In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\" In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives.", "In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives. In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\"", "In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\" Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go.", "Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream.", "He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world.\"", "This is your world.\" This is your world.\" Billboard gave praise to the band: \"The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times.\" Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band.", "Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band. Band membersCurrent members Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, lead guitar (1995–present); rhythm guitar (2008–present) Ryan Peake – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1995–present); keyboards (2002–present); lead guitar (2008–present) Mike Kroeger – bass (1995–present) Daniel Adair – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2005–present)Former members''' Brandon Kroeger – drums (1995–1997) Mitch Guindon – drums (1997–1998) Ryan Vikedal – drums, percussion (1998–2005) Timeline Discography Studio albumsCurb (1996)The State (1998)Silver Side Up (2001)The Long Road (2003)All the Right Reasons (2005)Dark Horse (2008)Here and Now (2011)No Fixed Address (2014)Feed the Machine'' (2017) Awards 2003 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award for the song \"How You Remind Me\" 2004 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2005 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2007 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2008 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award References External links Atlantic Records artists 1995 establishments in Alberta Canadian alternative metal musical groups Canadian hard rock musical groups Canadian heavy metal musical groups Canadian pop rock music groups Canadian post-grunge groups Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Alberta Musical quartets Republic Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Group of the Year winners Juno Fan Choice Award winners Musical families" ]

[ "Nickelback", "Curb and The State (1996-2000)", "When was Curb released?", "In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"", "What singles were on that album?", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "Was this album successful?", "Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed,", "Did they tour during the release of this album?", "travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live.", "When was The State released?", "The State, was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records" ]

[ "Followers is an album by the American contemporary Christian music (CCM) band Tenth Avenue North. It was released by Provident Label Group, a division of Sony Music Entertainment, under its Reunion Records label, on October 14, 2016. The album reached No. 5 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart, and No. 151 on the Billboard 200. Three singles from the album were released: \"What You Want\" in 2016, and \"I Have This Hope\" and \"Control (Somehow You Want Me)\" in 2017, all of which appeared on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart.\n\nRelease and performance \n\nFollowers was released on October 14, 2016, by Provident Label Group LLC, a division of Sony Music Entertainment. It first charted on both the US Billboard Christian Albums and Billboard 200 on the week of November 5, 2016, peaking that week on both charts at No. 5 and No. 151, respectively.\n\nThree singles were released from the album. The first, \"What You Want\", was released five months in advance of the album on May 13, 2016, and charted on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs list, peaking at No. 17 on September 3, 2016. The other two were released in 2017 after the album, and reached the top 10 on Hot Christian Songs: \"I Have This Hope\" peaked at No. 5 on June 10, 2017, and \"Control (Somehow You Want Me)\" peaked at No. 7 on January 13, 2018.\n\nReception \n\nCCM Magazine gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, and cited its \"killer vocal work on honest, relatable lyrics paired with ... strong songwriting.\"\n\nChristian review website JesusFreakHideout rated the album 3.5 out of 5 stars. The review said the album was \"pretty much what you would expect from a CCM release\" and wrote that \"What You Want\" was \"the most energetic song on the album\". It singled out the opening track as \"excellent\" and the closing track as \"powerful\", and characterized the remaining songs as \"eight solid but otherwise ordinary tracks.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\"Afraid\" (3:48)\n\"What You Want\" (3:37)\n\"Overflow\" (3:40)\n\"I Have This Hope\" (3:24)\n\"One Thing\" (3:28)\n\"Sparrow (Under Heaven's Eyes)\" (3:59)\n\"No One Can Steal Our Joy\" (3:40)\n\"Control (Somehow You Want Me)\" (4:08)\n\"Fighting for You\" (3:22)\n\"I Confess\" (5:15)\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\n2016 albums\nTenth Avenue North albums", "\"Lies\" is a song written by Beau Charles and Buddy Randell, performed by The Knickerbockers; the single was produced by Jerry Fuller. It reached #20 on the U.S. pop chart in 1965. It was featured on their 1966 album Lies and is famous for often being mistaken for a Beatles track due to its similarities to their style and harmonies.\n\nBackground\nHere is what original Knickerbockers member Beau Charles said about the song's behind-the-scenes story:\n\n\"We desperately tried to write something that sounded like the British Invasion'. We wrote 'Lies' in less than one half hour. We demo-ed it in New York.\" After a Jerry Fuller inspired re-arrangement, the track was recorded at Sunset Sound in West Hollywood with Bruce Botnick as the Engineer. Things were not quite right, so the multi-track master was taken to Leon Russell's house in Hollywood Hills. Jerry Fuller knew Leon and \"Leon had this great little studio - just a four track\". The band recorded the vocals there and overdubbed a new guitar part that was recorded from a beat up old Fender guitar amp that gave the guitar sound a meaty, edgy feel\".\n\nOther versions\nThe Ventures on their 1965 album Where the Action Is.\nNancy Sinatra on her 1966 album Boots.\nThe T-Bones on their 1966 album No Matter What Shape (Your Stomach's In).\nGary Lewis & the Playboys on their 1967 album Gary Lewis & the Playboys.\nLulu on her 1966 album From Lulu...with Love.\nStyx on their 1974 album Man of Miracles.\nTarney/Spencer Band on their 1979 album Run for Your Life.\nLinda Ronstadt on her 1982 album Get Closer.\nThe Delmonas on their 1985 album Dangerous Charms.\nThe Undead on their 1986 album Never Say Die!\nThe Landlords on their 1987 EP Our Favorite Songs!\nThe Basement Wall on their 1993 compilation album There Goes the Neighborhood! Volume 2 Featuring The Basement Wall.\nThe Fireballs on their 2006 compilation album Firebeat! The Great Lost Vocal Album.\nThe Brymers on their 2007 compilation album Sacrifice.\nThe Black Belles as the B-side to their 2010 single \"What Can I Do?\"\n\nSee also\n List of 1960s one-hit wonders in the United States\n\nReferences\n\n1965 songs\n1965 singles\nThe Ventures songs\nNancy Sinatra songs\nGary Lewis & the Playboys songs\nLulu (singer) songs\nStyx (band) songs\nLinda Ronstadt songs\nThe Fireballs songs\nSong recordings produced by Jerry Fuller" ]

[ "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta. It is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal.", "It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal. Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.", "Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. In 2009, Billboard ranked it the most successful rock group of that decade; \"How You Remind Me\" was the best-selling rock song and the fourth-best overall. The band ranked at No.", "The band ranked at No. The band ranked at No. 7 on the Billboard top artist of the decade list, with four albums among the publication's top albums of the decade. The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State.", "The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State. This album was commercially successful, as was its follow-up, Silver Side Up, in 2001. The band then released its biggest hit, \"How You Remind Me\", a No. 1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts.", "1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts. The fourth album, The Long Road, was released in 2003 and spawned five singles, including Canadian No. 1 \"Someday\", which also reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\".", "In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\". Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty.", "Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty. In 2011, the seventh album, Here and Now, topped the charts. The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017.", "The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017. Nickelback is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It originally published through EMI Canada before signing a global distribution deal with Roadrunner Records. For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada.", "For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada. History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake.", "History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake. The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\"", "The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\" The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica.", "The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica. Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996).", "Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996). The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms.", "The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms. Curb and The State (1996–2000) In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback. In 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998.", "Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998. While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\".", "While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\". Chad Kroeger stated that his skin was not able to handle cold weather and they convinced him to leave. In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band.", "In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed, he travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out.", "Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out. In Burman's words: \"I immediately got the chills! I thought their song 'Leader of Men' was a smash hit.\" Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career.", "Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career. Despite this, it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock. Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999.", "Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999. The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001.", "The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001. It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits.", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits. The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums.", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart.", "The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure.", "Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure. I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\"", "I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\" Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks.", "Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks. To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar.", "To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar. The album was written before the release of The State and was recorded at the same studio. The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.", "The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so.", "The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so. The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart.", "The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart. It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002.", "It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002. The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart.", "The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The final single from the album was \"Never Again\", which also hit number one on Mainstream Rock. In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\".", "In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home.", "In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home. On August 19, 2002, an incident occurred while the band was performing at the Ilha do Ermal festival in Portugal. While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience.", "While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience. After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\"", "After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\" A person in the audience then threw a rock at Chad's head. The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left.", "The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left. The band's label, Roadrunner, posted video footage of the entire incident on their website. In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road.", "In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road. The album was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA in March 2005 and it had sold 3,591,000 copies as of April 2011. It has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and, in 2003 alone, the album sold 2 million copies worldwide. It debuted at No.", "It debuted at No. It debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard 200. This was their first album produced by Joey Moi, a former classmate of the band's. The Long Road was ranked No. 157 on Billboards 200 Albums of the Decade. It spawned five singles. The lead single was \"Someday\".", "The lead single was \"Someday\". The band also released \"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good\" as a single, which peaked at number three on the Mainstream Rock Charts. \"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks.", "\"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks. All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair.", "All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair. Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005.", "Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005. The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005.", "The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005. It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S.", "It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S. Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\".", "Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\". Three of these became U.S. Hot 100 top 10 singles. Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart.", "Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart. The album sold more than 12 million singles and over 9 million ringtones. The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts.", "The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts. It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes.", "It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes. All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010.", "All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010. The band spent much of 2006 and 2007 touring across the globe. In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour.", "In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour. Over 2 million fans attended Nickelback's shows during those two years. The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally.", "The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally. The performance was filmed with 15 high-definition cameras. They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance.", "They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance. In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself.", "In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself. \"We just kinda showed up because we were supposed to give one of these away tonight,\" Chad Kroeger said after receiving the award. Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award.", "Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award. Dark Horse (2008–2010) After taking much of 2007 off, the band started recording a new album in earnest. In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth.", "In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth. On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008.", "On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008. This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single.", "This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single. It became Nickelback's 5th and so far final single to hit the No. 1 spot on the U.S. Adult Top 40 chart.", "Adult Top 40 chart. Adult Top 40 chart. The new album, produced by Mutt Lange and titled Dark Horse, was released on November 18, 2008. \"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one.", "\"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one. \"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album.", "\"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album. Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16.", "Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16. Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010.", "Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010. Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release.", "Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart.", "All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart. On November 26, 2008, the band announced the tour for the support of the album. Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts.", "Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts. The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act.", "The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act. The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel.", "The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel. The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act.", "The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act. For the second leg of the Europe tour, the band played with their opening act Daughtry. The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band.", "The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band. The band concluded their tour with the fourth leg in North America which included Buckcherry and Three Days Grace. The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows.", "The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows. The album also remained in the top 20 on the Billboard 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.", "The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S. However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative.", "However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative. In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony.", "In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony. In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year.", "In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year. The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist.", "The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist. On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero.", "On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero. On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\".", "On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\". In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour.", "In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour. Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind.", "Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind. Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\"", "Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\" Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\".", "Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\". Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it.", "Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it. We entered the studio this year with a vision, and it all came together. We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\"", "We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\" The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday.", "The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday. Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes.", "Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes. Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies.", "Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies. As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27.", "As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27. Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release.", "Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release. The band is nominated for 4 Juno Awards in 2012, and scheduled to perform at the ceremony. Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days.", "Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days. The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby.", "The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby. The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013.", "The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013. Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material.", "Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material. No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014.", "No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014. The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014.", "The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014. The track was described as a 'departure' for Nickelback and a political song. Frequent collaborator Chris Lord-Alge returned to mix some of the tracks on the album. It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records.", "It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records. The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18.", "The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18. The lead pop single, and second overall, was announced to be \"What Are You Waiting For? \", and was released in September.", "\", and was released in September. \"What Are You Waiting For?\" was released as a single on digital retailers on September 9, 2014. On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014.", "On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014. No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address.", "No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address. The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016).", "The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016). The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box.", "The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box. The entire leg of the European tour was postponed until Autumn 2016. On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services.", "On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services. On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour.", "On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour. On January 25, Nickelback signed with BMG Rights Management to release their ninth album, also titled Feed the Machine. The album was released on June 16, 2017.", "The album was released on June 16, 2017. The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017.", "The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017. Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts.", "Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts. Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it. Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs.", "Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs. On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone.", "On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone. Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal.", "Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal. Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge.", "Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge. Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational.", "Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational. Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews.", "Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling.", "AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling. Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption.", "Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption. However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound.", "However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound. In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace.", "In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace. In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed.", "In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed. In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\"", "In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\" In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives.", "In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives. In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\"", "In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\" Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go.", "Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream.", "He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world.\"", "This is your world.\" This is your world.\" Billboard gave praise to the band: \"The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times.\" Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band.", "Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band. Band membersCurrent members Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, lead guitar (1995–present); rhythm guitar (2008–present) Ryan Peake – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1995–present); keyboards (2002–present); lead guitar (2008–present) Mike Kroeger – bass (1995–present) Daniel Adair – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2005–present)Former members''' Brandon Kroeger – drums (1995–1997) Mitch Guindon – drums (1997–1998) Ryan Vikedal – drums, percussion (1998–2005) Timeline Discography Studio albumsCurb (1996)The State (1998)Silver Side Up (2001)The Long Road (2003)All the Right Reasons (2005)Dark Horse (2008)Here and Now (2011)No Fixed Address (2014)Feed the Machine'' (2017) Awards 2003 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award for the song \"How You Remind Me\" 2004 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2005 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2007 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2008 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award References External links Atlantic Records artists 1995 establishments in Alberta Canadian alternative metal musical groups Canadian hard rock musical groups Canadian heavy metal musical groups Canadian pop rock music groups Canadian post-grunge groups Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Alberta Musical quartets Republic Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Group of the Year winners Juno Fan Choice Award winners Musical families" ]

[ "Nickelback", "Curb and The State (1996-2000)", "When was Curb released?", "In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"", "What singles were on that album?", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "Was this album successful?", "Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed,", "Did they tour during the release of this album?", "travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live.", "When was The State released?", "The State, was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records", "What songs were on The State album?", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\"," ]

[ "Treddin' on Thin Ice is the debut album by UK grime artist Wiley released on XL Recordings. It was released on 26 April 2004. The album is seen as a critical success in grime music with an enduring and influential forward facing sound. However, commercially the album did not do as well, with one single (\"Wot Do U Call It\", a song addressing the debate over the categorization of grime) making the top 40 in the UK music charts.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n2004 debut albums\nWiley (musician) albums\nXL Recordings albums", "\"Do The Limbo Dance\" is a song by American actor and singer David Hasselhoff. It was released in July 1991 as the lead single from Hasselhoff's fifth studio album David (1991). The song was produced by Jack White, and written by him and Charles Blackwell. The song was a huge hit in Austria, where it reached number one.\n\nRelease and promotion\n\"Do The Limbo Dance\" was released in July 1990, and Hasselhoff performed the song live on several TV shows across Europe, including Kultnacht in Germany and Le monde est la vous in France. The song went on to became part of the set-list of Hasselhoff's concert tours, starting with the Dreams Come True Tour in November 1991.\n\nChart performance\nIn Austria, \"Do The Limbo Dance\" debuted at number 25, and reached number one on its seventh week, becoming Hasselhoff's second chart-topper single in the country, following \"Looking for Freedom\" (1988), and remained for a total of 28 weeks, and later certified Gold in the country. The song also did well in Germany, where it peaked at number 12 and remained for 22 weeks. In Switzerland, the song peaked at number 19 and remained for eight weeks. It also reached number 35 on the European Hot 100 Singles.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Do The Limbo Dance\" (Long Version) — 5:20\n \"Do The Limbo Dance\" (Radio Version) — 3:55\n \"Do The Limbo Dance\" (Instrumental) — 3:55\n\nCharts and sales\n\nWeekly charts\n\nCertifications and sales\n\nYear-end charts\n\nDecade-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n1991 singles\nDavid Hasselhoff songs\nSongs written by Jack White (music producer)" ]

[ "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta. It is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal.", "It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal. Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.", "Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. In 2009, Billboard ranked it the most successful rock group of that decade; \"How You Remind Me\" was the best-selling rock song and the fourth-best overall. The band ranked at No.", "The band ranked at No. The band ranked at No. 7 on the Billboard top artist of the decade list, with four albums among the publication's top albums of the decade. The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State.", "The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State. This album was commercially successful, as was its follow-up, Silver Side Up, in 2001. The band then released its biggest hit, \"How You Remind Me\", a No. 1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts.", "1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts. The fourth album, The Long Road, was released in 2003 and spawned five singles, including Canadian No. 1 \"Someday\", which also reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\".", "In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\". Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty.", "Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty. In 2011, the seventh album, Here and Now, topped the charts. The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017.", "The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017. Nickelback is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It originally published through EMI Canada before signing a global distribution deal with Roadrunner Records. For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada.", "For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada. History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake.", "History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake. The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\"", "The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\" The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica.", "The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica. Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996).", "Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996). The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms.", "The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms. Curb and The State (1996–2000) In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback. In 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998.", "Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998. While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\".", "While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\". Chad Kroeger stated that his skin was not able to handle cold weather and they convinced him to leave. In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band.", "In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed, he travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out.", "Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out. In Burman's words: \"I immediately got the chills! I thought their song 'Leader of Men' was a smash hit.\" Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career.", "Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career. Despite this, it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock. Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999.", "Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999. The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001.", "The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001. It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits.", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits. The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums.", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart.", "The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure.", "Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure. I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\"", "I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\" Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks.", "Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks. To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar.", "To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar. The album was written before the release of The State and was recorded at the same studio. The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.", "The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so.", "The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so. The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart.", "The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart. It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002.", "It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002. The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart.", "The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The final single from the album was \"Never Again\", which also hit number one on Mainstream Rock. In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\".", "In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home.", "In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home. On August 19, 2002, an incident occurred while the band was performing at the Ilha do Ermal festival in Portugal. While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience.", "While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience. After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\"", "After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\" A person in the audience then threw a rock at Chad's head. The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left.", "The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left. The band's label, Roadrunner, posted video footage of the entire incident on their website. In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road.", "In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road. The album was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA in March 2005 and it had sold 3,591,000 copies as of April 2011. It has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and, in 2003 alone, the album sold 2 million copies worldwide. It debuted at No.", "It debuted at No. It debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard 200. This was their first album produced by Joey Moi, a former classmate of the band's. The Long Road was ranked No. 157 on Billboards 200 Albums of the Decade. It spawned five singles. The lead single was \"Someday\".", "The lead single was \"Someday\". The band also released \"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good\" as a single, which peaked at number three on the Mainstream Rock Charts. \"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks.", "\"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks. All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair.", "All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair. Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005.", "Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005. The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005.", "The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005. It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S.", "It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S. Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\".", "Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\". Three of these became U.S. Hot 100 top 10 singles. Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart.", "Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart. The album sold more than 12 million singles and over 9 million ringtones. The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts.", "The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts. It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes.", "It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes. All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010.", "All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010. The band spent much of 2006 and 2007 touring across the globe. In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour.", "In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour. Over 2 million fans attended Nickelback's shows during those two years. The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally.", "The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally. The performance was filmed with 15 high-definition cameras. They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance.", "They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance. In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself.", "In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself. \"We just kinda showed up because we were supposed to give one of these away tonight,\" Chad Kroeger said after receiving the award. Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award.", "Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award. Dark Horse (2008–2010) After taking much of 2007 off, the band started recording a new album in earnest. In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth.", "In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth. On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008.", "On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008. This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single.", "This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single. It became Nickelback's 5th and so far final single to hit the No. 1 spot on the U.S. Adult Top 40 chart.", "Adult Top 40 chart. Adult Top 40 chart. The new album, produced by Mutt Lange and titled Dark Horse, was released on November 18, 2008. \"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one.", "\"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one. \"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album.", "\"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album. Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16.", "Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16. Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010.", "Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010. Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release.", "Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart.", "All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart. On November 26, 2008, the band announced the tour for the support of the album. Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts.", "Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts. The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act.", "The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act. The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel.", "The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel. The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act.", "The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act. For the second leg of the Europe tour, the band played with their opening act Daughtry. The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band.", "The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band. The band concluded their tour with the fourth leg in North America which included Buckcherry and Three Days Grace. The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows.", "The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows. The album also remained in the top 20 on the Billboard 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.", "The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S. However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative.", "However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative. In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony.", "In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony. In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year.", "In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year. The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist.", "The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist. On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero.", "On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero. On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\".", "On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\". In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour.", "In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour. Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind.", "Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind. Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\"", "Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\" Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\".", "Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\". Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it.", "Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it. We entered the studio this year with a vision, and it all came together. We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\"", "We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\" The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday.", "The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday. Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes.", "Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes. Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies.", "Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies. As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27.", "As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27. Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release.", "Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release. The band is nominated for 4 Juno Awards in 2012, and scheduled to perform at the ceremony. Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days.", "Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days. The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby.", "The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby. The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013.", "The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013. Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material.", "Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material. No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014.", "No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014. The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014.", "The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014. The track was described as a 'departure' for Nickelback and a political song. Frequent collaborator Chris Lord-Alge returned to mix some of the tracks on the album. It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records.", "It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records. The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18.", "The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18. The lead pop single, and second overall, was announced to be \"What Are You Waiting For? \", and was released in September.", "\", and was released in September. \"What Are You Waiting For?\" was released as a single on digital retailers on September 9, 2014. On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014.", "On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014. No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address.", "No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address. The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016).", "The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016). The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box.", "The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box. The entire leg of the European tour was postponed until Autumn 2016. On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services.", "On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services. On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour.", "On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour. On January 25, Nickelback signed with BMG Rights Management to release their ninth album, also titled Feed the Machine. The album was released on June 16, 2017.", "The album was released on June 16, 2017. The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017.", "The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017. Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts.", "Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts. Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it. Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs.", "Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs. On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone.", "On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone. Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal.", "Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal. Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge.", "Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge. Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational.", "Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational. Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews.", "Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling.", "AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling. Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption.", "Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption. However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound.", "However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound. In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace.", "In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace. In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed.", "In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed. In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\"", "In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\" In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives.", "In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives. In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\"", "In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\" Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go.", "Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream.", "He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world.\"", "This is your world.\" This is your world.\" Billboard gave praise to the band: \"The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times.\" Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band.", "Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band. Band membersCurrent members Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, lead guitar (1995–present); rhythm guitar (2008–present) Ryan Peake – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1995–present); keyboards (2002–present); lead guitar (2008–present) Mike Kroeger – bass (1995–present) Daniel Adair – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2005–present)Former members''' Brandon Kroeger – drums (1995–1997) Mitch Guindon – drums (1997–1998) Ryan Vikedal – drums, percussion (1998–2005) Timeline Discography Studio albumsCurb (1996)The State (1998)Silver Side Up (2001)The Long Road (2003)All the Right Reasons (2005)Dark Horse (2008)Here and Now (2011)No Fixed Address (2014)Feed the Machine'' (2017) Awards 2003 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award for the song \"How You Remind Me\" 2004 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2005 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2007 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2008 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award References External links Atlantic Records artists 1995 establishments in Alberta Canadian alternative metal musical groups Canadian hard rock musical groups Canadian heavy metal musical groups Canadian pop rock music groups Canadian post-grunge groups Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Alberta Musical quartets Republic Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Group of the Year winners Juno Fan Choice Award winners Musical families" ]

[ "Nickelback", "Curb and The State (1996-2000)", "When was Curb released?", "In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"", "What singles were on that album?", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "Was this album successful?", "Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed,", "Did they tour during the release of this album?", "travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live.", "When was The State released?", "The State, was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records", "What songs were on The State album?", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\",", "Did it do well on the charts?", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008," ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta. It is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal.", "It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal. Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.", "Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. In 2009, Billboard ranked it the most successful rock group of that decade; \"How You Remind Me\" was the best-selling rock song and the fourth-best overall. The band ranked at No.", "The band ranked at No. The band ranked at No. 7 on the Billboard top artist of the decade list, with four albums among the publication's top albums of the decade. The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State.", "The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State. This album was commercially successful, as was its follow-up, Silver Side Up, in 2001. The band then released its biggest hit, \"How You Remind Me\", a No. 1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts.", "1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts. The fourth album, The Long Road, was released in 2003 and spawned five singles, including Canadian No. 1 \"Someday\", which also reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\".", "In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\". Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty.", "Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty. In 2011, the seventh album, Here and Now, topped the charts. The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017.", "The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017. Nickelback is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It originally published through EMI Canada before signing a global distribution deal with Roadrunner Records. For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada.", "For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada. History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake.", "History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake. The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\"", "The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\" The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica.", "The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica. Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996).", "Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996). The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms.", "The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms. Curb and The State (1996–2000) In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback. In 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998.", "Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998. While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\".", "While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\". Chad Kroeger stated that his skin was not able to handle cold weather and they convinced him to leave. In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band.", "In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed, he travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out.", "Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out. In Burman's words: \"I immediately got the chills! I thought their song 'Leader of Men' was a smash hit.\" Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career.", "Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career. Despite this, it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock. Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999.", "Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999. The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001.", "The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001. It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits.", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits. The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums.", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart.", "The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure.", "Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure. I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\"", "I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\" Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks.", "Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks. To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar.", "To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar. The album was written before the release of The State and was recorded at the same studio. The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.", "The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so.", "The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so. The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart.", "The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart. It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002.", "It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002. The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart.", "The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The final single from the album was \"Never Again\", which also hit number one on Mainstream Rock. In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\".", "In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home.", "In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home. On August 19, 2002, an incident occurred while the band was performing at the Ilha do Ermal festival in Portugal. While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience.", "While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience. After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\"", "After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\" A person in the audience then threw a rock at Chad's head. The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left.", "The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left. The band's label, Roadrunner, posted video footage of the entire incident on their website. In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road.", "In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road. The album was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA in March 2005 and it had sold 3,591,000 copies as of April 2011. It has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and, in 2003 alone, the album sold 2 million copies worldwide. It debuted at No.", "It debuted at No. It debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard 200. This was their first album produced by Joey Moi, a former classmate of the band's. The Long Road was ranked No. 157 on Billboards 200 Albums of the Decade. It spawned five singles. The lead single was \"Someday\".", "The lead single was \"Someday\". The band also released \"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good\" as a single, which peaked at number three on the Mainstream Rock Charts. \"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks.", "\"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks. All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair.", "All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair. Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005.", "Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005. The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005.", "The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005. It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S.", "It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S. Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\".", "Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\". Three of these became U.S. Hot 100 top 10 singles. Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart.", "Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart. The album sold more than 12 million singles and over 9 million ringtones. The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts.", "The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts. It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes.", "It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes. All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010.", "All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010. The band spent much of 2006 and 2007 touring across the globe. In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour.", "In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour. Over 2 million fans attended Nickelback's shows during those two years. The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally.", "The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally. The performance was filmed with 15 high-definition cameras. They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance.", "They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance. In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself.", "In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself. \"We just kinda showed up because we were supposed to give one of these away tonight,\" Chad Kroeger said after receiving the award. Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award.", "Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award. Dark Horse (2008–2010) After taking much of 2007 off, the band started recording a new album in earnest. In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth.", "In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth. On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008.", "On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008. This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single.", "This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single. It became Nickelback's 5th and so far final single to hit the No. 1 spot on the U.S. Adult Top 40 chart.", "Adult Top 40 chart. Adult Top 40 chart. The new album, produced by Mutt Lange and titled Dark Horse, was released on November 18, 2008. \"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one.", "\"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one. \"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album.", "\"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album. Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16.", "Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16. Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010.", "Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010. Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release.", "Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart.", "All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart. On November 26, 2008, the band announced the tour for the support of the album. Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts.", "Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts. The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act.", "The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act. The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel.", "The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel. The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act.", "The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act. For the second leg of the Europe tour, the band played with their opening act Daughtry. The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band.", "The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band. The band concluded their tour with the fourth leg in North America which included Buckcherry and Three Days Grace. The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows.", "The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows. The album also remained in the top 20 on the Billboard 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.", "The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S. However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative.", "However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative. In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony.", "In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony. In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year.", "In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year. The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist.", "The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist. On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero.", "On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero. On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\".", "On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\". In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour.", "In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour. Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind.", "Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind. Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\"", "Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\" Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\".", "Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\". Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it.", "Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it. We entered the studio this year with a vision, and it all came together. We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\"", "We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\" The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday.", "The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday. Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes.", "Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes. Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies.", "Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies. As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27.", "As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27. Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release.", "Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release. The band is nominated for 4 Juno Awards in 2012, and scheduled to perform at the ceremony. Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days.", "Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days. The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby.", "The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby. The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013.", "The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013. Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material.", "Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material. No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014.", "No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014. The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014.", "The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014. The track was described as a 'departure' for Nickelback and a political song. Frequent collaborator Chris Lord-Alge returned to mix some of the tracks on the album. It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records.", "It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records. The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18.", "The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18. The lead pop single, and second overall, was announced to be \"What Are You Waiting For? \", and was released in September.", "\", and was released in September. \"What Are You Waiting For?\" was released as a single on digital retailers on September 9, 2014. On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014.", "On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014. No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address.", "No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address. The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016).", "The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016). The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box.", "The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box. The entire leg of the European tour was postponed until Autumn 2016. On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services.", "On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services. On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour.", "On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour. On January 25, Nickelback signed with BMG Rights Management to release their ninth album, also titled Feed the Machine. The album was released on June 16, 2017.", "The album was released on June 16, 2017. The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017.", "The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017. Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts.", "Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts. Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it. Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs.", "Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs. On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone.", "On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone. Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal.", "Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal. Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge.", "Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge. Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational.", "Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational. Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews.", "Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling.", "AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling. Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption.", "Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption. However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound.", "However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound. In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace.", "In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace. In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed.", "In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed. In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\"", "In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\" In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives.", "In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives. In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\"", "In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\" Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go.", "Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream.", "He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world.\"", "This is your world.\" This is your world.\" Billboard gave praise to the band: \"The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times.\" Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band.", "Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band. Band membersCurrent members Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, lead guitar (1995–present); rhythm guitar (2008–present) Ryan Peake – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1995–present); keyboards (2002–present); lead guitar (2008–present) Mike Kroeger – bass (1995–present) Daniel Adair – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2005–present)Former members''' Brandon Kroeger – drums (1995–1997) Mitch Guindon – drums (1997–1998) Ryan Vikedal – drums, percussion (1998–2005) Timeline Discography Studio albumsCurb (1996)The State (1998)Silver Side Up (2001)The Long Road (2003)All the Right Reasons (2005)Dark Horse (2008)Here and Now (2011)No Fixed Address (2014)Feed the Machine'' (2017) Awards 2003 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award for the song \"How You Remind Me\" 2004 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2005 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2007 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2008 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award References External links Atlantic Records artists 1995 establishments in Alberta Canadian alternative metal musical groups Canadian hard rock musical groups Canadian heavy metal musical groups Canadian pop rock music groups Canadian post-grunge groups Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Alberta Musical quartets Republic Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Group of the Year winners Juno Fan Choice Award winners Musical families" ]

[ "Nickelback", "Curb and The State (1996-2000)", "When was Curb released?", "In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"", "What singles were on that album?", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "Was this album successful?", "Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed,", "Did they tour during the release of this album?", "travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live.", "When was The State released?", "The State, was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records", "What songs were on The State album?", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\",", "Did it do well on the charts?", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008,", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock.", "Did they tour at all during this time period?", "I don't know." ]

[ "ABBA 18 Hits was released by Polar Music International on 8 September 2005, and is a compilation of hits by ABBA.\n\nThe 18 Hits set was released as a mid-price alternative to the best-selling full-price collection ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits and features 14 of the group's biggest hits and concludes with four non-English versions; \"Honey Honey\" (Swedish version), \"Waterloo\" (French version), \"Ring Ring\" (German version) and the Spanish version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", entitled \"Dame! Dame! Dame!\". Among the more notable omissions on the 18 Hits collection are one of the band's biggest hits, \"Dancing Queen\", as well as \"Chiquitita\", \"Take a Chance on Me\" and \"I Have a Dream\".\n\nThe Swedish edition of 18 Hits, also released in 2005, featured four Swedish language recordings instead of the four non-English versions; \"Waterloo\", \"Honey Honey\", \"Ring Ring (Bara Du Slog En Signal)\" and \"Åh Vilka Tider\". This is the first ABBA CD to include \"Åh Vilka Tider\", which had originally been released as the B-side to the Swedish version of \"Ring Ring\". It would also appear worldwide on The Complete Studio Recordings. A budget-priced DVD entitled 16 Hits was released simultaneously.\n\nWhile numerous other similar hits compilations with the group have been released both before and since, 18 Hits has proved to be one of Universal Music's bestselling ABBA products, peaking in the Top 10 in Poland and the Top 20 in the UK, Spain and Hungary and re-entering the charts in many territories after the premiere of movie Mamma Mia! in the summer of 2008. It never included any songs from The Visitors or any other songs released from 1981 to 1982.\n\nThis compilation is not available digitally, as many tracks, featured in this compilation, are part of other ABBA compilations available in digital distribution. It is, eventually, still repressed on CD for many regions of the world.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\n\nAgnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals\nAnni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals\nBjörn Ulvaeus - acoustic guitar, backing vocals\n Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nABBA compilation albums\n2005 greatest hits albums\nAlbums recorded at Polar Studios\nAlbums produced by Björn Ulvaeus\nAlbums produced by Benny Andersson", "Hits - also commonly known as The Hits Album - is a long-running compilation album series containing contemporary chart music. It originally ran in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe for over twenty years from 1984 until 2006. It was compiled as a joint venture, variously between the compilation arms of the Sony Music, RCA/BMG, and Warner Music groups to rival the Now That's What I Call Music series that had launched a year earlier in 1983, compiled by rival companies EMI and Virgin. Initially, the Hits brand was arguably as popular as its main rival and all of the first eight volumes achieved at least a platinum BPI award, with several of the very early albums going multi-platinum.\n\nDuring 1989, five years into the Hits series' run, a drop in sales resulted in several re-brands meaning that for a period of time, the series lost momentum with the release pattern and the numbering of each volume.\n\nThe series was briefly retired, and in 1992, there were not any Hits compilations released. The following year, BMG partnered with compilation specialist company Telstar Records for a brief run of five volumes of the Hits 93 and Hits 94 single-CD/MC/LP compilations.\n\nIn December 1995, BMG and Warner Music partnered for a new series of Hits albums, and Hits 96 was the first compilation containing the relaunched brand. This proved very successful, and once again the Hits series started to rival the success of the contemporaneous Now releases of the time. Unlike the earlier Hits output of two issues a year, there was a notable increase of up to five compilations, and instead of a volume or issue number, they all have varied titles: Hits, New Hits, Fresh Hits, Big Hits and Huge Hits – this title is then always followed by the year of release; for example, Fresh Hits 1997.\n\nIn December 2000, Hits 2001 was released, and this indicated that in 2001, there would be a continuation of the standard release pattern of New, Fresh, Big, and Huge Hits. However, the compilers decided to rename Hits to \"Music: The Definitive Hits Collection\", and the new series was billed to contain a much broader range of chart hits designed to appeal to buyers of the hugely successful and long-running Now That's What I Call Music series.\n\nFinally, after two volumes of Music in 2001, the end of the year saw \"Hits 50\" released, and this was a return to the original numbering format the Hits series had long abandoned in 1989. This lasted for eleven volumes and continued to Hits 60 in 2004, after which, there was a return to having random Hits titles and sporadic release dates again. By 2006, almost twenty two years after the first Hits Album was released, the tired brand could not compete with the evergreen Now series. Seen as no longer profitable or relevant, the last Hits album was called Summer Hits 2006 and this left the Now That's What I Call Music series as the only hits compilation brand still going strong on the UK Compilation Album chart as of .\n\nThe Hits Album was also a well received compilation series in the rest of Europe, and there are several European variants.\n\nHits 1 to The Hits Album\n\nOriginal series 1984–1991\n\nThe original series of The Hits Album began in November 1984 and fourteen volumes of Hits Album were released between November 1984 and June 1991. The early albums contained 32 tracks, as opposed to 30 usually found on the Now compilations and reached either number 1 or number 2 on the UK Top 100 Album Chart. All of the albums from this period achieved at least a platinum BPI award, with the exception of the ninth volume.\n\nWhen the Hits Album series began, it was a joint venture by CBS and WEA; RCA Ariola (later BMG) joined the partnership in 1986, and it would be a combination of these three companies, and later, Telstar TV, that would release The Hits Album for the rest of its long run. The LP and CD (from 1986) variations were called \"The Hits Album (Volume number)\" whilst the cassette tapes were often called \"The Hits Tape (volume number)\"\n\nJust like the Now series, The Hits Album collections brought together all the big hits from the partnering record companies and was seen as the music collectors companion to the equally popular Now releases. The Hits Album often featured songs by artists such as Madonna, Prince, Bruce Springsteen, Michael Jackson, Fleetwood Mac, Cher, Whitney Houston and other big international acts that did not generally appear on the rival Now compilations, as well exclusives from hugely popular UK artists of the time, such as Wham! and George Michael, Paul Young and Alison Moyet. It is probably for this reason the albums were equally popular throughout the 1980s. The first Hits Album managed to keep the rival Now album (Now 4) from the number 1 position in December 1984 (the only Now album never to reach number 1) and it spent a total of 7 weeks at the top of the UK Top 100 Album chart.\n\nIn 1986, Hits 5 was the first album of the series to be released on a single CD, with The Hits Album 7 being the first to be released as a double-CD the following year. A video compilation was often released at the same time as the albums, but not always. Like the Now compilations, the artwork for The Hits Album was equally eye catching and glossy, often including three dimensional numbers and shapes. The whole Hits package included background information about the artists and tracks, often including chart positions and an album credit. This appeared in the inner gatefold of the standard album, and in a small booklet with the cassette and CD, although a few of the later editions did not include this feature.\n\nThe Hits Album plus an issue number was released through to June 1989 and stopped at The Hits Album 10, although the ninth volume had previously been released in December 1988 as simply The Hits Album. Subsequent releases through to 1991 were released without an issue number and this successive refreshing of the Hits brand could be seen as minor relaunches of the series, each time in the face of the continuing success and strength of the rival Now brand.\n\nFrom November 1989, the albums in the Hits series started using alternative titles such as Monster Hits and The Hit Pack. They are however considered an extension of the original series as these albums were all issued by BMG, CBS and WEA. and also contained the word Hit somewhere in the title. From November 1989 to July 1991, The Hits Albums were released with these titles:\n Monster Hits \n(CBS/BMG/WEA. CDHITS 11. November 1989)\n Snap It Up! Monster Hits 2 \n(CBS/BMG/WEA. CDHITS 12. August 1990)\n\nBoth Monster Hits and Snap it Up! Monster Hits 2 featured a cartoon gimmick, \"The Hits Monster\", in the artwork and advertising campaign, in a similar way a cartoon pig was used during earlier Now That's What I Call Music releases.\n\n The Hit Pack \n(CBS/BMG/WEA. COMP CD1. December 1990)\n\nWhen the Monster Hits theme ended after only two volumes, The Hit Pack was released with much more restrained artwork and advertising. It is unique because it was not released on LP and only issued on cassette with 24 tracks, and as a 21 track single-CD.\n\n The Hits Album \n(Sony Music/BMG/Cookie Jar TV. HITS CD 15. June 1991)\n\nThe series went full circle and became simply The Hits Album again, although this release was listed as The Hits Album 15 in some chart statistic publications due to the catalogue number 'HITSCD15'; however, the volume suffix '15' is not included after The Hits Album anywhere on this albums actual artwork. This album was also a joint venture with Cookie Jar Records, a division of Polygram Records specialising in TV marketed compilations.\n\nAlthough The Hits Album in 1991 was a success, the partners behind the series decided to retire the Hits brand in 1991. There was not a version of The Hits Album 14 issued by BMG, CBS or WEA in any title variation or format and technically, what is listed as The Hits Album 15 is actually the fourteenth volume of the series.\n\nHits 93 and Hits 94\n\nTelstar series 1993 to 1994\n\nWith the Hits brand retired, Telstar Records launched the Hits '93 compilation series in association with its parent distribution company BMG, who originally joined the Hits series with WEA and CBS in 1986. Unlike the albums put out by the respective Sony BMG and Warner labels of the era, Hits '93 was formatted as a single-CD, MC and LP, and included a larger percentage of dance acts compared to the original Hits releases. Even though these albums could be seen as an extension of other Telstar Hit themed compilations (such as 100% Hits) these albums are categorized under the Hits brand in the Complete Book Of British Charts, which is probably due to BMG's former and Telstar's subsequent involvement in the series. The Hits '93 series ran for four volumes during 1993, and one volume of Hits '94 with the concept eventually being replaced by the resurrection of Telstar and BMG's short-lived single-CD version of The Hits Album later in the year, which also lasted one volume.\n\nWhen the Hits series developed a new era starting from 1995 through to 2001 (see below), BMG and Telstar went on to release Pure Hits 97 in 1997 which is (spiritually) a sequel to the Hits '93 and Hits '94 series due to its very similar cover artwork.\n\nHits 96 Relaunch\n\nSecond series 1995 to 2000\n\nIn the summer of 1995, an album called Hitz Blitz was released by Global Television, and encouraged by its success, decided to relaunch The Hits Album as simply \"Hits\", and the first in the new series was released in December 1995 (with the BMG compilations arm trading as Global Television, and WSM being similarly labeled as warner.esp.tv). The relaunched series did not resume the original numbering system used until 1989; this was replaced in favour of different titles, for example, New Hits or Fresh Hits, and the year following the word 'Hits'. This was the most successful branding of the Hits series since the earlier volumes, and both Sony Music TV and compilation specialist company Telstar Records joined forces with BMG and Warner Music early in the series run. Originally, the albums were divided into four distinct parts: Part One contained the biggest hits; Part Two had all the big dance hits; Part Three featured indie and rock tracks and Part Four would generally hoover up any left over hits the compilers had access to. This theme ended in 1997.\n\nUnlike the earlier Hits albums (and all of the Now main series), the inlay booklets contained no pictures or trivia relating to the track; the only exception is New Hits 2000, which is uniquely the only compilation in this Hits era to include this feature, however, the cover artwork and design is very similar to the Now albums of the period. In 2000, there were two volumes of Fresh Hits and both featured a new cover design, but this rebrand was short-lived, and the series reverted to the established artwork and design for the final two volumes of this period; Huge Hits 2000 and Hits 2001.\n\nNotably, New Hits 96 holds the distinction for the most consecutive weeks at number 1 in the UK Top 20 Compilation Chart since its launch on 14 January 1989. It spent 9 weeks at number 1 from 18 May 1996 to 13 July 1996. It shares this record with Now 29 which similarly held the position for 9 weeks.\n\nThere is not a compilation entitled Hits 98. This is due to the compilers adding the Big Hits name to the series in December 1997. The next Big Hits was issued in September 1998, therefore, a Hits 99 followed in December, as per the release pattern established in 1995.\n\nTitles in this Hits series\n\nThe earlier volumes of The Hits Album were generally released twice a year but this Hits series saw a noticeable increase to four, and then five, compilations a year:\n\n Hits\nThis was the first in the relaunched series by Global Television and Warner Bros, then trading as WMTV, and was released in December 1995. Simply 'Hits' and the following year would then be released in December, beginning that year's series of collections.\n New Hits\nCompilations with this title were always released in March/April; the first album was New Hits 96.\n Fresh Hits\nSony Music TV rejoined the Hits venture when this album was released in 1996; Fresh Hits were always released in July.\n Big Hits\nAdditional title, added to the series in December 1997, with the next released in September 1998.\n Huge Hits\nYear-end Hits collections were always preceded with Huge and were always released in early November.\n\nHits: The Modern Years\n\n2001 to 2006\n\nIn March 2001, and following the traditional Hits 2001 release, another relaunch occurred, and this was reported in Music Week to be an attempt to appeal to the broader range of Now That's What I Call Music buyers. Sony BMG, Warner Strategic Marketing, and now with Telstar TV on board, rebranded the well-established Hits series to \"Music\", which was considered a more classy name and image. \"Music: The Definitive Hits Collection\" was launched in March, and \"Music: Today's Definitive Hits Collection Volume 2\" was released four months later, with both volumes issued in a glossy cardboard slipcase with slick minimalistic artwork based around the letter \"M\" (stylised as \"M\"usic) - but, much like the attempted Fresh Hits spin-off the year before, this new concept also failed to catch-on, and neither compilation managed to reach the Top 3 - so the Hits series went full-circle again, and returned to the volume numbering format it originally abandoned in 1989: Hits was rebranded, relaunched, and somewhat retconned, to Hits 50 in late September 2001, and Hits 51 swiftly followed in December.\n\nThis relaunch saw heavy promotional emphasis on the fact that both Hits 50 and Hits 51 included 50 tracks, with 25 tracks on each disc. However, each song's running time was reduced to fit 25 tracks on a single disc (usually by an early fade-out), therefore, the new format was not a success, and sales for Hits 51 were much lower than Hits 50, and charted only at #10 – possibly because buyers were aware of the 50 track edited format. This practice was stopped and Hits 52 featured 40 tracks which were not edited. Hits 52 also started another short tradition; a music video as a bonus feature on CD2 when it is entered into a computer. The final volume to feature a music video was Hits 54.\n\nBy 2004, Hits 60 was released and this had three discs with sixty tracks, instead of two discs, once again trying a new concept to compete with the double-CD Now compilations. After this, the Hits series began to run out of steam: the numbering system was once again discontinued, with what would have been Hits 61 being issued as Red Hot Hits. Only a few remaining 'Hits' albums have been released since then with Essential Hits released in late 2005, followed by Summer Hits 2006, which became the final Hits album, and there have not been any more releases since.\n\n2014 to present (2020)\n\nIn 2014, Warner Music released the download compilation Top Hits, which could be considered a revival of the series.\n\nIn April 2019, Sony Music released three budget compilations under The Hits Album name in partnership with Universal Music under their UMC (Universal Music Catalogue) label. A further three compilations were released in August 2019, followed by another three in November 2019 and January 2020, and another two in July 2020 and October 2020, and further albums in December 2020, February 2021, March 2021, July 2021, December 2021 and January 2022. These compilations are unlike the original Hits Album collections. They are 3 or 4-disc, genre or era defined retrospectives (70s, 80s, 90s, chill-out, soft rock, etc.), and do not include any contemporary hits.\n\nChristmas Hits\nHits albums themed to Christmas music had begun in 2001. The releases all had the same name, but with different subtitles, and were:\nChristmas Hits (50 Festive Favourites) (2001): An album that had 50 tracks over 2 discs (being one in four Hits albums to do so). Re-released in 2002 and 2003. Once again, as with the regular Hits series, some tracks had to be edited for the ability to use 25 tracks. \nChristmas Hits (60 Festive Favourites) (2004): Contains 60 tracks over 3 discs. Re-released in 2005, 2006 and 2007.\nChristmas Hits (80 Festive Favourites) (2008): Contains 80 tracks over 4 discs, with the fourth disc being an exclusive studio album containing new recordings of carols. The digital version is titled Christmas Hits (Digital Edition). Re-released in 2009.\n\nThe Now series' album Now That's What I Call Xmas was released in 2005 to rival the 2005 re-release of Christmas Hits (60 Festive Favourites) and both albums continued to be re-released annually to rival each other with varying success until Christmas Hits was revamped with a new track list and artwork in 2008. Now...Xmas later followed suit by doing the same.\n\nComplete chronology \n\n The first Hits compilation to be released on Compact Disc: like The Hits Album 6 the following year, it was a single CD with a selection of tracks taken from the standard LP/MC versions.\n The first Hits Album to be released on double CD. Henceforth all subsequent Hits CD releases would be identical to their LP/MC counterparts, where applicable.\n These compilations are titled only as The Hits Album and do not include volume number artwork. Their catalogue numbers do, however, allude to their numerical position in the \"Hits\" series canon.\n As Global TV/Sony Music/Warner were owners of the Hits series at the time of its release, Telstar's Pure Hits 97 is arguably not a part of the main Hits series, but rather a continuation, and conclusion, of the Hits albums released in 1993/94 by BMG and Telstar. This is substantiated by the similarities in artwork between those particular releases. The aforementioned 1993/94 releases are, however, considered to be part of the main Hits series.\n Had the chronological numbering system of Hits releases been strictly followed, then this compilation should have been titled 'Hits 48'. If the fourteenth release is considered to be 'Hits 15' then Hits 50 should have been titled 'Hits 49'. If Pure Hits 97 is also taken as being part of the main series then Hits 50 is correctly titled. Hits 50 would also be correctly titled if Telstar's The Hits Album 1997 was added into the main series alongside their Pure Hits 97 album, but only if 'Hits 15' is considered to be 'Hits 14'. To further complicate matters Huge Hits 2003 and Huge Hits 2004 are not included in the numbering system, whereas the earlier Huge Hits titles are. It should also be noted that the title \"Hits 50\" may have been given to this particular release with little regard to any strict numbering system, but rather as an attempt to more closely compete with the Now That's What I Call Music! series which would see the release of Now 50 three months later.\n Some of the songs found on Hits 58 and Hits 59 made their way onto Hits 60: e.g. \"Life for Rent\" by Dido, \"Left Outside Alone\" by Anastacia, \"Love is Only a Feeling\" by The Darkness, \"Hold Onto Our Love\" by James Fox and \"If I Thought You'd Ever Change Your Mind\" by Agnetha Faltskog.\n These were 'year-end' collections, combining the biggest hits of previous volumes with a few new additions. There was not an edition of Huge Hits 2001 nor Huge Hits 2002, although Huge Hits 2000 was released in 2000, Huge Hits 2003 was released in 2002, and Huge Hits 2004 was released in 2003, thus making 2001 the only year without a Huge Hits release between the 1996 and 2004 volumes.\n The first Hits album to be released as a digital download.\n\nReferences\nInline:\n\nGeneral:\n\nCompilation album series\n \nMass media franchises introduced in 1984" ]

[ "Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta. It is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal.", "It went through several drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current lineup when Adair replaced Ryan Vikedal. Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide.", "Nickelback is one of the most commercially successful Canadian rock bands, having sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. In 2009, Billboard ranked it the most successful rock group of that decade; \"How You Remind Me\" was the best-selling rock song and the fourth-best overall. The band ranked at No.", "The band ranked at No. The band ranked at No. 7 on the Billboard top artist of the decade list, with four albums among the publication's top albums of the decade. The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State.", "The band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released its once-independent second studio album The State. This album was commercially successful, as was its follow-up, Silver Side Up, in 2001. The band then released its biggest hit, \"How You Remind Me\", a No. 1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts.", "1 on the Billboard and Canadian Singles Charts. The fourth album, The Long Road, was released in 2003 and spawned five singles, including Canadian No. 1 \"Someday\", which also reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\".", "In 2005, the band's best-selling album to date, All the Right Reasons, produced three top-ten and five top-twenty singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including \"Photograph\", \"Far Away\", and \"Rockstar\". Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty.", "Dark Horse sold well in 2008, producing eight singles, one cracking the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and two in the top twenty. In 2011, the seventh album, Here and Now, topped the charts. The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017.", "The eighth, No Fixed Address, was released in 2014, followed by Feed the Machine in 2017. Nickelback is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. It originally published through EMI Canada before signing a global distribution deal with Roadrunner Records. For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada.", "For Here and Now, it left EMI Canada for Universal Music Canada. History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake.", "History Formation (1995) The band was formed in the early 1990s as a cover band called \"Village Idiot\" by brothers Mike and Chad Kroeger with their cousin Brandon Kroeger and Ryan Peake. The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\"", "The band later changed its name to Nickelback, which originated from the nickel in change that band member Mike Kroeger gave customers at his job at Starbucks; he would frequently say, \"Here's your nickel back.\" The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica.", "The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica. Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996).", "Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher (1996). The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms.", "The band spent half the money to record the EP, and spent the other half on magic mushrooms. Curb and The State (1996–2000) In 1996, the band recorded and released their first full-length album, Curb. \"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback.", "\"Fly\" was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback. In 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998.", "Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998. While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\".", "While initially reported due to him starting work at a car company, Guindon's departure came due to him \"not [being] meant for the road\". Chad Kroeger stated that his skin was not able to handle cold weather and they convinced him to leave. In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band.", "In Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the self-released album and, suitably impressed, he travelled to Vancouver to see them perform live. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out.", "Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out. In Burman's words: \"I immediately got the chills! I thought their song 'Leader of Men' was a smash hit.\" Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career.", "Off the stage he was impressed by their industry and initiative in managing their career. Despite this, it still took Burman three months for him to convince his label bosses to approve the signing, a decision that would mark Roadrunner's first move into mainstream rock. Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999.", "Nickelback signed a record deal with EMI and Roadrunner Records in 1999. The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001.", "The State was released by Nickelback in 2000 by Roadrunner Records and EMI Canada, followed by its release in Europe in 2001. It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits.", "It spawned 4 singles: \"Old Enough\", \"Worthy to Say\", \"Leader of Men\" and \"Breathe\", the last two being Top 10 rock hits. The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums.", "The album was the band's first album to be certified gold status and it later went into platinum status in 2008, after the success of their later albums. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart.", "The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 130 and peaked at number 3 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Top Independent albums chart. Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure.", "Silver Side Up and The Long Road (2001–2004) Around 2001, Chad Kroeger started \"studying every piece, everything sonically, everything lyrically, everything musically, chord structure. I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\"", "I would dissect every single song that I would hear on the radio or every song that had ever done well on a chart and I would say, 'Why did this do well?'\" Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks.", "Kroeger said that Nickelback's single \"How You Remind Me\" sold so well because it was about romantic relationships, a universal subject, and contained memorable hooks. To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar.", "To record their third album Silver Side Up, Nickelback collaborated with producer Rick Parashar. The album was written before the release of The State and was recorded at the same studio. The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.", "The album was released on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so.", "The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 with over 177,000 copies sold in its first week and peaked at number one at the Canadian albums chart, making it the band's first album to do so. The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart.", "The single \"How You Remind Me\" was a number one single on the Mainstream and Modern rock charts, as well as the pop chart. It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002.", "It also peaked at number two on Adult Top 40 and became the Billboard Hot 100 number one single of the year for 2002. The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart.", "The next single was \"Too Bad\", which also reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The final single from the album was \"Never Again\", which also hit number one on Mainstream Rock. In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\".", "In 2002, Chad Kroeger collaborated with Josey Scott on the Spider-Man theme song, \"Hero\". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home.", "In 2002, Nickelback released their first DVD Live at Home. On August 19, 2002, an incident occurred while the band was performing at the Ilha do Ermal festival in Portugal. While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience.", "While performing the second song of their set, Chad Kroeger was sprayed with a full bottle of water hurled from somewhere within the audience. After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\"", "After finishing the song, Chad asked the crowd, \"Do you want to hear some rock 'n' roll or do you want to go home?\" A person in the audience then threw a rock at Chad's head. The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left.", "The band then left stage, with Chad and Vikedal giving the finger to the audience as they left. The band's label, Roadrunner, posted video footage of the entire incident on their website. In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road.", "In 2003, Nickelback released The Long Road. The album was certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA in March 2005 and it had sold 3,591,000 copies as of April 2011. It has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and, in 2003 alone, the album sold 2 million copies worldwide. It debuted at No.", "It debuted at No. It debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard 200. This was their first album produced by Joey Moi, a former classmate of the band's. The Long Road was ranked No. 157 on Billboards 200 Albums of the Decade. It spawned five singles. The lead single was \"Someday\".", "The lead single was \"Someday\". The band also released \"Feelin' Way Too Damn Good\" as a single, which peaked at number three on the Mainstream Rock Charts. \"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks.", "\"Figured You Out\" was also released as a single and topped the Mainstream Rock Charts for 13 consecutive weeks. All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair.", "All the Right Reasons (2005–2007) Just after New Year's Day 2005, drummer Ryan Vikedal was replaced by 3 Doors Down's drummer Daniel Adair. Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005.", "Nickelback promptly went into the studio with their new drummer from January through May 2005. The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005.", "The sessions resulted in their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons which was released on October 3, 2005. It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S.", "It peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 with 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States, as well as producing five U.S. Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\".", "Hot 100 top 20 singles: \"Photograph\", \"Savin' Me\", \"Far Away\", \"If Everyone Cared\" and \"Rockstar\". Three of these became U.S. Hot 100 top 10 singles. Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart.", "Also, the album peaked at number one on the Canadian albums chart. The album sold more than 12 million singles and over 9 million ringtones. The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts.", "The album also made Nickelback the first band in Nielsen BDS history to have 5 singles on the CHR charts. It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes.", "It included appearances by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, who played a guitar solo on the song \"Follow You Home\" and sang backing vocals on \"Rock Star\"—and a posthumously sampled appearance by Chad Kroeger's friend Dimebag Darrell from Pantera, culled from guitar outtakes. All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010.", "All the Right Reasons had sold over 7 million copies in the U.S. to June 19, 2010. The band spent much of 2006 and 2007 touring across the globe. In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour.", "In the fall of 2006, the band opened for Bon Jovi on the European leg of the Have a Nice Day Tour. Over 2 million fans attended Nickelback's shows during those two years. The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally.", "The band played at Sturgis, South Dakota to over 35,000 people at the 2006 Sturgis Bike Rally. The performance was filmed with 15 high-definition cameras. They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance.", "They released the DVD and Blu-ray of it in 2009, several years after the performance. In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself.", "In November 2006, the band won an American Music Award for best pop/rock album, surprising the band itself. \"We just kinda showed up because we were supposed to give one of these away tonight,\" Chad Kroeger said after receiving the award. Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award.", "Chad Kroeger added he had thought the Red Hot Chili Peppers would win the award. Dark Horse (2008–2010) After taking much of 2007 off, the band started recording a new album in earnest. In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth.", "In July 2008, the band signed with Live Nation for three touring and album cycles, with an option for a fourth. On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008.", "On September 4, 2008, it was announced that the first single from the upcoming album would be \"If Today Was Your Last Day\", to be released on September 30, 2008. This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single.", "This announcement was however never confirmed: Roadrunner Records actually chose to release another song, \"Gotta Be Somebody,\" as the first single. It became Nickelback's 5th and so far final single to hit the No. 1 spot on the U.S. Adult Top 40 chart.", "Adult Top 40 chart. Adult Top 40 chart. The new album, produced by Mutt Lange and titled Dark Horse, was released on November 18, 2008. \"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one.", "\"Something in Your Mouth\" was released as the second single to rock radio only on December 15, 2008, where it reached number one. \"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album.", "\"If Today Was Your Last Day\" was eventually released as a single after all on March 31, 2009: it became the third single from the album. Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16.", "Four more singles were released later in 2009, \"I'd Come for You\", \"Burn It to the Ground\" and \"Never Gonna Be Alone\" released in September and \"Shakin' Hands\" as the seventh single on November 16. Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010.", "Its eighth single, \"This Afternoon\", was released on March 23, 2010. Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release.", "Dark Horse was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 9, 2008, only three weeks after its North American release. All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart.", "All eight singles were major hits which finished at or near the top of at least one high-profile chart. On November 26, 2008, the band announced the tour for the support of the album. Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts.", "Live Nation produced the tour and the band kicked off in Nashville, Tennessee, with Seether, and Saving Abel as their opening acts. The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act.", "The band then announced that they were about to tour in the UK with Black Stone Cherry as their opening act. The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel.", "The band then announced the second leg of the tour of North America with the opening acts being Hinder, Papa Roach, and once again, Saving Abel. The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act.", "The band then went on tour around Australia and New Zealand with Sick Puppies as their supporting act. For the second leg of the Europe tour, the band played with their opening act Daughtry. The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band.", "The third leg of the North America tour kicked off with Breaking Benjamin, Sick Puppies and Shinedown opening up for the band. The band concluded their tour with the fourth leg in North America which included Buckcherry and Three Days Grace. The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows.", "The tour was very successful and the band sold over 1.6 million tickets with 146 shows. The album also remained in the top 20 on the Billboard 200 for weeks after its release. The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S.", "The album was certified two times platinum in April 2009, and had by April 2010 sold over 3 million copies in the U.S. However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative.", "However, critical reception of the album has been mostly mixed to negative. In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony.", "In 2009, the band won three Juno Awards for Juno Fan Choice Award, group of the year, and album of the year; the band performed their single \"Something In Your Mouth\" at the ceremony. In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year.", "In 2010, Billboard year end charts listed Dark Horse as the top-selling rock and metal album of the year. The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist.", "The band was also listed at the top selling hard rock artist. On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero.", "On January 29, 2010 they released a Tap-Tap rhythm game for on the App Store, contrary to the band's prior comments against other music related video games such as Guitar Hero. On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\".", "On February 28, 2010, Nickelback gave a performance at the beginning of the concert portion of the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, performing \"Burn It to the Ground\". In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour.", "In October 2010 Nickelback finished their Dark Horse Tour. Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind.", "Here and Now (2011–2013) Chad Kroeger said in an interview with Billboard.com in September 2010 that songwriting for the next Nickelback album was planned to commence as early as February 2011 with \"about four tunes\" already in mind. Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\"", "Adair mentioned that the band wanted to go back to the musical style of All The Right Reasons, which he described as \"more organic.\" Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\".", "Nickelback announced their new album, Here and Now, on September 8, 2011, along with its two lead singles, \"Bottoms Up\" and \"When We Stand Together\". Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it.", "Kroeger said \"We’re four people who love making music, the way we like to make it. We entered the studio this year with a vision, and it all came together. We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\"", "We’re extremely happy with the results, and can’t wait to share them with our fans.\" The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday.", "The album was released on November 21, 2011, with the band calling it \"Nickelblack Monday\", a play on Nickelback and Black Monday. Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes.", "Two singles were released to radio stations on September 26, and September 27 for purchase on iTunes. Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies.", "Here and Now peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 226,714 copies in its first week of release, with Christmas by Michael Bublé taking number one by a margin of only 419 copies. As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27.", "As part of promotion for the album, Nickelback was booked to perform at the halftime shows for both an NFL Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field in Detroit on November 24, and the 99th Grey Cup in the band's hometown of Vancouver on November 27. Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release.", "Also, as a promotion the band played to Jimmy Kimmel upon the album's release. The band is nominated for 4 Juno Awards in 2012, and scheduled to perform at the ceremony. Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days.", "Nickelback announced their Here and Now Tour on January 11, 2012, they are going to tour with Seether, Bush and My Darkest Days. The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby.", "The band released a music video for their fourth single off of the album Lullaby. The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013.", "The band officially announced the compilation album The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 through social media on October 3, 2013. Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material.", "Frontman Chad Kroeger had previously stated in an interview that the greatest hits album was to feature songs from previous albums along with new songs but the unveiled track listing ultimately contained only previously released material. No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014.", "No Fixed Address and Feed the Machine (2014–2018) According to an interview with Chad Kroeger on CFOX-FM, the band planned to release their eighth studio album before the end of 2014. The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014.", "The lead rock single was also announced, \"Edge of a Revolution\", was released in August 2014. The track was described as a 'departure' for Nickelback and a political song. Frequent collaborator Chris Lord-Alge returned to mix some of the tracks on the album. It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records.", "It was also announced the band had signed to Republic Records. The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18.", "The lead single from the album is titled \"Edge of a Revolution\", and was scheduled to be sent for adds on Rock radio and be released to iTunes on August 18. The lead pop single, and second overall, was announced to be \"What Are You Waiting For? \", and was released in September.", "\", and was released in September. \"What Are You Waiting For?\" was released as a single on digital retailers on September 9, 2014. On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014.", "On August 22, 2014, Nickelback announced the album's title to be No Fixed Address, and released it on November 17, 2014. No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address.", "No Fixed Address Tour was their fifth headlining concert tour, in support of No Fixed Address. The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016).", "The tour was announced on November 5, 2014, as well as The Pretty Reckless, Pop Evil, and Lifehouse as the support act for the majority of the shows in North American while Monster Truck was support act in Australia and Europe (2016). The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box.", "The second North American leg of the tour had to be canceled when lead vocalist Chad Kroeger required surgery for a cyst on his voice box. The entire leg of the European tour was postponed until Autumn 2016. On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services.", "On August 19, 2016, Nickelback released a cover of Don Henley's song \"Dirty Laundry\" to streaming services. On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour.", "On January 23, 2017, a new single, \"Feed the Machine\" was announced to be released on February 1, alongside specific details of a 2017 tour. On January 25, Nickelback signed with BMG Rights Management to release their ninth album, also titled Feed the Machine. The album was released on June 16, 2017.", "The album was released on June 16, 2017. The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017.", "The band released their second single from the album, \"Song on Fire\", on April 28, 2017. Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts.", "Shortly after the release of the album, the band began a 44-city tour on June 23, 2017 in North America, co-headlined with Daughtry, Shaman's Harvest and Cheap Trick as supporting acts. Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2019–present) In early 2019, band members spoke of recording a tenth studio album, though Chad Kroeger conceded there was no timetable or rush for the band to complete it. Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs.", "Mike Kroeger spoke of his personal desire to move in more of a heavy metal direction, or wanting to do an album of Slayer cover songs. On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone.", "On August 14, 2020, the band released a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", featuring Dave Martone. Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal.", "Musical style and influences Nickelback has been described as various genres, including post-grunge, hard rock, pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, alternative metal, and nu metal. Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge.", "Their earlier sound has been classified as grunge. Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational.", "Nickelback have cited bands and musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Marley, Metallica, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and U2 as influential or inspirational. Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews.", "Reception Review aggregator Metacritic reports that five of Nickelback's six most recent studio albums since becoming a mainstream act—The Long Road, All the Right Reasons, Dark Horse, Here and Now, and No Fixed Address—have scores of 62, 41, 49, 51, and 54, respectively, out of 100, indicating generally mixed reviews. AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling.", "AllMusic reviewer Liana Jones gave their first commercially successful album, Silver Side Up, 3 stars out of 5, and complimented their \"intensity and raw passion\" and realistic storytelling. Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption.", "Despite their commercial success, Nickelback has been the subject of numerous jokes and a vocal negative response for some audiences, some of which is attributed to the perceived derivative, repetitive and formulaic nature of their music, as well as their over-use of hedonistic themes involving strippers, sex, prostitutes, drugs, and alcohol consumption. However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound.", "However, in a review for the band's latest album Feed the Machine, AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that they had mostly done away with the crude and vulgar lyrical content they'd become known for, and praised the band for evolving their sound. In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace.", "In the 2010s, Nickelback became the subject of internet memes that were critical of their music, a status that the band came to embrace. In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed.", "In May 2013, the readers of Rolling Stone magazine named Nickelback the second-worst band of the 1990s, behind only Creed. In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\"", "In November 2011, users of the music-oriented dating site Tastebuds.fm voted Nickelback as the number one \"musical turnoff.\" In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives.", "In March 2019, U.S. representatives Mark Pocan and Rodney Davis got into a friendly debate of the merits of the band while speaking on the floor of the House of Representatives. In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\"", "In an interview in 2014, Kroeger commented that the criticism helped him \"grow a thick skin,\" and that without it, they would be \"this just whatever band.\" Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go.", "Following their 2008 album, Dark Horse, ChartAttack credited the band's success to knowing their target audience: \"Chad Kroeger is a genius because he knows exactly what people want and precisely how far he can go. He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream.", "He turned out an extremely racy album that's loaded with songs about gettin' drunk and doin' it all without breaking any taboos, and with enough love and moral authority to grease its passage into the mainstream. Rejoice, North America. This is your world.\"", "This is your world.\" This is your world.\" Billboard gave praise to the band: \"The bulletproof Nickelback provides affordable fun that promises good returns in hard times.\" Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band.", "Various fellow musicians like Chris Martin of Coldplay as well as R&B singers Timbaland and Keyshia Cole support the band. Band membersCurrent members Chad Kroeger – lead vocals, lead guitar (1995–present); rhythm guitar (2008–present) Ryan Peake – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1995–present); keyboards (2002–present); lead guitar (2008–present) Mike Kroeger – bass (1995–present) Daniel Adair – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2005–present)Former members''' Brandon Kroeger – drums (1995–1997) Mitch Guindon – drums (1997–1998) Ryan Vikedal – drums, percussion (1998–2005) Timeline Discography Studio albumsCurb (1996)The State (1998)Silver Side Up (2001)The Long Road (2003)All the Right Reasons (2005)Dark Horse (2008)Here and Now (2011)No Fixed Address (2014)Feed the Machine'' (2017) Awards 2003 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award for the song \"How You Remind Me\" 2004 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2005 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2007 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award 2008 – Won SOCAN International Achievement Award References External links Atlantic Records artists 1995 establishments in Alberta Canadian alternative metal musical groups Canadian hard rock musical groups Canadian heavy metal musical groups Canadian pop rock music groups Canadian post-grunge groups Juno Award for Single of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Alberta Musical quartets Republic Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Juno Award for Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year winners Juno Award for Group of the Year winners Juno Fan Choice Award winners Musical families" ]

[ "Shoaib Akhtar", "International career" ]

[ "Miguel Start (born 30 November 1987) is a former Samoa international rugby league footballer who played as a .\n\nBackground\nStart was born in Auckland, New Zealand.\n\nPlaying career\nStart was educated at Mount Albert Grammar School, and played for the Pakuranga Jaguars in the Auckland Rugby League competition.\n\nIn 2005 Start represented the Junior Kiwis in 2005. He played for both the New Zealand Residents and Samoa in 2006.\n\nStart was signed with the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League competition for 2007. Start did not make his NRL debut but did appear in the NSWRL Premier League for the Auckland Lions.\n\nReferences\n\nNew Zealand rugby league players\n1987 births\nLiving people\nPakuranga Jaguars players\nAuckland rugby league team players\nNew Zealand people of Samoan descent\nSamoa national rugby league team players\nJunior Kiwis players\nRugby league centres", "Jonas Deumeland (born 9 February 1988) is a German footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Start.\n\nClub career\nDeumeland started his career with VfL Wolfsburg, but did not become a regular until his three seasons in Belgian outfit K.A.S. Eupen.\n\nFollowing retirement he made a comeback with SpVgg Greuther Fürth II in 2016–17. In 2018 he was signed by Norwegian club IK Start who was left with only one goalkeeper when first-choice Håkon Opdal was injured. In Deumeland's second match, he too sustained an injury.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nClub\n\nReferences\n\n1988 births\nLiving people\nGerman footballers\nGerman expatriate footballers\nExpatriate footballers in Belgium\nGerman expatriate sportspeople in Belgium\nExpatriate footballers in Norway\nGerman expatriate sportspeople in Norway\nAssociation football goalkeepers\nRot-Weiß Oberhausen players\nVfL Wolfsburg II players\nK.A.S. Eupen players\nSpVgg Greuther Fürth II players\nIK Start players\nRegionalliga players\nBelgian First Division B players\nEliteserien players\nNorwegian First Division players" ]

[ "Shoaib Akhtar (; born 13 August 1975) is a Pakistani former cricketer and commentator. Nicknamed the \"Rawalpindi Express\", he was the first bowler to be recorded bowling at 100 miles per hour, a feat he achieved twice in his career.", "Nicknamed the \"Rawalpindi Express\", he was the first bowler to be recorded bowling at 100 miles per hour, a feat he achieved twice in his career. Akhtar made his Test match debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later.", "Akhtar made his Test match debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later. He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct.", "He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct. Akhtar was sent home during a Test match series in Australia in 2005 for alleged poor attitude and a year later received a ban after testing positive for the performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal.", "However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal. In 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticising the Pakistan Cricket Board, although in October 2008, the Lahore High Court suspended the ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada.", "In 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticising the Pakistan Cricket Board, although in October 2008, the Lahore High Court suspended the ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada. Akhtar retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup.", "Akhtar retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup. Personal life Akhtar was born in the small town of Morgah in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.", "Personal life Akhtar was born in the small town of Morgah in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. His father, Mohammad Akhtar, whom Shoaib describes as very religious and “from a hardworking, economically unprivileged family of the Gujjar community”, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station belonging to the Attock oil refinery, and married his mother, Hameeda Awan, when she was still a teenager, and they had five children: four sons, Shoaib being the fourth, followed by a daughter.", "His father, Mohammad Akhtar, whom Shoaib describes as very religious and “from a hardworking, economically unprivileged family of the Gujjar community”, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station belonging to the Attock oil refinery, and married his mother, Hameeda Awan, when she was still a teenager, and they had five children: four sons, Shoaib being the fourth, followed by a daughter. Shoaib's name, which in Arabic means both “the one who brings people together” and “the one who separates”, was chosen by his mother.", "Shoaib's name, which in Arabic means both “the one who brings people together” and “the one who separates”, was chosen by his mother. He married Rubab Khan on 11 November 2014.", "He married Rubab Khan on 11 November 2014. Beginnings A good student, Akhtar was admitted to the Asghar Mall College, but disrupted his studies to attend trials for the PIA team's Karachi division to be held in Lahore. Lacking the money for a bus ticket, he waited for the bus to start and got onto the roof.", "Lacking the money for a bus ticket, he waited for the bus to start and got onto the roof. After some struggle, starting his List A career during the 1993/1994 season and his first-class career during the 1994/1995 one, he caught the eye of Majid Khan, then the chief executive of the PCB, and after a good performance for the Pakistan A team's tour of England, in 1996, he was rewarded his maiden Test cap against the West Indies, in 1997. International career Considering his subsequent high profile in cricket, Akhtar's test career started rather modestly.", "After some struggle, starting his List A career during the 1993/1994 season and his first-class career during the 1994/1995 one, he caught the eye of Majid Khan, then the chief executive of the PCB, and after a good performance for the Pakistan A team's tour of England, in 1996, he was rewarded his maiden Test cap against the West Indies, in 1997. International career Considering his subsequent high profile in cricket, Akhtar's test career started rather modestly. He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test of the West Indies 1997/98 tour of Pakistan.", "He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test of the West Indies 1997/98 tour of Pakistan. He was subsequently included in the tour of South Africa during the winter of 1998, where he played in all three Tests.", "He was subsequently included in the tour of South Africa during the winter of 1998, where he played in all three Tests. He was notably the spearhead of a depleted Pakistani bowling attack in the Peshawar Test against the visiting Australians later in 1998, where Mark Taylor scored his famous unbeaten 334 in Australia's first innings.", "He was notably the spearhead of a depleted Pakistani bowling attack in the Peshawar Test against the visiting Australians later in 1998, where Mark Taylor scored his famous unbeaten 334 in Australia's first innings. Subsequently, after 8 tests and 16 innings, Akhtar had accumulated only 18 wickets.", "Subsequently, after 8 tests and 16 innings, Akhtar had accumulated only 18 wickets. Akhtar's run of impressive performances started in 1999, during a pre-World Cup series against India. It was followed by outstanding bowling performances in Sharjah and later in the 1999 Cricket World Cup.", "It was followed by outstanding bowling performances in Sharjah and later in the 1999 Cricket World Cup. His most significant performance was in India in 1999 when he captured eight wickets in the Asian Test championship match at Calcutta – including the wickets of Indian batsmen Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar when he bowled both batsmen off successive deliveries.", "His most significant performance was in India in 1999 when he captured eight wickets in the Asian Test championship match at Calcutta – including the wickets of Indian batsmen Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar when he bowled both batsmen off successive deliveries. It was the first ball he ever bowled to Tendulkar.", "It was the first ball he ever bowled to Tendulkar. In 2002, he was selected for the Pakistan team against Australia and achieved a small amount of success. However the team performed poorly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and after the tournament he was dropped from the Pakistan squad.", "However the team performed poorly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and after the tournament he was dropped from the Pakistan squad. He was selected back into the Pakistan squad as they had no choice in the 2003 Test match series against New Zealand, but struggled in a losing Test series against India in 2004.", "He was selected back into the Pakistan squad as they had no choice in the 2003 Test match series against New Zealand, but struggled in a losing Test series against India in 2004. The series ended with a controversy when he left the field citing an injury leading to suspicions by former Pakistan captain, Inzamam-ul-Haq, about his commitment to the team.", "The series ended with a controversy when he left the field citing an injury leading to suspicions by former Pakistan captain, Inzamam-ul-Haq, about his commitment to the team. As a result, his relationship with Inzamam-ul-Haq and former Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer deteriorated.", "As a result, his relationship with Inzamam-ul-Haq and former Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer deteriorated. A medical panel was set up by the Pakistan Cricket Board to investigate the nature of his injury, however Pakistan officials dispelled all suspicions. In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side.", "In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side. Playing in a three Test home series against England, he made a series of impressive bowling performances. His effective use of slower deliveries proved to be unplayable by the English batsmen. Akhtar emerged as the highest wicket taker of the series with seventeen wickets.", "Akhtar emerged as the highest wicket taker of the series with seventeen wickets. His comeback was also remarkable as prior to his return, he had been criticised from all corners; such as by the Worcestershire chairman John Elliot for his celebrity attitude and lack of commitment to the team.", "His comeback was also remarkable as prior to his return, he had been criticised from all corners; such as by the Worcestershire chairman John Elliot for his celebrity attitude and lack of commitment to the team. His performance was also acknowledged by the English captain Michael Vaughan, who remarked \"I thought he (Shoaib) was a big difference between the two teams\".", "His performance was also acknowledged by the English captain Michael Vaughan, who remarked \"I thought he (Shoaib) was a big difference between the two teams\". Throughout his career, he was regarded as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of international cricket.", "Throughout his career, he was regarded as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of international cricket. He achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161 kph after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998.", "He achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161 kph after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998. He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history, with a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003.", "He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history, with a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003. Struggle for form and consistent injuries (2007–2009) On 29 October 2007, Akhtar made his return to cricket from his 13 match ban and performed very well, he took 4 wickets for 43 runs against South Africa in the fifth and deciding One Day International series in Lahore in Pakistan.", "Struggle for form and consistent injuries (2007–2009) On 29 October 2007, Akhtar made his return to cricket from his 13 match ban and performed very well, he took 4 wickets for 43 runs against South Africa in the fifth and deciding One Day International series in Lahore in Pakistan. Subsequently, he was included in the 16-man Pakistan squad for the 2007 tour of India.", "Subsequently, he was included in the 16-man Pakistan squad for the 2007 tour of India. Rehabilitation and final years (2010–2011) Akhtar made a return to international cricket albeit in the shorter format of the game. In May 2010, PCB named him in a list of 35 probables for the Asia Cup.", "In May 2010, PCB named him in a list of 35 probables for the Asia Cup. On 15 June 2010, Akhtar made his return, taking 3 wickets for 28 runs in the first match of the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka.", "On 15 June 2010, Akhtar made his return, taking 3 wickets for 28 runs in the first match of the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka. He narrowly missed out a spot in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in place of the injured Umar Gul.", "He narrowly missed out a spot in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in place of the injured Umar Gul. In July 2010, he was selected for the Twenty20 series against Australia but the selectors decided not to play him in the Test squad so that he would not get injured.", "In July 2010, he was selected for the Twenty20 series against Australia but the selectors decided not to play him in the Test squad so that he would not get injured. He was subsequently selected for the ODI and Twenty20 series against England in September 2010.", "He was subsequently selected for the ODI and Twenty20 series against England in September 2010. Akhtar returned to the national side representing the country against England in the Twenty20 International. He bowled an impressive spell and returned with figures of 2 wickets for 23 runs.", "He bowled an impressive spell and returned with figures of 2 wickets for 23 runs. He continued to bowl well in the ODI series in the absence of regular fast-bowlers, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, who were suspended by the International Cricket Council amid allegations of Spot-fixing.", "He continued to bowl well in the ODI series in the absence of regular fast-bowlers, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, who were suspended by the International Cricket Council amid allegations of Spot-fixing. Despite his relatively good bowling form, Pakistani coach Waqar Younis insisted that the bowling attack must not become reliant on Akhtar, as he is 35 years of age and fitness troubles continue to affect him.", "Despite his relatively good bowling form, Pakistani coach Waqar Younis insisted that the bowling attack must not become reliant on Akhtar, as he is 35 years of age and fitness troubles continue to affect him. Akhtar was selected for the tour of New Zealand and started his campaign off well with 3 wickets on Boxing Day in the first of two Twenty20 Internationals against New Zealand.", "Akhtar was selected for the tour of New Zealand and started his campaign off well with 3 wickets on Boxing Day in the first of two Twenty20 Internationals against New Zealand. Akhtar was selected in Pakistan's 15-man squad to play in the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in February to March.", "Akhtar was selected in Pakistan's 15-man squad to play in the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in February to March. During the tournament, he announced that he would retire from international cricket at the end of the World Cup.", "During the tournament, he announced that he would retire from international cricket at the end of the World Cup. He was dropped from the squad after group matches and was not included in the quarter final either.", "He was dropped from the squad after group matches and was not included in the quarter final either. Domestic career England county cricket Akhtar has played for three English county cricket clubs: Somerset in 2001, Durham in 2003 and 2004 and Worcestershire in 2005.", "Domestic career England county cricket Akhtar has played for three English county cricket clubs: Somerset in 2001, Durham in 2003 and 2004 and Worcestershire in 2005. He did achieve his moments of success, such as taking 5 wickets for 35 runs for Durham against Somerset in the National League in 2003 and claiming 6 wickets for 16 runs in the same competition for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire two years later, but he suffered from fitness problems, as well as a perception that he was less than interested in his task.", "He did achieve his moments of success, such as taking 5 wickets for 35 runs for Durham against Somerset in the National League in 2003 and claiming 6 wickets for 16 runs in the same competition for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire two years later, but he suffered from fitness problems, as well as a perception that he was less than interested in his task. This was particularly the case at Worcestershire: chairman John Elliott said \"Players like that are no good to our club.", "This was particularly the case at Worcestershire: chairman John Elliott said \"Players like that are no good to our club. In fact, Akhtar has been no good for any club he's been at. He's a superstar and just does what he wants.\"", "He's a superstar and just does what he wants.\" Indian Premier League Akhtar made a successful return to cricket in his first game in the Indian Premier League, playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Delhi Daredevils.", "Indian Premier League Akhtar made a successful return to cricket in his first game in the Indian Premier League, playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Delhi Daredevils. Defending a low score of 133 runs, Akhtar took four top order wickets which ultimately led to the Daredevils being restricted to 110 runs.", "Defending a low score of 133 runs, Akhtar took four top order wickets which ultimately led to the Daredevils being restricted to 110 runs. He ended with figures of 4 wickets for 11 runs from three overs, a performance which earned him the player of the match award.", "He ended with figures of 4 wickets for 11 runs from three overs, a performance which earned him the player of the match award. Akhtar denied that he had any point to prove with his performance, stating, \"I just wanted to win the game.\"", "Akhtar denied that he had any point to prove with his performance, stating, \"I just wanted to win the game.\" Knight Riders' captain Sourav Ganguly also acknowledged Akhtar's performance, \"He came to the country with lots [of things] happening behind him...But he showed a lot of character.\"", "Knight Riders' captain Sourav Ganguly also acknowledged Akhtar's performance, \"He came to the country with lots [of things] happening behind him...But he showed a lot of character.\" Cricket controversies and injuries Akhtar's career has been plagued with injuries, controversies and accusations of poor attitude.", "Cricket controversies and injuries Akhtar's career has been plagued with injuries, controversies and accusations of poor attitude. After Pakistan's poor performance in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, he got involved in a verbal conflict with former Pakistan captain and fast bowler Waqar Younis. Later on Akhtar was sacked along with other players, including Younis.", "Later on Akhtar was sacked along with other players, including Younis. In a triangular series in 2003 held in Sri Lanka, he was caught ball tampering making him the second player in cricket to be banned on ball tampering charges.", "In a triangular series in 2003 held in Sri Lanka, he was caught ball tampering making him the second player in cricket to be banned on ball tampering charges. The same year he was banned for one Test match and two One Day International matches for abusing South African spin bowler Paul Adams, during a match against South Africa.", "The same year he was banned for one Test match and two One Day International matches for abusing South African spin bowler Paul Adams, during a match against South Africa. In the 2004 home series with India, he struggled with wrist and back injuries, which raised questions about his commitment to the team.", "In the 2004 home series with India, he struggled with wrist and back injuries, which raised questions about his commitment to the team. He was sent back from the 2005 Australia tour with a hamstring injury amid rumours of indiscipline, lack of commitment and attitudinal complaints.", "He was sent back from the 2005 Australia tour with a hamstring injury amid rumours of indiscipline, lack of commitment and attitudinal complaints. He was subsequently fined by the Pakistan Cricket Board for avoiding a late night curfew.", "He was subsequently fined by the Pakistan Cricket Board for avoiding a late night curfew. The rest of his cricketing career was riddled with ankle and knee injuries which forced him to undergo a surgery in February 2006, until finally he was banned for two years for allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs.", "The rest of his cricketing career was riddled with ankle and knee injuries which forced him to undergo a surgery in February 2006, until finally he was banned for two years for allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs. Drug scandal On 16 October 2006 Akhtar was suspended by the Pakistan Cricket Board, along with Mohammed Asif after they tested positive for a performance-enhancing substance nandrolone.", "Drug scandal On 16 October 2006 Akhtar was suspended by the Pakistan Cricket Board, along with Mohammed Asif after they tested positive for a performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. They were consequently pulled out from the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy.", "They were consequently pulled out from the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy. Former Pakistan Cricket Board chairman later stated that he had always suspected Akhtar of substance abuse due to his consistent \"reservations\" to drug tests. Former Pakistan captain Inzamam ul-Haq had also previously complained about Akhtar's drug abuse but was not reported to the Pakistan Cricket Board.", "Former Pakistan captain Inzamam ul-Haq had also previously complained about Akhtar's drug abuse but was not reported to the Pakistan Cricket Board. Akhtar immediately declared his innocence and he declined knowingly taking any performance-enhancing drugs. In a statement issued to the press, he claimed that he could never cheat teammates or opponents.", "In a statement issued to the press, he claimed that he could never cheat teammates or opponents. During a hearing with the Pakistan Cricket Board Anti-Doping Committee, he along with Asif maintained taking non-steroidal dietary supplements. He, however, failed to convince the committee of his innocence.", "He, however, failed to convince the committee of his innocence. In its report submitted to the Pakistan Cricket Board, the Anti-Doping Committee recommended a two-year ban. On 1 November 2006 the Pakistan Cricket Board handed down a two-year suspension to Akhtar and a one-year suspension to Asif, banning them from professional cricket during the period.", "On 1 November 2006 the Pakistan Cricket Board handed down a two-year suspension to Akhtar and a one-year suspension to Asif, banning them from professional cricket during the period. Shoaib had subsequently been added to Pakistan Olympic Association list of doping offenders.", "Shoaib had subsequently been added to Pakistan Olympic Association list of doping offenders. However, on 5 December 2006 represented by his lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, Akhtar was cleared on appeal. On 5 December 2006 Akhtar and Asif were acquitted by the tribunal appointed to review their appeals.", "On 5 December 2006 Akhtar and Asif were acquitted by the tribunal appointed to review their appeals. After a clear hearing from Akhtar's lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, the three-man committee, voted two to one in favour of the acquittal.", "After a clear hearing from Akhtar's lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, the three-man committee, voted two to one in favour of the acquittal. Justice Fakhruddin Ebrahim, committee head, and Haseeb Ahsan, former Test cricketer, were in favour of the acquittal. The third member, Danish Zaheer, differed.", "The third member, Danish Zaheer, differed. \"Exceptional circumstances\" were cited including discrepancies between the instantaneous offence charges of doping that were laid and the quick delivery of a very harsh verdict. The complete drug testing procedure was concluded to have been technically flawed as it did not follow standard procedures.", "The complete drug testing procedure was concluded to have been technically flawed as it did not follow standard procedures. Other established facts by the committee included that the duo were not aware of the banned drug to be present in their supplements because the Pakistan Cricket Board itself had not informed them of the dangers of contaminated supplements.", "Other established facts by the committee included that the duo were not aware of the banned drug to be present in their supplements because the Pakistan Cricket Board itself had not informed them of the dangers of contaminated supplements. Akhtar and Asif, however, did not play in the subsequent Test match series against the West Indies because the Pakistan Cricket Board had recommended that they play domestic games first to recover form and fitness.", "Akhtar and Asif, however, did not play in the subsequent Test match series against the West Indies because the Pakistan Cricket Board had recommended that they play domestic games first to recover form and fitness. On 1 March 2007 Akhtar and Asif were ruled out of the Pakistani squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup by team officials, minutes before the squad was to depart for the West Indies.", "On 1 March 2007 Akhtar and Asif were ruled out of the Pakistani squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup by team officials, minutes before the squad was to depart for the West Indies. The team management along with the Pakistan Cricket Board said their injuries were too severe to risk taking them to the Caribbean.", "The team management along with the Pakistan Cricket Board said their injuries were too severe to risk taking them to the Caribbean. Since neither of the two had been declared fit they did not undergo official doping tests.", "Since neither of the two had been declared fit they did not undergo official doping tests. World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA) challenged Pakistan's decision to lift bans on fast bowlers Akhtar and Asif by taking the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA) challenged Pakistan's decision to lift bans on fast bowlers Akhtar and Asif by taking the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland. The ICC supported the WADA appeal adding that it was committed to a dope free game.", "The ICC supported the WADA appeal adding that it was committed to a dope free game. On 2 July 2007, the Court of Arbitration for Sport dropped the case, ruling it had no jurisdiction to challenge the decision made by PCB.", "On 2 July 2007, the Court of Arbitration for Sport dropped the case, ruling it had no jurisdiction to challenge the decision made by PCB. Other controversies In August 2007, Akhtar was reported to have used foul language against Pakistan Cricket Board protesting the imposing of fine of Rs. 300,000 for indiscipline during the national camp in Karachi.", "300,000 for indiscipline during the national camp in Karachi. In the week before the inaugural World Twenty20, held in South Africa, Akhtar was rumoured to have hit Pakistani teammate Mohammad Asif with a bat after an argument in the dressing room. It started after Akhtar was ridiculed by Asif and Shahid Afridi for comparing himself with Imran Khan.", "It started after Akhtar was ridiculed by Asif and Shahid Afridi for comparing himself with Imran Khan. After the initial inquiry, Akhtar was found to be at fault and was subsequently recalled from the Twenty20 World Cup squad and was sent home. He was also banned for 5 matches by the Pakistan Cricket Board.", "He was also banned for 5 matches by the Pakistan Cricket Board. Akhtar later claimed that Afridi was responsible for the fight, saying \"He made some ill remarks about my family. And I could not tolerate them.\" Afridi however, denied these allegations adding that Asif would have suffered more injuries but for his intervention.", "Afridi however, denied these allegations adding that Asif would have suffered more injuries but for his intervention. Even Asif chipped in saying that Akhtar was lying and that \"Shahid Afridi had nothing to do with the fight\", saying that \"he has not apologised to me.\"", "Even Asif chipped in saying that Akhtar was lying and that \"Shahid Afridi had nothing to do with the fight\", saying that \"he has not apologised to me.\" On 1 April 2008 Akhtar was banned for five years for violating the players' code of conduct. The ban extended to all cricket for and in Pakistan.", "The ban extended to all cricket for and in Pakistan. Despite the ban not preventing him from playing in the Indian Premier League, the IPL governing council decided not to allow Akhtar to play in the tournament until the end of the ban or unless it is lifted.", "Despite the ban not preventing him from playing in the Indian Premier League, the IPL governing council decided not to allow Akhtar to play in the tournament until the end of the ban or unless it is lifted. IS Bindra, a member of the council, was quoted as saying, \"Even though they [the PCB] have cleared him to play for IPL, we felt that international discipline needs to be respected.\"", "IS Bindra, a member of the council, was quoted as saying, \"Even though they [the PCB] have cleared him to play for IPL, we felt that international discipline needs to be respected.\" Meanwhile, Akhtar vowed to go to great lengths to fight the ban, \"I will appeal, as is my right.", "Meanwhile, Akhtar vowed to go to great lengths to fight the ban, \"I will appeal, as is my right. If that fails I will go to court, if that fails then I will go to the Supreme Court.\"", "If that fails I will go to court, if that fails then I will go to the Supreme Court.\" On 3 April, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Nasim Ashraf served a legal notice on Akhtar, calling on him to retract statements he made to a news channel, alleging the ban was punishment in return for refusing to give the chairman a share of his earnings from the Indian Premier League, Ashraf also sought damages of Rs 100 million (approximately US$1.6 million) for \"defaming him personally\" and an additional Rs 100 million to the Pakistan Cricket Board for \"sullying the name of the Pakistan Cricket Board and the Pakistan Cricket team.\"", "On 3 April, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Nasim Ashraf served a legal notice on Akhtar, calling on him to retract statements he made to a news channel, alleging the ban was punishment in return for refusing to give the chairman a share of his earnings from the Indian Premier League, Ashraf also sought damages of Rs 100 million (approximately US$1.6 million) for \"defaming him personally\" and an additional Rs 100 million to the Pakistan Cricket Board for \"sullying the name of the Pakistan Cricket Board and the Pakistan Cricket team.\" A three-man appellate tribunal announced on 30 April that they had temporarily upheld Akhtar's five-year ban, deciding to revist the appeal hearing in June.", "A three-man appellate tribunal announced on 30 April that they had temporarily upheld Akhtar's five-year ban, deciding to revist the appeal hearing in June. Despite Akhtar's later retracting his claims and also issuing an unconditional apology for \"any grief or embarrassment that may have been caused to the nation, particularly to the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Dr Nasim Ashraf\", Ashraf's legal counsel filed a Rs 220 million (approx US$3.37 million) defamation suit against Akhtar in a civil court in Lahore on 2 May.", "Despite Akhtar's later retracting his claims and also issuing an unconditional apology for \"any grief or embarrassment that may have been caused to the nation, particularly to the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Dr Nasim Ashraf\", Ashraf's legal counsel filed a Rs 220 million (approx US$3.37 million) defamation suit against Akhtar in a civil court in Lahore on 2 May. On 4 May, the Pakistan Cricket Board's appellate tribunal suspended the five-year ban for one month, until they reconvene on 4 June, allowing Akhtar to take part in the ongoing Indian Premier League.", "On 4 May, the Pakistan Cricket Board's appellate tribunal suspended the five-year ban for one month, until they reconvene on 4 June, allowing Akhtar to take part in the ongoing Indian Premier League. A day later, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they will no longer pursue the defamation suit following a reconciliation between Akhtar and chairman Nasim Ashraf at the house of Rehman Malik, a key political official, in Islamabad.", "A day later, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they will no longer pursue the defamation suit following a reconciliation between Akhtar and chairman Nasim Ashraf at the house of Rehman Malik, a key political official, in Islamabad. \"My honour has been vindicated and now the defamation lawsuit will not be pursued,\" Ashraf was quoted as saying.", "\"My honour has been vindicated and now the defamation lawsuit will not be pursued,\" Ashraf was quoted as saying. On 4 September 2008, Akhtar was sent back home from Heathrow airport by British immigration officials on visa grounds; Akhtar only had a visit visa but not a working visa, which is required to play in county cricket.", "On 4 September 2008, Akhtar was sent back home from Heathrow airport by British immigration officials on visa grounds; Akhtar only had a visit visa but not a working visa, which is required to play in county cricket. He subsequently obtained the necessary visa and returned to play with English county club Surrey.", "He subsequently obtained the necessary visa and returned to play with English county club Surrey. On 21 May 2009, Akhtar was dropped from 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Pakistan squad because of genital viral warts.", "On 21 May 2009, Akhtar was dropped from 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Pakistan squad because of genital viral warts. In July 2012, Akhtar accused the PCB stating that there was too much \"politics\" in the Board and some of its officials did not want Pakistani team to win.", "In July 2012, Akhtar accused the PCB stating that there was too much \"politics\" in the Board and some of its officials did not want Pakistani team to win. Beyond cricket Book In September 2011, few months after his retirement from international cricket, he released his autobiography Controversially Yours, co-written with Indian social anthropologist and journalist Anshu Dogra.", "Beyond cricket Book In September 2011, few months after his retirement from international cricket, he released his autobiography Controversially Yours, co-written with Indian social anthropologist and journalist Anshu Dogra. It was met with positive reviews, observers noting the interest of having Shoaib's comments, nearly always critical, on issues pertaining to the administration of cricket in Pakistan, the controversies surrounding ball tampering and his views on cricketers, from Pakistan as well outside.", "It was met with positive reviews, observers noting the interest of having Shoaib's comments, nearly always critical, on issues pertaining to the administration of cricket in Pakistan, the controversies surrounding ball tampering and his views on cricketers, from Pakistan as well outside. Television References External links 1975 births ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited cricketers Chittagong Division cricketers Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Durham cricketers Federal Areas cricketers ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Islamabad cricketers Islamabad Leopards cricketers Khan Research Laboratories cricketers Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers Living people Pakistani autobiographers Pakistani cricketers Doping cases in Pakistani cricket Pakistan International Airlines cricketers Pakistan One Day International cricketers Pakistan Test cricketers Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers Cricketers from Rawalpindi Punjabi people Rawalpindi cricketers Rawalpindi B cricketers Rawalpindi Rams cricketers Somerset cricketers Surrey cricketers Worcestershire cricketers Pakistani cricket commentators Pakistani expatriates in India Pakistani YouTubers Commonwealth Games competitors for Pakistan" ]

[ "Shoaib Akhtar", "International career", "how did his career start?", "Akhtar's test career started rather modestly. He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test" ]

[ "Dustin Skinner (born April 20, 1985) is an American former stock car racing driver. He has competed in one NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race, in 2008 at Martinsville Speedway. He is the son of Mike Skinner.\n\nRacing career\nSkinner started his racing career in 1998, driving go-karts. He later moved on to Fast Trucks at various Florida racetracks, and ran Daytona International Speedway as a part of the IPOWER Dash series in 2004. He tested a NASCAR Craftsman Truck at New Smyrna Speedway in October 2007. In October 2008, Skinner made his only NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series start at Martinsville Speedway, starting 31st and finishing 34th after an early-race incident in turn three derailed his efforts. The start came with Germain Racing, an affiliate of Toyota Racing Development, whom Skinner had also worked with in late model racing. The start with Germain came after a driver development program with Key Motorsports did not come to fruition; in March 2008 the team announced that they were looking to field Skinner in up to six Truck races that year, dependent on sponsorship.\n\nAfter his driving career finished, Skinner transitioned into a mechanic role, working in Florida to prepare racecars in that state. He also helps, along with brother Jamie Skinner, on father Mike Skinner's late model efforts.\n\nIn 2020, Skinner came under fire for racist comments made regarding Bubba Wallace, the only Black full-time Cup Series driver in NASCAR, after a noose was found in Wallace's garage stall at Talladega Superspeedway. Skinner stated, \"Frankly I wish they would've tied [the noose] to [Wallace] and drug him around the pits because he has single handedly destroyed what I grew up watching and cared about for 30 years now.\" Skinner later backtracked his statement, saying, \"I disagree with what [Wallace] is doing, but it was stupidly foolish for me to say what I said and I truly regret every bit of it. If there was a way to take last night back I would. All I can do is say I'm sorry.\"\n\nMotorsports career results\n\nNASCAR\n(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)\n\nCraftsman Truck Series\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1985 births\nLiving people\nNASCAR drivers\nRacing drivers from North Carolina\nSportspeople from Greensboro, North Carolina", "Conrad Burr (born November 23, 1968) is an American former stock car racing driver. He competed part-time in the Craftsman Truck Series from 2000 to 2003. Burr also drove numerous races in the NASCAR Southeast Series, particularly in the mid and late 1990s, where he ran nearly full seasons and picked up one win in 1999.\n\nRacing career\nBurr made his debut in 2000, when he drove the Jim Rosenblum Racing No. 28 Chevy into the field at Martinsville. He started the event in 31st, but only managed 25th. Yet, he did finish the event, a tall task at the short track.\n\nBurr made another solo start in 2001, driving for his own team at Nashville. He started the event in last (36th) and only made it up to 34th before retiring early.\n\nBurr returned to Rosenblum's team in 2002 for a five race schedule. He did well, finishing all but one race with the low-budget team. He had a good run at Las Vegas, earning his season best of 23rd, while at Texas Burr started 27th for his best start of the year. His 46th-place finish in points would prove to be his career high.\n\nBurr made four starts as 2003 would prove to be his last year. Returning to a family-owned team, Burr earned two top-20 finishes in his starts. The better of those would prove to be a 15th at Dover, coupled with the 18th at Memphis. Also, at Charlotte, Burr earned his best career start of 25th.\n\nDespite having his best year in 2003, Burr's team folded and he never made another NASCAR start after that.\n\nMotorsports career results\n\nNASCAR\n(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)\n\nCraftsman Truck Series\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1968 births\nNASCAR drivers\nLiving people\nPeople from China Grove, North Carolina\nRacing drivers from North Carolina" ]

[ "Shoaib Akhtar (; born 13 August 1975) is a Pakistani former cricketer and commentator. Nicknamed the \"Rawalpindi Express\", he was the first bowler to be recorded bowling at 100 miles per hour, a feat he achieved twice in his career.", "Nicknamed the \"Rawalpindi Express\", he was the first bowler to be recorded bowling at 100 miles per hour, a feat he achieved twice in his career. Akhtar made his Test match debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later.", "Akhtar made his Test match debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later. He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct.", "He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct. Akhtar was sent home during a Test match series in Australia in 2005 for alleged poor attitude and a year later received a ban after testing positive for the performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal.", "However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal. In 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticising the Pakistan Cricket Board, although in October 2008, the Lahore High Court suspended the ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada.", "In 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticising the Pakistan Cricket Board, although in October 2008, the Lahore High Court suspended the ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada. Akhtar retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup.", "Akhtar retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup. Personal life Akhtar was born in the small town of Morgah in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.", "Personal life Akhtar was born in the small town of Morgah in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. His father, Mohammad Akhtar, whom Shoaib describes as very religious and “from a hardworking, economically unprivileged family of the Gujjar community”, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station belonging to the Attock oil refinery, and married his mother, Hameeda Awan, when she was still a teenager, and they had five children: four sons, Shoaib being the fourth, followed by a daughter.", "His father, Mohammad Akhtar, whom Shoaib describes as very religious and “from a hardworking, economically unprivileged family of the Gujjar community”, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station belonging to the Attock oil refinery, and married his mother, Hameeda Awan, when she was still a teenager, and they had five children: four sons, Shoaib being the fourth, followed by a daughter. Shoaib's name, which in Arabic means both “the one who brings people together” and “the one who separates”, was chosen by his mother.", "Shoaib's name, which in Arabic means both “the one who brings people together” and “the one who separates”, was chosen by his mother. He married Rubab Khan on 11 November 2014.", "He married Rubab Khan on 11 November 2014. Beginnings A good student, Akhtar was admitted to the Asghar Mall College, but disrupted his studies to attend trials for the PIA team's Karachi division to be held in Lahore. Lacking the money for a bus ticket, he waited for the bus to start and got onto the roof.", "Lacking the money for a bus ticket, he waited for the bus to start and got onto the roof. After some struggle, starting his List A career during the 1993/1994 season and his first-class career during the 1994/1995 one, he caught the eye of Majid Khan, then the chief executive of the PCB, and after a good performance for the Pakistan A team's tour of England, in 1996, he was rewarded his maiden Test cap against the West Indies, in 1997. International career Considering his subsequent high profile in cricket, Akhtar's test career started rather modestly.", "After some struggle, starting his List A career during the 1993/1994 season and his first-class career during the 1994/1995 one, he caught the eye of Majid Khan, then the chief executive of the PCB, and after a good performance for the Pakistan A team's tour of England, in 1996, he was rewarded his maiden Test cap against the West Indies, in 1997. International career Considering his subsequent high profile in cricket, Akhtar's test career started rather modestly. He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test of the West Indies 1997/98 tour of Pakistan.", "He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test of the West Indies 1997/98 tour of Pakistan. He was subsequently included in the tour of South Africa during the winter of 1998, where he played in all three Tests.", "He was subsequently included in the tour of South Africa during the winter of 1998, where he played in all three Tests. He was notably the spearhead of a depleted Pakistani bowling attack in the Peshawar Test against the visiting Australians later in 1998, where Mark Taylor scored his famous unbeaten 334 in Australia's first innings.", "He was notably the spearhead of a depleted Pakistani bowling attack in the Peshawar Test against the visiting Australians later in 1998, where Mark Taylor scored his famous unbeaten 334 in Australia's first innings. Subsequently, after 8 tests and 16 innings, Akhtar had accumulated only 18 wickets.", "Subsequently, after 8 tests and 16 innings, Akhtar had accumulated only 18 wickets. Akhtar's run of impressive performances started in 1999, during a pre-World Cup series against India. It was followed by outstanding bowling performances in Sharjah and later in the 1999 Cricket World Cup.", "It was followed by outstanding bowling performances in Sharjah and later in the 1999 Cricket World Cup. His most significant performance was in India in 1999 when he captured eight wickets in the Asian Test championship match at Calcutta – including the wickets of Indian batsmen Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar when he bowled both batsmen off successive deliveries.", "His most significant performance was in India in 1999 when he captured eight wickets in the Asian Test championship match at Calcutta – including the wickets of Indian batsmen Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar when he bowled both batsmen off successive deliveries. It was the first ball he ever bowled to Tendulkar.", "It was the first ball he ever bowled to Tendulkar. In 2002, he was selected for the Pakistan team against Australia and achieved a small amount of success. However the team performed poorly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and after the tournament he was dropped from the Pakistan squad.", "However the team performed poorly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and after the tournament he was dropped from the Pakistan squad. He was selected back into the Pakistan squad as they had no choice in the 2003 Test match series against New Zealand, but struggled in a losing Test series against India in 2004.", "He was selected back into the Pakistan squad as they had no choice in the 2003 Test match series against New Zealand, but struggled in a losing Test series against India in 2004. The series ended with a controversy when he left the field citing an injury leading to suspicions by former Pakistan captain, Inzamam-ul-Haq, about his commitment to the team.", "The series ended with a controversy when he left the field citing an injury leading to suspicions by former Pakistan captain, Inzamam-ul-Haq, about his commitment to the team. As a result, his relationship with Inzamam-ul-Haq and former Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer deteriorated.", "As a result, his relationship with Inzamam-ul-Haq and former Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer deteriorated. A medical panel was set up by the Pakistan Cricket Board to investigate the nature of his injury, however Pakistan officials dispelled all suspicions. In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side.", "In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side. Playing in a three Test home series against England, he made a series of impressive bowling performances. His effective use of slower deliveries proved to be unplayable by the English batsmen. Akhtar emerged as the highest wicket taker of the series with seventeen wickets.", "Akhtar emerged as the highest wicket taker of the series with seventeen wickets. His comeback was also remarkable as prior to his return, he had been criticised from all corners; such as by the Worcestershire chairman John Elliot for his celebrity attitude and lack of commitment to the team.", "His comeback was also remarkable as prior to his return, he had been criticised from all corners; such as by the Worcestershire chairman John Elliot for his celebrity attitude and lack of commitment to the team. His performance was also acknowledged by the English captain Michael Vaughan, who remarked \"I thought he (Shoaib) was a big difference between the two teams\".", "His performance was also acknowledged by the English captain Michael Vaughan, who remarked \"I thought he (Shoaib) was a big difference between the two teams\". Throughout his career, he was regarded as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of international cricket.", "Throughout his career, he was regarded as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of international cricket. He achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161 kph after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998.", "He achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161 kph after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998. He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history, with a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003.", "He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history, with a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003. Struggle for form and consistent injuries (2007–2009) On 29 October 2007, Akhtar made his return to cricket from his 13 match ban and performed very well, he took 4 wickets for 43 runs against South Africa in the fifth and deciding One Day International series in Lahore in Pakistan.", "Struggle for form and consistent injuries (2007–2009) On 29 October 2007, Akhtar made his return to cricket from his 13 match ban and performed very well, he took 4 wickets for 43 runs against South Africa in the fifth and deciding One Day International series in Lahore in Pakistan. Subsequently, he was included in the 16-man Pakistan squad for the 2007 tour of India.", "Subsequently, he was included in the 16-man Pakistan squad for the 2007 tour of India. Rehabilitation and final years (2010–2011) Akhtar made a return to international cricket albeit in the shorter format of the game. In May 2010, PCB named him in a list of 35 probables for the Asia Cup.", "In May 2010, PCB named him in a list of 35 probables for the Asia Cup. On 15 June 2010, Akhtar made his return, taking 3 wickets for 28 runs in the first match of the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka.", "On 15 June 2010, Akhtar made his return, taking 3 wickets for 28 runs in the first match of the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka. He narrowly missed out a spot in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in place of the injured Umar Gul.", "He narrowly missed out a spot in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in place of the injured Umar Gul. In July 2010, he was selected for the Twenty20 series against Australia but the selectors decided not to play him in the Test squad so that he would not get injured.", "In July 2010, he was selected for the Twenty20 series against Australia but the selectors decided not to play him in the Test squad so that he would not get injured. He was subsequently selected for the ODI and Twenty20 series against England in September 2010.", "He was subsequently selected for the ODI and Twenty20 series against England in September 2010. Akhtar returned to the national side representing the country against England in the Twenty20 International. He bowled an impressive spell and returned with figures of 2 wickets for 23 runs.", "He bowled an impressive spell and returned with figures of 2 wickets for 23 runs. He continued to bowl well in the ODI series in the absence of regular fast-bowlers, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, who were suspended by the International Cricket Council amid allegations of Spot-fixing.", "He continued to bowl well in the ODI series in the absence of regular fast-bowlers, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, who were suspended by the International Cricket Council amid allegations of Spot-fixing. Despite his relatively good bowling form, Pakistani coach Waqar Younis insisted that the bowling attack must not become reliant on Akhtar, as he is 35 years of age and fitness troubles continue to affect him.", "Despite his relatively good bowling form, Pakistani coach Waqar Younis insisted that the bowling attack must not become reliant on Akhtar, as he is 35 years of age and fitness troubles continue to affect him. Akhtar was selected for the tour of New Zealand and started his campaign off well with 3 wickets on Boxing Day in the first of two Twenty20 Internationals against New Zealand.", "Akhtar was selected for the tour of New Zealand and started his campaign off well with 3 wickets on Boxing Day in the first of two Twenty20 Internationals against New Zealand. Akhtar was selected in Pakistan's 15-man squad to play in the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in February to March.", "Akhtar was selected in Pakistan's 15-man squad to play in the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in February to March. During the tournament, he announced that he would retire from international cricket at the end of the World Cup.", "During the tournament, he announced that he would retire from international cricket at the end of the World Cup. He was dropped from the squad after group matches and was not included in the quarter final either.", "He was dropped from the squad after group matches and was not included in the quarter final either. Domestic career England county cricket Akhtar has played for three English county cricket clubs: Somerset in 2001, Durham in 2003 and 2004 and Worcestershire in 2005.", "Domestic career England county cricket Akhtar has played for three English county cricket clubs: Somerset in 2001, Durham in 2003 and 2004 and Worcestershire in 2005. He did achieve his moments of success, such as taking 5 wickets for 35 runs for Durham against Somerset in the National League in 2003 and claiming 6 wickets for 16 runs in the same competition for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire two years later, but he suffered from fitness problems, as well as a perception that he was less than interested in his task.", "He did achieve his moments of success, such as taking 5 wickets for 35 runs for Durham against Somerset in the National League in 2003 and claiming 6 wickets for 16 runs in the same competition for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire two years later, but he suffered from fitness problems, as well as a perception that he was less than interested in his task. This was particularly the case at Worcestershire: chairman John Elliott said \"Players like that are no good to our club.", "This was particularly the case at Worcestershire: chairman John Elliott said \"Players like that are no good to our club. In fact, Akhtar has been no good for any club he's been at. He's a superstar and just does what he wants.\"", "He's a superstar and just does what he wants.\" Indian Premier League Akhtar made a successful return to cricket in his first game in the Indian Premier League, playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Delhi Daredevils.", "Indian Premier League Akhtar made a successful return to cricket in his first game in the Indian Premier League, playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Delhi Daredevils. Defending a low score of 133 runs, Akhtar took four top order wickets which ultimately led to the Daredevils being restricted to 110 runs.", "Defending a low score of 133 runs, Akhtar took four top order wickets which ultimately led to the Daredevils being restricted to 110 runs. He ended with figures of 4 wickets for 11 runs from three overs, a performance which earned him the player of the match award.", "He ended with figures of 4 wickets for 11 runs from three overs, a performance which earned him the player of the match award. Akhtar denied that he had any point to prove with his performance, stating, \"I just wanted to win the game.\"", "Akhtar denied that he had any point to prove with his performance, stating, \"I just wanted to win the game.\" Knight Riders' captain Sourav Ganguly also acknowledged Akhtar's performance, \"He came to the country with lots [of things] happening behind him...But he showed a lot of character.\"", "Knight Riders' captain Sourav Ganguly also acknowledged Akhtar's performance, \"He came to the country with lots [of things] happening behind him...But he showed a lot of character.\" Cricket controversies and injuries Akhtar's career has been plagued with injuries, controversies and accusations of poor attitude.", "Cricket controversies and injuries Akhtar's career has been plagued with injuries, controversies and accusations of poor attitude. After Pakistan's poor performance in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, he got involved in a verbal conflict with former Pakistan captain and fast bowler Waqar Younis. Later on Akhtar was sacked along with other players, including Younis.", "Later on Akhtar was sacked along with other players, including Younis. In a triangular series in 2003 held in Sri Lanka, he was caught ball tampering making him the second player in cricket to be banned on ball tampering charges.", "In a triangular series in 2003 held in Sri Lanka, he was caught ball tampering making him the second player in cricket to be banned on ball tampering charges. The same year he was banned for one Test match and two One Day International matches for abusing South African spin bowler Paul Adams, during a match against South Africa.", "The same year he was banned for one Test match and two One Day International matches for abusing South African spin bowler Paul Adams, during a match against South Africa. In the 2004 home series with India, he struggled with wrist and back injuries, which raised questions about his commitment to the team.", "In the 2004 home series with India, he struggled with wrist and back injuries, which raised questions about his commitment to the team. He was sent back from the 2005 Australia tour with a hamstring injury amid rumours of indiscipline, lack of commitment and attitudinal complaints.", "He was sent back from the 2005 Australia tour with a hamstring injury amid rumours of indiscipline, lack of commitment and attitudinal complaints. He was subsequently fined by the Pakistan Cricket Board for avoiding a late night curfew.", "He was subsequently fined by the Pakistan Cricket Board for avoiding a late night curfew. The rest of his cricketing career was riddled with ankle and knee injuries which forced him to undergo a surgery in February 2006, until finally he was banned for two years for allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs.", "The rest of his cricketing career was riddled with ankle and knee injuries which forced him to undergo a surgery in February 2006, until finally he was banned for two years for allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs. Drug scandal On 16 October 2006 Akhtar was suspended by the Pakistan Cricket Board, along with Mohammed Asif after they tested positive for a performance-enhancing substance nandrolone.", "Drug scandal On 16 October 2006 Akhtar was suspended by the Pakistan Cricket Board, along with Mohammed Asif after they tested positive for a performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. They were consequently pulled out from the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy.", "They were consequently pulled out from the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy. Former Pakistan Cricket Board chairman later stated that he had always suspected Akhtar of substance abuse due to his consistent \"reservations\" to drug tests. Former Pakistan captain Inzamam ul-Haq had also previously complained about Akhtar's drug abuse but was not reported to the Pakistan Cricket Board.", "Former Pakistan captain Inzamam ul-Haq had also previously complained about Akhtar's drug abuse but was not reported to the Pakistan Cricket Board. Akhtar immediately declared his innocence and he declined knowingly taking any performance-enhancing drugs. In a statement issued to the press, he claimed that he could never cheat teammates or opponents.", "In a statement issued to the press, he claimed that he could never cheat teammates or opponents. During a hearing with the Pakistan Cricket Board Anti-Doping Committee, he along with Asif maintained taking non-steroidal dietary supplements. He, however, failed to convince the committee of his innocence.", "He, however, failed to convince the committee of his innocence. In its report submitted to the Pakistan Cricket Board, the Anti-Doping Committee recommended a two-year ban. On 1 November 2006 the Pakistan Cricket Board handed down a two-year suspension to Akhtar and a one-year suspension to Asif, banning them from professional cricket during the period.", "On 1 November 2006 the Pakistan Cricket Board handed down a two-year suspension to Akhtar and a one-year suspension to Asif, banning them from professional cricket during the period. Shoaib had subsequently been added to Pakistan Olympic Association list of doping offenders.", "Shoaib had subsequently been added to Pakistan Olympic Association list of doping offenders. However, on 5 December 2006 represented by his lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, Akhtar was cleared on appeal. On 5 December 2006 Akhtar and Asif were acquitted by the tribunal appointed to review their appeals.", "On 5 December 2006 Akhtar and Asif were acquitted by the tribunal appointed to review their appeals. After a clear hearing from Akhtar's lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, the three-man committee, voted two to one in favour of the acquittal.", "After a clear hearing from Akhtar's lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, the three-man committee, voted two to one in favour of the acquittal. Justice Fakhruddin Ebrahim, committee head, and Haseeb Ahsan, former Test cricketer, were in favour of the acquittal. The third member, Danish Zaheer, differed.", "The third member, Danish Zaheer, differed. \"Exceptional circumstances\" were cited including discrepancies between the instantaneous offence charges of doping that were laid and the quick delivery of a very harsh verdict. The complete drug testing procedure was concluded to have been technically flawed as it did not follow standard procedures.", "The complete drug testing procedure was concluded to have been technically flawed as it did not follow standard procedures. Other established facts by the committee included that the duo were not aware of the banned drug to be present in their supplements because the Pakistan Cricket Board itself had not informed them of the dangers of contaminated supplements.", "Other established facts by the committee included that the duo were not aware of the banned drug to be present in their supplements because the Pakistan Cricket Board itself had not informed them of the dangers of contaminated supplements. Akhtar and Asif, however, did not play in the subsequent Test match series against the West Indies because the Pakistan Cricket Board had recommended that they play domestic games first to recover form and fitness.", "Akhtar and Asif, however, did not play in the subsequent Test match series against the West Indies because the Pakistan Cricket Board had recommended that they play domestic games first to recover form and fitness. On 1 March 2007 Akhtar and Asif were ruled out of the Pakistani squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup by team officials, minutes before the squad was to depart for the West Indies.", "On 1 March 2007 Akhtar and Asif were ruled out of the Pakistani squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup by team officials, minutes before the squad was to depart for the West Indies. The team management along with the Pakistan Cricket Board said their injuries were too severe to risk taking them to the Caribbean.", "The team management along with the Pakistan Cricket Board said their injuries were too severe to risk taking them to the Caribbean. Since neither of the two had been declared fit they did not undergo official doping tests.", "Since neither of the two had been declared fit they did not undergo official doping tests. World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA) challenged Pakistan's decision to lift bans on fast bowlers Akhtar and Asif by taking the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA) challenged Pakistan's decision to lift bans on fast bowlers Akhtar and Asif by taking the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland. The ICC supported the WADA appeal adding that it was committed to a dope free game.", "The ICC supported the WADA appeal adding that it was committed to a dope free game. On 2 July 2007, the Court of Arbitration for Sport dropped the case, ruling it had no jurisdiction to challenge the decision made by PCB.", "On 2 July 2007, the Court of Arbitration for Sport dropped the case, ruling it had no jurisdiction to challenge the decision made by PCB. Other controversies In August 2007, Akhtar was reported to have used foul language against Pakistan Cricket Board protesting the imposing of fine of Rs. 300,000 for indiscipline during the national camp in Karachi.", "300,000 for indiscipline during the national camp in Karachi. In the week before the inaugural World Twenty20, held in South Africa, Akhtar was rumoured to have hit Pakistani teammate Mohammad Asif with a bat after an argument in the dressing room. It started after Akhtar was ridiculed by Asif and Shahid Afridi for comparing himself with Imran Khan.", "It started after Akhtar was ridiculed by Asif and Shahid Afridi for comparing himself with Imran Khan. After the initial inquiry, Akhtar was found to be at fault and was subsequently recalled from the Twenty20 World Cup squad and was sent home. He was also banned for 5 matches by the Pakistan Cricket Board.", "He was also banned for 5 matches by the Pakistan Cricket Board. Akhtar later claimed that Afridi was responsible for the fight, saying \"He made some ill remarks about my family. And I could not tolerate them.\" Afridi however, denied these allegations adding that Asif would have suffered more injuries but for his intervention.", "Afridi however, denied these allegations adding that Asif would have suffered more injuries but for his intervention. Even Asif chipped in saying that Akhtar was lying and that \"Shahid Afridi had nothing to do with the fight\", saying that \"he has not apologised to me.\"", "Even Asif chipped in saying that Akhtar was lying and that \"Shahid Afridi had nothing to do with the fight\", saying that \"he has not apologised to me.\" On 1 April 2008 Akhtar was banned for five years for violating the players' code of conduct. The ban extended to all cricket for and in Pakistan.", "The ban extended to all cricket for and in Pakistan. Despite the ban not preventing him from playing in the Indian Premier League, the IPL governing council decided not to allow Akhtar to play in the tournament until the end of the ban or unless it is lifted.", "Despite the ban not preventing him from playing in the Indian Premier League, the IPL governing council decided not to allow Akhtar to play in the tournament until the end of the ban or unless it is lifted. IS Bindra, a member of the council, was quoted as saying, \"Even though they [the PCB] have cleared him to play for IPL, we felt that international discipline needs to be respected.\"", "IS Bindra, a member of the council, was quoted as saying, \"Even though they [the PCB] have cleared him to play for IPL, we felt that international discipline needs to be respected.\" Meanwhile, Akhtar vowed to go to great lengths to fight the ban, \"I will appeal, as is my right.", "Meanwhile, Akhtar vowed to go to great lengths to fight the ban, \"I will appeal, as is my right. If that fails I will go to court, if that fails then I will go to the Supreme Court.\"", "If that fails I will go to court, if that fails then I will go to the Supreme Court.\" On 3 April, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Nasim Ashraf served a legal notice on Akhtar, calling on him to retract statements he made to a news channel, alleging the ban was punishment in return for refusing to give the chairman a share of his earnings from the Indian Premier League, Ashraf also sought damages of Rs 100 million (approximately US$1.6 million) for \"defaming him personally\" and an additional Rs 100 million to the Pakistan Cricket Board for \"sullying the name of the Pakistan Cricket Board and the Pakistan Cricket team.\"", "On 3 April, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Nasim Ashraf served a legal notice on Akhtar, calling on him to retract statements he made to a news channel, alleging the ban was punishment in return for refusing to give the chairman a share of his earnings from the Indian Premier League, Ashraf also sought damages of Rs 100 million (approximately US$1.6 million) for \"defaming him personally\" and an additional Rs 100 million to the Pakistan Cricket Board for \"sullying the name of the Pakistan Cricket Board and the Pakistan Cricket team.\" A three-man appellate tribunal announced on 30 April that they had temporarily upheld Akhtar's five-year ban, deciding to revist the appeal hearing in June.", "A three-man appellate tribunal announced on 30 April that they had temporarily upheld Akhtar's five-year ban, deciding to revist the appeal hearing in June. Despite Akhtar's later retracting his claims and also issuing an unconditional apology for \"any grief or embarrassment that may have been caused to the nation, particularly to the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Dr Nasim Ashraf\", Ashraf's legal counsel filed a Rs 220 million (approx US$3.37 million) defamation suit against Akhtar in a civil court in Lahore on 2 May.", "Despite Akhtar's later retracting his claims and also issuing an unconditional apology for \"any grief or embarrassment that may have been caused to the nation, particularly to the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Dr Nasim Ashraf\", Ashraf's legal counsel filed a Rs 220 million (approx US$3.37 million) defamation suit against Akhtar in a civil court in Lahore on 2 May. On 4 May, the Pakistan Cricket Board's appellate tribunal suspended the five-year ban for one month, until they reconvene on 4 June, allowing Akhtar to take part in the ongoing Indian Premier League.", "On 4 May, the Pakistan Cricket Board's appellate tribunal suspended the five-year ban for one month, until they reconvene on 4 June, allowing Akhtar to take part in the ongoing Indian Premier League. A day later, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they will no longer pursue the defamation suit following a reconciliation between Akhtar and chairman Nasim Ashraf at the house of Rehman Malik, a key political official, in Islamabad.", "A day later, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they will no longer pursue the defamation suit following a reconciliation between Akhtar and chairman Nasim Ashraf at the house of Rehman Malik, a key political official, in Islamabad. \"My honour has been vindicated and now the defamation lawsuit will not be pursued,\" Ashraf was quoted as saying.", "\"My honour has been vindicated and now the defamation lawsuit will not be pursued,\" Ashraf was quoted as saying. On 4 September 2008, Akhtar was sent back home from Heathrow airport by British immigration officials on visa grounds; Akhtar only had a visit visa but not a working visa, which is required to play in county cricket.", "On 4 September 2008, Akhtar was sent back home from Heathrow airport by British immigration officials on visa grounds; Akhtar only had a visit visa but not a working visa, which is required to play in county cricket. He subsequently obtained the necessary visa and returned to play with English county club Surrey.", "He subsequently obtained the necessary visa and returned to play with English county club Surrey. On 21 May 2009, Akhtar was dropped from 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Pakistan squad because of genital viral warts.", "On 21 May 2009, Akhtar was dropped from 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Pakistan squad because of genital viral warts. In July 2012, Akhtar accused the PCB stating that there was too much \"politics\" in the Board and some of its officials did not want Pakistani team to win.", "In July 2012, Akhtar accused the PCB stating that there was too much \"politics\" in the Board and some of its officials did not want Pakistani team to win. Beyond cricket Book In September 2011, few months after his retirement from international cricket, he released his autobiography Controversially Yours, co-written with Indian social anthropologist and journalist Anshu Dogra.", "Beyond cricket Book In September 2011, few months after his retirement from international cricket, he released his autobiography Controversially Yours, co-written with Indian social anthropologist and journalist Anshu Dogra. It was met with positive reviews, observers noting the interest of having Shoaib's comments, nearly always critical, on issues pertaining to the administration of cricket in Pakistan, the controversies surrounding ball tampering and his views on cricketers, from Pakistan as well outside.", "It was met with positive reviews, observers noting the interest of having Shoaib's comments, nearly always critical, on issues pertaining to the administration of cricket in Pakistan, the controversies surrounding ball tampering and his views on cricketers, from Pakistan as well outside. Television References External links 1975 births ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited cricketers Chittagong Division cricketers Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Durham cricketers Federal Areas cricketers ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Islamabad cricketers Islamabad Leopards cricketers Khan Research Laboratories cricketers Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers Living people Pakistani autobiographers Pakistani cricketers Doping cases in Pakistani cricket Pakistan International Airlines cricketers Pakistan One Day International cricketers Pakistan Test cricketers Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers Cricketers from Rawalpindi Punjabi people Rawalpindi cricketers Rawalpindi B cricketers Rawalpindi Rams cricketers Somerset cricketers Surrey cricketers Worcestershire cricketers Pakistani cricket commentators Pakistani expatriates in India Pakistani YouTubers Commonwealth Games competitors for Pakistan" ]

[ "Shoaib Akhtar", "International career", "how did his career start?", "Akhtar's test career started rather modestly. He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test", "What year did his career start?", "1997/98 tour of Pakistan.", "What records does he hold?", "He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history,", "What are his stats?", "a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003", "Did he play in other tournaments aside from the world cup?", "In 2002, he was selected for the Pakistan team against Australia and achieved success." ]

[ "The AD&D Masterpiece Collection is a collection of roleplaying games for Microsoft Windows, produced by Mindscape/SSI in 1996.\n\nContents\nThe Masterpiece Collection included six of SSI's official AD&D licensed games in one box: Dark Sun: Shattered Lands, Dark Sun: Wake of the Ravager, Ravenloft: Strahd's Possession, Ravenloft: Stone Prophet, Al-Qadim: The Genie's Curse, and Forgotten Realms: Menzoberranzan. The games are all contained on four CD-ROMs, each of which also contains the relevant manuals in Adobe Acrobat format, allowing them to be printed out with exactly the same layout that they had originally.\n\nReception\nAndy Butcher reviewed the Masterpiece Collection for Arcane magazine, rating it a 6 out of 10 overall. He concluded that \"six complete PC roleplaying games in one rather impressive box is certainly good value for the money\". He noted that an Acrobat viewer is included to read and print the manuals, which allowed SSI to \"save on the cost of including six relatively hefty booklets. Of course, if you haven't got access to a printer this isn't going to be very useful, but most of the games are fairly simple to get to grips with, provided you have at least a passing familiarity with the AD&D rules.\" He only felt that Wake of the Ravager, Stone Prophet, and The Genie's Curse were actually any good, and that the rest \"struggle to attain varying degrees of averageness\". Despite that, he did conclude that \"even three decent (if not quite inspired) computer games for the price of one is still a great bargain - there's enough gameplay in this set to keep you going for several months at least\".\n\nReferences\n\n1996 video games\nDungeons & Dragons video games\nRole-playing video games\nSingle-player video games\nVideo game compilations\nVideo games developed in the United States\nWindows games", "This page lists all association football national teams which managed to remain undefeated in either a FIFA World Cup main tournament, the qualifying process for that tournament, or both.\n\nFixtures decided by a penalty shoot-out are counted as draws and not as defeats. The tables only include teams which played at least one match in the particular final or qualifying tournament. They do not include teams which qualified automatically or by walkover, or teams which withdrew or were disqualified without playing any matches.\n\nAll but four World Cup winning teams were unbeaten in the finals. The four teams that won the World Cup despite losing a game in the finals were: West Germany in 1954 and again in 1974; Argentina in 1978; and Spain in 2010.\n\nAnother part of the teams listed below were eliminated despite not losing any games in the finals, or failed to qualify despite not losing any qualifying games. They exited the competition by various means: withdrawal; inferior points total or goal difference within a group; drawing of lots, away goals, or penalty shoot-out.\n\nGeneral statistics \n\nBrazil have remained unbeaten in a total of seven World Cup final tournaments, more than any other team, including all five tournaments where they triumphed as world champions. Italy are a close second with six, and England and France are third with three each. No other nation has achieved this more than twice.\n\nGermany (including West Germany) have had a record twelve unbeaten World Cup qualifying campaigns. In fact the German national team has lost only three World Cup qualifying games in its history: against Portugal in 1985, against England in 2001 and against North Macedonia in 2021.\n\nA number of teams have managed not to record any losses during an entire FIFA World Cup cycle (qualifying and final tournaments):\n Italy (1934 and 1998), Brazil (1958, 1970, 1978 and 1986), West Germany/Germany (1990 and 2014), Spain (2002 and 2018), France (2006) and Netherlands (2014) all remained unbeaten during both the qualification and the finals (in 1970 Brazil actually did not record any draws either, managing to win every single match en route to the title).\n Uruguay (1930), Italy (1938 and 1990), Brazil (1962), England (1966), Mexico (1986) and France (1998) all did not have to go through qualifying tournaments, and did not lose any games in the finals (Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1938 did not draw any games either).\n Uruguay in 1950 qualified without playing any matches due to the withdrawal of their opponents, and did not lose any games in the finals.\n Several teams remained undefeated during a qualifying campaign but nevertheless did not appear in the subsequent final tournament. Each of Cuba, Lesotho, Morocco and Tunisia have had this fate twice. For others, see the tables below.\n\nLegend to the tables \n\n The Result column indicates what stage the team reached in the particular final tournament: , , , , , , , , .\nOther columns: , , , , , .\n The Lost to column indicates what opponent progressed at the expense of the team in question.\n\nBy tournament\n\n1930\n\n1934\n\n1938\n\n1950\n\n1954\n\n1958\n\n1962\n\n1966\n\n1970\n\n1974\n\n1978\n\n1982\n\n1986\n\n1990\n\n1994\n\n1998\n\n2002\n\n2006\n\n2010\n\n2014\n\n2018\n\n2022\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Previous FIFA World Cups, FIFA\n World Cup 1930-2006, Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation\n\nFIFA World Cup records and statistics" ]

[ "Shoaib Akhtar (; born 13 August 1975) is a Pakistani former cricketer and commentator. Nicknamed the \"Rawalpindi Express\", he was the first bowler to be recorded bowling at 100 miles per hour, a feat he achieved twice in his career.", "Nicknamed the \"Rawalpindi Express\", he was the first bowler to be recorded bowling at 100 miles per hour, a feat he achieved twice in his career. Akhtar made his Test match debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later.", "Akhtar made his Test match debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later. He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct.", "He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct. Akhtar was sent home during a Test match series in Australia in 2005 for alleged poor attitude and a year later received a ban after testing positive for the performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal.", "However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal. In 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticising the Pakistan Cricket Board, although in October 2008, the Lahore High Court suspended the ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada.", "In 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticising the Pakistan Cricket Board, although in October 2008, the Lahore High Court suspended the ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada. Akhtar retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup.", "Akhtar retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup. Personal life Akhtar was born in the small town of Morgah in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.", "Personal life Akhtar was born in the small town of Morgah in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. His father, Mohammad Akhtar, whom Shoaib describes as very religious and “from a hardworking, economically unprivileged family of the Gujjar community”, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station belonging to the Attock oil refinery, and married his mother, Hameeda Awan, when she was still a teenager, and they had five children: four sons, Shoaib being the fourth, followed by a daughter.", "His father, Mohammad Akhtar, whom Shoaib describes as very religious and “from a hardworking, economically unprivileged family of the Gujjar community”, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station belonging to the Attock oil refinery, and married his mother, Hameeda Awan, when she was still a teenager, and they had five children: four sons, Shoaib being the fourth, followed by a daughter. Shoaib's name, which in Arabic means both “the one who brings people together” and “the one who separates”, was chosen by his mother.", "Shoaib's name, which in Arabic means both “the one who brings people together” and “the one who separates”, was chosen by his mother. He married Rubab Khan on 11 November 2014.", "He married Rubab Khan on 11 November 2014. Beginnings A good student, Akhtar was admitted to the Asghar Mall College, but disrupted his studies to attend trials for the PIA team's Karachi division to be held in Lahore. Lacking the money for a bus ticket, he waited for the bus to start and got onto the roof.", "Lacking the money for a bus ticket, he waited for the bus to start and got onto the roof. After some struggle, starting his List A career during the 1993/1994 season and his first-class career during the 1994/1995 one, he caught the eye of Majid Khan, then the chief executive of the PCB, and after a good performance for the Pakistan A team's tour of England, in 1996, he was rewarded his maiden Test cap against the West Indies, in 1997. International career Considering his subsequent high profile in cricket, Akhtar's test career started rather modestly.", "After some struggle, starting his List A career during the 1993/1994 season and his first-class career during the 1994/1995 one, he caught the eye of Majid Khan, then the chief executive of the PCB, and after a good performance for the Pakistan A team's tour of England, in 1996, he was rewarded his maiden Test cap against the West Indies, in 1997. International career Considering his subsequent high profile in cricket, Akhtar's test career started rather modestly. He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test of the West Indies 1997/98 tour of Pakistan.", "He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test of the West Indies 1997/98 tour of Pakistan. He was subsequently included in the tour of South Africa during the winter of 1998, where he played in all three Tests.", "He was subsequently included in the tour of South Africa during the winter of 1998, where he played in all three Tests. He was notably the spearhead of a depleted Pakistani bowling attack in the Peshawar Test against the visiting Australians later in 1998, where Mark Taylor scored his famous unbeaten 334 in Australia's first innings.", "He was notably the spearhead of a depleted Pakistani bowling attack in the Peshawar Test against the visiting Australians later in 1998, where Mark Taylor scored his famous unbeaten 334 in Australia's first innings. Subsequently, after 8 tests and 16 innings, Akhtar had accumulated only 18 wickets.", "Subsequently, after 8 tests and 16 innings, Akhtar had accumulated only 18 wickets. Akhtar's run of impressive performances started in 1999, during a pre-World Cup series against India. It was followed by outstanding bowling performances in Sharjah and later in the 1999 Cricket World Cup.", "It was followed by outstanding bowling performances in Sharjah and later in the 1999 Cricket World Cup. His most significant performance was in India in 1999 when he captured eight wickets in the Asian Test championship match at Calcutta – including the wickets of Indian batsmen Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar when he bowled both batsmen off successive deliveries.", "His most significant performance was in India in 1999 when he captured eight wickets in the Asian Test championship match at Calcutta – including the wickets of Indian batsmen Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar when he bowled both batsmen off successive deliveries. It was the first ball he ever bowled to Tendulkar.", "It was the first ball he ever bowled to Tendulkar. In 2002, he was selected for the Pakistan team against Australia and achieved a small amount of success. However the team performed poorly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and after the tournament he was dropped from the Pakistan squad.", "However the team performed poorly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and after the tournament he was dropped from the Pakistan squad. He was selected back into the Pakistan squad as they had no choice in the 2003 Test match series against New Zealand, but struggled in a losing Test series against India in 2004.", "He was selected back into the Pakistan squad as they had no choice in the 2003 Test match series against New Zealand, but struggled in a losing Test series against India in 2004. The series ended with a controversy when he left the field citing an injury leading to suspicions by former Pakistan captain, Inzamam-ul-Haq, about his commitment to the team.", "The series ended with a controversy when he left the field citing an injury leading to suspicions by former Pakistan captain, Inzamam-ul-Haq, about his commitment to the team. As a result, his relationship with Inzamam-ul-Haq and former Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer deteriorated.", "As a result, his relationship with Inzamam-ul-Haq and former Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer deteriorated. A medical panel was set up by the Pakistan Cricket Board to investigate the nature of his injury, however Pakistan officials dispelled all suspicions. In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side.", "In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side. Playing in a three Test home series against England, he made a series of impressive bowling performances. His effective use of slower deliveries proved to be unplayable by the English batsmen. Akhtar emerged as the highest wicket taker of the series with seventeen wickets.", "Akhtar emerged as the highest wicket taker of the series with seventeen wickets. His comeback was also remarkable as prior to his return, he had been criticised from all corners; such as by the Worcestershire chairman John Elliot for his celebrity attitude and lack of commitment to the team.", "His comeback was also remarkable as prior to his return, he had been criticised from all corners; such as by the Worcestershire chairman John Elliot for his celebrity attitude and lack of commitment to the team. His performance was also acknowledged by the English captain Michael Vaughan, who remarked \"I thought he (Shoaib) was a big difference between the two teams\".", "His performance was also acknowledged by the English captain Michael Vaughan, who remarked \"I thought he (Shoaib) was a big difference between the two teams\". Throughout his career, he was regarded as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of international cricket.", "Throughout his career, he was regarded as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of international cricket. He achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161 kph after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998.", "He achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161 kph after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998. He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history, with a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003.", "He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history, with a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003. Struggle for form and consistent injuries (2007–2009) On 29 October 2007, Akhtar made his return to cricket from his 13 match ban and performed very well, he took 4 wickets for 43 runs against South Africa in the fifth and deciding One Day International series in Lahore in Pakistan.", "Struggle for form and consistent injuries (2007–2009) On 29 October 2007, Akhtar made his return to cricket from his 13 match ban and performed very well, he took 4 wickets for 43 runs against South Africa in the fifth and deciding One Day International series in Lahore in Pakistan. Subsequently, he was included in the 16-man Pakistan squad for the 2007 tour of India.", "Subsequently, he was included in the 16-man Pakistan squad for the 2007 tour of India. Rehabilitation and final years (2010–2011) Akhtar made a return to international cricket albeit in the shorter format of the game. In May 2010, PCB named him in a list of 35 probables for the Asia Cup.", "In May 2010, PCB named him in a list of 35 probables for the Asia Cup. On 15 June 2010, Akhtar made his return, taking 3 wickets for 28 runs in the first match of the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka.", "On 15 June 2010, Akhtar made his return, taking 3 wickets for 28 runs in the first match of the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka. He narrowly missed out a spot in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in place of the injured Umar Gul.", "He narrowly missed out a spot in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in place of the injured Umar Gul. In July 2010, he was selected for the Twenty20 series against Australia but the selectors decided not to play him in the Test squad so that he would not get injured.", "In July 2010, he was selected for the Twenty20 series against Australia but the selectors decided not to play him in the Test squad so that he would not get injured. He was subsequently selected for the ODI and Twenty20 series against England in September 2010.", "He was subsequently selected for the ODI and Twenty20 series against England in September 2010. Akhtar returned to the national side representing the country against England in the Twenty20 International. He bowled an impressive spell and returned with figures of 2 wickets for 23 runs.", "He bowled an impressive spell and returned with figures of 2 wickets for 23 runs. He continued to bowl well in the ODI series in the absence of regular fast-bowlers, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, who were suspended by the International Cricket Council amid allegations of Spot-fixing.", "He continued to bowl well in the ODI series in the absence of regular fast-bowlers, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, who were suspended by the International Cricket Council amid allegations of Spot-fixing. Despite his relatively good bowling form, Pakistani coach Waqar Younis insisted that the bowling attack must not become reliant on Akhtar, as he is 35 years of age and fitness troubles continue to affect him.", "Despite his relatively good bowling form, Pakistani coach Waqar Younis insisted that the bowling attack must not become reliant on Akhtar, as he is 35 years of age and fitness troubles continue to affect him. Akhtar was selected for the tour of New Zealand and started his campaign off well with 3 wickets on Boxing Day in the first of two Twenty20 Internationals against New Zealand.", "Akhtar was selected for the tour of New Zealand and started his campaign off well with 3 wickets on Boxing Day in the first of two Twenty20 Internationals against New Zealand. Akhtar was selected in Pakistan's 15-man squad to play in the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in February to March.", "Akhtar was selected in Pakistan's 15-man squad to play in the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in February to March. During the tournament, he announced that he would retire from international cricket at the end of the World Cup.", "During the tournament, he announced that he would retire from international cricket at the end of the World Cup. He was dropped from the squad after group matches and was not included in the quarter final either.", "He was dropped from the squad after group matches and was not included in the quarter final either. Domestic career England county cricket Akhtar has played for three English county cricket clubs: Somerset in 2001, Durham in 2003 and 2004 and Worcestershire in 2005.", "Domestic career England county cricket Akhtar has played for three English county cricket clubs: Somerset in 2001, Durham in 2003 and 2004 and Worcestershire in 2005. He did achieve his moments of success, such as taking 5 wickets for 35 runs for Durham against Somerset in the National League in 2003 and claiming 6 wickets for 16 runs in the same competition for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire two years later, but he suffered from fitness problems, as well as a perception that he was less than interested in his task.", "He did achieve his moments of success, such as taking 5 wickets for 35 runs for Durham against Somerset in the National League in 2003 and claiming 6 wickets for 16 runs in the same competition for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire two years later, but he suffered from fitness problems, as well as a perception that he was less than interested in his task. This was particularly the case at Worcestershire: chairman John Elliott said \"Players like that are no good to our club.", "This was particularly the case at Worcestershire: chairman John Elliott said \"Players like that are no good to our club. In fact, Akhtar has been no good for any club he's been at. He's a superstar and just does what he wants.\"", "He's a superstar and just does what he wants.\" Indian Premier League Akhtar made a successful return to cricket in his first game in the Indian Premier League, playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Delhi Daredevils.", "Indian Premier League Akhtar made a successful return to cricket in his first game in the Indian Premier League, playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Delhi Daredevils. Defending a low score of 133 runs, Akhtar took four top order wickets which ultimately led to the Daredevils being restricted to 110 runs.", "Defending a low score of 133 runs, Akhtar took four top order wickets which ultimately led to the Daredevils being restricted to 110 runs. He ended with figures of 4 wickets for 11 runs from three overs, a performance which earned him the player of the match award.", "He ended with figures of 4 wickets for 11 runs from three overs, a performance which earned him the player of the match award. Akhtar denied that he had any point to prove with his performance, stating, \"I just wanted to win the game.\"", "Akhtar denied that he had any point to prove with his performance, stating, \"I just wanted to win the game.\" Knight Riders' captain Sourav Ganguly also acknowledged Akhtar's performance, \"He came to the country with lots [of things] happening behind him...But he showed a lot of character.\"", "Knight Riders' captain Sourav Ganguly also acknowledged Akhtar's performance, \"He came to the country with lots [of things] happening behind him...But he showed a lot of character.\" Cricket controversies and injuries Akhtar's career has been plagued with injuries, controversies and accusations of poor attitude.", "Cricket controversies and injuries Akhtar's career has been plagued with injuries, controversies and accusations of poor attitude. After Pakistan's poor performance in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, he got involved in a verbal conflict with former Pakistan captain and fast bowler Waqar Younis. Later on Akhtar was sacked along with other players, including Younis.", "Later on Akhtar was sacked along with other players, including Younis. In a triangular series in 2003 held in Sri Lanka, he was caught ball tampering making him the second player in cricket to be banned on ball tampering charges.", "In a triangular series in 2003 held in Sri Lanka, he was caught ball tampering making him the second player in cricket to be banned on ball tampering charges. The same year he was banned for one Test match and two One Day International matches for abusing South African spin bowler Paul Adams, during a match against South Africa.", "The same year he was banned for one Test match and two One Day International matches for abusing South African spin bowler Paul Adams, during a match against South Africa. In the 2004 home series with India, he struggled with wrist and back injuries, which raised questions about his commitment to the team.", "In the 2004 home series with India, he struggled with wrist and back injuries, which raised questions about his commitment to the team. He was sent back from the 2005 Australia tour with a hamstring injury amid rumours of indiscipline, lack of commitment and attitudinal complaints.", "He was sent back from the 2005 Australia tour with a hamstring injury amid rumours of indiscipline, lack of commitment and attitudinal complaints. He was subsequently fined by the Pakistan Cricket Board for avoiding a late night curfew.", "He was subsequently fined by the Pakistan Cricket Board for avoiding a late night curfew. The rest of his cricketing career was riddled with ankle and knee injuries which forced him to undergo a surgery in February 2006, until finally he was banned for two years for allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs.", "The rest of his cricketing career was riddled with ankle and knee injuries which forced him to undergo a surgery in February 2006, until finally he was banned for two years for allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs. Drug scandal On 16 October 2006 Akhtar was suspended by the Pakistan Cricket Board, along with Mohammed Asif after they tested positive for a performance-enhancing substance nandrolone.", "Drug scandal On 16 October 2006 Akhtar was suspended by the Pakistan Cricket Board, along with Mohammed Asif after they tested positive for a performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. They were consequently pulled out from the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy.", "They were consequently pulled out from the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy. Former Pakistan Cricket Board chairman later stated that he had always suspected Akhtar of substance abuse due to his consistent \"reservations\" to drug tests. Former Pakistan captain Inzamam ul-Haq had also previously complained about Akhtar's drug abuse but was not reported to the Pakistan Cricket Board.", "Former Pakistan captain Inzamam ul-Haq had also previously complained about Akhtar's drug abuse but was not reported to the Pakistan Cricket Board. Akhtar immediately declared his innocence and he declined knowingly taking any performance-enhancing drugs. In a statement issued to the press, he claimed that he could never cheat teammates or opponents.", "In a statement issued to the press, he claimed that he could never cheat teammates or opponents. During a hearing with the Pakistan Cricket Board Anti-Doping Committee, he along with Asif maintained taking non-steroidal dietary supplements. He, however, failed to convince the committee of his innocence.", "He, however, failed to convince the committee of his innocence. In its report submitted to the Pakistan Cricket Board, the Anti-Doping Committee recommended a two-year ban. On 1 November 2006 the Pakistan Cricket Board handed down a two-year suspension to Akhtar and a one-year suspension to Asif, banning them from professional cricket during the period.", "On 1 November 2006 the Pakistan Cricket Board handed down a two-year suspension to Akhtar and a one-year suspension to Asif, banning them from professional cricket during the period. Shoaib had subsequently been added to Pakistan Olympic Association list of doping offenders.", "Shoaib had subsequently been added to Pakistan Olympic Association list of doping offenders. However, on 5 December 2006 represented by his lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, Akhtar was cleared on appeal. On 5 December 2006 Akhtar and Asif were acquitted by the tribunal appointed to review their appeals.", "On 5 December 2006 Akhtar and Asif were acquitted by the tribunal appointed to review their appeals. After a clear hearing from Akhtar's lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, the three-man committee, voted two to one in favour of the acquittal.", "After a clear hearing from Akhtar's lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, the three-man committee, voted two to one in favour of the acquittal. Justice Fakhruddin Ebrahim, committee head, and Haseeb Ahsan, former Test cricketer, were in favour of the acquittal. The third member, Danish Zaheer, differed.", "The third member, Danish Zaheer, differed. \"Exceptional circumstances\" were cited including discrepancies between the instantaneous offence charges of doping that were laid and the quick delivery of a very harsh verdict. The complete drug testing procedure was concluded to have been technically flawed as it did not follow standard procedures.", "The complete drug testing procedure was concluded to have been technically flawed as it did not follow standard procedures. Other established facts by the committee included that the duo were not aware of the banned drug to be present in their supplements because the Pakistan Cricket Board itself had not informed them of the dangers of contaminated supplements.", "Other established facts by the committee included that the duo were not aware of the banned drug to be present in their supplements because the Pakistan Cricket Board itself had not informed them of the dangers of contaminated supplements. Akhtar and Asif, however, did not play in the subsequent Test match series against the West Indies because the Pakistan Cricket Board had recommended that they play domestic games first to recover form and fitness.", "Akhtar and Asif, however, did not play in the subsequent Test match series against the West Indies because the Pakistan Cricket Board had recommended that they play domestic games first to recover form and fitness. On 1 March 2007 Akhtar and Asif were ruled out of the Pakistani squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup by team officials, minutes before the squad was to depart for the West Indies.", "On 1 March 2007 Akhtar and Asif were ruled out of the Pakistani squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup by team officials, minutes before the squad was to depart for the West Indies. The team management along with the Pakistan Cricket Board said their injuries were too severe to risk taking them to the Caribbean.", "The team management along with the Pakistan Cricket Board said their injuries were too severe to risk taking them to the Caribbean. Since neither of the two had been declared fit they did not undergo official doping tests.", "Since neither of the two had been declared fit they did not undergo official doping tests. World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA) challenged Pakistan's decision to lift bans on fast bowlers Akhtar and Asif by taking the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA) challenged Pakistan's decision to lift bans on fast bowlers Akhtar and Asif by taking the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland. The ICC supported the WADA appeal adding that it was committed to a dope free game.", "The ICC supported the WADA appeal adding that it was committed to a dope free game. On 2 July 2007, the Court of Arbitration for Sport dropped the case, ruling it had no jurisdiction to challenge the decision made by PCB.", "On 2 July 2007, the Court of Arbitration for Sport dropped the case, ruling it had no jurisdiction to challenge the decision made by PCB. Other controversies In August 2007, Akhtar was reported to have used foul language against Pakistan Cricket Board protesting the imposing of fine of Rs. 300,000 for indiscipline during the national camp in Karachi.", "300,000 for indiscipline during the national camp in Karachi. In the week before the inaugural World Twenty20, held in South Africa, Akhtar was rumoured to have hit Pakistani teammate Mohammad Asif with a bat after an argument in the dressing room. It started after Akhtar was ridiculed by Asif and Shahid Afridi for comparing himself with Imran Khan.", "It started after Akhtar was ridiculed by Asif and Shahid Afridi for comparing himself with Imran Khan. After the initial inquiry, Akhtar was found to be at fault and was subsequently recalled from the Twenty20 World Cup squad and was sent home. He was also banned for 5 matches by the Pakistan Cricket Board.", "He was also banned for 5 matches by the Pakistan Cricket Board. Akhtar later claimed that Afridi was responsible for the fight, saying \"He made some ill remarks about my family. And I could not tolerate them.\" Afridi however, denied these allegations adding that Asif would have suffered more injuries but for his intervention.", "Afridi however, denied these allegations adding that Asif would have suffered more injuries but for his intervention. Even Asif chipped in saying that Akhtar was lying and that \"Shahid Afridi had nothing to do with the fight\", saying that \"he has not apologised to me.\"", "Even Asif chipped in saying that Akhtar was lying and that \"Shahid Afridi had nothing to do with the fight\", saying that \"he has not apologised to me.\" On 1 April 2008 Akhtar was banned for five years for violating the players' code of conduct. The ban extended to all cricket for and in Pakistan.", "The ban extended to all cricket for and in Pakistan. Despite the ban not preventing him from playing in the Indian Premier League, the IPL governing council decided not to allow Akhtar to play in the tournament until the end of the ban or unless it is lifted.", "Despite the ban not preventing him from playing in the Indian Premier League, the IPL governing council decided not to allow Akhtar to play in the tournament until the end of the ban or unless it is lifted. IS Bindra, a member of the council, was quoted as saying, \"Even though they [the PCB] have cleared him to play for IPL, we felt that international discipline needs to be respected.\"", "IS Bindra, a member of the council, was quoted as saying, \"Even though they [the PCB] have cleared him to play for IPL, we felt that international discipline needs to be respected.\" Meanwhile, Akhtar vowed to go to great lengths to fight the ban, \"I will appeal, as is my right.", "Meanwhile, Akhtar vowed to go to great lengths to fight the ban, \"I will appeal, as is my right. If that fails I will go to court, if that fails then I will go to the Supreme Court.\"", "If that fails I will go to court, if that fails then I will go to the Supreme Court.\" On 3 April, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Nasim Ashraf served a legal notice on Akhtar, calling on him to retract statements he made to a news channel, alleging the ban was punishment in return for refusing to give the chairman a share of his earnings from the Indian Premier League, Ashraf also sought damages of Rs 100 million (approximately US$1.6 million) for \"defaming him personally\" and an additional Rs 100 million to the Pakistan Cricket Board for \"sullying the name of the Pakistan Cricket Board and the Pakistan Cricket team.\"", "On 3 April, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Nasim Ashraf served a legal notice on Akhtar, calling on him to retract statements he made to a news channel, alleging the ban was punishment in return for refusing to give the chairman a share of his earnings from the Indian Premier League, Ashraf also sought damages of Rs 100 million (approximately US$1.6 million) for \"defaming him personally\" and an additional Rs 100 million to the Pakistan Cricket Board for \"sullying the name of the Pakistan Cricket Board and the Pakistan Cricket team.\" A three-man appellate tribunal announced on 30 April that they had temporarily upheld Akhtar's five-year ban, deciding to revist the appeal hearing in June.", "A three-man appellate tribunal announced on 30 April that they had temporarily upheld Akhtar's five-year ban, deciding to revist the appeal hearing in June. Despite Akhtar's later retracting his claims and also issuing an unconditional apology for \"any grief or embarrassment that may have been caused to the nation, particularly to the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Dr Nasim Ashraf\", Ashraf's legal counsel filed a Rs 220 million (approx US$3.37 million) defamation suit against Akhtar in a civil court in Lahore on 2 May.", "Despite Akhtar's later retracting his claims and also issuing an unconditional apology for \"any grief or embarrassment that may have been caused to the nation, particularly to the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Dr Nasim Ashraf\", Ashraf's legal counsel filed a Rs 220 million (approx US$3.37 million) defamation suit against Akhtar in a civil court in Lahore on 2 May. On 4 May, the Pakistan Cricket Board's appellate tribunal suspended the five-year ban for one month, until they reconvene on 4 June, allowing Akhtar to take part in the ongoing Indian Premier League.", "On 4 May, the Pakistan Cricket Board's appellate tribunal suspended the five-year ban for one month, until they reconvene on 4 June, allowing Akhtar to take part in the ongoing Indian Premier League. A day later, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they will no longer pursue the defamation suit following a reconciliation between Akhtar and chairman Nasim Ashraf at the house of Rehman Malik, a key political official, in Islamabad.", "A day later, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they will no longer pursue the defamation suit following a reconciliation between Akhtar and chairman Nasim Ashraf at the house of Rehman Malik, a key political official, in Islamabad. \"My honour has been vindicated and now the defamation lawsuit will not be pursued,\" Ashraf was quoted as saying.", "\"My honour has been vindicated and now the defamation lawsuit will not be pursued,\" Ashraf was quoted as saying. On 4 September 2008, Akhtar was sent back home from Heathrow airport by British immigration officials on visa grounds; Akhtar only had a visit visa but not a working visa, which is required to play in county cricket.", "On 4 September 2008, Akhtar was sent back home from Heathrow airport by British immigration officials on visa grounds; Akhtar only had a visit visa but not a working visa, which is required to play in county cricket. He subsequently obtained the necessary visa and returned to play with English county club Surrey.", "He subsequently obtained the necessary visa and returned to play with English county club Surrey. On 21 May 2009, Akhtar was dropped from 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Pakistan squad because of genital viral warts.", "On 21 May 2009, Akhtar was dropped from 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Pakistan squad because of genital viral warts. In July 2012, Akhtar accused the PCB stating that there was too much \"politics\" in the Board and some of its officials did not want Pakistani team to win.", "In July 2012, Akhtar accused the PCB stating that there was too much \"politics\" in the Board and some of its officials did not want Pakistani team to win. Beyond cricket Book In September 2011, few months after his retirement from international cricket, he released his autobiography Controversially Yours, co-written with Indian social anthropologist and journalist Anshu Dogra.", "Beyond cricket Book In September 2011, few months after his retirement from international cricket, he released his autobiography Controversially Yours, co-written with Indian social anthropologist and journalist Anshu Dogra. It was met with positive reviews, observers noting the interest of having Shoaib's comments, nearly always critical, on issues pertaining to the administration of cricket in Pakistan, the controversies surrounding ball tampering and his views on cricketers, from Pakistan as well outside.", "It was met with positive reviews, observers noting the interest of having Shoaib's comments, nearly always critical, on issues pertaining to the administration of cricket in Pakistan, the controversies surrounding ball tampering and his views on cricketers, from Pakistan as well outside. Television References External links 1975 births ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited cricketers Chittagong Division cricketers Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Durham cricketers Federal Areas cricketers ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Islamabad cricketers Islamabad Leopards cricketers Khan Research Laboratories cricketers Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers Living people Pakistani autobiographers Pakistani cricketers Doping cases in Pakistani cricket Pakistan International Airlines cricketers Pakistan One Day International cricketers Pakistan Test cricketers Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers Cricketers from Rawalpindi Punjabi people Rawalpindi cricketers Rawalpindi B cricketers Rawalpindi Rams cricketers Somerset cricketers Surrey cricketers Worcestershire cricketers Pakistani cricket commentators Pakistani expatriates in India Pakistani YouTubers Commonwealth Games competitors for Pakistan" ]

[ "Shoaib Akhtar", "International career", "how did his career start?", "Akhtar's test career started rather modestly. He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test", "What year did his career start?", "1997/98 tour of Pakistan.", "What records does he hold?", "He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history,", "What are his stats?", "a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003", "Did he play in other tournaments aside from the world cup?", "In 2002, he was selected for the Pakistan team against Australia and achieved success.", "Did he have any other impressive games?", "In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side. Playing in a three Test home series against England,", "Did he play with anybody famous?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison", "Say Anything may refer to:\n\nFilm and television\n Say Anything..., a 1989 American film by Cameron Crowe\n \"Say Anything\" (BoJack Horseman), a television episode\n\nMusic\n Say Anything (band), an American rock band\n Say Anything (album), a 2009 album by the band\n \"Say Anything\", a 2012 song by Say Anything from Anarchy, My Dear\n \"Say Anything\" (Marianas Trench song), 2006\n \"Say Anything\" (X Japan song), 1991\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Aimee Mann from Whatever, 1993\n \"Say Anything\", a song by the Bouncing Souls from The Bouncing Souls, 1997\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Good Charlotte from The Young and the Hopeless, 2002\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Girl in Red, 2018\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Will Young from Lexicon, 2019\n \"Say Anything (Else)\", a song by Cartel from Chroma, 2005\n\nOther uses\n Say Anything (party game), a 2008 board game published by North Star Games\n \"Say Anything\", a column in YM magazine\n\nSee also\n Say Something (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Shoaib Akhtar (; born 13 August 1975) is a Pakistani former cricketer and commentator. Nicknamed the \"Rawalpindi Express\", he was the first bowler to be recorded bowling at 100 miles per hour, a feat he achieved twice in his career.", "Nicknamed the \"Rawalpindi Express\", he was the first bowler to be recorded bowling at 100 miles per hour, a feat he achieved twice in his career. Akhtar made his Test match debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later.", "Akhtar made his Test match debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later. He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct.", "He has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct. Akhtar was sent home during a Test match series in Australia in 2005 for alleged poor attitude and a year later received a ban after testing positive for the performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal.", "However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal. In 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticising the Pakistan Cricket Board, although in October 2008, the Lahore High Court suspended the ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada.", "In 2008, Akhtar was banned for five years for publicly criticising the Pakistan Cricket Board, although in October 2008, the Lahore High Court suspended the ban and Akhtar was selected in the 15-man squad for the Twenty20 Quadrangular Tournament in Canada. Akhtar retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup.", "Akhtar retired from international cricket after the 2011 World Cup. Personal life Akhtar was born in the small town of Morgah in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.", "Personal life Akhtar was born in the small town of Morgah in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. His father, Mohammad Akhtar, whom Shoaib describes as very religious and “from a hardworking, economically unprivileged family of the Gujjar community”, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station belonging to the Attock oil refinery, and married his mother, Hameeda Awan, when she was still a teenager, and they had five children: four sons, Shoaib being the fourth, followed by a daughter.", "His father, Mohammad Akhtar, whom Shoaib describes as very religious and “from a hardworking, economically unprivileged family of the Gujjar community”, worked as a night watchman at a petrol station belonging to the Attock oil refinery, and married his mother, Hameeda Awan, when she was still a teenager, and they had five children: four sons, Shoaib being the fourth, followed by a daughter. Shoaib's name, which in Arabic means both “the one who brings people together” and “the one who separates”, was chosen by his mother.", "Shoaib's name, which in Arabic means both “the one who brings people together” and “the one who separates”, was chosen by his mother. He married Rubab Khan on 11 November 2014.", "He married Rubab Khan on 11 November 2014. Beginnings A good student, Akhtar was admitted to the Asghar Mall College, but disrupted his studies to attend trials for the PIA team's Karachi division to be held in Lahore. Lacking the money for a bus ticket, he waited for the bus to start and got onto the roof.", "Lacking the money for a bus ticket, he waited for the bus to start and got onto the roof. After some struggle, starting his List A career during the 1993/1994 season and his first-class career during the 1994/1995 one, he caught the eye of Majid Khan, then the chief executive of the PCB, and after a good performance for the Pakistan A team's tour of England, in 1996, he was rewarded his maiden Test cap against the West Indies, in 1997. International career Considering his subsequent high profile in cricket, Akhtar's test career started rather modestly.", "After some struggle, starting his List A career during the 1993/1994 season and his first-class career during the 1994/1995 one, he caught the eye of Majid Khan, then the chief executive of the PCB, and after a good performance for the Pakistan A team's tour of England, in 1996, he was rewarded his maiden Test cap against the West Indies, in 1997. International career Considering his subsequent high profile in cricket, Akhtar's test career started rather modestly. He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test of the West Indies 1997/98 tour of Pakistan.", "He was first picked to play on his home ground in Rawalpindi during the 2nd Test of the West Indies 1997/98 tour of Pakistan. He was subsequently included in the tour of South Africa during the winter of 1998, where he played in all three Tests.", "He was subsequently included in the tour of South Africa during the winter of 1998, where he played in all three Tests. He was notably the spearhead of a depleted Pakistani bowling attack in the Peshawar Test against the visiting Australians later in 1998, where Mark Taylor scored his famous unbeaten 334 in Australia's first innings.", "He was notably the spearhead of a depleted Pakistani bowling attack in the Peshawar Test against the visiting Australians later in 1998, where Mark Taylor scored his famous unbeaten 334 in Australia's first innings. Subsequently, after 8 tests and 16 innings, Akhtar had accumulated only 18 wickets.", "Subsequently, after 8 tests and 16 innings, Akhtar had accumulated only 18 wickets. Akhtar's run of impressive performances started in 1999, during a pre-World Cup series against India. It was followed by outstanding bowling performances in Sharjah and later in the 1999 Cricket World Cup.", "It was followed by outstanding bowling performances in Sharjah and later in the 1999 Cricket World Cup. His most significant performance was in India in 1999 when he captured eight wickets in the Asian Test championship match at Calcutta – including the wickets of Indian batsmen Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar when he bowled both batsmen off successive deliveries.", "His most significant performance was in India in 1999 when he captured eight wickets in the Asian Test championship match at Calcutta – including the wickets of Indian batsmen Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar when he bowled both batsmen off successive deliveries. It was the first ball he ever bowled to Tendulkar.", "It was the first ball he ever bowled to Tendulkar. In 2002, he was selected for the Pakistan team against Australia and achieved a small amount of success. However the team performed poorly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and after the tournament he was dropped from the Pakistan squad.", "However the team performed poorly during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and after the tournament he was dropped from the Pakistan squad. He was selected back into the Pakistan squad as they had no choice in the 2003 Test match series against New Zealand, but struggled in a losing Test series against India in 2004.", "He was selected back into the Pakistan squad as they had no choice in the 2003 Test match series against New Zealand, but struggled in a losing Test series against India in 2004. The series ended with a controversy when he left the field citing an injury leading to suspicions by former Pakistan captain, Inzamam-ul-Haq, about his commitment to the team.", "The series ended with a controversy when he left the field citing an injury leading to suspicions by former Pakistan captain, Inzamam-ul-Haq, about his commitment to the team. As a result, his relationship with Inzamam-ul-Haq and former Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer deteriorated.", "As a result, his relationship with Inzamam-ul-Haq and former Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer deteriorated. A medical panel was set up by the Pakistan Cricket Board to investigate the nature of his injury, however Pakistan officials dispelled all suspicions. In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side.", "In 2005, Akhtar regained his reputation as a fast bowler for his side. Playing in a three Test home series against England, he made a series of impressive bowling performances. His effective use of slower deliveries proved to be unplayable by the English batsmen. Akhtar emerged as the highest wicket taker of the series with seventeen wickets.", "Akhtar emerged as the highest wicket taker of the series with seventeen wickets. His comeback was also remarkable as prior to his return, he had been criticised from all corners; such as by the Worcestershire chairman John Elliot for his celebrity attitude and lack of commitment to the team.", "His comeback was also remarkable as prior to his return, he had been criticised from all corners; such as by the Worcestershire chairman John Elliot for his celebrity attitude and lack of commitment to the team. His performance was also acknowledged by the English captain Michael Vaughan, who remarked \"I thought he (Shoaib) was a big difference between the two teams\".", "His performance was also acknowledged by the English captain Michael Vaughan, who remarked \"I thought he (Shoaib) was a big difference between the two teams\". Throughout his career, he was regarded as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of international cricket.", "Throughout his career, he was regarded as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of international cricket. He achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161 kph after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998.", "He achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161 kph after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998. He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history, with a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003.", "He is also known as one of only three bowlers to have ever broken the 100 mph barrier in cricket history, with a delivery of 100.2 mph, during a one-day international against England in World cup 2003. Struggle for form and consistent injuries (2007–2009) On 29 October 2007, Akhtar made his return to cricket from his 13 match ban and performed very well, he took 4 wickets for 43 runs against South Africa in the fifth and deciding One Day International series in Lahore in Pakistan.", "Struggle for form and consistent injuries (2007–2009) On 29 October 2007, Akhtar made his return to cricket from his 13 match ban and performed very well, he took 4 wickets for 43 runs against South Africa in the fifth and deciding One Day International series in Lahore in Pakistan. Subsequently, he was included in the 16-man Pakistan squad for the 2007 tour of India.", "Subsequently, he was included in the 16-man Pakistan squad for the 2007 tour of India. Rehabilitation and final years (2010–2011) Akhtar made a return to international cricket albeit in the shorter format of the game. In May 2010, PCB named him in a list of 35 probables for the Asia Cup.", "In May 2010, PCB named him in a list of 35 probables for the Asia Cup. On 15 June 2010, Akhtar made his return, taking 3 wickets for 28 runs in the first match of the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka.", "On 15 June 2010, Akhtar made his return, taking 3 wickets for 28 runs in the first match of the Asia Cup against Sri Lanka. He narrowly missed out a spot in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in place of the injured Umar Gul.", "He narrowly missed out a spot in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in place of the injured Umar Gul. In July 2010, he was selected for the Twenty20 series against Australia but the selectors decided not to play him in the Test squad so that he would not get injured.", "In July 2010, he was selected for the Twenty20 series against Australia but the selectors decided not to play him in the Test squad so that he would not get injured. He was subsequently selected for the ODI and Twenty20 series against England in September 2010.", "He was subsequently selected for the ODI and Twenty20 series against England in September 2010. Akhtar returned to the national side representing the country against England in the Twenty20 International. He bowled an impressive spell and returned with figures of 2 wickets for 23 runs.", "He bowled an impressive spell and returned with figures of 2 wickets for 23 runs. He continued to bowl well in the ODI series in the absence of regular fast-bowlers, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, who were suspended by the International Cricket Council amid allegations of Spot-fixing.", "He continued to bowl well in the ODI series in the absence of regular fast-bowlers, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir, who were suspended by the International Cricket Council amid allegations of Spot-fixing. Despite his relatively good bowling form, Pakistani coach Waqar Younis insisted that the bowling attack must not become reliant on Akhtar, as he is 35 years of age and fitness troubles continue to affect him.", "Despite his relatively good bowling form, Pakistani coach Waqar Younis insisted that the bowling attack must not become reliant on Akhtar, as he is 35 years of age and fitness troubles continue to affect him. Akhtar was selected for the tour of New Zealand and started his campaign off well with 3 wickets on Boxing Day in the first of two Twenty20 Internationals against New Zealand.", "Akhtar was selected for the tour of New Zealand and started his campaign off well with 3 wickets on Boxing Day in the first of two Twenty20 Internationals against New Zealand. Akhtar was selected in Pakistan's 15-man squad to play in the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in February to March.", "Akhtar was selected in Pakistan's 15-man squad to play in the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka in February to March. During the tournament, he announced that he would retire from international cricket at the end of the World Cup.", "During the tournament, he announced that he would retire from international cricket at the end of the World Cup. He was dropped from the squad after group matches and was not included in the quarter final either.", "He was dropped from the squad after group matches and was not included in the quarter final either. Domestic career England county cricket Akhtar has played for three English county cricket clubs: Somerset in 2001, Durham in 2003 and 2004 and Worcestershire in 2005.", "Domestic career England county cricket Akhtar has played for three English county cricket clubs: Somerset in 2001, Durham in 2003 and 2004 and Worcestershire in 2005. He did achieve his moments of success, such as taking 5 wickets for 35 runs for Durham against Somerset in the National League in 2003 and claiming 6 wickets for 16 runs in the same competition for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire two years later, but he suffered from fitness problems, as well as a perception that he was less than interested in his task.", "He did achieve his moments of success, such as taking 5 wickets for 35 runs for Durham against Somerset in the National League in 2003 and claiming 6 wickets for 16 runs in the same competition for Worcestershire against Gloucestershire two years later, but he suffered from fitness problems, as well as a perception that he was less than interested in his task. This was particularly the case at Worcestershire: chairman John Elliott said \"Players like that are no good to our club.", "This was particularly the case at Worcestershire: chairman John Elliott said \"Players like that are no good to our club. In fact, Akhtar has been no good for any club he's been at. He's a superstar and just does what he wants.\"", "He's a superstar and just does what he wants.\" Indian Premier League Akhtar made a successful return to cricket in his first game in the Indian Premier League, playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Delhi Daredevils.", "Indian Premier League Akhtar made a successful return to cricket in his first game in the Indian Premier League, playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Delhi Daredevils. Defending a low score of 133 runs, Akhtar took four top order wickets which ultimately led to the Daredevils being restricted to 110 runs.", "Defending a low score of 133 runs, Akhtar took four top order wickets which ultimately led to the Daredevils being restricted to 110 runs. He ended with figures of 4 wickets for 11 runs from three overs, a performance which earned him the player of the match award.", "He ended with figures of 4 wickets for 11 runs from three overs, a performance which earned him the player of the match award. Akhtar denied that he had any point to prove with his performance, stating, \"I just wanted to win the game.\"", "Akhtar denied that he had any point to prove with his performance, stating, \"I just wanted to win the game.\" Knight Riders' captain Sourav Ganguly also acknowledged Akhtar's performance, \"He came to the country with lots [of things] happening behind him...But he showed a lot of character.\"", "Knight Riders' captain Sourav Ganguly also acknowledged Akhtar's performance, \"He came to the country with lots [of things] happening behind him...But he showed a lot of character.\" Cricket controversies and injuries Akhtar's career has been plagued with injuries, controversies and accusations of poor attitude.", "Cricket controversies and injuries Akhtar's career has been plagued with injuries, controversies and accusations of poor attitude. After Pakistan's poor performance in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, he got involved in a verbal conflict with former Pakistan captain and fast bowler Waqar Younis. Later on Akhtar was sacked along with other players, including Younis.", "Later on Akhtar was sacked along with other players, including Younis. In a triangular series in 2003 held in Sri Lanka, he was caught ball tampering making him the second player in cricket to be banned on ball tampering charges.", "In a triangular series in 2003 held in Sri Lanka, he was caught ball tampering making him the second player in cricket to be banned on ball tampering charges. The same year he was banned for one Test match and two One Day International matches for abusing South African spin bowler Paul Adams, during a match against South Africa.", "The same year he was banned for one Test match and two One Day International matches for abusing South African spin bowler Paul Adams, during a match against South Africa. In the 2004 home series with India, he struggled with wrist and back injuries, which raised questions about his commitment to the team.", "In the 2004 home series with India, he struggled with wrist and back injuries, which raised questions about his commitment to the team. He was sent back from the 2005 Australia tour with a hamstring injury amid rumours of indiscipline, lack of commitment and attitudinal complaints.", "He was sent back from the 2005 Australia tour with a hamstring injury amid rumours of indiscipline, lack of commitment and attitudinal complaints. He was subsequently fined by the Pakistan Cricket Board for avoiding a late night curfew.", "He was subsequently fined by the Pakistan Cricket Board for avoiding a late night curfew. The rest of his cricketing career was riddled with ankle and knee injuries which forced him to undergo a surgery in February 2006, until finally he was banned for two years for allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs.", "The rest of his cricketing career was riddled with ankle and knee injuries which forced him to undergo a surgery in February 2006, until finally he was banned for two years for allegedly using performance-enhancing drugs. Drug scandal On 16 October 2006 Akhtar was suspended by the Pakistan Cricket Board, along with Mohammed Asif after they tested positive for a performance-enhancing substance nandrolone.", "Drug scandal On 16 October 2006 Akhtar was suspended by the Pakistan Cricket Board, along with Mohammed Asif after they tested positive for a performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. They were consequently pulled out from the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy.", "They were consequently pulled out from the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy. Former Pakistan Cricket Board chairman later stated that he had always suspected Akhtar of substance abuse due to his consistent \"reservations\" to drug tests. Former Pakistan captain Inzamam ul-Haq had also previously complained about Akhtar's drug abuse but was not reported to the Pakistan Cricket Board.", "Former Pakistan captain Inzamam ul-Haq had also previously complained about Akhtar's drug abuse but was not reported to the Pakistan Cricket Board. Akhtar immediately declared his innocence and he declined knowingly taking any performance-enhancing drugs. In a statement issued to the press, he claimed that he could never cheat teammates or opponents.", "In a statement issued to the press, he claimed that he could never cheat teammates or opponents. During a hearing with the Pakistan Cricket Board Anti-Doping Committee, he along with Asif maintained taking non-steroidal dietary supplements. He, however, failed to convince the committee of his innocence.", "He, however, failed to convince the committee of his innocence. In its report submitted to the Pakistan Cricket Board, the Anti-Doping Committee recommended a two-year ban. On 1 November 2006 the Pakistan Cricket Board handed down a two-year suspension to Akhtar and a one-year suspension to Asif, banning them from professional cricket during the period.", "On 1 November 2006 the Pakistan Cricket Board handed down a two-year suspension to Akhtar and a one-year suspension to Asif, banning them from professional cricket during the period. Shoaib had subsequently been added to Pakistan Olympic Association list of doping offenders.", "Shoaib had subsequently been added to Pakistan Olympic Association list of doping offenders. However, on 5 December 2006 represented by his lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, Akhtar was cleared on appeal. On 5 December 2006 Akhtar and Asif were acquitted by the tribunal appointed to review their appeals.", "On 5 December 2006 Akhtar and Asif were acquitted by the tribunal appointed to review their appeals. After a clear hearing from Akhtar's lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, the three-man committee, voted two to one in favour of the acquittal.", "After a clear hearing from Akhtar's lawyer Abid Hassan Minto, the three-man committee, voted two to one in favour of the acquittal. Justice Fakhruddin Ebrahim, committee head, and Haseeb Ahsan, former Test cricketer, were in favour of the acquittal. The third member, Danish Zaheer, differed.", "The third member, Danish Zaheer, differed. \"Exceptional circumstances\" were cited including discrepancies between the instantaneous offence charges of doping that were laid and the quick delivery of a very harsh verdict. The complete drug testing procedure was concluded to have been technically flawed as it did not follow standard procedures.", "The complete drug testing procedure was concluded to have been technically flawed as it did not follow standard procedures. Other established facts by the committee included that the duo were not aware of the banned drug to be present in their supplements because the Pakistan Cricket Board itself had not informed them of the dangers of contaminated supplements.", "Other established facts by the committee included that the duo were not aware of the banned drug to be present in their supplements because the Pakistan Cricket Board itself had not informed them of the dangers of contaminated supplements. Akhtar and Asif, however, did not play in the subsequent Test match series against the West Indies because the Pakistan Cricket Board had recommended that they play domestic games first to recover form and fitness.", "Akhtar and Asif, however, did not play in the subsequent Test match series against the West Indies because the Pakistan Cricket Board had recommended that they play domestic games first to recover form and fitness. On 1 March 2007 Akhtar and Asif were ruled out of the Pakistani squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup by team officials, minutes before the squad was to depart for the West Indies.", "On 1 March 2007 Akhtar and Asif were ruled out of the Pakistani squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup by team officials, minutes before the squad was to depart for the West Indies. The team management along with the Pakistan Cricket Board said their injuries were too severe to risk taking them to the Caribbean.", "The team management along with the Pakistan Cricket Board said their injuries were too severe to risk taking them to the Caribbean. Since neither of the two had been declared fit they did not undergo official doping tests.", "Since neither of the two had been declared fit they did not undergo official doping tests. World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA) challenged Pakistan's decision to lift bans on fast bowlers Akhtar and Asif by taking the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA) challenged Pakistan's decision to lift bans on fast bowlers Akhtar and Asif by taking the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland. The ICC supported the WADA appeal adding that it was committed to a dope free game.", "The ICC supported the WADA appeal adding that it was committed to a dope free game. On 2 July 2007, the Court of Arbitration for Sport dropped the case, ruling it had no jurisdiction to challenge the decision made by PCB.", "On 2 July 2007, the Court of Arbitration for Sport dropped the case, ruling it had no jurisdiction to challenge the decision made by PCB. Other controversies In August 2007, Akhtar was reported to have used foul language against Pakistan Cricket Board protesting the imposing of fine of Rs. 300,000 for indiscipline during the national camp in Karachi.", "300,000 for indiscipline during the national camp in Karachi. In the week before the inaugural World Twenty20, held in South Africa, Akhtar was rumoured to have hit Pakistani teammate Mohammad Asif with a bat after an argument in the dressing room. It started after Akhtar was ridiculed by Asif and Shahid Afridi for comparing himself with Imran Khan.", "It started after Akhtar was ridiculed by Asif and Shahid Afridi for comparing himself with Imran Khan. After the initial inquiry, Akhtar was found to be at fault and was subsequently recalled from the Twenty20 World Cup squad and was sent home. He was also banned for 5 matches by the Pakistan Cricket Board.", "He was also banned for 5 matches by the Pakistan Cricket Board. Akhtar later claimed that Afridi was responsible for the fight, saying \"He made some ill remarks about my family. And I could not tolerate them.\" Afridi however, denied these allegations adding that Asif would have suffered more injuries but for his intervention.", "Afridi however, denied these allegations adding that Asif would have suffered more injuries but for his intervention. Even Asif chipped in saying that Akhtar was lying and that \"Shahid Afridi had nothing to do with the fight\", saying that \"he has not apologised to me.\"", "Even Asif chipped in saying that Akhtar was lying and that \"Shahid Afridi had nothing to do with the fight\", saying that \"he has not apologised to me.\" On 1 April 2008 Akhtar was banned for five years for violating the players' code of conduct. The ban extended to all cricket for and in Pakistan.", "The ban extended to all cricket for and in Pakistan. Despite the ban not preventing him from playing in the Indian Premier League, the IPL governing council decided not to allow Akhtar to play in the tournament until the end of the ban or unless it is lifted.", "Despite the ban not preventing him from playing in the Indian Premier League, the IPL governing council decided not to allow Akhtar to play in the tournament until the end of the ban or unless it is lifted. IS Bindra, a member of the council, was quoted as saying, \"Even though they [the PCB] have cleared him to play for IPL, we felt that international discipline needs to be respected.\"", "IS Bindra, a member of the council, was quoted as saying, \"Even though they [the PCB] have cleared him to play for IPL, we felt that international discipline needs to be respected.\" Meanwhile, Akhtar vowed to go to great lengths to fight the ban, \"I will appeal, as is my right.", "Meanwhile, Akhtar vowed to go to great lengths to fight the ban, \"I will appeal, as is my right. If that fails I will go to court, if that fails then I will go to the Supreme Court.\"", "If that fails I will go to court, if that fails then I will go to the Supreme Court.\" On 3 April, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Nasim Ashraf served a legal notice on Akhtar, calling on him to retract statements he made to a news channel, alleging the ban was punishment in return for refusing to give the chairman a share of his earnings from the Indian Premier League, Ashraf also sought damages of Rs 100 million (approximately US$1.6 million) for \"defaming him personally\" and an additional Rs 100 million to the Pakistan Cricket Board for \"sullying the name of the Pakistan Cricket Board and the Pakistan Cricket team.\"", "On 3 April, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Nasim Ashraf served a legal notice on Akhtar, calling on him to retract statements he made to a news channel, alleging the ban was punishment in return for refusing to give the chairman a share of his earnings from the Indian Premier League, Ashraf also sought damages of Rs 100 million (approximately US$1.6 million) for \"defaming him personally\" and an additional Rs 100 million to the Pakistan Cricket Board for \"sullying the name of the Pakistan Cricket Board and the Pakistan Cricket team.\" A three-man appellate tribunal announced on 30 April that they had temporarily upheld Akhtar's five-year ban, deciding to revist the appeal hearing in June.", "A three-man appellate tribunal announced on 30 April that they had temporarily upheld Akhtar's five-year ban, deciding to revist the appeal hearing in June. Despite Akhtar's later retracting his claims and also issuing an unconditional apology for \"any grief or embarrassment that may have been caused to the nation, particularly to the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Dr Nasim Ashraf\", Ashraf's legal counsel filed a Rs 220 million (approx US$3.37 million) defamation suit against Akhtar in a civil court in Lahore on 2 May.", "Despite Akhtar's later retracting his claims and also issuing an unconditional apology for \"any grief or embarrassment that may have been caused to the nation, particularly to the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Dr Nasim Ashraf\", Ashraf's legal counsel filed a Rs 220 million (approx US$3.37 million) defamation suit against Akhtar in a civil court in Lahore on 2 May. On 4 May, the Pakistan Cricket Board's appellate tribunal suspended the five-year ban for one month, until they reconvene on 4 June, allowing Akhtar to take part in the ongoing Indian Premier League.", "On 4 May, the Pakistan Cricket Board's appellate tribunal suspended the five-year ban for one month, until they reconvene on 4 June, allowing Akhtar to take part in the ongoing Indian Premier League. A day later, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they will no longer pursue the defamation suit following a reconciliation between Akhtar and chairman Nasim Ashraf at the house of Rehman Malik, a key political official, in Islamabad.", "A day later, the Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they will no longer pursue the defamation suit following a reconciliation between Akhtar and chairman Nasim Ashraf at the house of Rehman Malik, a key political official, in Islamabad. \"My honour has been vindicated and now the defamation lawsuit will not be pursued,\" Ashraf was quoted as saying.", "\"My honour has been vindicated and now the defamation lawsuit will not be pursued,\" Ashraf was quoted as saying. On 4 September 2008, Akhtar was sent back home from Heathrow airport by British immigration officials on visa grounds; Akhtar only had a visit visa but not a working visa, which is required to play in county cricket.", "On 4 September 2008, Akhtar was sent back home from Heathrow airport by British immigration officials on visa grounds; Akhtar only had a visit visa but not a working visa, which is required to play in county cricket. He subsequently obtained the necessary visa and returned to play with English county club Surrey.", "He subsequently obtained the necessary visa and returned to play with English county club Surrey. On 21 May 2009, Akhtar was dropped from 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Pakistan squad because of genital viral warts.", "On 21 May 2009, Akhtar was dropped from 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Pakistan squad because of genital viral warts. In July 2012, Akhtar accused the PCB stating that there was too much \"politics\" in the Board and some of its officials did not want Pakistani team to win.", "In July 2012, Akhtar accused the PCB stating that there was too much \"politics\" in the Board and some of its officials did not want Pakistani team to win. Beyond cricket Book In September 2011, few months after his retirement from international cricket, he released his autobiography Controversially Yours, co-written with Indian social anthropologist and journalist Anshu Dogra.", "Beyond cricket Book In September 2011, few months after his retirement from international cricket, he released his autobiography Controversially Yours, co-written with Indian social anthropologist and journalist Anshu Dogra. It was met with positive reviews, observers noting the interest of having Shoaib's comments, nearly always critical, on issues pertaining to the administration of cricket in Pakistan, the controversies surrounding ball tampering and his views on cricketers, from Pakistan as well outside.", "It was met with positive reviews, observers noting the interest of having Shoaib's comments, nearly always critical, on issues pertaining to the administration of cricket in Pakistan, the controversies surrounding ball tampering and his views on cricketers, from Pakistan as well outside. Television References External links 1975 births ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited cricketers Chittagong Division cricketers Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Durham cricketers Federal Areas cricketers ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Islamabad cricketers Islamabad Leopards cricketers Khan Research Laboratories cricketers Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers Living people Pakistani autobiographers Pakistani cricketers Doping cases in Pakistani cricket Pakistan International Airlines cricketers Pakistan One Day International cricketers Pakistan Test cricketers Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers Cricketers from Rawalpindi Punjabi people Rawalpindi cricketers Rawalpindi B cricketers Rawalpindi Rams cricketers Somerset cricketers Surrey cricketers Worcestershire cricketers Pakistani cricket commentators Pakistani expatriates in India Pakistani YouTubers Commonwealth Games competitors for Pakistan" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi", "Coonskin (1973-1975)" ]

[ "Schoenbaum Stadium is a soccer stadium in Charleston, West Virginia located in Coonskin Park. The 6,000-seat stadium is home to West Virginia Alliance FC of USL League Two.\n\nExternal links\nKanawha County Parks & Rec - Coonskin Park\n\nSports venues in West Virginia\nSoccer venues in West Virginia\nBuildings and structures in Charleston, West Virginia", "A coonskin cap is a hat fashioned from the skin and fur of a raccoon. The original coonskin cap consisted of the entire skin of the raccoon including its head and tail. Beginning as traditional Native American headgear, coonskin caps became associated with American frontiersmen of the 18th and 19th centuries, and were highly popular among boys in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia in the 1950s.\n\nOrigin\nCoonskin caps were originally popular Native American article of clothing. With much of the land along the Eastern Seaboard already settled, immigrants from Germany, Scotland and Ireland (considered too 'rough' for the coastal towns by many) ventured into the forested and mountainous Appalachian region. These groups lived a subsistence lifestyle and often interacted with Native Americans in the area which included adopting some of their customs and dress. \n\nThe coonskin cap quickly became a part of the iconic image associated with American frontiersmen such as Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett. Boone did not actually wear coonskin caps, which he disliked, and instead wore felt hats, but explorer Meriwether Lewis wore a coonskin cap during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Joseph L. Meek wore the coonskin cap in the mountains.\n\nAn account of actor Noah Ludlow introducing the popular song \"The Hunters of Kentucky\" while wearing a coonskin cap is shown to be spurious in Ludlow's autobiography. Ludlow recounted that initial performance of 1822: \n\nAs soon as the comedy of the night was over, I dressed myself in a buckskin hunting-shirt and leggins, which I borrowed off a river man, and with moccasins on my feet and an old slouched hat on my head, and a rifle on my shoulder, I presented myself before the audience.\"\n\n20th century popularity\n\nEstes Kefauver\nPolitician Estes Kefauver of Tennessee adopted the coonskin cap as a personal trademark during his successful 1948 campaign for election to the United States Senate. Tennessee political boss E. H. Crump had published advertisements accusing Kefauver of being a raccoon-like Communist puppet. In response, Kefauver put on a coonskin cap during a speech in Memphis, proclaiming: \"I may be a pet coon, but I'm not Boss Crump's pet coon.\" He continued to use the coonskin cap as a trademark throughout his political career, which included unsuccessful campaigns for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1952 and 1956, an unsuccessful campaign for the Vice Presidency as Adlai Stevenson's running mate in 1956, and successful Senatorial re-election campaigns in 1954 and 1960.\n\n1950s fad\n\nIn the 20th century, the iconic association was in large part due to Disney's television program Disneyland and the first three Davy Crockett episodes starring Fess Parker, which aired from December 1954 to February 1955. In the episodes, which once again made Crockett into one of the most popular men in the country, the frontier hero was portrayed wearing a coonskin cap. The show spawned several Disneyland Davy Crockett sequels as well as other similar shows and movies, with many of them featuring Parker as the lead actor. Parker went on to star in a Daniel Boone television series (1964-1970), again wearing a coonskin cap. \n\nCrockett's new popularity initiated a fad among boys all over the United States as well as a Davy Crockett craze in the United Kingdom. The look of the cap that was marketed to young boys was typically simplified; it was usually a faux fur lined skull cap with a raccoon tail attached. A variation was marketed to young girls as the Polly Crockett hat. It was similar in style to the boys' cap, including the long tail, but was made of all-white fur (faux or possibly rabbit). At the peak of the fad, coonskin caps sold at a rate of 5,000 caps a day. By the end of the 1950s, Crockett's popularity waned and the fad slowly died out. The fad is recalled by numerous cultural references, such as the wearing of coonskin caps as part of The Junior Woodchucks uniform in Disney's Donald Duck comics. Novelist Thomas Pynchon referenced both the hat and the fashion in his novel V., where he refers to the hat as a \"bushy Freudian hermaphrodite symbol\".\n\nOther uses\nCoonskin caps are powerful cultural symbols that continued to be seen in film, television, and other contexts in the latter decades of the 20th century.\n\n In the 1964 ABC-TV series The Addams Family, Uncle Fester occasionally wore a coonskin cap dyed black with a white strip running down the middle of both the crown and the tail, suggesting that it was made from the skin of a skunk.\n In Bob Dylan's song \"Subterranean Homesick Blues,\" \"The man in the coon-skin cap / By the big pen / Wants eleven dollar bills / You only got ten.\"\n The 1983 film A Christmas Story, which features various cultural artifacts of American childhood from the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, depicts a boy wearing a coonskin cap.\n The Simpsons depicts Jebediah Springfield, the early 19th-century founder of the fictional town of Springfield, in a coonskin cap.\n Florida politician Lawton Chiles put on a coonskin cap while celebrating his 1994 gubernatorial re-election victory over Republican Jeb Bush, recalling a campaign statement in which Chiles had predicted victory by saying \"the old he-coon walks just before the light of day.\"\n The Great Brain series features Parley Benson, a person who wears a coonskin cap.\n In Walt Disney's stories, the Junior Woodchucks Huey, Dewey and Louie Duck also wear coonskin caps.\n In the American History cartoon Histeria!, Kip Ling, the bow-haired girl, Froggo and Aka Pella are seen wearing coonskin caps when they sing a song about Philo Farnsworth. Toast has been seen wearing one on a bus with the Kid Chorus.\n Ferb from the American cartoon Phineas and Ferb is seen wearing a coonskin cap when he saws a log with Phineas (episode: She's the Mayor)\n Senator Jack S. Phogbound of Li'l Abner comic strip wears a coonskin cap\n Sam Shakusky. a lead character of Wes Anderson's 2012 film Moonrise Kingdom, is frequently seen wearing a coonskin cap. The film is set in 1965 and incorporates many elements of 1950s and 1960s youth culture.\n In the acclaimed Disney channel cartoon Gravity Falls, various characters can be seen wearing coonskin caps in the series, most notably Pacifica Northwest in the episode \"Irrational Treasure\".\n The Volunteer, one of the costumed mascots for the sports teams of the University of Tennessee, wears a coonskin cap and fringed buckskins, inspired by the frontier attire of many of Tennessee's volunteers in the War of 1812, the inspiration for the state and university's nickname.\n The first issue of Guardians of the Galaxy sees Rocket Raccoon pestering his teammates about the newly formed team's name. Upon suggesting \"Rocket Raccoon and His Human Hangers-On,\" Drax the Destroyer sarcastically replies \"How about 'Drax and his Coonskin Cap,' that grab you?\"\n One of the hats found in Little Nightmares II is a coonskin cap found in the Hunter's cabin.\n\nSee also\nUshanka\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Coonskin Cap\nHeight of the Craze. 1957 Wales\n\n1950s fads and trends\nHistory of fashion\n1950s fashion\nMountain men\nFur trade\nCaps\nHats\nNative American clothing\nWestern wear\nHudson's Bay Company\nDavy Crockett\nAmerican fashion\nCanadian fashion\nRaccoons in popular culture" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi (; born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action films. In the 1970s, he established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent and adult-oriented productions. Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote.", "Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote. He has been involved in numerous television projects as director, writer, producer, and animator. Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director.", "Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director. He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968.", "He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968. Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972.", "Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972. It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time. Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features.", "Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features. He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983).", "He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983). In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years.", "In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years. After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date.", "After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date. Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997).", "Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997). During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell.", "During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell. Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival.", "Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival. Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family.", "Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family. In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn.", "In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn. The family lived in a low-rent apartment, where Bakshi became fascinated with the urban milieu. As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them.", "As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them. According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted.", "According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted. He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open.", "He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open. Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\"", "Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\" Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood.", "Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood. Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\".", "Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\". In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom.", "In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom. Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black.", "Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black. It was segregated, so everything was black. I went to see black movies; black girls sat on my lap. I went to black parties. I was another black kid on the block.", "I was another black kid on the block. No problem!\" The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends.", "The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends. Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police.", "Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police. Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom.", "Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom. Meanwhile, his father had been suffering from anxiety attacks. Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events.", "Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events. At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork.", "At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork. He stole a copy of the book and learned every lesson in it. During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing.", "During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing. While attending Thomas Jefferson High School, he took little interest in academics, spending most of his time focusing on \"broads, mouthing off, and doodling\". After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office.", "After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office. Believing Bakshi was unlikely to prosper at Thomas Jefferson, the principal transferred him to Manhattan's School of Industrial Art. In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning.", "In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning. Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde.", "Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde. Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle.", "Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle. His low-level position required Bakshi to carefully remove dirt and dust from animation cels. After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter.", "After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter. Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani.", "Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani. Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side.", "Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side. When Bakshi explained that Giuliani had made the mistake, an argument ensued between the three. Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side.", "Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side. By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella.", "By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella. Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21.", "Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21. Their son, Mark, was born when Bakshi was 22. Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\".", "Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\". As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch.", "As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch. Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility.", "Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility. In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\".", "In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\". Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate.", "Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate. In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS.", "In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS. Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist.", "Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist. Bakshi began to see Rasinski as a father figure; Rasinski, childless, was happy to serve as Bakshi's mentor. At the age of 25, Bakshi was promoted to director. His first assignment was the series Sad Cat.", "His first assignment was the series Sad Cat. Bakshi and his wife had separated by then, giving him the time to animate each short alone. Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think.", "Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think. We were 'animation directors,' because the story department controlled the storyboards. We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried.", "We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried. I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\"", "I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\" Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity.", "Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity. In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS.", "In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS. The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\".", "The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\". As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes.", "As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes. He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\"", "He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\" The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development.", "The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development. Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director.", "Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director. It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment.", "It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment. Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting.", "Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting. Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company.", "Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company. In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht.", "In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht. On the way to the CBS offices to make his pitch, he was involved in a car accident. At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife.", "At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife. Though CBS passed on Tee-Witt, its designs served as the basis for Bakshi's 1977 film Wizards. While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division.", "While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division. Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane.", "Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane. Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio.", "Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio. After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek.", "After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek. Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that.", "Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that. [...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\"", "[...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\" He described the disappointing result as a \"typical 1967 limited-animation theatrical\". Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\".", "Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\". Production of Mighty Heroes ended when Bakshi left Terrytoons. Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967.", "Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967. He learned that his position was always intended to be temporary and that Paramount never intended to pick up his pitches. Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract.", "Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract. Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood.", "Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood. Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States.", "Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States. Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit.", "Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit. Failing to reach a settlement with Guest, Krantz told Bakshi to grab the series' model sheets and return to the United States. When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police.", "When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police. He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing.", "He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing. Bakshi responded, \"All of these guys are heading into Canada to dodge the draft and I'm running back into the States. What the fuck is wrong with that!?\"", "What the fuck is wrong with that!?\" The guard laughed, and let Bakshi through. Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours.", "Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours. Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\".", "Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\". Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators.", "Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators. The studio began work on Rocket Robin Hood, and later took over the Spider-Man television series. Bakshi married Liz in August 1968. His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970.", "His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970. Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica.", "Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica. Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal.", "Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal. He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life.", "He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation.", "Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation. While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat.", "While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.", "Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film. Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation.", "Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation. Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference.", "Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference. Preparation began on a studio pitch that included a poster-sized cel featuring the comic's cast against a traced photo background—as Bakshi intended the film to appear. Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up.", "Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up. Artist Vaughn Bodē warned Bakshi against working with Crumb, describing him as \"slick\". Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\".", "Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\". Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract.", "Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract. After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain.", "After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain. Two weeks after Bakshi returned to New York, Krantz entered his office and told Bakshi that he had acquired the film rights through Dana, who had Crumb's power of attorney and signed the contract. Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi.", "Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi. Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies.", "Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies. After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget.", "After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget. Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation.", "Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation. The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution.", "The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution. Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature.", "Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature. They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts.", "They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts. Bakshi refused, and Warner Bros. pulled out, leading Krantz to seek funds elsewhere. He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films.", "He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films. Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate.", "Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate. Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted.", "Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted. When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake.", "When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake. Very few storyboards were used. Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots.", "Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots. Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation.", "Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation. The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan.", "The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan. Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city.", "Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city. Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's.", "Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's. In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators.", "In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators. Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry.", "Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry. Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California.", "Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California. By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received.", "By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received. When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\"", "When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\" Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\".", "Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\". John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\"", "John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\" Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time. The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born.", "The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born. Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film.", "Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film. Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions.", "Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions. This became a tradition, and Bakshi wrote poems before beginning production on each of his films. The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972.", "The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972. Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark.", "Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark. Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film.", "Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film. Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid.", "Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid. Krantz responded, \"The picture didn't make any money, Ralph. It's just a lot of noise.\"", "It's just a lot of noise.\" Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills.", "Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills. Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg.", "Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg. He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied.", "He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied. As he continued to work on Heavy Traffic, Bakshi began pitching his next project, Harlem Nights, a film loosely based on the Uncle Remus story books. The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather.", "The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather. Bakshi received a call from Krantz, who questioned him about Harlem Nights. Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up.", "Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up. After locking Bakshi out of the studio the next day, Krantz called several directors, including Chuck Jones, in search of a replacement. Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later.", "Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later. Bakshi wanted the voices to sound organic, so he experimented with improvisation, allowing his actors to ad lib during the recording sessions. Several animation sequences appear as rough sketchbook pages. The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs.", "The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs. Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X.", "Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X. Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office.", "Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office. Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful movies released consecutively. Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics.", "Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics. Newsweek applauded its \"black humor, powerful grotesquerie, and peculiar raw beauty.\" The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent.", "The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent. However, it is also an authentic work of movie art and Bakshi is certainly the most creative American animator since Disney.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\".", "Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\". Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada.", "Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada. Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute.", "Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute. While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity.", "While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity. Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes.", "Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes. Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\".", "Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\". He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\".", "He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\". Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat.", "Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat. Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\".", "Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\". Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography.", "Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography. Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected.", "Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected. Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia.", "Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia. Bakshi said, \"I was sick of all the hero worship these guys got because of The Godfather.\" Production concluded in 1973.", "Production concluded in 1973. Production concluded in 1973. During editing, the title was changed to Coonskin No More..., and finally to Coonskin. Bakshi hired several African-American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African-American female animator. Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators.", "Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators. The film's release was delayed by protests from the Congress of Racial Equality, which called Bakshi and his film racist. After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles.", "After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles. Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters.", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters. Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\"", "Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\" Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere.", "Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere. The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\".", "The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\". Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\".", "Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\". A reviewer for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner wrote, \"Certainly, it will outrage some and, indeed, it's not Disney. [...] The dialog it has obviously generated—if not the box-office obstacles—seems joltingly healthy.\" Bakshi called Coonskin his best film.", "Bakshi called Coonskin his best film. Hey Good Lookin' (1973–1975/1982) After production concluded on Harlem Nights, Bakshi wanted to distinguish himself artistically by producing a film in which live action and animated characters would interact. Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film.", "Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film. Making it work almost drove us crazy.\"", "Making it work almost drove us crazy.\" Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva.", "Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva. Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman.", "Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman. Warner Bros. optioned the screenplay and greenlit the film in 1973. An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975.", "An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975. A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely.", "A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely. Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project.", "Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project. Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop.", "Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop. The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls.", "The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls. Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara.", "Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara. Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983.", "Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983. The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets.", "The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets. In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\".", "In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\". Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage.", "Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage. This is an example of what Bakshi did best—using the medium of animation to comment on society. Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film.", "Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film. There is a wildly imaginative fantasy sequence during the climax, when the character named Crazy starts hallucinating during a rooftop shooting spree. This scene almost justifies the whole film.", "This scene almost justifies the whole film. But otherwise, this is a rehash of ideas better explored in Coonskin, Heavy Traffic, and Fritz the Cat.\" The film has since gained a cult following through cable television and home video. Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets.", "Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets. Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox.", "Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox. Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films.", "Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films. British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs.", "British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs. The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests.", "The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests. As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film.", "As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film. At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars.", "At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars. Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves.", "Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves. Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances.", "Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances. Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed.", "Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed. However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million.", "However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million. Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame.", "Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame. The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy.", "The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy. As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards.", "As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards. Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience.", "Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience. Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\".", "Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\". In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\"", "In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\" In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film.", "In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film. Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay.", "Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay. Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings.", "Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings. Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd.", "Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd. Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two.", "Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two. Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film.", "Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film. Bakshi did not want to produce a broad cartoon version of the tale, so he planned to shoot the entire film in live action and animate the footage with rotoscoping. The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage.", "The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage. Production of the live-action sequences took place in Spain. During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film.", "During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film. Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints.", "Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints. After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\"", "After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\" When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen.", "When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen. He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply.", "He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply. Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look.", "Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look. Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn.", "Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn. The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role.", "The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role. Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating.", "Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating. Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release.", "Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release. Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow.", "Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow. Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\".", "Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\". Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\".", "Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\". Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\".", "Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\". Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\".", "Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\". David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book.", "David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book. He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\"", "He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\" The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million.", "The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million. The studio refused to fund the sequel, which would have adapted the remainder of the story. The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival.", "The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival. American Pop and Fire and Ice (1979–1983) Following the production struggles of The Lord of the Rings, Bakshi decided to work on something more personal. He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick.", "He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick. Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals.", "Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals. American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role.", "American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role. While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville.", "While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville. The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams.", "The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams. Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story.", "Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story. According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\"", "According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\" Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million.", "Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million. Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success.", "Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success. The New York Times Vincent Canby wrote, \"I'm amazed at the success that Mr. Bakshi has in turning animated characters into figures of real feelings.\" Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\".", "Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\". Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998.", "Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998. By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta.", "By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta. Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute.", "Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute. Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork.", "Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork. Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot.", "Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot. The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks.", "The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks. Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company.", "Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company. The film was given a limited release, and was financially unsuccessful. Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series.", "Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series. [...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\"", "[...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\" Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes.", "Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes. He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.", "He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film).", "He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film). During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield.", "During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes.", "Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes. Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980.", "Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980. Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form.", "Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form. Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting.", "Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting. During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s.", "During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s. United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s.", "United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s. According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands.", "According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands. They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\"", "They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\" In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video.", "In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video. He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards.", "He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards. Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks.", "Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks. The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths.", "The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths. Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time.", "Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time. Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills.", "Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills. Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era.", "Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era. Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles.", "Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles. When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing.", "When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing. Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction.", "Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction. Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest.", "Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest. They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either.", "They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either. Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block.", "Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block. Three days before the meeting, Bakshi, Kricfalusi, Naylor, Tom Minton, Eddie Fitzgerald and Jim Reardon met to brainstorm. Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows.", "Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows. Judy was my last stop before driving cross country back to New York to my family.\" Price rejected Bakshi's prepared pitches, but asked what else he had. He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series.", "He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series. However, Bakshi did not own the rights and did not know who did. While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it.", "While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it. According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\"", "According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\" Kricfalusi's team wrote story outlines for thirteen episodes in a week and pitched them to Price. By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios.", "By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios. Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987.", "Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987. This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside.", "This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside. Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others.", "Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others. Although the scripts required approval by CBS executives, Kricfalusi insisted that the artists add visual gags as they drew. Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series.", "Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series. Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes.", "Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes. During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use.", "During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use. Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene.", "Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene. Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored.", "Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored. Following Kricfalusi's advice, Bakshi told Klein to restore the scene, which had been approved by network executives and the CBS standards and practices department. The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy.", "The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy. In 1988, Bakshi received an Annie Award for \"Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation\". The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips.", "The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips. According to Bakshi, the proposed series \"was going to be a revitalization of cartoon style from the '20s and '30s. It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\"", "It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\" Nickelodeon was initially willing to greenlight 39 episodes of Junktown. On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy.", "On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy. The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic.", "The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic. Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\"", "Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\" Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression.", "Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression. Fritz the Cat wasn't pornography. It was social commentary. This all smacks of burning books and the Third Reich. It smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what.", "I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy!\" On CBS's order, Klein removed the sequence from the master broadcast footage. Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\".", "Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\". Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy.", "Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy. The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown.", "The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown. Bakshi has also stated that \"we were trying something different [...] but a series didn't make sense. It just didn't work\".", "It just didn't work\". The series was scrapped, and the completed pilot aired as a special, Christmas in Tattertown, in December 1988. It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon.", "It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon. Bakshi moved into a warehouse loft in downtown Los Angeles to clear his head, and was offered $50,000 to direct a half-hour live-action film for PBS's Imagining America anthology series. Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father.", "Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father. Bakshi wrote a poem influenced by Jack Kerouac, jazz, the Beat Generation and Brooklyn that served as the narration, which was spoken by Harvey Keitel. After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts.", "After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts. Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\"", "Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\" As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT.", "As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT. Ted Geisel had never been satisfied with the previous screen versions of his Dr. Seuss work. Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product.", "Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product. Bakshi next directed the pilot Hound Town for NBC; he described the result as \"an embarrassing piece of shit\". Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project.", "Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project. Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film.", "Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film. The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him.", "The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him. The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve.", "The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve. Massive sets were constructed on a sound stage in Las Vegas, based on enlargements of designer Barry Jackson's paintings. The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons.", "The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons. As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original.", "As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original. Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film.", "Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film. As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting.", "As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting. To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time.", "To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time. The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\"", "The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\" Designer Milton Knight recalled that \"audiences actually wanted a wilder, raunchier Cool World. The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\"", "The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\" The critical reaction to the film was generally negative. Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!'", "Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!' He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie.", "He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie. I have, and I will now promise you that if you liked Roger Rabbit, quit while you're ahead.\" The film was a box-office disappointment. While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting.", "While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting. In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series.", "In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series. For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy.", "For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy. The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint.", "The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint. Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films.", "Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films. He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday.", "He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday. And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen.", "And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen. Bakshi pulls strong [performances] from a cadre of youngish and largely unknown actors\". In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon!", "In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon! : Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin.", ": Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin. Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result.", "Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result. Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa.", "Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa. Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future.", "Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future. Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips.", "Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips. The series premiered in July 1997—one month before the debut of Parker and Stone's South Park—and thus became the first \"adults only\" cartoon series. Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings.", "Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings. A second season was approved, but the network wanted to fire Bakshi's writing team and hire professional Los Angeles screenwriters. When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled.", "When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled. Painting, teaching and new animation projects (2000–2013) Bakshi retired from animation once more, returning to his painting. In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts.", "In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts. On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky.", "On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky. He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film.", "He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film. In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\".", "In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\". In September 2008, Main Street Pictures announced that it would collaborate with Bakshi on a sequel to Wizards. In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues.", "In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues. The first of these shorts, Trickle Dickle Down, contains reused animation from Coonskin and criticizes 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America.", "The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America. Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island.", "Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island. Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online.", "Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online. Last Days of Coney Island was released on Vimeo in 2015. Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016.", "Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016. Post-animation (2015–present) After he quit the animation industry, Bakshi did multiple interviews with the media and on podcasts. He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family.", "He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family. He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people.", "He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people. The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys.", "The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys. Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021.", "Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021. Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell.", "Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell. The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice.", "The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice. Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons.", "Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons. The Museum of Modern Art has added Bakshi's films to its collection for preservation. In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute.", "In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute. In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films.", "In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films. Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005.", "Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005. Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008.", "Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008. The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi.", "The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi. His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it.", "His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it. Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation.", "Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation. Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him.", "Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him. Gore Verbinski commented about Bakshi and showed that he was inspired by him during an interview in The Hollywood Reporter for his first animated movie, Rango, saying: \"What happened to the Ralph Bakshis of the world? We're all sitting here talking family entertainment.", "We're all sitting here talking family entertainment. Does animation have to be family entertainment? Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\"", "Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\" On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience.", "On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience. At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending.", "At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending. Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film.", "Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film. Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives.", "Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives. 2018 - 2019; Book 1 (2019) Ralph Bakshi: No Rhyme or Reason; Book 2 (2020) See also Heavy Metal Ron Thompson John Kricfalusi Katsuhiro Otomo Rock & Rule Independent animation New Hollywood Notes References External links Official page filmography Archived 'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung interview at PopMatters Rotospective: Ralph Bakshi, Lessons in Artistry, Rebellion and Success a profile at AgentPalmer.com 1938 births American animators American comic strip cartoonists American experimental filmmakers American film producers American animated film producers American storyboard artists American television directors Television producers from New York City American television writers 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters 21st-century American male writers American male screenwriters American male voice actors American animated film directors American people of Palestinian-Jewish descent Jewish American artists American satirists Jews in Mandatory Palestine Living people American male television writers People from Haifa Terrytoons people Underground cartoonists American voice directors Krymchaks Artists from New York City High School of Art and Design alumni Mandatory Palestine emigrants to the United States People from Brownsville, Brooklyn Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni Film directors from New York (state) 21st-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers Screenwriters from New York (state) Inkpot Award winners Famous Studios people" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi", "Coonskin (1973-1975)", "Is coonskin a movie?", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film,", "Who starred in coonskin?", "Bakshi hired several African American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African American female animator." ]

[ "K. S. Ashoka known as Ashoka is an Indian movie director, writer.. He became popular in the wake of the success of his debut movie 6-5=2 Kannada. It was the first found footage movie in Kannada. with the grand success of the movie 6-5=2 Kannda version the same movie was Remade in Hindi with same title 6-5=2 Hindi and released in 2014 by different director. In Telugu, it was dubbed and released as Chitram kadu nizam. following the success of the movie 6-5=2. K S Ashoka directed second Movie name Dia which is critically acclaimed and was commercially successful as well.\n\nEarly life\nWith an Engineering degree from Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering (SJCE) Mysuru, Ashoka was working In Citibank India where he found his colleague D Krishna Chaitanya as his first Movie 6-5=2 producer. following the success of the movie 6-5=2 they again collaborated to work together for the next movie Dia.\n\nFilmography\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n21st-century Indian film directors\nKannada film directors\nFilm directors from Bangalore\nLiving people\nScreenwriters from Bangalore\n1982 births", "Deepu Karunakaran is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema. He debuted in direction with movie \"Winter\", but as the release was late due to many reasons, his first movie came in theatre was in 2008 with the Dileep starrer Crazy Gopalan.\n\nCareer\n\nPrior to becoming an independent filmmaker, Deepu apprenticed as an assistant director under Priyadarshan. His first released film was in 2008, the thriller comedy Crazy Gopalan starring Dileep in the titular role. The movie opened to commercial success. His first made film horror thriller \"Winter\" with Jayaram in the lead was released subsequently. His third film was comedy entertainer Teja Bhai and Family starring Prithviraj in the lead, released in 2011 to commercial success. He directed Mammootty in the 2015 thriller Fireman, which was a success critically and commercially. His 5th movie Karinkunnam 6s, a sports movie with Manju Warrier in the lead, was released in 2016.\n\nPersonal life\n\nDeepu Karunakaran is married to Archana Mohan. The couple were married in Trivandrum on 17 January 2015. He is also the brother of actress Suchitra Murali.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nLiving people\nFilm directors from Thiruvananthapuram\nMalayalam film directors\n21st-century Indian film directors\n1977 births" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi (; born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action films. In the 1970s, he established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent and adult-oriented productions. Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote.", "Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote. He has been involved in numerous television projects as director, writer, producer, and animator. Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director.", "Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director. He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968.", "He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968. Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972.", "Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972. It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time. Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features.", "Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features. He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983).", "He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983). In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years.", "In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years. After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date.", "After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date. Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997).", "Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997). During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell.", "During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell. Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival.", "Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival. Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family.", "Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family. In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn.", "In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn. The family lived in a low-rent apartment, where Bakshi became fascinated with the urban milieu. As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them.", "As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them. According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted.", "According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted. He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open.", "He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open. Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\"", "Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\" Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood.", "Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood. Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\".", "Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\". In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom.", "In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom. Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black.", "Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black. It was segregated, so everything was black. I went to see black movies; black girls sat on my lap. I went to black parties. I was another black kid on the block.", "I was another black kid on the block. No problem!\" The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends.", "The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends. Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police.", "Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police. Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom.", "Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom. Meanwhile, his father had been suffering from anxiety attacks. Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events.", "Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events. At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork.", "At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork. He stole a copy of the book and learned every lesson in it. During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing.", "During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing. While attending Thomas Jefferson High School, he took little interest in academics, spending most of his time focusing on \"broads, mouthing off, and doodling\". After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office.", "After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office. Believing Bakshi was unlikely to prosper at Thomas Jefferson, the principal transferred him to Manhattan's School of Industrial Art. In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning.", "In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning. Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde.", "Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde. Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle.", "Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle. His low-level position required Bakshi to carefully remove dirt and dust from animation cels. After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter.", "After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter. Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani.", "Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani. Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side.", "Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side. When Bakshi explained that Giuliani had made the mistake, an argument ensued between the three. Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side.", "Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side. By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella.", "By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella. Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21.", "Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21. Their son, Mark, was born when Bakshi was 22. Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\".", "Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\". As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch.", "As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch. Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility.", "Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility. In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\".", "In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\". Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate.", "Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate. In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS.", "In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS. Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist.", "Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist. Bakshi began to see Rasinski as a father figure; Rasinski, childless, was happy to serve as Bakshi's mentor. At the age of 25, Bakshi was promoted to director. His first assignment was the series Sad Cat.", "His first assignment was the series Sad Cat. Bakshi and his wife had separated by then, giving him the time to animate each short alone. Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think.", "Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think. We were 'animation directors,' because the story department controlled the storyboards. We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried.", "We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried. I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\"", "I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\" Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity.", "Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity. In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS.", "In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS. The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\".", "The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\". As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes.", "As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes. He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\"", "He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\" The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development.", "The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development. Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director.", "Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director. It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment.", "It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment. Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting.", "Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting. Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company.", "Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company. In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht.", "In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht. On the way to the CBS offices to make his pitch, he was involved in a car accident. At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife.", "At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife. Though CBS passed on Tee-Witt, its designs served as the basis for Bakshi's 1977 film Wizards. While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division.", "While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division. Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane.", "Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane. Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio.", "Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio. After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek.", "After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek. Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that.", "Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that. [...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\"", "[...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\" He described the disappointing result as a \"typical 1967 limited-animation theatrical\". Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\".", "Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\". Production of Mighty Heroes ended when Bakshi left Terrytoons. Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967.", "Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967. He learned that his position was always intended to be temporary and that Paramount never intended to pick up his pitches. Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract.", "Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract. Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood.", "Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood. Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States.", "Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States. Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit.", "Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit. Failing to reach a settlement with Guest, Krantz told Bakshi to grab the series' model sheets and return to the United States. When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police.", "When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police. He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing.", "He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing. Bakshi responded, \"All of these guys are heading into Canada to dodge the draft and I'm running back into the States. What the fuck is wrong with that!?\"", "What the fuck is wrong with that!?\" The guard laughed, and let Bakshi through. Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours.", "Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours. Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\".", "Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\". Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators.", "Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators. The studio began work on Rocket Robin Hood, and later took over the Spider-Man television series. Bakshi married Liz in August 1968. His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970.", "His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970. Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica.", "Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica. Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal.", "Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal. He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life.", "He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation.", "Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation. While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat.", "While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.", "Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film. Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation.", "Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation. Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference.", "Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference. Preparation began on a studio pitch that included a poster-sized cel featuring the comic's cast against a traced photo background—as Bakshi intended the film to appear. Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up.", "Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up. Artist Vaughn Bodē warned Bakshi against working with Crumb, describing him as \"slick\". Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\".", "Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\". Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract.", "Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract. After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain.", "After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain. Two weeks after Bakshi returned to New York, Krantz entered his office and told Bakshi that he had acquired the film rights through Dana, who had Crumb's power of attorney and signed the contract. Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi.", "Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi. Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies.", "Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies. After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget.", "After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget. Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation.", "Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation. The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution.", "The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution. Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature.", "Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature. They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts.", "They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts. Bakshi refused, and Warner Bros. pulled out, leading Krantz to seek funds elsewhere. He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films.", "He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films. Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate.", "Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate. Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted.", "Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted. When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake.", "When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake. Very few storyboards were used. Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots.", "Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots. Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation.", "Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation. The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan.", "The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan. Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city.", "Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city. Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's.", "Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's. In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators.", "In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators. Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry.", "Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry. Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California.", "Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California. By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received.", "By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received. When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\"", "When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\" Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\".", "Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\". John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\"", "John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\" Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time. The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born.", "The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born. Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film.", "Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film. Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions.", "Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions. This became a tradition, and Bakshi wrote poems before beginning production on each of his films. The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972.", "The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972. Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark.", "Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark. Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film.", "Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film. Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid.", "Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid. Krantz responded, \"The picture didn't make any money, Ralph. It's just a lot of noise.\"", "It's just a lot of noise.\" Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills.", "Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills. Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg.", "Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg. He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied.", "He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied. As he continued to work on Heavy Traffic, Bakshi began pitching his next project, Harlem Nights, a film loosely based on the Uncle Remus story books. The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather.", "The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather. Bakshi received a call from Krantz, who questioned him about Harlem Nights. Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up.", "Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up. After locking Bakshi out of the studio the next day, Krantz called several directors, including Chuck Jones, in search of a replacement. Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later.", "Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later. Bakshi wanted the voices to sound organic, so he experimented with improvisation, allowing his actors to ad lib during the recording sessions. Several animation sequences appear as rough sketchbook pages. The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs.", "The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs. Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X.", "Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X. Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office.", "Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office. Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful movies released consecutively. Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics.", "Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics. Newsweek applauded its \"black humor, powerful grotesquerie, and peculiar raw beauty.\" The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent.", "The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent. However, it is also an authentic work of movie art and Bakshi is certainly the most creative American animator since Disney.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\".", "Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\". Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada.", "Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada. Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute.", "Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute. While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity.", "While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity. Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes.", "Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes. Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\".", "Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\". He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\".", "He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\". Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat.", "Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat. Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\".", "Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\". Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography.", "Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography. Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected.", "Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected. Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia.", "Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia. Bakshi said, \"I was sick of all the hero worship these guys got because of The Godfather.\" Production concluded in 1973.", "Production concluded in 1973. Production concluded in 1973. During editing, the title was changed to Coonskin No More..., and finally to Coonskin. Bakshi hired several African-American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African-American female animator. Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators.", "Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators. The film's release was delayed by protests from the Congress of Racial Equality, which called Bakshi and his film racist. After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles.", "After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles. Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters.", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters. Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\"", "Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\" Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere.", "Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere. The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\".", "The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\". Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\".", "Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\". A reviewer for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner wrote, \"Certainly, it will outrage some and, indeed, it's not Disney. [...] The dialog it has obviously generated—if not the box-office obstacles—seems joltingly healthy.\" Bakshi called Coonskin his best film.", "Bakshi called Coonskin his best film. Hey Good Lookin' (1973–1975/1982) After production concluded on Harlem Nights, Bakshi wanted to distinguish himself artistically by producing a film in which live action and animated characters would interact. Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film.", "Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film. Making it work almost drove us crazy.\"", "Making it work almost drove us crazy.\" Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva.", "Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva. Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman.", "Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman. Warner Bros. optioned the screenplay and greenlit the film in 1973. An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975.", "An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975. A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely.", "A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely. Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project.", "Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project. Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop.", "Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop. The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls.", "The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls. Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara.", "Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara. Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983.", "Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983. The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets.", "The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets. In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\".", "In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\". Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage.", "Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage. This is an example of what Bakshi did best—using the medium of animation to comment on society. Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film.", "Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film. There is a wildly imaginative fantasy sequence during the climax, when the character named Crazy starts hallucinating during a rooftop shooting spree. This scene almost justifies the whole film.", "This scene almost justifies the whole film. But otherwise, this is a rehash of ideas better explored in Coonskin, Heavy Traffic, and Fritz the Cat.\" The film has since gained a cult following through cable television and home video. Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets.", "Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets. Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox.", "Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox. Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films.", "Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films. British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs.", "British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs. The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests.", "The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests. As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film.", "As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film. At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars.", "At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars. Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves.", "Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves. Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances.", "Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances. Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed.", "Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed. However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million.", "However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million. Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame.", "Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame. The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy.", "The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy. As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards.", "As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards. Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience.", "Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience. Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\".", "Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\". In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\"", "In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\" In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film.", "In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film. Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay.", "Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay. Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings.", "Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings. Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd.", "Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd. Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two.", "Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two. Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film.", "Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film. Bakshi did not want to produce a broad cartoon version of the tale, so he planned to shoot the entire film in live action and animate the footage with rotoscoping. The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage.", "The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage. Production of the live-action sequences took place in Spain. During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film.", "During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film. Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints.", "Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints. After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\"", "After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\" When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen.", "When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen. He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply.", "He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply. Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look.", "Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look. Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn.", "Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn. The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role.", "The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role. Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating.", "Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating. Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release.", "Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release. Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow.", "Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow. Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\".", "Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\". Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\".", "Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\". Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\".", "Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\". Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\".", "Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\". David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book.", "David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book. He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\"", "He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\" The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million.", "The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million. The studio refused to fund the sequel, which would have adapted the remainder of the story. The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival.", "The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival. American Pop and Fire and Ice (1979–1983) Following the production struggles of The Lord of the Rings, Bakshi decided to work on something more personal. He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick.", "He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick. Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals.", "Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals. American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role.", "American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role. While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville.", "While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville. The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams.", "The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams. Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story.", "Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story. According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\"", "According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\" Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million.", "Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million. Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success.", "Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success. The New York Times Vincent Canby wrote, \"I'm amazed at the success that Mr. Bakshi has in turning animated characters into figures of real feelings.\" Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\".", "Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\". Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998.", "Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998. By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta.", "By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta. Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute.", "Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute. Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork.", "Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork. Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot.", "Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot. The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks.", "The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks. Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company.", "Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company. The film was given a limited release, and was financially unsuccessful. Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series.", "Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series. [...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\"", "[...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\" Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes.", "Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes. He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.", "He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film).", "He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film). During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield.", "During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes.", "Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes. Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980.", "Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980. Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form.", "Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form. Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting.", "Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting. During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s.", "During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s. United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s.", "United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s. According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands.", "According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands. They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\"", "They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\" In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video.", "In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video. He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards.", "He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards. Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks.", "Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks. The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths.", "The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths. Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time.", "Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time. Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills.", "Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills. Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era.", "Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era. Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles.", "Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles. When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing.", "When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing. Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction.", "Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction. Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest.", "Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest. They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either.", "They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either. Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block.", "Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block. Three days before the meeting, Bakshi, Kricfalusi, Naylor, Tom Minton, Eddie Fitzgerald and Jim Reardon met to brainstorm. Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows.", "Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows. Judy was my last stop before driving cross country back to New York to my family.\" Price rejected Bakshi's prepared pitches, but asked what else he had. He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series.", "He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series. However, Bakshi did not own the rights and did not know who did. While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it.", "While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it. According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\"", "According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\" Kricfalusi's team wrote story outlines for thirteen episodes in a week and pitched them to Price. By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios.", "By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios. Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987.", "Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987. This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside.", "This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside. Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others.", "Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others. Although the scripts required approval by CBS executives, Kricfalusi insisted that the artists add visual gags as they drew. Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series.", "Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series. Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes.", "Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes. During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use.", "During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use. Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene.", "Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene. Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored.", "Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored. Following Kricfalusi's advice, Bakshi told Klein to restore the scene, which had been approved by network executives and the CBS standards and practices department. The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy.", "The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy. In 1988, Bakshi received an Annie Award for \"Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation\". The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips.", "The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips. According to Bakshi, the proposed series \"was going to be a revitalization of cartoon style from the '20s and '30s. It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\"", "It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\" Nickelodeon was initially willing to greenlight 39 episodes of Junktown. On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy.", "On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy. The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic.", "The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic. Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\"", "Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\" Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression.", "Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression. Fritz the Cat wasn't pornography. It was social commentary. This all smacks of burning books and the Third Reich. It smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what.", "I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy!\" On CBS's order, Klein removed the sequence from the master broadcast footage. Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\".", "Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\". Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy.", "Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy. The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown.", "The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown. Bakshi has also stated that \"we were trying something different [...] but a series didn't make sense. It just didn't work\".", "It just didn't work\". The series was scrapped, and the completed pilot aired as a special, Christmas in Tattertown, in December 1988. It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon.", "It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon. Bakshi moved into a warehouse loft in downtown Los Angeles to clear his head, and was offered $50,000 to direct a half-hour live-action film for PBS's Imagining America anthology series. Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father.", "Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father. Bakshi wrote a poem influenced by Jack Kerouac, jazz, the Beat Generation and Brooklyn that served as the narration, which was spoken by Harvey Keitel. After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts.", "After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts. Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\"", "Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\" As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT.", "As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT. Ted Geisel had never been satisfied with the previous screen versions of his Dr. Seuss work. Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product.", "Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product. Bakshi next directed the pilot Hound Town for NBC; he described the result as \"an embarrassing piece of shit\". Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project.", "Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project. Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film.", "Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film. The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him.", "The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him. The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve.", "The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve. Massive sets were constructed on a sound stage in Las Vegas, based on enlargements of designer Barry Jackson's paintings. The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons.", "The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons. As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original.", "As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original. Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film.", "Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film. As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting.", "As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting. To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time.", "To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time. The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\"", "The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\" Designer Milton Knight recalled that \"audiences actually wanted a wilder, raunchier Cool World. The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\"", "The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\" The critical reaction to the film was generally negative. Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!'", "Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!' He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie.", "He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie. I have, and I will now promise you that if you liked Roger Rabbit, quit while you're ahead.\" The film was a box-office disappointment. While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting.", "While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting. In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series.", "In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series. For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy.", "For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy. The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint.", "The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint. Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films.", "Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films. He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday.", "He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday. And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen.", "And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen. Bakshi pulls strong [performances] from a cadre of youngish and largely unknown actors\". In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon!", "In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon! : Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin.", ": Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin. Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result.", "Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result. Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa.", "Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa. Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future.", "Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future. Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips.", "Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips. The series premiered in July 1997—one month before the debut of Parker and Stone's South Park—and thus became the first \"adults only\" cartoon series. Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings.", "Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings. A second season was approved, but the network wanted to fire Bakshi's writing team and hire professional Los Angeles screenwriters. When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled.", "When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled. Painting, teaching and new animation projects (2000–2013) Bakshi retired from animation once more, returning to his painting. In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts.", "In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts. On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky.", "On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky. He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film.", "He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film. In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\".", "In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\". In September 2008, Main Street Pictures announced that it would collaborate with Bakshi on a sequel to Wizards. In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues.", "In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues. The first of these shorts, Trickle Dickle Down, contains reused animation from Coonskin and criticizes 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America.", "The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America. Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island.", "Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island. Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online.", "Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online. Last Days of Coney Island was released on Vimeo in 2015. Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016.", "Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016. Post-animation (2015–present) After he quit the animation industry, Bakshi did multiple interviews with the media and on podcasts. He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family.", "He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family. He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people.", "He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people. The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys.", "The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys. Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021.", "Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021. Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell.", "Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell. The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice.", "The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice. Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons.", "Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons. The Museum of Modern Art has added Bakshi's films to its collection for preservation. In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute.", "In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute. In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films.", "In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films. Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005.", "Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005. Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008.", "Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008. The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi.", "The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi. His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it.", "His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it. Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation.", "Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation. Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him.", "Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him. Gore Verbinski commented about Bakshi and showed that he was inspired by him during an interview in The Hollywood Reporter for his first animated movie, Rango, saying: \"What happened to the Ralph Bakshis of the world? We're all sitting here talking family entertainment.", "We're all sitting here talking family entertainment. Does animation have to be family entertainment? Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\"", "Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\" On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience.", "On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience. At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending.", "At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending. Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film.", "Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film. Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives.", "Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives. 2018 - 2019; Book 1 (2019) Ralph Bakshi: No Rhyme or Reason; Book 2 (2020) See also Heavy Metal Ron Thompson John Kricfalusi Katsuhiro Otomo Rock & Rule Independent animation New Hollywood Notes References External links Official page filmography Archived 'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung interview at PopMatters Rotospective: Ralph Bakshi, Lessons in Artistry, Rebellion and Success a profile at AgentPalmer.com 1938 births American animators American comic strip cartoonists American experimental filmmakers American film producers American animated film producers American storyboard artists American television directors Television producers from New York City American television writers 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters 21st-century American male writers American male screenwriters American male voice actors American animated film directors American people of Palestinian-Jewish descent Jewish American artists American satirists Jews in Mandatory Palestine Living people American male television writers People from Haifa Terrytoons people Underground cartoonists American voice directors Krymchaks Artists from New York City High School of Art and Design alumni Mandatory Palestine emigrants to the United States People from Brownsville, Brooklyn Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni Film directors from New York (state) 21st-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers Screenwriters from New York (state) Inkpot Award winners Famous Studios people" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi", "Coonskin (1973-1975)", "Is coonskin a movie?", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film,", "Who starred in coonskin?", "Bakshi hired several African American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African American female animator.", "Was the movie a success?", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters. Initial reviews were negative;", "How many copies were sold?", "I don't know.", "Who directed the movie?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Steve Gukas is a Nollywood filmmaker, director and producer who believes that films should be used to address the ills of the society.\n\nEducation\nGukas studied Television Production at NTA TV College in Jos, Theatre Arts at the University of Jos and Film production at the London Film School, United Kingdom.\n\nCareer\nHe is a former managing director of a Nigerian radio station, WE FM.\n\nIn 2002, he directed the movie \"Keeping Faith\". In 2007, he produced the iconic movie, \"Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation\", featuring the American actor, Danny Glover; it was his first project.\n\nIn 2014, the film he directed and produced, \"A Place in the Stars\" was released. The film was produced in honour of Dora Akunyili, the late Director-General of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), who fought against the production, sales and usage of adulterated drugs in Nigeria. The movie starred Segun Arinze, Dejumo Lewis, Matilda Obaseki, Gideon Okeke, Yemi Blaq and Femi Branch. Later on, at the 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA), the movie won the Best Movie (Drama) award.\n\nIn 2016, he directed the movie, \"93 Days\", a movie created in memory of Dr. Stella Ameyo Adadevoh, a late Nigerian physician who alongside other health workers in Lagos, helped stop the spread of the Ebola virus in Nigeria by sacrificing herself to the task in 2014. The movie featured Nollywood actors and Bimbo Akintola, Danny Glover, Seun Ajayi, Keppy Ekpeyong and Bimbo Manuel. The film streams on NETFLIX. The movie, alongside two others (\"Isoken\" and \"The Bridge\") were the first movies to be screened in the \"Nollywood in Hollywood\" initiative's first edition. The movie premiered in early September 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival and at the Chicago International Film Festival.\n\nHe also produced, \"Keeping The Faith\" and \"Mr. Johnson\". He, as well desires to make a film on the Nigeria's Plateau State capital, Jos.\n\nHe was part of the discussants at the 2017 Rapid Lion South African International Film Festival in which participants discussed the present and future of the African Cinema.\n\nHe was a co-producer of a sequel to the movie which gave birth to Nigeria's Nollywood, titled \"Living in Bondage\", originally produced in 1992, who according to Ramsey Nouah, the film's director as well as an actor in reference to Gukas, had \"a reputation of doing big projects\". The film featured actors like Kenneth Okonkwo, Kanayo O. Kanayo and Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Enyinna Nwigwe and Kalu Ikeagwu.\n\nIn the AMVCA awards 2020, for the 2019 movie, \"Living in Bondage\", he won the \"Best Movie West Africa\" award, with a cash prize of N1,000,000, courtesy of Clorets, in support to the Nigerian Movie Industry.\n\nQuotes\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Steve Gukas on IMDb\n Steve Gukas on SPLA\n \n\nNigerian filmmakers\nNigerian film directors\nNigerian film producers\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)", "Movie Underground was a weekly television program produced in the U.S. by WGN America that aired from 2008 to 2010.\n\nThe show revolved around the character The Night Watchman (played by Marc Chase) who guarded the Fortress of Television Innovation. His job was to guard the movie vault and protect the viewer from mediocre television. Every week, the Night Watchman mined a new movie from the vault for the show.\n\nEach movie included commentary and trivia facts from The Night Watchman and his sexy co-host, The Nightie Watchman, played by April Rose.\n\nMost segments were directed and produced by Paul Crossey with help from crews from local station WGN-TV.\n\nSegments were written by Michael 'Fin' Walter\n\nIn 2010, Movie Underground was dropped from the fall lineup.\n\nExternal links\n“Movie Underground” site\n\nAmerican motion picture television series\n2008 American television series debuts\n2010 American television series endings\nWGN America original programming" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi (; born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action films. In the 1970s, he established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent and adult-oriented productions. Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote.", "Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote. He has been involved in numerous television projects as director, writer, producer, and animator. Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director.", "Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director. He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968.", "He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968. Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972.", "Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972. It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time. Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features.", "Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features. He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983).", "He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983). In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years.", "In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years. After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date.", "After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date. Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997).", "Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997). During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell.", "During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell. Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival.", "Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival. Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family.", "Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family. In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn.", "In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn. The family lived in a low-rent apartment, where Bakshi became fascinated with the urban milieu. As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them.", "As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them. According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted.", "According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted. He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open.", "He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open. Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\"", "Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\" Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood.", "Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood. Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\".", "Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\". In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom.", "In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom. Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black.", "Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black. It was segregated, so everything was black. I went to see black movies; black girls sat on my lap. I went to black parties. I was another black kid on the block.", "I was another black kid on the block. No problem!\" The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends.", "The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends. Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police.", "Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police. Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom.", "Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom. Meanwhile, his father had been suffering from anxiety attacks. Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events.", "Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events. At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork.", "At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork. He stole a copy of the book and learned every lesson in it. During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing.", "During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing. While attending Thomas Jefferson High School, he took little interest in academics, spending most of his time focusing on \"broads, mouthing off, and doodling\". After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office.", "After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office. Believing Bakshi was unlikely to prosper at Thomas Jefferson, the principal transferred him to Manhattan's School of Industrial Art. In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning.", "In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning. Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde.", "Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde. Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle.", "Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle. His low-level position required Bakshi to carefully remove dirt and dust from animation cels. After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter.", "After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter. Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani.", "Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani. Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side.", "Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side. When Bakshi explained that Giuliani had made the mistake, an argument ensued between the three. Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side.", "Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side. By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella.", "By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella. Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21.", "Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21. Their son, Mark, was born when Bakshi was 22. Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\".", "Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\". As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch.", "As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch. Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility.", "Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility. In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\".", "In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\". Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate.", "Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate. In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS.", "In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS. Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist.", "Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist. Bakshi began to see Rasinski as a father figure; Rasinski, childless, was happy to serve as Bakshi's mentor. At the age of 25, Bakshi was promoted to director. His first assignment was the series Sad Cat.", "His first assignment was the series Sad Cat. Bakshi and his wife had separated by then, giving him the time to animate each short alone. Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think.", "Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think. We were 'animation directors,' because the story department controlled the storyboards. We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried.", "We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried. I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\"", "I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\" Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity.", "Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity. In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS.", "In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS. The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\".", "The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\". As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes.", "As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes. He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\"", "He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\" The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development.", "The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development. Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director.", "Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director. It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment.", "It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment. Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting.", "Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting. Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company.", "Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company. In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht.", "In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht. On the way to the CBS offices to make his pitch, he was involved in a car accident. At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife.", "At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife. Though CBS passed on Tee-Witt, its designs served as the basis for Bakshi's 1977 film Wizards. While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division.", "While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division. Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane.", "Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane. Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio.", "Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio. After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek.", "After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek. Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that.", "Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that. [...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\"", "[...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\" He described the disappointing result as a \"typical 1967 limited-animation theatrical\". Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\".", "Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\". Production of Mighty Heroes ended when Bakshi left Terrytoons. Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967.", "Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967. He learned that his position was always intended to be temporary and that Paramount never intended to pick up his pitches. Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract.", "Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract. Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood.", "Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood. Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States.", "Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States. Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit.", "Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit. Failing to reach a settlement with Guest, Krantz told Bakshi to grab the series' model sheets and return to the United States. When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police.", "When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police. He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing.", "He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing. Bakshi responded, \"All of these guys are heading into Canada to dodge the draft and I'm running back into the States. What the fuck is wrong with that!?\"", "What the fuck is wrong with that!?\" The guard laughed, and let Bakshi through. Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours.", "Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours. Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\".", "Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\". Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators.", "Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators. The studio began work on Rocket Robin Hood, and later took over the Spider-Man television series. Bakshi married Liz in August 1968. His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970.", "His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970. Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica.", "Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica. Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal.", "Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal. He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life.", "He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation.", "Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation. While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat.", "While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.", "Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film. Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation.", "Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation. Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference.", "Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference. Preparation began on a studio pitch that included a poster-sized cel featuring the comic's cast against a traced photo background—as Bakshi intended the film to appear. Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up.", "Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up. Artist Vaughn Bodē warned Bakshi against working with Crumb, describing him as \"slick\". Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\".", "Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\". Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract.", "Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract. After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain.", "After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain. Two weeks after Bakshi returned to New York, Krantz entered his office and told Bakshi that he had acquired the film rights through Dana, who had Crumb's power of attorney and signed the contract. Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi.", "Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi. Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies.", "Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies. After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget.", "After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget. Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation.", "Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation. The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution.", "The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution. Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature.", "Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature. They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts.", "They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts. Bakshi refused, and Warner Bros. pulled out, leading Krantz to seek funds elsewhere. He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films.", "He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films. Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate.", "Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate. Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted.", "Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted. When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake.", "When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake. Very few storyboards were used. Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots.", "Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots. Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation.", "Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation. The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan.", "The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan. Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city.", "Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city. Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's.", "Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's. In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators.", "In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators. Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry.", "Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry. Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California.", "Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California. By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received.", "By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received. When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\"", "When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\" Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\".", "Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\". John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\"", "John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\" Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time. The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born.", "The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born. Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film.", "Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film. Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions.", "Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions. This became a tradition, and Bakshi wrote poems before beginning production on each of his films. The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972.", "The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972. Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark.", "Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark. Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film.", "Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film. Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid.", "Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid. Krantz responded, \"The picture didn't make any money, Ralph. It's just a lot of noise.\"", "It's just a lot of noise.\" Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills.", "Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills. Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg.", "Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg. He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied.", "He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied. As he continued to work on Heavy Traffic, Bakshi began pitching his next project, Harlem Nights, a film loosely based on the Uncle Remus story books. The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather.", "The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather. Bakshi received a call from Krantz, who questioned him about Harlem Nights. Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up.", "Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up. After locking Bakshi out of the studio the next day, Krantz called several directors, including Chuck Jones, in search of a replacement. Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later.", "Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later. Bakshi wanted the voices to sound organic, so he experimented with improvisation, allowing his actors to ad lib during the recording sessions. Several animation sequences appear as rough sketchbook pages. The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs.", "The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs. Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X.", "Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X. Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office.", "Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office. Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful movies released consecutively. Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics.", "Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics. Newsweek applauded its \"black humor, powerful grotesquerie, and peculiar raw beauty.\" The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent.", "The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent. However, it is also an authentic work of movie art and Bakshi is certainly the most creative American animator since Disney.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\".", "Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\". Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada.", "Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada. Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute.", "Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute. While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity.", "While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity. Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes.", "Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes. Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\".", "Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\". He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\".", "He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\". Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat.", "Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat. Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\".", "Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\". Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography.", "Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography. Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected.", "Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected. Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia.", "Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia. Bakshi said, \"I was sick of all the hero worship these guys got because of The Godfather.\" Production concluded in 1973.", "Production concluded in 1973. Production concluded in 1973. During editing, the title was changed to Coonskin No More..., and finally to Coonskin. Bakshi hired several African-American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African-American female animator. Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators.", "Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators. The film's release was delayed by protests from the Congress of Racial Equality, which called Bakshi and his film racist. After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles.", "After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles. Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters.", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters. Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\"", "Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\" Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere.", "Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere. The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\".", "The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\". Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\".", "Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\". A reviewer for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner wrote, \"Certainly, it will outrage some and, indeed, it's not Disney. [...] The dialog it has obviously generated—if not the box-office obstacles—seems joltingly healthy.\" Bakshi called Coonskin his best film.", "Bakshi called Coonskin his best film. Hey Good Lookin' (1973–1975/1982) After production concluded on Harlem Nights, Bakshi wanted to distinguish himself artistically by producing a film in which live action and animated characters would interact. Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film.", "Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film. Making it work almost drove us crazy.\"", "Making it work almost drove us crazy.\" Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva.", "Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva. Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman.", "Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman. Warner Bros. optioned the screenplay and greenlit the film in 1973. An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975.", "An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975. A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely.", "A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely. Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project.", "Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project. Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop.", "Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop. The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls.", "The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls. Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara.", "Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara. Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983.", "Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983. The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets.", "The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets. In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\".", "In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\". Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage.", "Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage. This is an example of what Bakshi did best—using the medium of animation to comment on society. Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film.", "Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film. There is a wildly imaginative fantasy sequence during the climax, when the character named Crazy starts hallucinating during a rooftop shooting spree. This scene almost justifies the whole film.", "This scene almost justifies the whole film. But otherwise, this is a rehash of ideas better explored in Coonskin, Heavy Traffic, and Fritz the Cat.\" The film has since gained a cult following through cable television and home video. Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets.", "Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets. Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox.", "Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox. Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films.", "Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films. British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs.", "British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs. The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests.", "The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests. As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film.", "As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film. At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars.", "At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars. Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves.", "Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves. Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances.", "Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances. Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed.", "Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed. However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million.", "However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million. Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame.", "Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame. The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy.", "The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy. As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards.", "As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards. Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience.", "Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience. Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\".", "Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\". In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\"", "In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\" In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film.", "In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film. Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay.", "Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay. Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings.", "Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings. Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd.", "Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd. Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two.", "Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two. Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film.", "Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film. Bakshi did not want to produce a broad cartoon version of the tale, so he planned to shoot the entire film in live action and animate the footage with rotoscoping. The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage.", "The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage. Production of the live-action sequences took place in Spain. During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film.", "During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film. Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints.", "Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints. After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\"", "After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\" When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen.", "When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen. He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply.", "He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply. Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look.", "Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look. Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn.", "Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn. The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role.", "The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role. Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating.", "Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating. Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release.", "Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release. Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow.", "Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow. Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\".", "Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\". Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\".", "Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\". Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\".", "Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\". Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\".", "Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\". David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book.", "David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book. He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\"", "He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\" The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million.", "The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million. The studio refused to fund the sequel, which would have adapted the remainder of the story. The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival.", "The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival. American Pop and Fire and Ice (1979–1983) Following the production struggles of The Lord of the Rings, Bakshi decided to work on something more personal. He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick.", "He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick. Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals.", "Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals. American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role.", "American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role. While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville.", "While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville. The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams.", "The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams. Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story.", "Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story. According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\"", "According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\" Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million.", "Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million. Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success.", "Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success. The New York Times Vincent Canby wrote, \"I'm amazed at the success that Mr. Bakshi has in turning animated characters into figures of real feelings.\" Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\".", "Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\". Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998.", "Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998. By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta.", "By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta. Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute.", "Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute. Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork.", "Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork. Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot.", "Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot. The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks.", "The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks. Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company.", "Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company. The film was given a limited release, and was financially unsuccessful. Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series.", "Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series. [...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\"", "[...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\" Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes.", "Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes. He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.", "He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film).", "He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film). During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield.", "During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes.", "Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes. Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980.", "Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980. Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form.", "Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form. Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting.", "Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting. During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s.", "During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s. United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s.", "United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s. According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands.", "According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands. They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\"", "They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\" In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video.", "In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video. He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards.", "He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards. Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks.", "Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks. The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths.", "The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths. Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time.", "Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time. Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills.", "Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills. Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era.", "Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era. Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles.", "Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles. When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing.", "When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing. Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction.", "Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction. Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest.", "Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest. They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either.", "They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either. Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block.", "Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block. Three days before the meeting, Bakshi, Kricfalusi, Naylor, Tom Minton, Eddie Fitzgerald and Jim Reardon met to brainstorm. Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows.", "Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows. Judy was my last stop before driving cross country back to New York to my family.\" Price rejected Bakshi's prepared pitches, but asked what else he had. He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series.", "He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series. However, Bakshi did not own the rights and did not know who did. While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it.", "While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it. According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\"", "According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\" Kricfalusi's team wrote story outlines for thirteen episodes in a week and pitched them to Price. By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios.", "By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios. Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987.", "Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987. This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside.", "This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside. Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others.", "Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others. Although the scripts required approval by CBS executives, Kricfalusi insisted that the artists add visual gags as they drew. Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series.", "Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series. Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes.", "Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes. During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use.", "During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use. Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene.", "Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene. Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored.", "Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored. Following Kricfalusi's advice, Bakshi told Klein to restore the scene, which had been approved by network executives and the CBS standards and practices department. The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy.", "The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy. In 1988, Bakshi received an Annie Award for \"Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation\". The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips.", "The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips. According to Bakshi, the proposed series \"was going to be a revitalization of cartoon style from the '20s and '30s. It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\"", "It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\" Nickelodeon was initially willing to greenlight 39 episodes of Junktown. On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy.", "On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy. The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic.", "The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic. Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\"", "Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\" Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression.", "Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression. Fritz the Cat wasn't pornography. It was social commentary. This all smacks of burning books and the Third Reich. It smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what.", "I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy!\" On CBS's order, Klein removed the sequence from the master broadcast footage. Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\".", "Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\". Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy.", "Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy. The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown.", "The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown. Bakshi has also stated that \"we were trying something different [...] but a series didn't make sense. It just didn't work\".", "It just didn't work\". The series was scrapped, and the completed pilot aired as a special, Christmas in Tattertown, in December 1988. It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon.", "It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon. Bakshi moved into a warehouse loft in downtown Los Angeles to clear his head, and was offered $50,000 to direct a half-hour live-action film for PBS's Imagining America anthology series. Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father.", "Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father. Bakshi wrote a poem influenced by Jack Kerouac, jazz, the Beat Generation and Brooklyn that served as the narration, which was spoken by Harvey Keitel. After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts.", "After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts. Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\"", "Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\" As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT.", "As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT. Ted Geisel had never been satisfied with the previous screen versions of his Dr. Seuss work. Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product.", "Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product. Bakshi next directed the pilot Hound Town for NBC; he described the result as \"an embarrassing piece of shit\". Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project.", "Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project. Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film.", "Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film. The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him.", "The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him. The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve.", "The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve. Massive sets were constructed on a sound stage in Las Vegas, based on enlargements of designer Barry Jackson's paintings. The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons.", "The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons. As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original.", "As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original. Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film.", "Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film. As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting.", "As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting. To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time.", "To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time. The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\"", "The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\" Designer Milton Knight recalled that \"audiences actually wanted a wilder, raunchier Cool World. The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\"", "The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\" The critical reaction to the film was generally negative. Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!'", "Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!' He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie.", "He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie. I have, and I will now promise you that if you liked Roger Rabbit, quit while you're ahead.\" The film was a box-office disappointment. While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting.", "While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting. In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series.", "In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series. For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy.", "For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy. The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint.", "The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint. Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films.", "Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films. He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday.", "He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday. And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen.", "And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen. Bakshi pulls strong [performances] from a cadre of youngish and largely unknown actors\". In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon!", "In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon! : Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin.", ": Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin. Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result.", "Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result. Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa.", "Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa. Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future.", "Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future. Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips.", "Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips. The series premiered in July 1997—one month before the debut of Parker and Stone's South Park—and thus became the first \"adults only\" cartoon series. Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings.", "Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings. A second season was approved, but the network wanted to fire Bakshi's writing team and hire professional Los Angeles screenwriters. When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled.", "When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled. Painting, teaching and new animation projects (2000–2013) Bakshi retired from animation once more, returning to his painting. In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts.", "In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts. On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky.", "On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky. He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film.", "He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film. In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\".", "In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\". In September 2008, Main Street Pictures announced that it would collaborate with Bakshi on a sequel to Wizards. In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues.", "In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues. The first of these shorts, Trickle Dickle Down, contains reused animation from Coonskin and criticizes 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America.", "The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America. Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island.", "Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island. Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online.", "Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online. Last Days of Coney Island was released on Vimeo in 2015. Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016.", "Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016. Post-animation (2015–present) After he quit the animation industry, Bakshi did multiple interviews with the media and on podcasts. He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family.", "He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family. He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people.", "He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people. The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys.", "The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys. Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021.", "Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021. Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell.", "Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell. The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice.", "The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice. Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons.", "Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons. The Museum of Modern Art has added Bakshi's films to its collection for preservation. In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute.", "In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute. In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films.", "In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films. Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005.", "Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005. Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008.", "Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008. The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi.", "The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi. His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it.", "His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it. Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation.", "Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation. Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him.", "Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him. Gore Verbinski commented about Bakshi and showed that he was inspired by him during an interview in The Hollywood Reporter for his first animated movie, Rango, saying: \"What happened to the Ralph Bakshis of the world? We're all sitting here talking family entertainment.", "We're all sitting here talking family entertainment. Does animation have to be family entertainment? Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\"", "Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\" On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience.", "On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience. At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending.", "At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending. Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film.", "Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film. Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives.", "Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives. 2018 - 2019; Book 1 (2019) Ralph Bakshi: No Rhyme or Reason; Book 2 (2020) See also Heavy Metal Ron Thompson John Kricfalusi Katsuhiro Otomo Rock & Rule Independent animation New Hollywood Notes References External links Official page filmography Archived 'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung interview at PopMatters Rotospective: Ralph Bakshi, Lessons in Artistry, Rebellion and Success a profile at AgentPalmer.com 1938 births American animators American comic strip cartoonists American experimental filmmakers American film producers American animated film producers American storyboard artists American television directors Television producers from New York City American television writers 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters 21st-century American male writers American male screenwriters American male voice actors American animated film directors American people of Palestinian-Jewish descent Jewish American artists American satirists Jews in Mandatory Palestine Living people American male television writers People from Haifa Terrytoons people Underground cartoonists American voice directors Krymchaks Artists from New York City High School of Art and Design alumni Mandatory Palestine emigrants to the United States People from Brownsville, Brooklyn Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni Film directors from New York (state) 21st-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers Screenwriters from New York (state) Inkpot Award winners Famous Studios people" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi", "Coonskin (1973-1975)", "Is coonskin a movie?", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film,", "Who starred in coonskin?", "Bakshi hired several African American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African American female animator.", "Was the movie a success?", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters. Initial reviews were negative;", "How many copies were sold?", "I don't know.", "Who directed the movie?", "I don't know.", "Who produced the movie?", "Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights," ]

[ "XMLNuke is an open source framework intended to create Websites using only XML/XSLT transformations. XMLNuke has several classes to aid the developer create entire applications producing only XML. XMLNuke is integrated with a basic Content management system.\n\nDesign\n\nXMLNuke assumes it the most important part of any site is the information. However all information is merged with complex HTML, JavaScript structures, so any changes in the application or design may cause a very deep modification in the current structure. Using XMLNuke you can separate naturally your information from your layout. Any class in XMLNuke produces XML.\n\nYou can easily move your site from a FLAT layout to a very complex layout using, for example, Ajax, without any change in your application.\n\nXMLNuke focus the development to maintenance.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nXMLNuke SourceForge Site\nXMLNuke official site\n\nXML software", "A representative example is a term used in UK financial advertising regulations that aim to show consumers the typical costs associated with a product being advertised. The representative example must be provided when any financial services provider advertising a product, whether it is a credit card, loan or mortgage.\n\nThe term was introduced when six sets of regulations come into force from 1 February 2011 as a result of the UK government's implementation of the 2008 European Union Consumer Credit Directive which replaces the previous Consumer Credit Directive.\n\nHistory\nUntil 2010, any financial services provider advertising a product in the UK, whether it is a credit card, loan or mortgage, have had to comply with the Consumer Credit (Advertisement) Regulations 2004 (2004 Regulations). \n\nHowever, from 1 February 2011, important changes come into effect when six sets of regulations which come into force based on the European Union Consumer Credit Directive.\n\nWhile there were several subtle but important changes to the way financial products were advertised, one of the most important developments was the need for companies to include a representative example.\n\nWhen it must be provided\nThe Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) has published guidelines which explain when a representative example must be included when advertising:\n\n“Where the advertisement includes an interest rate or any amount relating to the cost of the credit, then a representative example of the credit on offer must also be included in the advertisement.”\n\nInformation required \nA representative example must comprise ‘standard information’ and must be accompanied by the words \"representative example\". It must be representative of agreements to which the representative APR applies and which are expected to result from the advertisement” \n\nThe ‘standard information’ which will be included in a representative example includes:\n\nThe rate of interest – a fixed or variable percentage, applied on an annual basis\nAny Total Cost of Credit (TCC) charges - details of any fees or charges included\nTotal amount of credit\nRepresentative APR\n\nPreviously, when a company stated an APR figure in an advertisement, this figure was defined as “not be less than the APR paid by at least 66% of consumers on the list”. However, from 1 February 2011, this calculation will change slightly. The BSI reports that: “The representative APR must reflect at least 51% of business expected to result from the advertisement. The standard information must be representative of agreements to which the representative APR applies.” \n\nIt is also worth bearing in mind that if there is more than one interest rate applicable – for example for credit cards where there may be a different purchase rate and balance transfer rate – the rate applicable to the most common drawdown mechanism must be shown. Similarly, if a rate applies only for a short period (a 0% balance transfer rate for six months), the duration of the period and the go-to rate, if known should also be shown.\n\nIf the advertisement is for running-account credit, the advertiser should assume a credit limit of £1,200 unless it is known that the credit limit will be less than £1,200.\n\nHow it should appear \nAccording to the BIS, the representative example “must be clear and concise and presented together”. In addition, the representative example must be the most prominent component of the information. \n\nIn simple terms, the representative example:\n\nMust contain certain standard information including a representative APR\nMust be clear and concise\nMust be more prominent than the information that triggered the inclusion\n\nAs the BIS says in its guidelines: “The purpose is to ensure that important information concerning the cost of the credit can be viewed together as a whole, so that the borrower can assess suitability and affordability in the round.”\n\nReferences \n\nCredit\nFinancial services in the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi (; born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action films. In the 1970s, he established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent and adult-oriented productions. Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote.", "Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote. He has been involved in numerous television projects as director, writer, producer, and animator. Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director.", "Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director. He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968.", "He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968. Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972.", "Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972. It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time. Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features.", "Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features. He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983).", "He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983). In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years.", "In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years. After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date.", "After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date. Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997).", "Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997). During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell.", "During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell. Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival.", "Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival. Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family.", "Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family. In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn.", "In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn. The family lived in a low-rent apartment, where Bakshi became fascinated with the urban milieu. As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them.", "As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them. According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted.", "According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted. He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open.", "He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open. Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\"", "Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\" Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood.", "Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood. Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\".", "Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\". In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom.", "In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom. Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black.", "Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black. It was segregated, so everything was black. I went to see black movies; black girls sat on my lap. I went to black parties. I was another black kid on the block.", "I was another black kid on the block. No problem!\" The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends.", "The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends. Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police.", "Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police. Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom.", "Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom. Meanwhile, his father had been suffering from anxiety attacks. Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events.", "Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events. At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork.", "At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork. He stole a copy of the book and learned every lesson in it. During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing.", "During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing. While attending Thomas Jefferson High School, he took little interest in academics, spending most of his time focusing on \"broads, mouthing off, and doodling\". After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office.", "After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office. Believing Bakshi was unlikely to prosper at Thomas Jefferson, the principal transferred him to Manhattan's School of Industrial Art. In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning.", "In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning. Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde.", "Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde. Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle.", "Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle. His low-level position required Bakshi to carefully remove dirt and dust from animation cels. After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter.", "After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter. Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani.", "Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani. Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side.", "Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side. When Bakshi explained that Giuliani had made the mistake, an argument ensued between the three. Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side.", "Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side. By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella.", "By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella. Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21.", "Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21. Their son, Mark, was born when Bakshi was 22. Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\".", "Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\". As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch.", "As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch. Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility.", "Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility. In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\".", "In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\". Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate.", "Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate. In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS.", "In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS. Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist.", "Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist. Bakshi began to see Rasinski as a father figure; Rasinski, childless, was happy to serve as Bakshi's mentor. At the age of 25, Bakshi was promoted to director. His first assignment was the series Sad Cat.", "His first assignment was the series Sad Cat. Bakshi and his wife had separated by then, giving him the time to animate each short alone. Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think.", "Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think. We were 'animation directors,' because the story department controlled the storyboards. We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried.", "We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried. I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\"", "I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\" Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity.", "Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity. In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS.", "In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS. The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\".", "The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\". As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes.", "As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes. He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\"", "He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\" The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development.", "The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development. Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director.", "Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director. It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment.", "It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment. Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting.", "Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting. Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company.", "Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company. In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht.", "In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht. On the way to the CBS offices to make his pitch, he was involved in a car accident. At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife.", "At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife. Though CBS passed on Tee-Witt, its designs served as the basis for Bakshi's 1977 film Wizards. While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division.", "While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division. Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane.", "Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane. Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio.", "Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio. After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek.", "After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek. Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that.", "Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that. [...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\"", "[...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\" He described the disappointing result as a \"typical 1967 limited-animation theatrical\". Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\".", "Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\". Production of Mighty Heroes ended when Bakshi left Terrytoons. Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967.", "Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967. He learned that his position was always intended to be temporary and that Paramount never intended to pick up his pitches. Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract.", "Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract. Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood.", "Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood. Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States.", "Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States. Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit.", "Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit. Failing to reach a settlement with Guest, Krantz told Bakshi to grab the series' model sheets and return to the United States. When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police.", "When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police. He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing.", "He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing. Bakshi responded, \"All of these guys are heading into Canada to dodge the draft and I'm running back into the States. What the fuck is wrong with that!?\"", "What the fuck is wrong with that!?\" The guard laughed, and let Bakshi through. Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours.", "Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours. Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\".", "Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\". Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators.", "Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators. The studio began work on Rocket Robin Hood, and later took over the Spider-Man television series. Bakshi married Liz in August 1968. His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970.", "His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970. Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica.", "Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica. Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal.", "Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal. He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life.", "He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation.", "Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation. While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat.", "While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.", "Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film. Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation.", "Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation. Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference.", "Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference. Preparation began on a studio pitch that included a poster-sized cel featuring the comic's cast against a traced photo background—as Bakshi intended the film to appear. Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up.", "Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up. Artist Vaughn Bodē warned Bakshi against working with Crumb, describing him as \"slick\". Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\".", "Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\". Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract.", "Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract. After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain.", "After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain. Two weeks after Bakshi returned to New York, Krantz entered his office and told Bakshi that he had acquired the film rights through Dana, who had Crumb's power of attorney and signed the contract. Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi.", "Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi. Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies.", "Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies. After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget.", "After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget. Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation.", "Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation. The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution.", "The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution. Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature.", "Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature. They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts.", "They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts. Bakshi refused, and Warner Bros. pulled out, leading Krantz to seek funds elsewhere. He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films.", "He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films. Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate.", "Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate. Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted.", "Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted. When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake.", "When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake. Very few storyboards were used. Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots.", "Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots. Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation.", "Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation. The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan.", "The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan. Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city.", "Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city. Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's.", "Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's. In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators.", "In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators. Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry.", "Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry. Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California.", "Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California. By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received.", "By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received. When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\"", "When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\" Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\".", "Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\". John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\"", "John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\" Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time. The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born.", "The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born. Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film.", "Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film. Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions.", "Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions. This became a tradition, and Bakshi wrote poems before beginning production on each of his films. The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972.", "The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972. Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark.", "Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark. Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film.", "Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film. Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid.", "Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid. Krantz responded, \"The picture didn't make any money, Ralph. It's just a lot of noise.\"", "It's just a lot of noise.\" Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills.", "Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills. Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg.", "Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg. He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied.", "He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied. As he continued to work on Heavy Traffic, Bakshi began pitching his next project, Harlem Nights, a film loosely based on the Uncle Remus story books. The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather.", "The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather. Bakshi received a call from Krantz, who questioned him about Harlem Nights. Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up.", "Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up. After locking Bakshi out of the studio the next day, Krantz called several directors, including Chuck Jones, in search of a replacement. Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later.", "Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later. Bakshi wanted the voices to sound organic, so he experimented with improvisation, allowing his actors to ad lib during the recording sessions. Several animation sequences appear as rough sketchbook pages. The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs.", "The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs. Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X.", "Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X. Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office.", "Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office. Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful movies released consecutively. Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics.", "Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics. Newsweek applauded its \"black humor, powerful grotesquerie, and peculiar raw beauty.\" The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent.", "The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent. However, it is also an authentic work of movie art and Bakshi is certainly the most creative American animator since Disney.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\".", "Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\". Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada.", "Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada. Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute.", "Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute. While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity.", "While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity. Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes.", "Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes. Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\".", "Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\". He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\".", "He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\". Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat.", "Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat. Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\".", "Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\". Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography.", "Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography. Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected.", "Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected. Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia.", "Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia. Bakshi said, \"I was sick of all the hero worship these guys got because of The Godfather.\" Production concluded in 1973.", "Production concluded in 1973. Production concluded in 1973. During editing, the title was changed to Coonskin No More..., and finally to Coonskin. Bakshi hired several African-American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African-American female animator. Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators.", "Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators. The film's release was delayed by protests from the Congress of Racial Equality, which called Bakshi and his film racist. After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles.", "After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles. Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters.", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters. Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\"", "Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\" Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere.", "Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere. The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\".", "The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\". Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\".", "Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\". A reviewer for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner wrote, \"Certainly, it will outrage some and, indeed, it's not Disney. [...] The dialog it has obviously generated—if not the box-office obstacles—seems joltingly healthy.\" Bakshi called Coonskin his best film.", "Bakshi called Coonskin his best film. Hey Good Lookin' (1973–1975/1982) After production concluded on Harlem Nights, Bakshi wanted to distinguish himself artistically by producing a film in which live action and animated characters would interact. Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film.", "Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film. Making it work almost drove us crazy.\"", "Making it work almost drove us crazy.\" Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva.", "Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva. Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman.", "Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman. Warner Bros. optioned the screenplay and greenlit the film in 1973. An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975.", "An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975. A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely.", "A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely. Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project.", "Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project. Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop.", "Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop. The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls.", "The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls. Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara.", "Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara. Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983.", "Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983. The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets.", "The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets. In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\".", "In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\". Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage.", "Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage. This is an example of what Bakshi did best—using the medium of animation to comment on society. Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film.", "Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film. There is a wildly imaginative fantasy sequence during the climax, when the character named Crazy starts hallucinating during a rooftop shooting spree. This scene almost justifies the whole film.", "This scene almost justifies the whole film. But otherwise, this is a rehash of ideas better explored in Coonskin, Heavy Traffic, and Fritz the Cat.\" The film has since gained a cult following through cable television and home video. Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets.", "Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets. Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox.", "Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox. Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films.", "Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films. British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs.", "British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs. The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests.", "The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests. As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film.", "As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film. At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars.", "At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars. Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves.", "Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves. Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances.", "Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances. Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed.", "Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed. However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million.", "However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million. Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame.", "Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame. The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy.", "The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy. As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards.", "As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards. Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience.", "Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience. Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\".", "Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\". In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\"", "In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\" In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film.", "In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film. Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay.", "Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay. Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings.", "Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings. Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd.", "Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd. Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two.", "Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two. Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film.", "Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film. Bakshi did not want to produce a broad cartoon version of the tale, so he planned to shoot the entire film in live action and animate the footage with rotoscoping. The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage.", "The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage. Production of the live-action sequences took place in Spain. During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film.", "During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film. Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints.", "Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints. After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\"", "After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\" When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen.", "When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen. He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply.", "He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply. Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look.", "Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look. Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn.", "Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn. The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role.", "The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role. Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating.", "Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating. Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release.", "Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release. Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow.", "Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow. Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\".", "Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\". Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\".", "Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\". Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\".", "Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\". Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\".", "Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\". David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book.", "David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book. He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\"", "He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\" The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million.", "The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million. The studio refused to fund the sequel, which would have adapted the remainder of the story. The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival.", "The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival. American Pop and Fire and Ice (1979–1983) Following the production struggles of The Lord of the Rings, Bakshi decided to work on something more personal. He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick.", "He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick. Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals.", "Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals. American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role.", "American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role. While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville.", "While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville. The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams.", "The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams. Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story.", "Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story. According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\"", "According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\" Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million.", "Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million. Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success.", "Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success. The New York Times Vincent Canby wrote, \"I'm amazed at the success that Mr. Bakshi has in turning animated characters into figures of real feelings.\" Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\".", "Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\". Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998.", "Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998. By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta.", "By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta. Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute.", "Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute. Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork.", "Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork. Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot.", "Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot. The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks.", "The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks. Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company.", "Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company. The film was given a limited release, and was financially unsuccessful. Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series.", "Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series. [...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\"", "[...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\" Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes.", "Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes. He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.", "He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film).", "He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film). During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield.", "During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes.", "Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes. Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980.", "Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980. Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form.", "Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form. Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting.", "Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting. During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s.", "During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s. United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s.", "United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s. According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands.", "According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands. They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\"", "They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\" In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video.", "In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video. He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards.", "He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards. Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks.", "Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks. The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths.", "The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths. Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time.", "Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time. Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills.", "Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills. Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era.", "Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era. Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles.", "Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles. When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing.", "When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing. Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction.", "Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction. Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest.", "Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest. They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either.", "They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either. Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block.", "Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block. Three days before the meeting, Bakshi, Kricfalusi, Naylor, Tom Minton, Eddie Fitzgerald and Jim Reardon met to brainstorm. Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows.", "Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows. Judy was my last stop before driving cross country back to New York to my family.\" Price rejected Bakshi's prepared pitches, but asked what else he had. He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series.", "He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series. However, Bakshi did not own the rights and did not know who did. While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it.", "While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it. According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\"", "According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\" Kricfalusi's team wrote story outlines for thirteen episodes in a week and pitched them to Price. By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios.", "By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios. Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987.", "Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987. This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside.", "This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside. Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others.", "Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others. Although the scripts required approval by CBS executives, Kricfalusi insisted that the artists add visual gags as they drew. Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series.", "Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series. Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes.", "Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes. During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use.", "During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use. Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene.", "Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene. Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored.", "Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored. Following Kricfalusi's advice, Bakshi told Klein to restore the scene, which had been approved by network executives and the CBS standards and practices department. The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy.", "The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy. In 1988, Bakshi received an Annie Award for \"Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation\". The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips.", "The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips. According to Bakshi, the proposed series \"was going to be a revitalization of cartoon style from the '20s and '30s. It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\"", "It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\" Nickelodeon was initially willing to greenlight 39 episodes of Junktown. On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy.", "On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy. The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic.", "The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic. Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\"", "Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\" Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression.", "Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression. Fritz the Cat wasn't pornography. It was social commentary. This all smacks of burning books and the Third Reich. It smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what.", "I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy!\" On CBS's order, Klein removed the sequence from the master broadcast footage. Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\".", "Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\". Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy.", "Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy. The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown.", "The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown. Bakshi has also stated that \"we were trying something different [...] but a series didn't make sense. It just didn't work\".", "It just didn't work\". The series was scrapped, and the completed pilot aired as a special, Christmas in Tattertown, in December 1988. It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon.", "It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon. Bakshi moved into a warehouse loft in downtown Los Angeles to clear his head, and was offered $50,000 to direct a half-hour live-action film for PBS's Imagining America anthology series. Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father.", "Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father. Bakshi wrote a poem influenced by Jack Kerouac, jazz, the Beat Generation and Brooklyn that served as the narration, which was spoken by Harvey Keitel. After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts.", "After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts. Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\"", "Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\" As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT.", "As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT. Ted Geisel had never been satisfied with the previous screen versions of his Dr. Seuss work. Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product.", "Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product. Bakshi next directed the pilot Hound Town for NBC; he described the result as \"an embarrassing piece of shit\". Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project.", "Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project. Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film.", "Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film. The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him.", "The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him. The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve.", "The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve. Massive sets were constructed on a sound stage in Las Vegas, based on enlargements of designer Barry Jackson's paintings. The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons.", "The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons. As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original.", "As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original. Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film.", "Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film. As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting.", "As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting. To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time.", "To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time. The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\"", "The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\" Designer Milton Knight recalled that \"audiences actually wanted a wilder, raunchier Cool World. The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\"", "The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\" The critical reaction to the film was generally negative. Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!'", "Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!' He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie.", "He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie. I have, and I will now promise you that if you liked Roger Rabbit, quit while you're ahead.\" The film was a box-office disappointment. While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting.", "While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting. In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series.", "In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series. For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy.", "For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy. The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint.", "The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint. Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films.", "Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films. He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday.", "He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday. And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen.", "And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen. Bakshi pulls strong [performances] from a cadre of youngish and largely unknown actors\". In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon!", "In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon! : Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin.", ": Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin. Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result.", "Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result. Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa.", "Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa. Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future.", "Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future. Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips.", "Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips. The series premiered in July 1997—one month before the debut of Parker and Stone's South Park—and thus became the first \"adults only\" cartoon series. Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings.", "Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings. A second season was approved, but the network wanted to fire Bakshi's writing team and hire professional Los Angeles screenwriters. When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled.", "When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled. Painting, teaching and new animation projects (2000–2013) Bakshi retired from animation once more, returning to his painting. In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts.", "In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts. On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky.", "On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky. He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film.", "He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film. In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\".", "In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\". In September 2008, Main Street Pictures announced that it would collaborate with Bakshi on a sequel to Wizards. In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues.", "In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues. The first of these shorts, Trickle Dickle Down, contains reused animation from Coonskin and criticizes 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America.", "The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America. Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island.", "Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island. Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online.", "Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online. Last Days of Coney Island was released on Vimeo in 2015. Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016.", "Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016. Post-animation (2015–present) After he quit the animation industry, Bakshi did multiple interviews with the media and on podcasts. He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family.", "He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family. He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people.", "He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people. The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys.", "The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys. Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021.", "Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021. Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell.", "Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell. The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice.", "The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice. Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons.", "Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons. The Museum of Modern Art has added Bakshi's films to its collection for preservation. In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute.", "In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute. In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films.", "In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films. Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005.", "Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005. Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008.", "Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008. The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi.", "The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi. His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it.", "His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it. Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation.", "Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation. Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him.", "Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him. Gore Verbinski commented about Bakshi and showed that he was inspired by him during an interview in The Hollywood Reporter for his first animated movie, Rango, saying: \"What happened to the Ralph Bakshis of the world? We're all sitting here talking family entertainment.", "We're all sitting here talking family entertainment. Does animation have to be family entertainment? Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\"", "Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\" On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience.", "On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience. At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending.", "At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending. Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film.", "Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film. Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives.", "Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives. 2018 - 2019; Book 1 (2019) Ralph Bakshi: No Rhyme or Reason; Book 2 (2020) See also Heavy Metal Ron Thompson John Kricfalusi Katsuhiro Otomo Rock & Rule Independent animation New Hollywood Notes References External links Official page filmography Archived 'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung interview at PopMatters Rotospective: Ralph Bakshi, Lessons in Artistry, Rebellion and Success a profile at AgentPalmer.com 1938 births American animators American comic strip cartoonists American experimental filmmakers American film producers American animated film producers American storyboard artists American television directors Television producers from New York City American television writers 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters 21st-century American male writers American male screenwriters American male voice actors American animated film directors American people of Palestinian-Jewish descent Jewish American artists American satirists Jews in Mandatory Palestine Living people American male television writers People from Haifa Terrytoons people Underground cartoonists American voice directors Krymchaks Artists from New York City High School of Art and Design alumni Mandatory Palestine emigrants to the United States People from Brownsville, Brooklyn Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni Film directors from New York (state) 21st-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers Screenwriters from New York (state) Inkpot Award winners Famous Studios people" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi", "Coonskin (1973-1975)", "Is coonskin a movie?", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film,", "Who starred in coonskin?", "Bakshi hired several African American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African American female animator.", "Was the movie a success?", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters. Initial reviews were negative;", "How many copies were sold?", "I don't know.", "Who directed the movie?", "I don't know.", "Who produced the movie?", "Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights,", "Any important information?", "Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Ralph Bakshi (; born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action films. In the 1970s, he established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent and adult-oriented productions. Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote.", "Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote. He has been involved in numerous television projects as director, writer, producer, and animator. Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director.", "Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator, and then director. He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968.", "He moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968. Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972.", "Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, Fritz the Cat, released in 1972. It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "It was based on the comic strip by Robert Crumb and was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and is the most successful independent animated feature of all time. Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features.", "Over the next 11 years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features. He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983).", "He is well known for such films as Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop (1981), and Fire and Ice (1983). In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years.", "In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, which ran for two years. After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date.", "After a nine-year hiatus from feature films, he directed Cool World (1992), which was largely rewritten during production and received poor reviews, consequently being his last theatrical feature-length film to date. Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997).", "Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy (1994) and the anthology series Spicy City (1997). During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell.", "During the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting, and in 2003, co-founded the Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell. Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival.", "Bakshi has received several awards for his work, including the 1980 Golden Gryphon for The Lord of the Rings at the Giffoni Film Festival, the 1988 Annie Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation, and the 2003 Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest Film Festival. Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family.", "Early life Ralph Bakshi was born on October 29, 1938, in Haifa, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a Krymchak Jewish family. In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn.", "In 1939, his family migrated to the United States, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn. The family lived in a low-rent apartment, where Bakshi became fascinated with the urban milieu. As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them.", "As a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them. According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted.", "According to an interview in 2009, Ralph said he was very poor and the walls of his neighborhood were constantly repainted. He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open.", "He liked the feeling when he looked out the window and saw the sun as a little boy, and whenever he would walk out in the streets, someone would break the wooden crates, that were filled with food, in the push carts open. Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\"", "Ralph says this in the interview, \"And the push carts were wood, and most of the buildings were made out of old wood, going back to the turn of the century, and they were repainted a lot but the paint was faded by, you know the hundred years of snow and rain, repainted and faded again.\" Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood.", "Bakshi loved the faded colors, the nails, the wooden crates, and he would build his own toys from the wood. Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\".", "Ralph recalls, \"I had a great feeling with wood, cement, and nails\". In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom.", "In the spring of 1947, Bakshi's father and uncle traveled to Washington, DC, in search of business opportunities, and soon moved the family to the black neighborhood of Foggy Bottom. Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black.", "Bakshi recalled, \"All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black. It was segregated, so everything was black. I went to see black movies; black girls sat on my lap. I went to black parties. I was another black kid on the block.", "I was another black kid on the block. No problem!\" The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends.", "The racial segregation of local schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away; Bakshi obtained his mother's permission to attend the nearby black school with his friends. Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police.", "Most of the students had no problem with Bakshi's presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, who called the police. Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom.", "Fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white, let alone Jewish, student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom. Meanwhile, his father had been suffering from anxiety attacks. Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events.", "Within a few months, the family moved back to Brownsville, where they rarely spoke of these events. At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork.", "At the age of 15, after discovering Gene Byrnes' Complete Guide to Cartooning at the public library, Bakshi took up cartooning to document his experiences and create fantasy-influenced artwork. He stole a copy of the book and learned every lesson in it. During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing.", "During his teenaged years, Bakshi took up boxing. While attending Thomas Jefferson High School, he took little interest in academics, spending most of his time focusing on \"broads, mouthing off, and doodling\". After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office.", "After participating in a food fight and being caught smoking, Bakshi was sent to the principal's office. Believing Bakshi was unlikely to prosper at Thomas Jefferson, the principal transferred him to Manhattan's School of Industrial Art. In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning.", "In June 1956, Bakshi graduated from the school with an award in cartooning. Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde.", "Career Early career (1956–1968) When Bakshi was 18, his friend Cosmo Anzilotti was hired by the cartoon studio Terrytoons; Anzilotti recommended Bakshi to the studio's production manager, Frank Schudde. Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle.", "Bakshi was hired as a cel polisher and commuted four hours each day to the studio, based in suburban New Rochelle. His low-level position required Bakshi to carefully remove dirt and dust from animation cels. After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter.", "After a few months, Schudde was surprised that Bakshi was still showing up to work, so promoted him to cel painter. Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani.", "Bakshi began to practice animating; to give himself more time, at one point he slipped 10 cels he was supposed to work on into the \"to-do\" pile of a fellow painter, Leo Giuliani. Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side.", "Bakshi's deception was not noticed until two days later, when he was called to Schudde's office because the cels had been painted on the wrong side. When Bakshi explained that Giuliani had made the mistake, an argument ensued between the three. Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side.", "Schudde eventually took Bakshi's side. By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella.", "By this point, the studio's employees were aware of Bakshi's intention to become an animator, and he began to receive help and advice from established animators, including Connie Rasinski, Manny Davis, Jim Tyer, Larry Silverman, and Johnnie Gentilella. Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21.", "Bakshi married his first wife, Elaine, when he was 21. Their son, Mark, was born when Bakshi was 22. Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\".", "Elaine disliked his long work hours; parodying his marital problems, Bakshi drew Dum Dum and Dee Dee, a comic strip about a man determined \"to get—and keep—the girl\". As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch.", "As he perfected his animation style, he began to take on more jobs, including creating design tests for the studio's head director, Gene Deitch. Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility.", "Deitch was not convinced that Bakshi had a modern design sensibility. In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\".", "In response to the period's political climate and as a form of therapy, Bakshi drew the comic strips Bonefoot and Fudge, which satirized \"idiots with an agenda\", and Junktown, which focused on \"misfit technology and discarded ideals\". Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate.", "Bakshi's frustrations with his failing marriage and the state of the planet further drove his need to animate. In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS.", "In 1959, he moved his desk to join the rest of the animators; after asking Rasinski for material to animate, he received layouts of two scenes - a hat floating on water and a running Deputy Dawg, the lead character of a Terrytoons' series then being shown on CBS. Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist.", "Despite threats of repercussion from the animators' union, Rasinski fought to keep Bakshi as a layout artist. Bakshi began to see Rasinski as a father figure; Rasinski, childless, was happy to serve as Bakshi's mentor. At the age of 25, Bakshi was promoted to director. His first assignment was the series Sad Cat.", "His first assignment was the series Sad Cat. Bakshi and his wife had separated by then, giving him the time to animate each short alone. Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think.", "Bakshi was dissatisfied with the traditional role of a Terrytoons director: \"We didn't really 'direct' like you'd think. We were 'animation directors,' because the story department controlled the storyboards. We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried.", "We couldn't affect anything, but I still tried. I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\"", "I'd re-time, mix up soundtracks—I'd fuck with it so I could make it my own.\" Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity.", "Other animation studios, such as Hanna-Barbera, were selling shows to the networks, even as the series produced by Terrytoons (which was owned by CBS) were declining in popularity. In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS.", "In 1966, Bill Weiss asked Bakshi to help him carry presentation boards to Manhattan for a meeting with CBS. The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\".", "The network executives rejected all of Weiss's proposals as \"too sophisticated\", \"too corny\", or \"too old-timey\". As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes.", "As Fred Silverman, CBS's daytime programming chief, began to leave the office, an unprepared Bakshi pitched a superhero parody called The Mighty Heroes. He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\"", "He described the series' characters, including Strong Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Cuckoo Man, and Diaper Man: \"They fought evil wherever they could, and the villains were stupider than they were.\" The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development.", "The executives loved the idea, and while Silverman required a few drawings before committing, Weiss immediately put Bakshi to work on the series' development. Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director.", "Once Silverman saw the character designs, he confirmed that CBS would greenlight the show, on the condition that Bakshi serve as its creative director. It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment.", "It would appear as a segment of Mighty Mouse Playhouse on the network's 1966–67 Saturday-morning schedule; the series was renamed Mighty Mouse and the Mighty Heroes in recognition of the new segment. Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting.", "Bakshi received a pay raise, but was not as satisfied with his career advancement as he had anticipated; Rasinski had died in 1965, Bakshi did not have creative control over The Mighty Heroes, and he was unhappy with the quality of the animation, writing, timing, and voice acting. Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company.", "Although the series' first 20 segments were successful, Bakshi wanted to leave Terrytoons to form his own company. In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht.", "In 1967, he drew up presentation pieces for a fantasy series called Tee-Witt, with help from Anzilotti, Johnnie Zago, and Bill Foucht. On the way to the CBS offices to make his pitch, he was involved in a car accident. At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife.", "At the auto body shop, he met Liz, who later became his second wife. Though CBS passed on Tee-Witt, its designs served as the basis for Bakshi's 1977 film Wizards. While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division.", "While leaving the network offices, he learned that Paramount Pictures had recently fired Shamus Culhane, the head of its animation division. Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane.", "Bakshi met with Burt Hampft, a lawyer for the studio, and was hired to replace Culhane. Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio.", "Bakshi enlisted comic-book and pulp-fiction artists and writers Harvey Kurtzman, Lin Carter, Gray Morrow, Archie Goodwin, Wally Wood, and Jim Steranko to work at the studio. After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek.", "After finishing Culhane's uncompleted shorts, he directed, produced, wrote, and designed four short films at Paramount: The Fuz, Mini-Squirts, Marvin Digs, and Mouse Trek. Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that.", "Marvin Digs, which Bakshi conceived as a \"flower child picture\", was not completed the way he had intended: It \"was going to have curse words and sex scenes, and a lot more than that. [...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\"", "[...] Of course, they wouldn't let me do that.\" He described the disappointing result as a \"typical 1967 limited-animation theatrical\". Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\".", "Animation historian Michael Barrier called the film \"an offensively bad picture, the kind that makes people who love animation get up and leave the theater in disgust\". Production of Mighty Heroes ended when Bakshi left Terrytoons. Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967.", "Bakshi served as head of the studio for eight months before Paramount closed its animation division on December 1, 1967. He learned that his position was always intended to be temporary and that Paramount never intended to pick up his pitches. Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract.", "Although Hampft was prepared to offer Bakshi a severance package, Bakshi immediately ripped up the contract. Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood.", "Hampft suggested that Bakshi work with producer Steve Krantz, who had recently fired Culhane as supervising director on the Canadian science-fiction series Rocket Robin Hood. Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States.", "Bakshi and background artist Johnnie Vita soon headed to Toronto, planning to commute between Canada and New York, with artists such as Morrow and Wood working from the United States. Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit.", "Unknown to Bakshi, Krantz and producer Al Guest were in the middle of a lawsuit. Failing to reach a settlement with Guest, Krantz told Bakshi to grab the series' model sheets and return to the United States. When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police.", "When the studio found out, a warrant for Bakshi's arrest was issued by the Toronto police. He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing.", "He narrowly avoided capture before being stopped by an American border guard, who asked him what he was doing. Bakshi responded, \"All of these guys are heading into Canada to dodge the draft and I'm running back into the States. What the fuck is wrong with that!?\"", "What the fuck is wrong with that!?\" The guard laughed, and let Bakshi through. Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours.", "Vita was detained at the airport; he was searched and interrogated for six hours. Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\".", "Bakshi soon founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in the Garment District of Manhattan, where his mother used to work and which Bakshi described as \"the worst neighborhood in the world\". Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators.", "Bakshi Productions paid its employees higher salaries than other studios and expanded opportunities for female and minority animators. The studio began work on Rocket Robin Hood, and later took over the Spider-Man television series. Bakshi married Liz in August 1968. His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970.", "His second child, Preston, was born in June 1970. Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica.", "Fritz the Cat (1969–1972) In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica. Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal.", "Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation the studio was turning out, and wanted to produce something personal. He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life.", "He soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation.", "Krantz told Bakshi that Hollywood studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience, and would likely consider it if his first film was an adaptation. While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat.", "While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.", "Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film. Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation.", "Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi presented the drawings he had created while learning the artist's distinctive style to prove that he could adapt Crumb's artwork to animation. Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference.", "Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks for reference. Preparation began on a studio pitch that included a poster-sized cel featuring the comic's cast against a traced photo background—as Bakshi intended the film to appear. Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up.", "Despite Crumb's enthusiasm, the artist refused to sign the contract Krantz drew up. Artist Vaughn Bodē warned Bakshi against working with Crumb, describing him as \"slick\". Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\".", "Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb \"one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life\". Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract.", "Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where he stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract. After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain.", "After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain. Two weeks after Bakshi returned to New York, Krantz entered his office and told Bakshi that he had acquired the film rights through Dana, who had Crumb's power of attorney and signed the contract. Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi.", "Crumb was subsequently hostile both to the film and Bakshi. Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies.", "Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), to which Bakshi was steadfastly opposed, having wanted to kill Fritz off to avoid further movies. After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget.", "After Bakshi pitched the project to every major Hollywood studio, Warner Bros. bought it and promised an $850,000 budget. Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation.", "Bakshi hired animators with whom he had worked in the past, including Vita, Tyer, Anzilotti, and Nick Tafuri, and began the layouts and animation. The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution.", "The first completed sequence was a junkyard scene in Harlem, in which Fritz smokes marijuana, has sex, and incites a revolution. Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature.", "Krantz intended to release the sequence as a 15-minute short in case the picture's financing fell through; Bakshi, however, was determined to complete the film as a feature. They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts.", "They screened the sequence for Warner Bros. executives, who wanted the sexual content toned down and celebrities cast for the voice parts. Bakshi refused, and Warner Bros. pulled out, leading Krantz to seek funds elsewhere. He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films.", "He eventually made a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films. Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate.", "Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate. Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted.", "Despite receiving financing from other sources, including Saul Zaentz (who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label), the budget was tight enough to exclude pencil tests, so Bakshi had to test the animation by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand before they were inked and painted. When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake.", "When a cameraman realized that the cels for the desert scenes were not wide enough and revealed the transparency, Bakshi painted a cactus to cover the mistake. Very few storyboards were used. Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots.", "Bakshi and Vita walked around the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown, and Harlem, taking moody snapshots. Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation.", "Artist Ira Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation. The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan.", "The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the work of Ashcan School painters such as George Luks and John French Sloan. Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city.", "Among other unusual techniques, bent and fisheye camera perspectives were used to portray the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city. Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's.", "Many scenes featured documentary recordings of real conversations in place of scripted dialogue; this, too, would become a signature of Bakshi's. In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators.", "In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators. Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry.", "Some, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry. Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California.", "Other animators were less pleased by Bakshi's arrival and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that his \"filth\" was unwelcome in California. By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received.", "By the time production wrapped, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, despite the X rating it had received. When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\"", "When the Motion Picture Association of America gave Bakshi's film an X rating, as well, Cinemation exploited it for promotional purposes, advertising Fritz the Cat as \"90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!\" Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\".", "Variety called it an \"amusing, diverting, handsomely executed poke at youthful attitudes\". John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\"", "John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation that Fritz the Cat was \"the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States\", presenting an \"almost disturbingly accurate\" portrayal \"of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well.\" Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time.", "Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. A major hit, it became the most successful independent animated feature of all time. The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born.", "The same month as the film's release, Bakshi's daughter, Victoria, was born. Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film.", "Heavy Traffic (1972–1973) By the time Fritz the Cat was released, Bakshi had become a celebrity, but his reputation was primarily based upon his having directed the first \"dirty\" animated film. Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions.", "Facing criticism of his work on publicity tours and in trade publications, he began writing poetry to express his emotions. This became a tradition, and Bakshi wrote poems before beginning production on each of his films. The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972.", "The first of these poems was \"Street Arabs\", which preceded the production of Heavy Traffic in 1972. Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark.", "Inspiration for the film came from penny arcades, where Bakshi often played pinball, sometimes accompanied by his 12-year-old son, Mark. Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film.", "Bakshi pitched Heavy Traffic to Samuel Z. Arkoff, who expressed interest in his take on the \"tortured underground cartoonist\" and agreed to back the film. Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid.", "Krantz had not compensated Bakshi for his work on Fritz the Cat, and halfway through the production of Heavy Traffic, Bakshi asked when he would be paid. Krantz responded, \"The picture didn't make any money, Ralph. It's just a lot of noise.\"", "It's just a lot of noise.\" Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills.", "Bakshi found Krantz's claims dubious, as the producer had recently purchased a new BMW and a mansion in Beverly Hills. Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg.", "Bakshi did not have a lawyer, so he sought advice from fellow directors with whom he had become friendly, including Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg. He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied.", "He soon accused Krantz of ripping him off, which the producer denied. As he continued to work on Heavy Traffic, Bakshi began pitching his next project, Harlem Nights, a film loosely based on the Uncle Remus story books. The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather.", "The idea interested producer Albert S. Ruddy, whom Bakshi encountered at a screening of The Godfather. Bakshi received a call from Krantz, who questioned him about Harlem Nights. Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up.", "Bakshi said, \"I can't talk about that\", and hung up. After locking Bakshi out of the studio the next day, Krantz called several directors, including Chuck Jones, in search of a replacement. Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later.", "Arkoff threatened to withdraw his financial backing unless Krantz rehired Bakshi, who returned a week later. Bakshi wanted the voices to sound organic, so he experimented with improvisation, allowing his actors to ad lib during the recording sessions. Several animation sequences appear as rough sketchbook pages. The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs.", "The film also incorporated live-action footage and photographs. Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X.", "Although Krantz, in an attempt to get the film an R rating, prepared different versions of scenes involving sex and violence, Heavy Traffic was rated X. Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office.", "Due to the success of Fritz the Cat, though, many theaters were willing to book adult-oriented animation, and the film did well at the box office. Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful movies released consecutively. Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics.", "Heavy Traffic was very well received by critics. Newsweek applauded its \"black humor, powerful grotesquerie, and peculiar raw beauty.\" The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent.", "The Hollywood Reporter called it \"shocking, outrageous, offensive, sometimes incoherent, occasionally unintelligent. However, it is also an authentic work of movie art and Bakshi is certainly the most creative American animator since Disney.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\".", "Vincent Canby of The New York Times ranked Heavy Traffic among his \"Ten Best Films of 1973\". Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada.", "Upon release, the movie was banned by the Film Censorship Board in the province of Alberta, Canada. Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute.", "Coonskin (1973–1975) In 1973, Bakshi and Ruddy began the production of Harlem Nights, which Paramount was originally contracted to distribute. While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity.", "While Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic proved that adult-oriented animation could be financially successful, animated films were still not respected, and Bakshi's pictures were considered to be \"dirty Disney flicks\" that were \"mature\" only for depicting sex, drugs, and profanity. Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes.", "Harlem Nights, based on Bakshi's firsthand experiences with racism, was an attack on racist prejudices and stereotypes. Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\".", "Bakshi cast Scatman Crothers, Philip Michael Thomas, Barry White, and Charles Gordone in live-action and voice roles, cutting in and out of animation abruptly rather than seamlessly because he wanted to prove that the two media could \"coexist with neither excuse nor apology\". He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\".", "He wrote a song for Crothers to sing during the opening title sequence: \"Ah'm a Niggerman\". Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat.", "Its structure was rooted in the history of the slave plantation - slaves would \"shout\" lines from poems and stories great distances across fields in unison, creating a natural beat. Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\".", "Bakshi has described its vocal style, backed by fast guitar licks, as an \"early version of rap\". Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography.", "Bakshi intended to attack stereotypes by portraying them directly, culling imagery from blackface iconography. Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected.", "Early designs in which the main characters (Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox) resembled figures from The Wind in the Willows were rejected. Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia.", "Bakshi juxtaposed stereotypical designs of blacks with even more negative depictions of white racists, but the film's strongest criticism is directed at the Mafia. Bakshi said, \"I was sick of all the hero worship these guys got because of The Godfather.\" Production concluded in 1973.", "Production concluded in 1973. Production concluded in 1973. During editing, the title was changed to Coonskin No More..., and finally to Coonskin. Bakshi hired several African-American animators to work on Coonskin, including Brenda Banks, the first African-American female animator. Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators.", "Bakshi also hired graffiti artists and trained them to work as animators. The film's release was delayed by protests from the Congress of Racial Equality, which called Bakshi and his film racist. After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles.", "After its distribution was contracted to the Bryanston Distributing Company, Paramount cancelled a project that Bakshi and Ruddy were developing, The American Chronicles. Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters.", "Coonskin, advertised as an exploitation film, was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters. Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\"", "Initial reviews were negative; Playboy commented that \"Bakshi seems to throw in a little of everything and he can't quite pull it together.\" Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere.", "Eventually, positive reviews appeared in The Hollywood Reporter, New York Amsterdam News (an African-American newspaper), and elsewhere. The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\".", "The New York Times Richard Eder said the film \"could be [Bakshi's] masterpiece [...] a shattering successful effort to use an uncommon form—cartoons and live action combined-to convey the hallucinatory violence and frustration of American city life, specifically black city life [...] lyrically violent, yet in no way [does it] exploit violence\". Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\".", "Variety called it a \"brutal satire from the streets\". A reviewer for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner wrote, \"Certainly, it will outrage some and, indeed, it's not Disney. [...] The dialog it has obviously generated—if not the box-office obstacles—seems joltingly healthy.\" Bakshi called Coonskin his best film.", "Bakshi called Coonskin his best film. Hey Good Lookin' (1973–1975/1982) After production concluded on Harlem Nights, Bakshi wanted to distinguish himself artistically by producing a film in which live action and animated characters would interact. Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film.", "Bakshi said, \"The illusion I attempted to create was that of a completely live-action film. Making it work almost drove us crazy.\"", "Making it work almost drove us crazy.\" Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva.", "Hey Good Lookin' is set in Brooklyn during the 1950s; its lead characters are Vinnie, the leader of a gang named \"The Stompers\", his friend Crazy Shapiro, and their girlfriends, Roz and Eva. Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman.", "Vinnie and Crazy Shapiro were based on Bakshi's high-school friends Norman Darrer and Allen Schechterman. Warner Bros. optioned the screenplay and greenlit the film in 1973. An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975.", "An initial version of Hey Good Lookin' was completed in 1975. A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely.", "A three-minute promotion of this version was screened at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival, and the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1975 release, but was moved to the summers of 1976 and later 1977, before ultimately being postponed indefinitely. Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project.", "Warner Bros. was concerned about any controversy the film would encounter as a result of the backlash over the film Coonskin, and felt that the film was \"unreleasable\" because of its mix of live action and animation, and it would not spend further money on the project. Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop.", "Bakshi financed the film's completion himself from the director's fees for other projects such as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, and American Pop. The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls.", "The live-action sequences of Hey Good Lookin' were gradually replaced by animation; among the eliminated live-action sequences was one featuring the glam punk band New York Dolls. Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara.", "Singer Dan Hicks worked on the initial musical score, but the final version was scored by John Madara. Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983.", "Hey Good Lookin' opened in New York City on October 1, 1982, and was released in Los Angeles in January 1983. The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets.", "The film's release was limited, and went largely unnoticed in the United States, although it garnered respectable business in foreign markets. In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\".", "In a brief review, Vincent Canby wrote that it was \"not exactly incoherent, but whatever it originally had on its mind seems to have slipped away\". Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage.", "Animation historian Jerry Beck wrote, \"the beginning of the film is quite promising, with a garbage can discussing life on the streets with some garbage. This is an example of what Bakshi did best—using the medium of animation to comment on society. Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film.", "Unfortunately, he doesn't do it enough in this film. There is a wildly imaginative fantasy sequence during the climax, when the character named Crazy starts hallucinating during a rooftop shooting spree. This scene almost justifies the whole film.", "This scene almost justifies the whole film. But otherwise, this is a rehash of ideas better explored in Coonskin, Heavy Traffic, and Fritz the Cat.\" The film has since gained a cult following through cable television and home video. Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets.", "Quentin Tarantino stated that he preferred Hey Good Lookin' to Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets. Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox.", "Shift to fantasy film (1976–1978) In 1976, Bakshi pitched War Wizards to 20th Century Fox. Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films.", "Returning to the fantasy drawings he had created in high school for inspiration, Bakshi intended to prove that he could produce a \"family picture\" that had the same impact as his adult-oriented films. British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs.", "British illustrator Ian Miller and comic book artist Mike Ploog were hired to contribute backgrounds and designs. The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests.", "The crew included Vita, Turek, Sparey, Vitello and Spence, who had become comfortable with Bakshi's limited storyboarding and lack of pencil tests. As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film.", "As the production costs increased, Fox president Alan Ladd, Jr. declined Bakshi's requests for salary increases, and refused to give him $50,000 to complete the film. At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars.", "At the same time, Ladd was dealing with similar budget problems on George Lucas's Star Wars. Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves.", "Bakshi and Lucas had negotiated contracts entitling them to franchise ownership, merchandising and back-end payment, so Ladd suggested that they fund the completion of their films themselves. Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances.", "Bakshi chose rotoscoping as a cost-effective way to complete the movie's battle scenes with his own finances. Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed.", "Because he could not afford to hire a film crew or actors, or develop 35mm stock, Bakshi requested prints of films that contained the type of large battle scenes needed, including Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky, and spliced together the footage he needed. However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million.", "However, the cost of printing photographs of each frame would have cost $3 million. Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame.", "Learning that IBM had introduced an industrial-sized photocopier, Bakshi asked one of the company's technical experts if he would be able to feed 35mm reels into the machine to produce enlarged copies of each frame. The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy.", "The experiment worked, and Bakshi got the pages he needed for a penny per copy. As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards.", "As War Wizards neared completion, Lucas requested that Bakshi change the title of his film to Wizards to avoid conflict with Star Wars; Bakshi agreed because Lucas had allowed Mark Hamill to take time off from Star Wars to record a voice for Wizards. Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience.", "Although Wizards received a limited release, it was successful in the theaters that showed it and developed a worldwide audience. Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\".", "Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader saw it as \"marred by cut-rate techniques and a shapeless screenplay\". In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\"", "In the view of film historian Jerry Beck, the lead character, an aging sorcerer, \"clearly owes much to cartoonist Vaughn Bodé's Cheech Wizard character.\" In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film.", "In late 1976, Bakshi learned that John Boorman was contracted to direct an adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, in which J. R. R. Tolkien's three-volume novel would be condensed into a single film. Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay.", "Bakshi arranged a meeting with Mike Medavoy, United Artists' head of production, who agreed to let Bakshi direct in exchange for the $3 million that had been spent on Boorman's screenplay. Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings.", "Down the hall from Medavoy was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer president Dan Melnick, who interrupted a meeting with Peter Bogdanovich when he learned that Bakshi wanted to discuss acquiring the rights to The Lord of the Rings. Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd.", "Melnick agreed to pay United Artists $3 million, but was soon fired; the project was canceled by his replacement, Dick Shepherd. Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two.", "Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who wrote a check to cover MGM's debt and agreed to fund the $8 million budget for the first of what was initially planned as a series of three films, and later negotiated down to two. Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film.", "Before production began, Bakshi and Zaentz insisted that the Tolkien estate receive residuals from the film. Bakshi did not want to produce a broad cartoon version of the tale, so he planned to shoot the entire film in live action and animate the footage with rotoscoping. The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage.", "The film also incorporated brief cel animation and straightforward live-action footage. Production of the live-action sequences took place in Spain. During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film.", "During the middle of a large shoot, union bosses called for a lunch break, and Bakshi secretly shot footage of actors in Orc costumes moving toward the craft service table, and used the footage in the film. Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints.", "Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation \"beautiful\", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints. After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\"", "After the Spanish film development lab discovered that telephone lines, helicopters and cars were visible in the footage, they tried to incinerate it, telling Bakshi's first assistant director, \"if that kind of sloppy cinematography got out, no one from Hollywood would ever come back to Spain to shoot again.\" When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen.", "When Bakshi returned to the United States, he learned that the cost of developing blown-up prints of each frame had risen. He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply.", "He did not want to repeat the process that had been used on Wizards, which was unsuitable for the level of detail he intended for The Lord of the Rings, so Bakshi and camera technician Ted Bemiller created their own photographic enlarger to process the footage cheaply. Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look.", "Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look. Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn.", "Among the voice actors was the well-regarded John Hurt, who performed the role of Aragorn. The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role.", "The project's prominence brought heavy trade journal coverage, and fans such as Mick Jagger visited the studio for the chance to play a role. Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating.", "Animator Carl Bell loved drawing Aragorn so much that Bakshi gave Bell the live-action Aragorn costume, which he wore while animating. Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release.", "Viewing The Lord of the Rings as a holiday film, United Artists pressured Bakshi to complete it on schedule for its intended November 15, 1978, release. Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow.", "Once it was finished, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete story; over his objections, The Lord of the Rings was marketed with no indication that a second part would follow. Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\".", "Reviews of the film were mixed, but it was generally seen as a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\". Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\".", "Newsdays Joseph Gelmis wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the moment\". Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\".", "Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a \"mixed blessing\" and \"an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story\". Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\".", "Vincent Canby found it \"both numbing and impressive\". David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book.", "David Denby of New York felt that the film would not make sense to viewers who had not read the book. He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\"", "He wrote that it was too dark and lacked humor, concluding, \"The lurid, meaningless violence of this movie left me exhausted and sickened by the end.\" The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million.", "The film, which cost $4 million to produce, grossed $30.5 million. The studio refused to fund the sequel, which would have adapted the remainder of the story. The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival.", "The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival. American Pop and Fire and Ice (1979–1983) Following the production struggles of The Lord of the Rings, Bakshi decided to work on something more personal. He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick.", "He pitched American Pop to Columbia Pictures president Dan Melnick. Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals.", "Bakshi wanted to produce a film in which songs would be given a new context in juxtaposition to the visuals. American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role.", "American Pop follows four generations of a Russian Jewish immigrant family of musicians, whose careers parallel the history of American pop and starred actor Ron Thompson in a dual lead role. While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville.", "While the film does not reflect Bakshi's own experiences, its themes were strongly influenced by people he had encountered in Brownsville. The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams.", "The film's crew included character layout and design artist Louise Zingarelli, Vita, Barry E. Jackson, and Marcia Adams. Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story.", "Bakshi again used rotoscoping, in an attempt to capture the range of emotions and movement required for the film's story. According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\"", "According to Bakshi, \"Rotoscoping is terrible for subtleties, so it was tough to get facial performances to match the stage ones.\" Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million.", "Bakshi was able to acquire the rights to an extensive soundtrack—including songs by Janis Joplin, The Doors, George Gershwin, The Mamas & the Papas, Herbie Hancock, Lou Reed, and Louis Prima—for under $1 million. Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success.", "Released on February 12, 1981, the film was a financial success. The New York Times Vincent Canby wrote, \"I'm amazed at the success that Mr. Bakshi has in turning animated characters into figures of real feelings.\" Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\".", "Jerry Beck called it \"one of Bakshi's best films\". Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998.", "Due to music clearance issues, it was not released on home video until 1998. By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta.", "By 1982, fantasy films such as The Beastmaster and Conan the Barbarian had proven successful at the box office, and Bakshi wanted to work with his long-time friend, the fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta. Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute.", "Fire and Ice was financed by some of American Pops investors for $1.2 million, while 20th Century Fox agreed to distribute. Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork.", "Fire and Ice was the most action-oriented story Bakshi had directed, so he again used rotoscoping; the realism of the design and rotoscoped animation replicated Frazetta's artwork. Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot.", "Bakshi and Frazetta were heavily involved in the production of the live-action sequences, from casting sessions to the final shoot. The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks.", "The film's crew included background artists James Gurney and Thomas Kinkade, layout artist Peter Chung, and established Bakshi Productions artists Sparey, Steve Gordon, Bell and Banks. Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company.", "Chung greatly admired Bakshi's and Frazetta's work, and animated his sequences while working for The Walt Disney Company. The film was given a limited release, and was financially unsuccessful. Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series.", "Andrew Leal wrote, \"The plot is standard [...] recalling nothing so much as a more graphic episode of Filmation's He-Man series. [...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\"", "[...] Fire and Ice essentially stands as a footnote to the spate of barbarian films that followed in the wake of Arnold Schwarzenegger's appearance as Conan.\" Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes.", "Unproduced projects and temporary retirement (1983–1986) After production of Fire and Ice wrapped, Bakshi attempted several projects that fell through, including adaptations of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, William Kotzwinkle's The Fan Man, E. R. Eddison's The Worm Ouroboros, Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer novels and an anthropomorphic depiction of Sherlock Holmes. He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?.", "He turned down offers to direct Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film).", "He passed the latter to Ridley Scott, who adapted it into the 1982 film Blade Runner (although he was planning a TV version of said film). During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield.", "During this period, Bakshi reread J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, which he had first read in high school, and saw parallels between his situation and that of the book's protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes.", "Inspired to seek the film rights, he intended to shoot the story's bracketing sequences in live action and to animate the core flashback scenes. Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980.", "Salinger had rejected previous offers to adapt the novel, and had not made a public appearance since 1965 or granted an interview since 1980. Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form.", "Bakshi sent Salinger a letter explaining why he should be allowed to adapt the novel; the writer responded by thanking Bakshi and asserting that the novel was unfit for any medium other than its original form. Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting.", "Prompted in part by Salinger's letter, Bakshi briefly retired to focus on painting. During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s.", "During this time he completed the screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, a live-action feature he had been developing since the late 1960s. United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s.", "United Artists and Paramount Pictures each paid Bakshi to develop the film in the 1970s, but were unwilling to produce it, as were the studios he pitched the film to in the 1980s. According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands.", "According to Bakshi, \"They thought that no one was going to admit that women can—and do—cheat on their husbands. They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\"", "They thought it was too hot, which made no sense.\" In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video.", "In 1985, he received a phone call from The Rolling Stones' manager, Tony King, who told Bakshi that the band had recorded a cover of Bob & Earl's \"Harlem Shuffle\", and wanted Bakshi to direct the music video. He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards.", "He was told that the live-action shoot needed to be completed within one day (January 28, 1986) for it to be shown at the Grammy Awards. Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks.", "Production designer Wolf Kroeger was forced to drastically compact his sets, and animation director and designer John Kricfalusi had to push his team, including Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith and Bob Jaques, to complete the animation within a few weeks. The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths.", "The band's arrival at the set was delayed by a snowstorm and several takes were ruined when the cameras crossed paths. Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time.", "Bakshi was forced to pay the union wages out of his own fees, and the continuity between Kricfalusi's animation and the live-action footage did not match; however, the video was completed on time. Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills.", "Bakshi recognized Kricfalusi's talent, and wanted to put him in charge of a project that would showcase the young animator's skills. Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era.", "Bakshi and Kricfalusi co-wrote the screenplay Bobby's Girl as a take on the teen films of the era. Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles.", "Jeff Sagansky, president of production at TriStar Pictures, put up $150,000 to develop the project, prompting Bakshi to move back to Los Angeles. When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing.", "When Sagansky left TriStar, Bakshi was forced to pitch the film again, but the studio's new executives did not understand its appeal and cut off financing. Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction.", "Bakshi and Zingarelli began to develop a feature about Hollywood's Golden Age, and Bakshi Productions crewmembers worked on proposed cartoons influenced by pulp fiction. Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest.", "Bobby's Girl was reworked as a potential prime time series called Suzy's in Love, but attracted no serious interest. They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either.", "They would try again in 2003 over at Spümcø, but nothing came from this either. Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block.", "Return to television (1987–1989) In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block. Three days before the meeting, Bakshi, Kricfalusi, Naylor, Tom Minton, Eddie Fitzgerald and Jim Reardon met to brainstorm. Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows.", "Bakshi remembers, \"My car was packed to the windows. Judy was my last stop before driving cross country back to New York to my family.\" Price rejected Bakshi's prepared pitches, but asked what else he had. He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series.", "He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, and she agreed to purchase the series. However, Bakshi did not own the rights and did not know who did. While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it.", "While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it. According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\"", "According to Bakshi, \"I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!\" Kricfalusi's team wrote story outlines for thirteen episodes in a week and pitched them to Price. By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios.", "By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios. Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987.", "Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987. This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside.", "This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside. Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others.", "Each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others. Although the scripts required approval by CBS executives, Kricfalusi insisted that the artists add visual gags as they drew. Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series.", "Bruce Timm, Andrew Stanton, Dave Marshall and Jeff Pidgeon were among the artists who worked on the series. Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes.", "Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes. During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use.", "During the production of the episode \"The Littlest Tramp\", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use. Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene.", "Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene. Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored.", "Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored. Following Kricfalusi's advice, Bakshi told Klein to restore the scene, which had been approved by network executives and the CBS standards and practices department. The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy.", "The episode aired on October 31, 1987, without controversy. In 1988, Bakshi received an Annie Award for \"Distinguished Contribution to the Art of Animation\". The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips.", "The same year, he began production on a series pilot loosely adapted from his Junktown comic strips. According to Bakshi, the proposed series \"was going to be a revitalization of cartoon style from the '20s and '30s. It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\"", "It was gonna have Duke Ellington and Fats Waller jazzing up the soundtrack.\" Nickelodeon was initially willing to greenlight 39 episodes of Junktown. On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy.", "On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that \"The Littlest Tramp\" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy. The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic.", "The AFA, during its incarnation as the National Federation for Decency, had previously targeted CBS as an \"accessory to murder\" after a mother killed her daughter following an airing of Exorcist II: The Heretic. Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\"", "Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS \"intentionally hired a known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine.\" Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression.", "Bakshi responded, \"You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression. Fritz the Cat wasn't pornography. It was social commentary. This all smacks of burning books and the Third Reich. It smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what.", "I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy!\" On CBS's order, Klein removed the sequence from the master broadcast footage. Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\".", "Wildmon claimed that the edits were \"a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine\". Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy.", "Despite receiving an award from Action for Children's Television, favorable reviews, and a ranking in Time magazine's \"Best of '87\" feature, Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was canceled by CBS following the controversy. The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown.", "The incident had a ripple effect, weakening Nickelodeon's commitment to Junktown. Bakshi has also stated that \"we were trying something different [...] but a series didn't make sense. It just didn't work\".", "It just didn't work\". The series was scrapped, and the completed pilot aired as a special, Christmas in Tattertown, in December 1988. It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon.", "It was the first original animated special created for Nickelodeon. Bakshi moved into a warehouse loft in downtown Los Angeles to clear his head, and was offered $50,000 to direct a half-hour live-action film for PBS's Imagining America anthology series. Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father.", "Mark Bakshi produced the film, This Ain't Bebop, his first professional collaboration with his father. Bakshi wrote a poem influenced by Jack Kerouac, jazz, the Beat Generation and Brooklyn that served as the narration, which was spoken by Harvey Keitel. After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts.", "After a car crash, Bakshi completed the post-production in stitches and casts. Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\"", "Bakshi said of the work, \"It's the most proud I've been of a picture since Coonskin—the last real thing I did with total integrity.\" As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT.", "As a result of the film, Bakshi received an offer to adapt Dr. Seuss's The Butter Battle Book for TNT. Ted Geisel had never been satisfied with the previous screen versions of his Dr. Seuss work. Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product.", "Bakshi wanted to produce an entirely faithful adaptation, and Geisel—who agreed to storyboard the special himself—was pleased with the final product. Bakshi next directed the pilot Hound Town for NBC; he described the result as \"an embarrassing piece of shit\". Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project.", "Besides Bakshi, sitcom alumus Rob Sternin and Prudence Fraser wrote and produced the project. Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film.", "Cool World, continued television projects and semi-retirement (1990–1997) In 1990, Bakshi pitched Cool World to Paramount Pictures as a partially animated horror film. The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him.", "The concept involved a cartoon and human having sex and conceiving a hybrid child who visits the real world to murder the father who abandoned him. The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve.", "The live-action footage was intended to look like \"a living, walk-through painting\", a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve. Massive sets were constructed on a sound stage in Las Vegas, based on enlargements of designer Barry Jackson's paintings. The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons.", "The animation was strongly influenced by the house styles of Fleischer Studios and Terrytoons. As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original.", "As the sets were being built, producer Frank Mancuso Jr., son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr., had the screenplay rewritten in secret; the new version, by Michael Grais and Mark Victor, was radically different from Bakshi's original. Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film.", "Paramount threatened to sue Bakshi if he did not complete the film. As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting.", "As Bakshi and Mancuso wrangled over their creative differences, Bakshi and the studio also began to fight over the film's casting. To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time.", "To keep actor Brad Pitt, Bakshi had to replace Drew Barrymore, his original choice for the character of Holli Would, with Kim Basinger, a bigger box office draw at the time. The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\"", "The film's animators were never given a screenplay, and were instead told by Bakshi, \"Do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!\" Designer Milton Knight recalled that \"audiences actually wanted a wilder, raunchier Cool World. The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\"", "The premiere audience I saw it with certainly did.\" The critical reaction to the film was generally negative. Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!'", "Roger Ebert wrote, \"The DJ who was hosting the radio station's free preview of Cool World leaped onto the stage and promised the audience: 'If you liked Roger Rabbit, you'll love Cool World!' He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie.", "He was wrong, but you can't blame him—he hadn't seen the movie. I have, and I will now promise you that if you liked Roger Rabbit, quit while you're ahead.\" The film was a box-office disappointment. While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting.", "While other film projects followed, Bakshi began to focus more attention on painting. In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series.", "In 1993, Lou Arkoff, the son of Samuel Z. Arkoff, approached Bakshi to write and direct a low-budget live-action feature for Showtime's Rebel Highway series. For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy.", "For the third time, Bakshi revisited his screenplay for If I Catch Her, I'll Kill Her, which he retitled Cool and the Crazy. The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint.", "The picture, which aired September 16, 1994, starred Jared Leto, Alicia Silverstone, Jennifer Blanc and Matthew Flint. Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films.", "Reviewer Todd Everett noted that it had the same \"hyperdrive visual sense\" of Bakshi's animated films. He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday.", "He said, \"Everything in 'Cool' [...] seems to exist in pastels and Bakshi shoots from more odd angles than any director since Sidney J. Furie in his heyday. And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen.", "And the closing sequences ably demonstrate how it's possible to present strong violence without any blood being shed onscreen. Bakshi pulls strong [performances] from a cadre of youngish and largely unknown actors\". In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon!", "In 1995, Hanna-Barbera producer Fred Seibert offered Bakshi the chance to create two animated short films for Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon! : Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin.", ": Malcom and Melvin and Babe, He Calls Me, focusing on a trumpet-playing cockroach named Malcom and his best friend, a clown named Melvin. Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result.", "Both were heavily edited after Bakshi turned them in and he disowned them as a result. Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa.", "Bakshi was subsequently contacted by HBO, which was looking to launch the first animated series specifically for adults, an interest stirred by discussions involving a series based upon Trey Parker and Matt Stone's video Christmas card, Jesus vs. Santa. Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future.", "Bakshi enlisted a team of writers, including his son Preston, to develop Spicy Detective, later renamed Spicy City, an anthology series set in a noir-ish, technology-driven future. Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips.", "Each episode was narrated by a female host named Raven, voiced by Michelle Phillips. The series premiered in July 1997—one month before the debut of Parker and Stone's South Park—and thus became the first \"adults only\" cartoon series. Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings.", "Although critical reaction was largely unfavorable, Spicy City received acceptable ratings. A second season was approved, but the network wanted to fire Bakshi's writing team and hire professional Los Angeles screenwriters. When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled.", "When Bakshi refused to cooperate, the series was canceled. Painting, teaching and new animation projects (2000–2013) Bakshi retired from animation once more, returning to his painting. In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts.", "In 2000, he began teaching an undergraduate animation class at New York's School of Visual Arts. On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky.", "On December 14, 2001, he did some paintings for the Cameron Crowe film Vanilla Sky. He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film.", "He later became involved in several screen projects, including a development deal with the Sci Fi Channel, In September 2002, Bakshi, Liz and their dogs moved to New Mexico, where he became more productive than ever in his painting and began development on the Last Days of Coney Island film. In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\".", "In 2003, he appeared as the Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" of John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy \"Adult Party Cartoon\". In September 2008, Main Street Pictures announced that it would collaborate with Bakshi on a sequel to Wizards. In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues.", "In 2012, Bakshi began producing the short film series Bakshi Blues. The first of these shorts, Trickle Dickle Down, contains reused animation from Coonskin and criticizes 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America.", "The shorts were to focus on \"old and new characters\" and comment on modern-day America. Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island.", "Last Days of Coney Island (2013–2016) In February 2013, Bakshi launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to obtain funding for his latest film, Last Days of Coney Island. Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online.", "Actor Matthew Modine was cast in the film in February 2013 after Modine, a longtime Bakshi fan, came across the film's Kickstarter campaign online. Last Days of Coney Island was released on Vimeo in 2015. Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016.", "Bakshi released the film for free on YouTube on 13 October 2016. Post-animation (2015–present) After he quit the animation industry, Bakshi did multiple interviews with the media and on podcasts. He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family.", "He continues to sell art on eBay and his website, both run by the Bakshi family. He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people.", "He currently sells an art series called Little Guys and Gals, which are fictional portraits of cartoon people. The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys.", "The series originated in November 2020 as random character sketches and officially began in January 2021, originally calling the series Little Gals and Little Guys. Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021.", "Bakshi appeared as a guest at a Canadian film festival which celebrates animation, SPARK Animation, which was held virtually, from October 28 to November 7, 2021. Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell.", "Accolades In 2003, Bakshi received a Maverick Tribute Award at the Cinequest San Jose Film Festival the same year he began teaching an animation class in New Mexico - this became The Bakshi School of Animation and Cartooning, which is run by Ralph's son Edward and his partner Jess Gorell. The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice.", "The Online Film Critics Society released a list of the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" in March 2003 that included four of Bakshi's films: Fritz the Cat, The Lord of the Rings, Coonskin and Fire and Ice. Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons.", "Fritz the Cat was ranked number 56 in the 2004 poll conducted by Britain's Channel 4 for its documentary The 100 Greatest Cartoons. The Museum of Modern Art has added Bakshi's films to its collection for preservation. In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute.", "In the 1980s and 1990s he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute. In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films.", "In 2021, Ralph Bakshi won the Animafest Zagreb Lifetime Achievement Award for his animation career and the impact of his films. Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005.", "Legacy The availability of Bakshi's work on the Internet sparked a resurgence of interest in his career, resulting in a three-day American Cinematheque retrospective held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood and the Aero Theater in Santa Monica, California, in April 2005. Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008.", "Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, a hardcover book of Bakshi's art, was released on April 1, 2008. The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi.", "The foreword was written by Quentin Tarantino and the afterword by Bakshi. His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it.", "His rotoscoping techniques in Lord of the Rings inspired the animation rotoscoping techniques of the independent film The Spine of Night in which the animator developed his own rotoscope style by watching behind-the-scenes footage of Bakshi's warehouse and reverse-engineering it. Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation.", "Billie Eilish had the idea for an animated version of herself for her in the concert film Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles (which is a promotion for the album of the same name) and suggested to director Patrick Osborne that the character should have a 1980s look and rotoscope-ish animation. Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him.", "Eilish referenced the works of Bakshi and animator Richard Williams to him. Gore Verbinski commented about Bakshi and showed that he was inspired by him during an interview in The Hollywood Reporter for his first animated movie, Rango, saying: \"What happened to the Ralph Bakshis of the world? We're all sitting here talking family entertainment.", "We're all sitting here talking family entertainment. Does animation have to be family entertainment? Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\"", "Audiences want something new; they just can't articulate what.\" On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience.", "On January 12, 2014, at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, there was a special screening of Bakshi's film American Pop with actors Ron Thompson and Mews Small in attendance, it was the first time lead actor Ron Thompson had ever introduced the film before a live audience. At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending.", "At the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California, on March 27, 2015, there was a screening of Heavy Traffic and American Pop with Bakshi, Ron Thompson and Mews Small attending. Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film.", "Fritz the Cat has also been called an animated art film. Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives.", "Filmography Films Television I Selected episodes II Provided the voices of Connelly and Goldblum in the episode \"Sex Drive\", and Stevie in the episode \"Mano's Hands\" III Provided the voice of the Super Hero IV Animated in conjunction with Doug Compton V Provided the voice of Fire Chief in the episode \"Fire Dogs 2\" Releases and ratings Bibliography Ralph Bakshi: A Private selection of drawings released from the Bakshi Archives. 2018 - 2019; Book 1 (2019) Ralph Bakshi: No Rhyme or Reason; Book 2 (2020) See also Heavy Metal Ron Thompson John Kricfalusi Katsuhiro Otomo Rock & Rule Independent animation New Hollywood Notes References External links Official page filmography Archived 'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung interview at PopMatters Rotospective: Ralph Bakshi, Lessons in Artistry, Rebellion and Success a profile at AgentPalmer.com 1938 births American animators American comic strip cartoonists American experimental filmmakers American film producers American animated film producers American storyboard artists American television directors Television producers from New York City American television writers 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters 21st-century American male writers American male screenwriters American male voice actors American animated film directors American people of Palestinian-Jewish descent Jewish American artists American satirists Jews in Mandatory Palestine Living people American male television writers People from Haifa Terrytoons people Underground cartoonists American voice directors Krymchaks Artists from New York City High School of Art and Design alumni Mandatory Palestine emigrants to the United States People from Brownsville, Brooklyn Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni Film directors from New York (state) 21st-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers Screenwriters from New York (state) Inkpot Award winners Famous Studios people" ]

[ "James Fenimore Cooper", "Early life and family" ]

[ "Miguel Skrobot (Warsaw, 1873 – Curitiba, February 20, 1912) was a businessman Brazilian of Polish origin.\n\nMiguel Skrobot was born in 1873, in Warsaw, Poland, to José Skrobot and Rosa Skrobot. When he was 18 he migrated to Brazil and settled in Curitiba as a merchant.\n\nHe married Maria Pansardi, who was born in Tibagi, Paraná, to Italian immigrants, and she bore him three children. He kept a steam-powered factory where he worked on grinding and toasting coffee beans under the \"Rio Branco\" brand, located on the spot where today stands the square called Praça Zacarias (square located in the center of Curitiba). He also owned a grocery store near Praça Tiradentes (also a square in the center of Curitiba, where the city was born). He died an early death, when he was 39, on February 20, 1912.\n\nReferences\n\n1873 births\n1912 deaths\nBrazilian businesspeople\nPeople from Curitiba\nPolish emigrants to Brazil", "Adolf von Rauch (22 April 1798 - 12 December 1882) was a German paper manufacturer in Heilbronn, where he was born and died and where he was a major builder of social housing.\n\nPapermakers\n1798 births\n1882 deaths\nPeople from Heilbronn" ]

[ "James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was an American writer of the first half of the 19th century. His historical romances depicting colonist and Indigenous characters from the 17th to the 19th centuries created a unique form of American literature.", "His historical romances depicting colonist and Indigenous characters from the 17th to the 19th centuries created a unique form of American literature. He lived much of his boyhood and the last fifteen years of life in Cooperstown, New York, which was founded by his father William Cooper on property that he owned.", "He lived much of his boyhood and the last fifteen years of life in Cooperstown, New York, which was founded by his father William Cooper on property that he owned. Cooper became a member of the Episcopal Church shortly before his death and contributed generously to it.", "Cooper became a member of the Episcopal Church shortly before his death and contributed generously to it. He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society.", "He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society. After a stint on a commercial voyage, Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings.", "After a stint on a commercial voyage, Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings. The novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about espionage set during the American Revolutionary War and published in 1821.", "The novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about espionage set during the American Revolutionary War and published in 1821. He also created American sea stories.", "He also created American sea stories. His best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period, written between 1823 and 1841, known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which introduced the iconic American frontier scout, Natty Bumppo.", "His best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period, written between 1823 and 1841, known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which introduced the iconic American frontier scout, Natty Bumppo. Cooper's works on the U.S. Navy have been well received among naval historians, but they were sometimes criticized by his contemporaries.", "Cooper's works on the U.S. Navy have been well received among naval historians, but they were sometimes criticized by his contemporaries. Among his more famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece.", "Among his more famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece. Throughout his career, he published numerous social, political, and historical works of fiction and non-fiction with the objective of countering European prejudices and nurturing an original American art and culture.", "Throughout his career, he published numerous social, political, and historical works of fiction and non-fiction with the objective of countering European prejudices and nurturing an original American art and culture. Early life and family James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh of 12 children, half of whom died during infancy or childhood.", "Early life and family James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh of 12 children, half of whom died during infancy or childhood. Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development.", "Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development. Later, his father was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from Otsego County.", "Later, his father was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from Otsego County. Their town was in a central area of New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River that had previously been patented to Colonel George Croghan by the Province of New York in 1769.", "Their town was in a central area of New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River that had previously been patented to Colonel George Croghan by the Province of New York in 1769. Croghan mortgaged the land before the Revolution and after the war part of the tract was sold at public auction to William Cooper and his business partner Andrew Craig.", "Croghan mortgaged the land before the Revolution and after the war part of the tract was sold at public auction to William Cooper and his business partner Andrew Craig. By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established.", "By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established. He erected a home on the shore of Otsego Lake and moved his family there in the autumn of 1790. Several years later he began construction of the mansion that became known as Otsego Hall, completed in 1799 when James was ten.", "Several years later he began construction of the mansion that became known as Otsego Hall, completed in 1799 when James was ten. Cooper was enrolled at Yale University at age 13, but he incited a dangerous prank which involved blowing up another student's door—after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room.", "Cooper was enrolled at Yale University at age 13, but he incited a dangerous prank which involved blowing up another student's door—after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room. He was expelled in his third year without completing his degree, so he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and joined the crew of a merchant vessel at age 17.", "He was expelled in his third year without completing his degree, so he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and joined the crew of a merchant vessel at age 17. By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him by an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson.", "By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him by an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson. William Cooper died when James was 20; all five of his sons inherited a supposed-large fortune in money, securities, and land titles, which soon proved to be a wealth of endless litigation.", "William Cooper died when James was 20; all five of his sons inherited a supposed-large fortune in money, securities, and land titles, which soon proved to be a wealth of endless litigation. He married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811, at age 21.", "He married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811, at age 21. She was from a wealthy family who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution. The Coopers had seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood.", "The Coopers had seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood. Their daughter Susan Fenimore Cooper was a writer on nature, female suffrage, and other topics. Her father edited her works and secured publishers for them. One son, Paul Fenimore Cooper, became a lawyer and perpetuated the author's lineage to the present.", "One son, Paul Fenimore Cooper, became a lawyer and perpetuated the author's lineage to the present. Service in the Navy In 1806 at the age of 17, Cooper joined the crew of the merchant ship Sterling as a common sailor. At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston from Maine.", "At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston from Maine. Cooper served as a common seaman before the mast. His first voyage took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes where they sought information on where best to unload their cargo of flour.", "His first voyage took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes where they sought information on where best to unload their cargo of flour. There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England.", "There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England. Britain was in the midst of war with Napoleon's France at the time, so their ship was immediately approached by a British man-of-war and was boarded by some of its crew. They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into the British Royal Navy.", "They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into the British Royal Navy. Cooper thus first encountered the power of his country's former colonial master, which led to a lifelong commitment to helping create an American art independent culturally as well as politically from the former mother country.", "Cooper thus first encountered the power of his country's former colonial master, which led to a lifelong commitment to helping create an American art independent culturally as well as politically from the former mother country. Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain, including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken to London and unloaded.", "Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain, including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken to London and unloaded. Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor, the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel about Columbus.", "Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor, the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel about Columbus. After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, he joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his commission as a midshipman.", "After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, he joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his commission as a midshipman. Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S.", "Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S. Congressman, easily secured a commission for him through his long-standing connections with politicians and naval officials. The warrant for Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching Cooper on February 19.", "The warrant for Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching Cooper on February 19. On February 24, he received orders to report to the naval commander at New York City. Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration he had had since his youth.", "Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration he had had since his youth. Cooper's first naval assignment came on March 21, 1808, aboard the , an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns and a thirteen-inch mortar.", "Cooper's first naval assignment came on March 21, 1808, aboard the , an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns and a thirteen-inch mortar. For his next assignment, he served under Lieutenant Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on Lake Ontario, overseeing the building of the brig for service on the lake.", "For his next assignment, he served under Lieutenant Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on Lake Ontario, overseeing the building of the brig for service on the lake. The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain which had yet to begin.", "The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain which had yet to begin. The vessel was completed, armed with sixteen guns, and launched in Lake Ontario in the spring of 1809. It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties and frontier life.", "It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties and frontier life. During his leisure time, Cooper would venture through the forests of New York state and explore the shores of Lake Ontario. He occasionally ventured into the Thousand Islands.", "He occasionally ventured into the Thousand Islands. His experiences in the Oswego area later inspired some of his work, including his novel The Pathfinder. After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, who then was ordered to Lake Champlain to serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over.", "After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, who then was ordered to Lake Champlain to serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over. Cooper himself returned from Oswego to Cooperstown and then New York.", "Cooper himself returned from Oswego to Cooperstown and then New York. On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and became a personal friend of Cooper's.", "On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and became a personal friend of Cooper's. Aboard this ship, he met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time.", "Aboard this ship, he met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time. Cooper later dedicated The Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick.", "Cooper later dedicated The Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick. Assigned to humdrum recruiting tasks rather than exciting voyages, Cooper resigned his commission from the navy in spring 1810; in the same time period he met, wooed, and became engaged to Susan Augusta de Lancey, whom be married on January 1, 1811.", "Assigned to humdrum recruiting tasks rather than exciting voyages, Cooper resigned his commission from the navy in spring 1810; in the same time period he met, wooed, and became engaged to Susan Augusta de Lancey, whom be married on January 1, 1811. Writings First endeavors In 1820, when reading a contemporary novel to his wife Susan, he decided to try his hand at fiction, resulting in a neophyte novel set in England he called Precaution (1820).", "Writings First endeavors In 1820, when reading a contemporary novel to his wife Susan, he decided to try his hand at fiction, resulting in a neophyte novel set in England he called Precaution (1820). Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction.", "Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction. He anonymously published Precaution which received modestly favorable notice in the United States and England. By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by an American tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay.", "By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by an American tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay. It became the first novel written by an American to become a bestseller at home and abroad, requiring several re-printings to satisfy demand.", "It became the first novel written by an American to become a bestseller at home and abroad, requiring several re-printings to satisfy demand. Set in the \"Neutral Ground\" between British and American forces and their guerrilla allies in Westchester County, New York, the action centers around spying and skirmishing taking place in and around what is widely believed to be John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York of which a portion still exists today as the historic Jay Estate.", "Set in the \"Neutral Ground\" between British and American forces and their guerrilla allies in Westchester County, New York, the action centers around spying and skirmishing taking place in and around what is widely believed to be John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York of which a portion still exists today as the historic Jay Estate. Following on a swell of popularity, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series in 1823.", "Following on a swell of popularity, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series in 1823. The series features the inter-racial friendship of Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman who is at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook.", "The series features the inter-racial friendship of Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman who is at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook. Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826.", "Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826. The book became one of the more widely read American novels of the 19th century.", "The book became one of the more widely read American novels of the 19th century. At this time, Cooper had been living in New York on Beach Street in what is now downtown's Tribeca. In 1823, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.", "In 1823, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. In August of that same year, his first son died. He organized the influential Bread and Cheese Club that brought together American writers, editors, artists, scholars, educators, art patrons, merchants, lawyers, politicians, and others.", "He organized the influential Bread and Cheese Club that brought together American writers, editors, artists, scholars, educators, art patrons, merchants, lawyers, politicians, and others. In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest.", "In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest. Cooper witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment.", "Cooper witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment. Europe In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books, provide better education for his children, improve his health, and observe European manners and politics firsthand.", "Europe In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books, provide better education for his children, improve his health, and observe European manners and politics firsthand. While overseas, he continued to write.", "While overseas, he continued to write. His books published in Paris include The Prairie, the third Leather-Stocking Tale in which Natty Bumppo dies in the western land newly acquired by Jefferson as the Louisiana Purchase. There he also published The Red Rover and The Water Witch, two of his many sea stories.", "There he also published The Red Rover and The Water Witch, two of his many sea stories. During his time in Paris, the Cooper family became active in the small American expatriate community.", "During his time in Paris, the Cooper family became active in the small American expatriate community. He became friends with painter (and later inventor) Samuel Morse and with French general and American Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.", "He became friends with painter (and later inventor) Samuel Morse and with French general and American Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. Cooper admired the patrician liberalism of Lafayette, who sought to recruit him to his causes, and eulogized him as a man who \"dedicated youth, person, and fortune, to the principles of liberty.\"", "Cooper admired the patrician liberalism of Lafayette, who sought to recruit him to his causes, and eulogized him as a man who \"dedicated youth, person, and fortune, to the principles of liberty.\" Cooper's distaste for the corruption of the European aristocracy, especially in England and France, grew as he observed them manipulate the legislature and judiciary to the exclusion of other classes.", "Cooper's distaste for the corruption of the European aristocracy, especially in England and France, grew as he observed them manipulate the legislature and judiciary to the exclusion of other classes. In 1832, he entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal.", "In 1832, he entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal. He defended the United States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique.", "He defended the United States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique. For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once.", "For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once. This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831).", "This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831). Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833).", "Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833). The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the \"serene republic\".", "The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the \"serene republic\". All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though some Americans accused Cooper of apparently abandoning American life for European—not realizing that the political subterfuges in the European novels were cautions directed at his American audiences.", "All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though some Americans accused Cooper of apparently abandoning American life for European—not realizing that the political subterfuges in the European novels were cautions directed at his American audiences. Thus The Bravo was roughly treated by some critics in the United States.", "Thus The Bravo was roughly treated by some critics in the United States. Back to America In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen in which he gave his criticism of various social and political mores.", "Back to America In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen in which he gave his criticism of various social and political mores. Promotional material from a modern publisher summarize his goals as follows: A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social criticism.", "Promotional material from a modern publisher summarize his goals as follows: A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social criticism. In it, he defines the role of the \"man of letters\" in a republic, the true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the legislative branch of government.", "In it, he defines the role of the \"man of letters\" in a republic, the true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the legislative branch of government. He also offers her most persuasive argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture, ignoring the aristocratically tainted art of Europe.", "He also offers her most persuasive argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture, ignoring the aristocratically tainted art of Europe. Influenced by the ideals of classical republicanism, Cooper feared that the orgy of speculation he witnessed was destructive of civic virtue and warned Americans that it was a \"mistake to suppose commerce favorable to liberty\"; doing so would lead to a new \"moneyed aristocracy.\"", "Influenced by the ideals of classical republicanism, Cooper feared that the orgy of speculation he witnessed was destructive of civic virtue and warned Americans that it was a \"mistake to suppose commerce favorable to liberty\"; doing so would lead to a new \"moneyed aristocracy.\" Drawing upon philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burlamaqui, and Montesquieu, Cooper's political ideas were both democratic, deriving from the consent of the governed, and liberal, concerned with the rights of the individual.", "Drawing upon philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burlamaqui, and Montesquieu, Cooper's political ideas were both democratic, deriving from the consent of the governed, and liberal, concerned with the rights of the individual. In the later 1830s—despite his repudiation of authorship in A Letter To My Countrymen—he published Gleanings in Europe, five volumes of social and political analysis of his observations and experiences in Europe.", "In the later 1830s—despite his repudiation of authorship in A Letter To My Countrymen—he published Gleanings in Europe, five volumes of social and political analysis of his observations and experiences in Europe. His two novels Homeward Bound and Home as Found also criticize the flamboyant financial speculation and toadyism he found on his return; some readers and critics attacked the works for presenting a highly idealized self-portrait, which he vigorously denied.", "His two novels Homeward Bound and Home as Found also criticize the flamboyant financial speculation and toadyism he found on his return; some readers and critics attacked the works for presenting a highly idealized self-portrait, which he vigorously denied. In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at Cooperstown.", "In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at Cooperstown. It had long been closed and falling into decay; he had been absent from the mansion nearly 16 years. Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order.", "Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order. At first, he wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent home.", "At first, he wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent home. On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America, a work that he had long planned on writing.", "On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America, a work that he had long planned on writing. He publicly announced his intentions to author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor: Encouraged by your kindness, ...", "He publicly announced his intentions to author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor: Encouraged by your kindness, ... I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and sufferings of a class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude—a class of men among whom, I am always ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed.", "I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and sufferings of a class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude—a class of men among whom, I am always ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed. Historical and nautical work His historical account of the U.S. Navy was well received, though his account of the roles played by the American leaders in the Battle of Lake Erie led to years of disputes with their descendants, as noted below.", "Historical and nautical work His historical account of the U.S. Navy was well received, though his account of the roles played by the American leaders in the Battle of Lake Erie led to years of disputes with their descendants, as noted below. Cooper had begun thinking about this massive project in 1824, and concentrated on its research in the late 1830s.", "Cooper had begun thinking about this massive project in 1824, and concentrated on its research in the late 1830s. His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work.", "His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work. Cooper's work is said to have stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time.", "Cooper's work is said to have stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time. In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44.", "In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44. It was a review of the court martial of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS Somers for mutiny while at sea.", "It was a review of the court martial of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS Somers for mutiny while at sea. One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer.", "One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer. He was executed without court-martial along with two other sailors aboard the Somers for allegedly attempting mutiny. Prior to this affair, Cooper and Mackenzie had disputed each other's version of the Battle of Lake Erie.", "Prior to this affair, Cooper and Mackenzie had disputed each other's version of the Battle of Lake Erie. However, recognizing the need for absolute discipline in a warship at sea, Cooper still felt sympathetic to Mackenzie over his pending court martial. In 1843, an old shipmate, Ned Myers, re-entered Cooper's life.", "In 1843, an old shipmate, Ned Myers, re-entered Cooper's life. To assist him—and hopefully to cash in on the popularity of maritime biographies—Cooper wrote Myers's story which he published in 1843 as Ned Myers, or a Life before the Mast, an account of a common seaman still of interest to naval historians.", "To assist him—and hopefully to cash in on the popularity of maritime biographies—Cooper wrote Myers's story which he published in 1843 as Ned Myers, or a Life before the Mast, an account of a common seaman still of interest to naval historians. In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering the biographies of William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw, John T. Shubrick, and Edward Preble.", "In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering the biographies of William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw, John T. Shubrick, and Edward Preble. Cooper died in 1851. In May 1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly.", "In May 1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly. It was the history of the Navy ship and, after European and American Scenery Compared, 1852, was one of several posthumous publication of his writings.", "It was the history of the Navy ship and, after European and American Scenery Compared, 1852, was one of several posthumous publication of his writings. In 1856, five years after Cooper's death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was re-published in an expanded edition.", "In 1856, five years after Cooper's death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was re-published in an expanded edition. The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early 19th century, through the Mexican War.", "The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early 19th century, through the Mexican War. Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account.", "Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account. However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by some contemporaries, especially those engaged in the disputes over the roles of their relatives in Cooper's separate history of the Battle of Lake Erie.", "However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by some contemporaries, especially those engaged in the disputes over the roles of their relatives in Cooper's separate history of the Battle of Lake Erie. Whig editors of the period regularly attacked anything Cooper wrote, leading him to numerous suits for libel, for example against Park Benjamin, Sr., a poet and editor of the Evening Signal of New York.", "Whig editors of the period regularly attacked anything Cooper wrote, leading him to numerous suits for libel, for example against Park Benjamin, Sr., a poet and editor of the Evening Signal of New York. Critical reaction Cooper's writings of the 1830s related to current politics and social issues, coupled with his perceived self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and some of the public.", "Critical reaction Cooper's writings of the 1830s related to current politics and social issues, coupled with his perceived self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and some of the public. Criticism in print of his naval histories and the two Home novels came largely from newspapers supporting The Whig party, reflecting the antagonism between the Whigs and their opposition, the Democrats, whose policies Cooper often favored.", "Criticism in print of his naval histories and the two Home novels came largely from newspapers supporting The Whig party, reflecting the antagonism between the Whigs and their opposition, the Democrats, whose policies Cooper often favored. Cooper's father William had been a staunch Federalist, a party now defunct but some of whose policies supporting large-scale capitalism the Whigs endorsed.", "Cooper's father William had been a staunch Federalist, a party now defunct but some of whose policies supporting large-scale capitalism the Whigs endorsed. Cooper himself had come to admire Thomas Jefferson, the bete-noire of the Federalists, and had supported Andrew Jackson's opposition to a National Bank.", "Cooper himself had come to admire Thomas Jefferson, the bete-noire of the Federalists, and had supported Andrew Jackson's opposition to a National Bank. Never one to shrink from defending his personal honor and his sense of where the nation was erring, Cooper filed legal actions for libel against several Whig editors; his success with most of his lawsuits ironically led to more negative publicity from the Whig establishment.", "Never one to shrink from defending his personal honor and his sense of where the nation was erring, Cooper filed legal actions for libel against several Whig editors; his success with most of his lawsuits ironically led to more negative publicity from the Whig establishment. Buoyed by his frequent victories in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he had had for several years.", "Buoyed by his frequent victories in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he had had for several years. As noted above, on May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy; his return to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) brought him renewed favorable reviews.", "As noted above, on May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy; his return to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) brought him renewed favorable reviews. But on occasion he returned to addressing public issues, most notably with a trilogy of novels called the Littlepage Manuscripts addressing the issues of the anti-rent wars.", "But on occasion he returned to addressing public issues, most notably with a trilogy of novels called the Littlepage Manuscripts addressing the issues of the anti-rent wars. Public sentiment largely favored the anti-renters, and Cooper's reviews again were largely negative.", "Public sentiment largely favored the anti-renters, and Cooper's reviews again were largely negative. Later life Faced with competition from younger writers and magazine serialization, and lower prices for books resulting from new technologies, Cooper simply wrote more in his last decade than in either of the previous two.", "Later life Faced with competition from younger writers and magazine serialization, and lower prices for books resulting from new technologies, Cooper simply wrote more in his last decade than in either of the previous two. Half of his thirty-two novels were written in the 1840s.", "Half of his thirty-two novels were written in the 1840s. They may be grouped into three categories: Indian romances, maritime fiction, and political and social controversy—though the categories often overlap.", "They may be grouped into three categories: Indian romances, maritime fiction, and political and social controversy—though the categories often overlap. The 1840s began with the last two novels featuring Natty Bumppo, both critical and reader successes: The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841).", "The 1840s began with the last two novels featuring Natty Bumppo, both critical and reader successes: The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841). Wyandotte, his last novel set in the Revolutionary War, followed in 1843 and Oak Openings in 1848.", "Wyandotte, his last novel set in the Revolutionary War, followed in 1843 and Oak Openings in 1848. The nautical works were Mercedes of Castile (in which Columbus appears, 1840),The Two Admirals (British and French fleets in battle, 1842), Wing-And-Wing (a French privateer fighting the British in 1799, 1842), Afloat and Ashore (two volumes exploring a young man growing up, 1844), Jack Tier (a vicious smuggler in the Mexican-American War, 1848), and The Sea Lions (rival sealers in the Antarctic, 1849).", "The nautical works were Mercedes of Castile (in which Columbus appears, 1840),The Two Admirals (British and French fleets in battle, 1842), Wing-And-Wing (a French privateer fighting the British in 1799, 1842), Afloat and Ashore (two volumes exploring a young man growing up, 1844), Jack Tier (a vicious smuggler in the Mexican-American War, 1848), and The Sea Lions (rival sealers in the Antarctic, 1849). He also turned from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he achieved notoriety in the novels of the previous decade.", "He also turned from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he achieved notoriety in the novels of the previous decade. His Littlepage Manuscripts trilogy--Satanstoe (1845), The Chainbearer (1845), and The Redskins (1846)--dramatized issues of land ownership in response to renters in the 1840s opposing the long leases common in the old Dutch settlements in the Hudson Valley.", "His Littlepage Manuscripts trilogy--Satanstoe (1845), The Chainbearer (1845), and The Redskins (1846)--dramatized issues of land ownership in response to renters in the 1840s opposing the long leases common in the old Dutch settlements in the Hudson Valley. He tried his hand with serialization with The Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief, first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843, a satire on contemporary nouveau riche.", "He tried his hand with serialization with The Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief, first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843, a satire on contemporary nouveau riche. In The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847) he introduced supernatural machinery to show the decline of an ideal society in the South Seas when demagogues prevail.", "In The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847) he introduced supernatural machinery to show the decline of an ideal society in the South Seas when demagogues prevail. The Ways of the Hour, his last completed novel, portrayed a mysterious and independent young woman defending herself against criminal charges.", "The Ways of the Hour, his last completed novel, portrayed a mysterious and independent young woman defending herself against criminal charges. Cooper spent the last years of his life back in Cooperstown. He died on September 14, 1851, the day before his 62nd birthday.", "He died on September 14, 1851, the day before his 62nd birthday. He was buried in the Christ Episcopal Churchyard, where his father, William Cooper, was buried. Cooper's wife Susan survived her husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown.", "Cooper's wife Susan survived her husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown. Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a memorial in New York, six months after his death, in February 1852.", "Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a memorial in New York, six months after his death, in February 1852. Daniel Webster gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged reputation among American writers of the time.", "Daniel Webster gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged reputation among American writers of the time. Religious activities Cooper's father was a lapsed Quaker; probably influenced by his wife's family, the DeLanceys, Cooper in his fiction often favorably depicted clergy of the Episcopal Church, though Calvinist ministers came in for their share of both admiring and critical treatment.", "Religious activities Cooper's father was a lapsed Quaker; probably influenced by his wife's family, the DeLanceys, Cooper in his fiction often favorably depicted clergy of the Episcopal Church, though Calvinist ministers came in for their share of both admiring and critical treatment. In the 1840s as Cooper increasingly despaired over the United States maintaining the vision and promise of the Constitution, his fiction increasingly turned to religious themes.", "In the 1840s as Cooper increasingly despaired over the United States maintaining the vision and promise of the Constitution, his fiction increasingly turned to religious themes. In The Wing-And-Wing, 1842, the hero, a French revolutionary free-thinker, loses the Italian girl he loves because he cannot accept her simple Christianity.", "In The Wing-And-Wing, 1842, the hero, a French revolutionary free-thinker, loses the Italian girl he loves because he cannot accept her simple Christianity. In contrast, in the 1849 The Sea Lions the hero wins his beloved only after a spiritual transformation while marooned in the Antarctic.", "In contrast, in the 1849 The Sea Lions the hero wins his beloved only after a spiritual transformation while marooned in the Antarctic. And the 1848 The Oak Openings features a pious Parson Amen who wins the admiration of the Indians who kill him, praying for them during torture.", "And the 1848 The Oak Openings features a pious Parson Amen who wins the admiration of the Indians who kill him, praying for them during torture. After establishing permanent residence in Cooperstown, Cooper became active in Christ Episcopal Church, taking on the roles of warden and vestryman.", "After establishing permanent residence in Cooperstown, Cooper became active in Christ Episcopal Church, taking on the roles of warden and vestryman. As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense.", "As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense. He was also energetic as a representative from Cooperstown to various regional conventions of the Episcopal church.", "He was also energetic as a representative from Cooperstown to various regional conventions of the Episcopal church. But only several months before his death, in July 1851, was he confirmed in this church by his brother-in-law, the Reverend William H. DeLancey.", "But only several months before his death, in July 1851, was he confirmed in this church by his brother-in-law, the Reverend William H. DeLancey. Legacy Cooper was one of the more popular 19th-century American authors, and his work was admired greatly throughout the world.", "Legacy Cooper was one of the more popular 19th-century American authors, and his work was admired greatly throughout the world. While on his death bed, the Austrian composer Franz Schubert wanted most to read more of Cooper's novels. Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly.", "Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly. Henry David Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own work.", "Henry David Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own work. D.H. Lawrence believed that Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Maupassant, and Flaubert were all \"so very obvious and coarse, besides the lovely, mature and sensitive art of Fennimore Cooper.\"", "D.H. Lawrence believed that Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Maupassant, and Flaubert were all \"so very obvious and coarse, besides the lovely, mature and sensitive art of Fennimore Cooper.\" Lawrence called The Deerslayer \"one of the most beautiful and perfect books in the world: flawless as a jewel and of gem-like concentration.\"", "Lawrence called The Deerslayer \"one of the most beautiful and perfect books in the world: flawless as a jewel and of gem-like concentration.\" Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute.", "Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute. Cooper was one of the early major American novelists to include African, African-American and Native American characters in his works.", "Cooper was one of the early major American novelists to include African, African-American and Native American characters in his works. In particular, Native Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking Tales.", "In particular, Native Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking Tales. However, his treatment of this group is complex and highlights the relationship between frontier settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, depicting a captured white girl who marries an Indian chief and has a baby with him, but after several years is eventually returned to her parents.", "However, his treatment of this group is complex and highlights the relationship between frontier settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, depicting a captured white girl who marries an Indian chief and has a baby with him, but after several years is eventually returned to her parents. Often, he gives contrasting views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their proclivity for mayhem.", "Often, he gives contrasting views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their proclivity for mayhem. Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua, who fearing the extinction of his race at the hands of the whites savagely betrays them, as well as Chingachgook, the last chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as Natty Bumppo's noble, courageous, and heroic counterpart.", "Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua, who fearing the extinction of his race at the hands of the whites savagely betrays them, as well as Chingachgook, the last chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as Natty Bumppo's noble, courageous, and heroic counterpart. In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.", "In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty).", "According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty). He organized a club in Paris to support the rebels, and brought flags of the defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw to present them to the exiled leaders in Paris.", "He organized a club in Paris to support the rebels, and brought flags of the defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw to present them to the exiled leaders in Paris. With his friend the Marquis de La Fayette, he supported liberals during the regime changes in France and elsewhere in the 1830s. .", ". . Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greatest novelist of the century outside France.", "Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greatest novelist of the century outside France. Honoré de Balzac, while mocking a few of Cooper's novels (\"rhapsodies\") and expressing reservations about his portrayal of characters, enthusiastically called The Pathfinder a masterpiece and professed great admiration for Cooper's portrayal of nature, only equalled in his view by Walter Scott.", "Honoré de Balzac, while mocking a few of Cooper's novels (\"rhapsodies\") and expressing reservations about his portrayal of characters, enthusiastically called The Pathfinder a masterpiece and professed great admiration for Cooper's portrayal of nature, only equalled in his view by Walter Scott. Mark Twain, the ultimate Realist, criticized the Romantic plots and overwrought language of The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\" (1895).", "Mark Twain, the ultimate Realist, criticized the Romantic plots and overwrought language of The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\" (1895). Cooper was also criticized heavily in his day for his depiction of women characters in his work.", "Cooper was also criticized heavily in his day for his depiction of women characters in his work. James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, \"... the women he draws from one model don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie.\"", "James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, \"... the women he draws from one model don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie.\" Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking Tales.", "Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking Tales. In his 1960 study focusing on romantic relationships, both hetero- and homo-sexual, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler opines that with the exception of the five Natty Bumppo-Chingachgook novels, Cooper's \"collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness.\"", "In his 1960 study focusing on romantic relationships, both hetero- and homo-sexual, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler opines that with the exception of the five Natty Bumppo-Chingachgook novels, Cooper's \"collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness.\" More recent criticism views all thirty-two novels in the context of Cooper's responding to changing political, social, and economic realities in his time period.", "More recent criticism views all thirty-two novels in the context of Cooper's responding to changing political, social, and economic realities in his time period. Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the Famous American series, issued in 1940.", "Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the Famous American series, issued in 1940. Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there.", "Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there. Cooper Park in Michigan's Comstock Township is named after him.", "Cooper Park in Michigan's Comstock Township is named after him. The New Jersey Turnpike has a James Fenimore Cooper service area, recognizing his birth in the state. The gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper.", "The gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper. It was brought there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House restoration.", "It was brought there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House restoration. The James Fenimore Cooper Memorial Prize at New York University is awarded annually to an outstanding undergraduate student of journalism. In 2013, Cooper was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame.", "In 2013, Cooper was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame. Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia.", "Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia. In particular, great interest of the Russian public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky declared to be \"a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel\".", "In particular, great interest of the Russian public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky declared to be \"a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel\". The author was more recognizable by his middle name, Fenimore, exotic to many in Russia.", "The author was more recognizable by his middle name, Fenimore, exotic to many in Russia. This name became a symbol of exciting adventures among Russian readers.", "This name became a symbol of exciting adventures among Russian readers. For example, in the 1977 Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three Cheerful Shifts (, see ), tells of a mysterious stranger known as Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about Indians and extraterrestrials.", "For example, in the 1977 Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three Cheerful Shifts (, see ), tells of a mysterious stranger known as Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about Indians and extraterrestrials. Works Notes References Bibliography ; James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years, Yale University Press, 2017. p. 805 .", "Works Notes References Bibliography ; James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years, Yale University Press, 2017. p. 805 . Primary sources Url1 Url Url ——— (1852). The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook Further reading Clavel, Marcel (1938).", "The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook Further reading Clavel, Marcel (1938). Fenimore Cooper and his critics: American, British and French criticisms of the novelist's early work, Imprimerie universitaire de Provence, E. Fourcine, 418 pages; Book Darnell, Donald. (1993).", "(1993). (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: Novelist of Manners, Newark, Univ. of Delaware Dekker, George (2017). James Fenimore Cooper the Novelist, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 9781351580014 Doolen, Andy (2005). Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism, Minneapolis: Univ.", "Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism, Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota P. Franklin, Wayne (1982). The New World of James Fenimore Cooper, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago P, Book –—— (2007). James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book Krauthammer, Anna.", "James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book Krauthammer, Anna. The Representation of the Savage in James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville. NY: Peter Lang, 2008. Long, Robert Emmet (1990). James Fenimore Cooper, NY: Continuum. , MacDougall, Hugh C. (1993).", ", MacDougall, Hugh C. (1993). Where Was James? A James Fenimore Cooper Chronology from 1789–1851. Cooperstown: James Fenimore Cooper Soc. Rans, Geoffrey (1991). Cooper's Leather-Stocking Novels: A Secular Reading. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Redekop, Ernest H., ed. (1989).", "(1989). (1989). James Fenimore Cooper, 1789–1989: Bicentennial Essays, Canadian Review of American Studies, entire special issue, vol. 20, no. 3 (Winter 1989), pp. 1–164. Reid, Margaret (2004). Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America.", "Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America. Columbus: Ohio State UP Ringe, Donald A. (1988). James Fenimore Cooper. Boston: Twayne. Romero, Lora (1997). Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States.", "Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States. Durham: Duke UP Smith, Lindsey C. (2008). Indians, Environment, and Identity on the Borders of American Literature: From Faulkner and Morrison to Walker and Silko. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Verhoeven, W.M. (1993).", "Verhoeven, W.M. (1993). (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: New Historical and Literary Contexts. Rodopi publishers. . Book Google.", "Rodopi publishers. . Book Google. Book Google. External links James Fenimore Cooper at Open Library James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825–1904, New York Public Library James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments.", "External links James Fenimore Cooper at Open Library James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825–1904, New York Public Library James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments. Available online though Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera \"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\", an essay by Mark Twain James Fenimore Cooper Collection.", "Available online though Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera \"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\", an essay by Mark Twain James Fenimore Cooper Collection. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.", "Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1789 births 1851 deaths 19th-century American novelists American expatriates in France American historical novelists American male novelists American naval historians American people of English descent Christian writers Deaths from edema Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees People from Burlington, New Jersey People from Cooperstown, New York People from Scarsdale, New York Romanticism United States Navy officers Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age Knickerbocker Group Novelists from New Jersey American male non-fiction writers Historians from New York (state) Historians from New Jersey" ]

[ "James Fenimore Cooper", "Early life and family", "Where was he born", "James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey" ]

[ "OurPrisoner was a 2006 Internet reality television show that featured 35-year-old man Kieran Vogel, who lived on camera for 24 hours a day, seven days a week, for an entirety of six months in a single-family New Jersey home.\n\nThe show began on June 14, 2006. All of Vogel's actions were to be controlled by the public. Through a series of votes, viewers were to choose what he ate, what he wore, what he did, and whom he saw.\n\nThe OurPrisoner show came to an end on 15 December 2006 and Vogel received 40,000 shares of BigString stock as his prize, now worth 3 cents a share; had he failed to perform any tasks, he would have received nothing.\n\nAccording to the press release, \"Through an interactive media platform viewers will vote to determine what Kieran Vogel wears, what he eats, whom he dates, to whom he talks, what music he listens to, and much, much more. He will also react to viewer calls and emails.\"\n\nIn September, he was required to stay awake for 48 hours straight.\n\nThe series was created by BigString Interactive. BigString's CEO Darin Myman was the creator of the show.\n\nBigString announced that a second series would be held, but it never surfaced.\n\nSee also\nLifecasting (video stream)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n OurPrisoner, official site (defunct as of early 2008)\n BigString, official sponsor\n\n2006 American television series debuts\n2006 American television series endings\n2000s American reality television series\nReality web series\nAmerican non-fiction web series", "Mark Frank or Franck (1613–1664) was an English churchman and academic, Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge.\n\nLife\nHe was baptised at Little Brickhill, Buckinghamshire, and was admitted pensioner of Pembroke College, Cambridge, 4 July 1627. He was elected to a scholarship in 1630, and to a fellowship 8 October 1634, having become M.A. the same year. In 1641 he became B.D., and was chosen junior treasurer of his college, and senior treasurer in 1642.\n\nHe had attracted the favourable notice of Charles I by a sermon he preached at Paul's Cross before the lord mayor and aldermen in 1641 on Jeremiah xxxv. 18-19, which the king commanded to be printed. In this sermon he propounds the Rechabites as an example of obedience; 'It is a usual thing nowadays,' he says, 'to direct our governours what to do, what to read, what to command; then, forsooth, we will obey them.' In 1644 he was ejected as a malignant by the parliamentary visitors, on his refusal to take the Solemn League and Covenant.\n\nAt the Restoration, Frank was re-established in his fellowship on 10 August 1660 and rewarded by ecclesiastical promotions. He was made D.D. by royal mandate in 1661 and was chosen master of his college on 23 August 1662, in succession to Benjamin Lany. Archbishop William Juxon appointed him one of his chaplains, and he held the office of domestic chaplain and ex officio licenser of theological works to Juxon's successor, Archbishop Gilbert Sheldon, by whom he was presented to the archdeaconry of St Albans, and to the treasurership of St Paul's Cathedral, 19 December 1660. He was also presented to the rectory of Barley, Hertfordshire, on 2 February 1664, by Matthew Wren. He died the following year, at the age of 51 and was buried in St Paul's Cathedral near the entrance of the north door.\n\nWorks\nCourse of Sermons for all the Sundays and Festivals throughout the Year (1672) was published after his death. It was republished, in two volumes, in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBiographical Notice\n\n1613 births\n1664 deaths\n17th-century English Anglican priests\nArchdeacons of St Albans\nMasters of Pembroke College, Cambridge\nEnglish Anglo-Catholics\nAnglo-Catholic clergy\nEnglish Anglican theologians\n17th-century English theologians\nAnglo-Catholic theologians\n17th-century Anglican theologians" ]

[ "James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was an American writer of the first half of the 19th century. His historical romances depicting colonist and Indigenous characters from the 17th to the 19th centuries created a unique form of American literature.", "His historical romances depicting colonist and Indigenous characters from the 17th to the 19th centuries created a unique form of American literature. He lived much of his boyhood and the last fifteen years of life in Cooperstown, New York, which was founded by his father William Cooper on property that he owned.", "He lived much of his boyhood and the last fifteen years of life in Cooperstown, New York, which was founded by his father William Cooper on property that he owned. Cooper became a member of the Episcopal Church shortly before his death and contributed generously to it.", "Cooper became a member of the Episcopal Church shortly before his death and contributed generously to it. He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society.", "He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society. After a stint on a commercial voyage, Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings.", "After a stint on a commercial voyage, Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings. The novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about espionage set during the American Revolutionary War and published in 1821.", "The novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about espionage set during the American Revolutionary War and published in 1821. He also created American sea stories.", "He also created American sea stories. His best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period, written between 1823 and 1841, known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which introduced the iconic American frontier scout, Natty Bumppo.", "His best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period, written between 1823 and 1841, known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which introduced the iconic American frontier scout, Natty Bumppo. Cooper's works on the U.S. Navy have been well received among naval historians, but they were sometimes criticized by his contemporaries.", "Cooper's works on the U.S. Navy have been well received among naval historians, but they were sometimes criticized by his contemporaries. Among his more famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece.", "Among his more famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece. Throughout his career, he published numerous social, political, and historical works of fiction and non-fiction with the objective of countering European prejudices and nurturing an original American art and culture.", "Throughout his career, he published numerous social, political, and historical works of fiction and non-fiction with the objective of countering European prejudices and nurturing an original American art and culture. Early life and family James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh of 12 children, half of whom died during infancy or childhood.", "Early life and family James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh of 12 children, half of whom died during infancy or childhood. Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development.", "Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development. Later, his father was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from Otsego County.", "Later, his father was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from Otsego County. Their town was in a central area of New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River that had previously been patented to Colonel George Croghan by the Province of New York in 1769.", "Their town was in a central area of New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River that had previously been patented to Colonel George Croghan by the Province of New York in 1769. Croghan mortgaged the land before the Revolution and after the war part of the tract was sold at public auction to William Cooper and his business partner Andrew Craig.", "Croghan mortgaged the land before the Revolution and after the war part of the tract was sold at public auction to William Cooper and his business partner Andrew Craig. By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established.", "By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established. He erected a home on the shore of Otsego Lake and moved his family there in the autumn of 1790. Several years later he began construction of the mansion that became known as Otsego Hall, completed in 1799 when James was ten.", "Several years later he began construction of the mansion that became known as Otsego Hall, completed in 1799 when James was ten. Cooper was enrolled at Yale University at age 13, but he incited a dangerous prank which involved blowing up another student's door—after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room.", "Cooper was enrolled at Yale University at age 13, but he incited a dangerous prank which involved blowing up another student's door—after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room. He was expelled in his third year without completing his degree, so he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and joined the crew of a merchant vessel at age 17.", "He was expelled in his third year without completing his degree, so he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and joined the crew of a merchant vessel at age 17. By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him by an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson.", "By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him by an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson. William Cooper died when James was 20; all five of his sons inherited a supposed-large fortune in money, securities, and land titles, which soon proved to be a wealth of endless litigation.", "William Cooper died when James was 20; all five of his sons inherited a supposed-large fortune in money, securities, and land titles, which soon proved to be a wealth of endless litigation. He married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811, at age 21.", "He married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811, at age 21. She was from a wealthy family who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution. The Coopers had seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood.", "The Coopers had seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood. Their daughter Susan Fenimore Cooper was a writer on nature, female suffrage, and other topics. Her father edited her works and secured publishers for them. One son, Paul Fenimore Cooper, became a lawyer and perpetuated the author's lineage to the present.", "One son, Paul Fenimore Cooper, became a lawyer and perpetuated the author's lineage to the present. Service in the Navy In 1806 at the age of 17, Cooper joined the crew of the merchant ship Sterling as a common sailor. At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston from Maine.", "At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston from Maine. Cooper served as a common seaman before the mast. His first voyage took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes where they sought information on where best to unload their cargo of flour.", "His first voyage took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes where they sought information on where best to unload their cargo of flour. There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England.", "There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England. Britain was in the midst of war with Napoleon's France at the time, so their ship was immediately approached by a British man-of-war and was boarded by some of its crew. They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into the British Royal Navy.", "They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into the British Royal Navy. Cooper thus first encountered the power of his country's former colonial master, which led to a lifelong commitment to helping create an American art independent culturally as well as politically from the former mother country.", "Cooper thus first encountered the power of his country's former colonial master, which led to a lifelong commitment to helping create an American art independent culturally as well as politically from the former mother country. Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain, including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken to London and unloaded.", "Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain, including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken to London and unloaded. Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor, the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel about Columbus.", "Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor, the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel about Columbus. After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, he joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his commission as a midshipman.", "After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, he joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his commission as a midshipman. Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S.", "Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S. Congressman, easily secured a commission for him through his long-standing connections with politicians and naval officials. The warrant for Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching Cooper on February 19.", "The warrant for Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching Cooper on February 19. On February 24, he received orders to report to the naval commander at New York City. Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration he had had since his youth.", "Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration he had had since his youth. Cooper's first naval assignment came on March 21, 1808, aboard the , an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns and a thirteen-inch mortar.", "Cooper's first naval assignment came on March 21, 1808, aboard the , an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns and a thirteen-inch mortar. For his next assignment, he served under Lieutenant Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on Lake Ontario, overseeing the building of the brig for service on the lake.", "For his next assignment, he served under Lieutenant Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on Lake Ontario, overseeing the building of the brig for service on the lake. The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain which had yet to begin.", "The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain which had yet to begin. The vessel was completed, armed with sixteen guns, and launched in Lake Ontario in the spring of 1809. It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties and frontier life.", "It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties and frontier life. During his leisure time, Cooper would venture through the forests of New York state and explore the shores of Lake Ontario. He occasionally ventured into the Thousand Islands.", "He occasionally ventured into the Thousand Islands. His experiences in the Oswego area later inspired some of his work, including his novel The Pathfinder. After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, who then was ordered to Lake Champlain to serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over.", "After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, who then was ordered to Lake Champlain to serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over. Cooper himself returned from Oswego to Cooperstown and then New York.", "Cooper himself returned from Oswego to Cooperstown and then New York. On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and became a personal friend of Cooper's.", "On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and became a personal friend of Cooper's. Aboard this ship, he met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time.", "Aboard this ship, he met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time. Cooper later dedicated The Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick.", "Cooper later dedicated The Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick. Assigned to humdrum recruiting tasks rather than exciting voyages, Cooper resigned his commission from the navy in spring 1810; in the same time period he met, wooed, and became engaged to Susan Augusta de Lancey, whom be married on January 1, 1811.", "Assigned to humdrum recruiting tasks rather than exciting voyages, Cooper resigned his commission from the navy in spring 1810; in the same time period he met, wooed, and became engaged to Susan Augusta de Lancey, whom be married on January 1, 1811. Writings First endeavors In 1820, when reading a contemporary novel to his wife Susan, he decided to try his hand at fiction, resulting in a neophyte novel set in England he called Precaution (1820).", "Writings First endeavors In 1820, when reading a contemporary novel to his wife Susan, he decided to try his hand at fiction, resulting in a neophyte novel set in England he called Precaution (1820). Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction.", "Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction. He anonymously published Precaution which received modestly favorable notice in the United States and England. By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by an American tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay.", "By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by an American tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay. It became the first novel written by an American to become a bestseller at home and abroad, requiring several re-printings to satisfy demand.", "It became the first novel written by an American to become a bestseller at home and abroad, requiring several re-printings to satisfy demand. Set in the \"Neutral Ground\" between British and American forces and their guerrilla allies in Westchester County, New York, the action centers around spying and skirmishing taking place in and around what is widely believed to be John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York of which a portion still exists today as the historic Jay Estate.", "Set in the \"Neutral Ground\" between British and American forces and their guerrilla allies in Westchester County, New York, the action centers around spying and skirmishing taking place in and around what is widely believed to be John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York of which a portion still exists today as the historic Jay Estate. Following on a swell of popularity, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series in 1823.", "Following on a swell of popularity, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series in 1823. The series features the inter-racial friendship of Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman who is at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook.", "The series features the inter-racial friendship of Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman who is at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook. Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826.", "Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826. The book became one of the more widely read American novels of the 19th century.", "The book became one of the more widely read American novels of the 19th century. At this time, Cooper had been living in New York on Beach Street in what is now downtown's Tribeca. In 1823, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.", "In 1823, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. In August of that same year, his first son died. He organized the influential Bread and Cheese Club that brought together American writers, editors, artists, scholars, educators, art patrons, merchants, lawyers, politicians, and others.", "He organized the influential Bread and Cheese Club that brought together American writers, editors, artists, scholars, educators, art patrons, merchants, lawyers, politicians, and others. In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest.", "In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest. Cooper witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment.", "Cooper witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment. Europe In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books, provide better education for his children, improve his health, and observe European manners and politics firsthand.", "Europe In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books, provide better education for his children, improve his health, and observe European manners and politics firsthand. While overseas, he continued to write.", "While overseas, he continued to write. His books published in Paris include The Prairie, the third Leather-Stocking Tale in which Natty Bumppo dies in the western land newly acquired by Jefferson as the Louisiana Purchase. There he also published The Red Rover and The Water Witch, two of his many sea stories.", "There he also published The Red Rover and The Water Witch, two of his many sea stories. During his time in Paris, the Cooper family became active in the small American expatriate community.", "During his time in Paris, the Cooper family became active in the small American expatriate community. He became friends with painter (and later inventor) Samuel Morse and with French general and American Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.", "He became friends with painter (and later inventor) Samuel Morse and with French general and American Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. Cooper admired the patrician liberalism of Lafayette, who sought to recruit him to his causes, and eulogized him as a man who \"dedicated youth, person, and fortune, to the principles of liberty.\"", "Cooper admired the patrician liberalism of Lafayette, who sought to recruit him to his causes, and eulogized him as a man who \"dedicated youth, person, and fortune, to the principles of liberty.\" Cooper's distaste for the corruption of the European aristocracy, especially in England and France, grew as he observed them manipulate the legislature and judiciary to the exclusion of other classes.", "Cooper's distaste for the corruption of the European aristocracy, especially in England and France, grew as he observed them manipulate the legislature and judiciary to the exclusion of other classes. In 1832, he entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal.", "In 1832, he entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal. He defended the United States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique.", "He defended the United States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique. For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once.", "For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once. This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831).", "This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831). Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833).", "Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833). The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the \"serene republic\".", "The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the \"serene republic\". All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though some Americans accused Cooper of apparently abandoning American life for European—not realizing that the political subterfuges in the European novels were cautions directed at his American audiences.", "All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though some Americans accused Cooper of apparently abandoning American life for European—not realizing that the political subterfuges in the European novels were cautions directed at his American audiences. Thus The Bravo was roughly treated by some critics in the United States.", "Thus The Bravo was roughly treated by some critics in the United States. Back to America In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen in which he gave his criticism of various social and political mores.", "Back to America In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen in which he gave his criticism of various social and political mores. Promotional material from a modern publisher summarize his goals as follows: A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social criticism.", "Promotional material from a modern publisher summarize his goals as follows: A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social criticism. In it, he defines the role of the \"man of letters\" in a republic, the true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the legislative branch of government.", "In it, he defines the role of the \"man of letters\" in a republic, the true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the legislative branch of government. He also offers her most persuasive argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture, ignoring the aristocratically tainted art of Europe.", "He also offers her most persuasive argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture, ignoring the aristocratically tainted art of Europe. Influenced by the ideals of classical republicanism, Cooper feared that the orgy of speculation he witnessed was destructive of civic virtue and warned Americans that it was a \"mistake to suppose commerce favorable to liberty\"; doing so would lead to a new \"moneyed aristocracy.\"", "Influenced by the ideals of classical republicanism, Cooper feared that the orgy of speculation he witnessed was destructive of civic virtue and warned Americans that it was a \"mistake to suppose commerce favorable to liberty\"; doing so would lead to a new \"moneyed aristocracy.\" Drawing upon philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burlamaqui, and Montesquieu, Cooper's political ideas were both democratic, deriving from the consent of the governed, and liberal, concerned with the rights of the individual.", "Drawing upon philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burlamaqui, and Montesquieu, Cooper's political ideas were both democratic, deriving from the consent of the governed, and liberal, concerned with the rights of the individual. In the later 1830s—despite his repudiation of authorship in A Letter To My Countrymen—he published Gleanings in Europe, five volumes of social and political analysis of his observations and experiences in Europe.", "In the later 1830s—despite his repudiation of authorship in A Letter To My Countrymen—he published Gleanings in Europe, five volumes of social and political analysis of his observations and experiences in Europe. His two novels Homeward Bound and Home as Found also criticize the flamboyant financial speculation and toadyism he found on his return; some readers and critics attacked the works for presenting a highly idealized self-portrait, which he vigorously denied.", "His two novels Homeward Bound and Home as Found also criticize the flamboyant financial speculation and toadyism he found on his return; some readers and critics attacked the works for presenting a highly idealized self-portrait, which he vigorously denied. In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at Cooperstown.", "In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at Cooperstown. It had long been closed and falling into decay; he had been absent from the mansion nearly 16 years. Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order.", "Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order. At first, he wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent home.", "At first, he wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent home. On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America, a work that he had long planned on writing.", "On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America, a work that he had long planned on writing. He publicly announced his intentions to author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor: Encouraged by your kindness, ...", "He publicly announced his intentions to author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor: Encouraged by your kindness, ... I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and sufferings of a class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude—a class of men among whom, I am always ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed.", "I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and sufferings of a class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude—a class of men among whom, I am always ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed. Historical and nautical work His historical account of the U.S. Navy was well received, though his account of the roles played by the American leaders in the Battle of Lake Erie led to years of disputes with their descendants, as noted below.", "Historical and nautical work His historical account of the U.S. Navy was well received, though his account of the roles played by the American leaders in the Battle of Lake Erie led to years of disputes with their descendants, as noted below. Cooper had begun thinking about this massive project in 1824, and concentrated on its research in the late 1830s.", "Cooper had begun thinking about this massive project in 1824, and concentrated on its research in the late 1830s. His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work.", "His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work. Cooper's work is said to have stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time.", "Cooper's work is said to have stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time. In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44.", "In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44. It was a review of the court martial of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS Somers for mutiny while at sea.", "It was a review of the court martial of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS Somers for mutiny while at sea. One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer.", "One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer. He was executed without court-martial along with two other sailors aboard the Somers for allegedly attempting mutiny. Prior to this affair, Cooper and Mackenzie had disputed each other's version of the Battle of Lake Erie.", "Prior to this affair, Cooper and Mackenzie had disputed each other's version of the Battle of Lake Erie. However, recognizing the need for absolute discipline in a warship at sea, Cooper still felt sympathetic to Mackenzie over his pending court martial. In 1843, an old shipmate, Ned Myers, re-entered Cooper's life.", "In 1843, an old shipmate, Ned Myers, re-entered Cooper's life. To assist him—and hopefully to cash in on the popularity of maritime biographies—Cooper wrote Myers's story which he published in 1843 as Ned Myers, or a Life before the Mast, an account of a common seaman still of interest to naval historians.", "To assist him—and hopefully to cash in on the popularity of maritime biographies—Cooper wrote Myers's story which he published in 1843 as Ned Myers, or a Life before the Mast, an account of a common seaman still of interest to naval historians. In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering the biographies of William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw, John T. Shubrick, and Edward Preble.", "In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering the biographies of William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw, John T. Shubrick, and Edward Preble. Cooper died in 1851. In May 1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly.", "In May 1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly. It was the history of the Navy ship and, after European and American Scenery Compared, 1852, was one of several posthumous publication of his writings.", "It was the history of the Navy ship and, after European and American Scenery Compared, 1852, was one of several posthumous publication of his writings. In 1856, five years after Cooper's death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was re-published in an expanded edition.", "In 1856, five years after Cooper's death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was re-published in an expanded edition. The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early 19th century, through the Mexican War.", "The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early 19th century, through the Mexican War. Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account.", "Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account. However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by some contemporaries, especially those engaged in the disputes over the roles of their relatives in Cooper's separate history of the Battle of Lake Erie.", "However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by some contemporaries, especially those engaged in the disputes over the roles of their relatives in Cooper's separate history of the Battle of Lake Erie. Whig editors of the period regularly attacked anything Cooper wrote, leading him to numerous suits for libel, for example against Park Benjamin, Sr., a poet and editor of the Evening Signal of New York.", "Whig editors of the period regularly attacked anything Cooper wrote, leading him to numerous suits for libel, for example against Park Benjamin, Sr., a poet and editor of the Evening Signal of New York. Critical reaction Cooper's writings of the 1830s related to current politics and social issues, coupled with his perceived self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and some of the public.", "Critical reaction Cooper's writings of the 1830s related to current politics and social issues, coupled with his perceived self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and some of the public. Criticism in print of his naval histories and the two Home novels came largely from newspapers supporting The Whig party, reflecting the antagonism between the Whigs and their opposition, the Democrats, whose policies Cooper often favored.", "Criticism in print of his naval histories and the two Home novels came largely from newspapers supporting The Whig party, reflecting the antagonism between the Whigs and their opposition, the Democrats, whose policies Cooper often favored. Cooper's father William had been a staunch Federalist, a party now defunct but some of whose policies supporting large-scale capitalism the Whigs endorsed.", "Cooper's father William had been a staunch Federalist, a party now defunct but some of whose policies supporting large-scale capitalism the Whigs endorsed. Cooper himself had come to admire Thomas Jefferson, the bete-noire of the Federalists, and had supported Andrew Jackson's opposition to a National Bank.", "Cooper himself had come to admire Thomas Jefferson, the bete-noire of the Federalists, and had supported Andrew Jackson's opposition to a National Bank. Never one to shrink from defending his personal honor and his sense of where the nation was erring, Cooper filed legal actions for libel against several Whig editors; his success with most of his lawsuits ironically led to more negative publicity from the Whig establishment.", "Never one to shrink from defending his personal honor and his sense of where the nation was erring, Cooper filed legal actions for libel against several Whig editors; his success with most of his lawsuits ironically led to more negative publicity from the Whig establishment. Buoyed by his frequent victories in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he had had for several years.", "Buoyed by his frequent victories in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he had had for several years. As noted above, on May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy; his return to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) brought him renewed favorable reviews.", "As noted above, on May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy; his return to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) brought him renewed favorable reviews. But on occasion he returned to addressing public issues, most notably with a trilogy of novels called the Littlepage Manuscripts addressing the issues of the anti-rent wars.", "But on occasion he returned to addressing public issues, most notably with a trilogy of novels called the Littlepage Manuscripts addressing the issues of the anti-rent wars. Public sentiment largely favored the anti-renters, and Cooper's reviews again were largely negative.", "Public sentiment largely favored the anti-renters, and Cooper's reviews again were largely negative. Later life Faced with competition from younger writers and magazine serialization, and lower prices for books resulting from new technologies, Cooper simply wrote more in his last decade than in either of the previous two.", "Later life Faced with competition from younger writers and magazine serialization, and lower prices for books resulting from new technologies, Cooper simply wrote more in his last decade than in either of the previous two. Half of his thirty-two novels were written in the 1840s.", "Half of his thirty-two novels were written in the 1840s. They may be grouped into three categories: Indian romances, maritime fiction, and political and social controversy—though the categories often overlap.", "They may be grouped into three categories: Indian romances, maritime fiction, and political and social controversy—though the categories often overlap. The 1840s began with the last two novels featuring Natty Bumppo, both critical and reader successes: The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841).", "The 1840s began with the last two novels featuring Natty Bumppo, both critical and reader successes: The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841). Wyandotte, his last novel set in the Revolutionary War, followed in 1843 and Oak Openings in 1848.", "Wyandotte, his last novel set in the Revolutionary War, followed in 1843 and Oak Openings in 1848. The nautical works were Mercedes of Castile (in which Columbus appears, 1840),The Two Admirals (British and French fleets in battle, 1842), Wing-And-Wing (a French privateer fighting the British in 1799, 1842), Afloat and Ashore (two volumes exploring a young man growing up, 1844), Jack Tier (a vicious smuggler in the Mexican-American War, 1848), and The Sea Lions (rival sealers in the Antarctic, 1849).", "The nautical works were Mercedes of Castile (in which Columbus appears, 1840),The Two Admirals (British and French fleets in battle, 1842), Wing-And-Wing (a French privateer fighting the British in 1799, 1842), Afloat and Ashore (two volumes exploring a young man growing up, 1844), Jack Tier (a vicious smuggler in the Mexican-American War, 1848), and The Sea Lions (rival sealers in the Antarctic, 1849). He also turned from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he achieved notoriety in the novels of the previous decade.", "He also turned from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he achieved notoriety in the novels of the previous decade. His Littlepage Manuscripts trilogy--Satanstoe (1845), The Chainbearer (1845), and The Redskins (1846)--dramatized issues of land ownership in response to renters in the 1840s opposing the long leases common in the old Dutch settlements in the Hudson Valley.", "His Littlepage Manuscripts trilogy--Satanstoe (1845), The Chainbearer (1845), and The Redskins (1846)--dramatized issues of land ownership in response to renters in the 1840s opposing the long leases common in the old Dutch settlements in the Hudson Valley. He tried his hand with serialization with The Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief, first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843, a satire on contemporary nouveau riche.", "He tried his hand with serialization with The Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief, first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843, a satire on contemporary nouveau riche. In The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847) he introduced supernatural machinery to show the decline of an ideal society in the South Seas when demagogues prevail.", "In The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847) he introduced supernatural machinery to show the decline of an ideal society in the South Seas when demagogues prevail. The Ways of the Hour, his last completed novel, portrayed a mysterious and independent young woman defending herself against criminal charges.", "The Ways of the Hour, his last completed novel, portrayed a mysterious and independent young woman defending herself against criminal charges. Cooper spent the last years of his life back in Cooperstown. He died on September 14, 1851, the day before his 62nd birthday.", "He died on September 14, 1851, the day before his 62nd birthday. He was buried in the Christ Episcopal Churchyard, where his father, William Cooper, was buried. Cooper's wife Susan survived her husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown.", "Cooper's wife Susan survived her husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown. Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a memorial in New York, six months after his death, in February 1852.", "Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a memorial in New York, six months after his death, in February 1852. Daniel Webster gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged reputation among American writers of the time.", "Daniel Webster gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged reputation among American writers of the time. Religious activities Cooper's father was a lapsed Quaker; probably influenced by his wife's family, the DeLanceys, Cooper in his fiction often favorably depicted clergy of the Episcopal Church, though Calvinist ministers came in for their share of both admiring and critical treatment.", "Religious activities Cooper's father was a lapsed Quaker; probably influenced by his wife's family, the DeLanceys, Cooper in his fiction often favorably depicted clergy of the Episcopal Church, though Calvinist ministers came in for their share of both admiring and critical treatment. In the 1840s as Cooper increasingly despaired over the United States maintaining the vision and promise of the Constitution, his fiction increasingly turned to religious themes.", "In the 1840s as Cooper increasingly despaired over the United States maintaining the vision and promise of the Constitution, his fiction increasingly turned to religious themes. In The Wing-And-Wing, 1842, the hero, a French revolutionary free-thinker, loses the Italian girl he loves because he cannot accept her simple Christianity.", "In The Wing-And-Wing, 1842, the hero, a French revolutionary free-thinker, loses the Italian girl he loves because he cannot accept her simple Christianity. In contrast, in the 1849 The Sea Lions the hero wins his beloved only after a spiritual transformation while marooned in the Antarctic.", "In contrast, in the 1849 The Sea Lions the hero wins his beloved only after a spiritual transformation while marooned in the Antarctic. And the 1848 The Oak Openings features a pious Parson Amen who wins the admiration of the Indians who kill him, praying for them during torture.", "And the 1848 The Oak Openings features a pious Parson Amen who wins the admiration of the Indians who kill him, praying for them during torture. After establishing permanent residence in Cooperstown, Cooper became active in Christ Episcopal Church, taking on the roles of warden and vestryman.", "After establishing permanent residence in Cooperstown, Cooper became active in Christ Episcopal Church, taking on the roles of warden and vestryman. As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense.", "As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense. He was also energetic as a representative from Cooperstown to various regional conventions of the Episcopal church.", "He was also energetic as a representative from Cooperstown to various regional conventions of the Episcopal church. But only several months before his death, in July 1851, was he confirmed in this church by his brother-in-law, the Reverend William H. DeLancey.", "But only several months before his death, in July 1851, was he confirmed in this church by his brother-in-law, the Reverend William H. DeLancey. Legacy Cooper was one of the more popular 19th-century American authors, and his work was admired greatly throughout the world.", "Legacy Cooper was one of the more popular 19th-century American authors, and his work was admired greatly throughout the world. While on his death bed, the Austrian composer Franz Schubert wanted most to read more of Cooper's novels. Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly.", "Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly. Henry David Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own work.", "Henry David Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own work. D.H. Lawrence believed that Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Maupassant, and Flaubert were all \"so very obvious and coarse, besides the lovely, mature and sensitive art of Fennimore Cooper.\"", "D.H. Lawrence believed that Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Maupassant, and Flaubert were all \"so very obvious and coarse, besides the lovely, mature and sensitive art of Fennimore Cooper.\" Lawrence called The Deerslayer \"one of the most beautiful and perfect books in the world: flawless as a jewel and of gem-like concentration.\"", "Lawrence called The Deerslayer \"one of the most beautiful and perfect books in the world: flawless as a jewel and of gem-like concentration.\" Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute.", "Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute. Cooper was one of the early major American novelists to include African, African-American and Native American characters in his works.", "Cooper was one of the early major American novelists to include African, African-American and Native American characters in his works. In particular, Native Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking Tales.", "In particular, Native Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking Tales. However, his treatment of this group is complex and highlights the relationship between frontier settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, depicting a captured white girl who marries an Indian chief and has a baby with him, but after several years is eventually returned to her parents.", "However, his treatment of this group is complex and highlights the relationship between frontier settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, depicting a captured white girl who marries an Indian chief and has a baby with him, but after several years is eventually returned to her parents. Often, he gives contrasting views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their proclivity for mayhem.", "Often, he gives contrasting views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their proclivity for mayhem. Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua, who fearing the extinction of his race at the hands of the whites savagely betrays them, as well as Chingachgook, the last chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as Natty Bumppo's noble, courageous, and heroic counterpart.", "Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua, who fearing the extinction of his race at the hands of the whites savagely betrays them, as well as Chingachgook, the last chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as Natty Bumppo's noble, courageous, and heroic counterpart. In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.", "In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty).", "According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty). He organized a club in Paris to support the rebels, and brought flags of the defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw to present them to the exiled leaders in Paris.", "He organized a club in Paris to support the rebels, and brought flags of the defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw to present them to the exiled leaders in Paris. With his friend the Marquis de La Fayette, he supported liberals during the regime changes in France and elsewhere in the 1830s. .", ". . Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greatest novelist of the century outside France.", "Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greatest novelist of the century outside France. Honoré de Balzac, while mocking a few of Cooper's novels (\"rhapsodies\") and expressing reservations about his portrayal of characters, enthusiastically called The Pathfinder a masterpiece and professed great admiration for Cooper's portrayal of nature, only equalled in his view by Walter Scott.", "Honoré de Balzac, while mocking a few of Cooper's novels (\"rhapsodies\") and expressing reservations about his portrayal of characters, enthusiastically called The Pathfinder a masterpiece and professed great admiration for Cooper's portrayal of nature, only equalled in his view by Walter Scott. Mark Twain, the ultimate Realist, criticized the Romantic plots and overwrought language of The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\" (1895).", "Mark Twain, the ultimate Realist, criticized the Romantic plots and overwrought language of The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\" (1895). Cooper was also criticized heavily in his day for his depiction of women characters in his work.", "Cooper was also criticized heavily in his day for his depiction of women characters in his work. James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, \"... the women he draws from one model don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie.\"", "James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, \"... the women he draws from one model don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie.\" Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking Tales.", "Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking Tales. In his 1960 study focusing on romantic relationships, both hetero- and homo-sexual, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler opines that with the exception of the five Natty Bumppo-Chingachgook novels, Cooper's \"collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness.\"", "In his 1960 study focusing on romantic relationships, both hetero- and homo-sexual, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler opines that with the exception of the five Natty Bumppo-Chingachgook novels, Cooper's \"collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness.\" More recent criticism views all thirty-two novels in the context of Cooper's responding to changing political, social, and economic realities in his time period.", "More recent criticism views all thirty-two novels in the context of Cooper's responding to changing political, social, and economic realities in his time period. Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the Famous American series, issued in 1940.", "Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the Famous American series, issued in 1940. Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there.", "Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there. Cooper Park in Michigan's Comstock Township is named after him.", "Cooper Park in Michigan's Comstock Township is named after him. The New Jersey Turnpike has a James Fenimore Cooper service area, recognizing his birth in the state. The gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper.", "The gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper. It was brought there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House restoration.", "It was brought there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House restoration. The James Fenimore Cooper Memorial Prize at New York University is awarded annually to an outstanding undergraduate student of journalism. In 2013, Cooper was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame.", "In 2013, Cooper was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame. Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia.", "Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia. In particular, great interest of the Russian public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky declared to be \"a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel\".", "In particular, great interest of the Russian public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky declared to be \"a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel\". The author was more recognizable by his middle name, Fenimore, exotic to many in Russia.", "The author was more recognizable by his middle name, Fenimore, exotic to many in Russia. This name became a symbol of exciting adventures among Russian readers.", "This name became a symbol of exciting adventures among Russian readers. For example, in the 1977 Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three Cheerful Shifts (, see ), tells of a mysterious stranger known as Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about Indians and extraterrestrials.", "For example, in the 1977 Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three Cheerful Shifts (, see ), tells of a mysterious stranger known as Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about Indians and extraterrestrials. Works Notes References Bibliography ; James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years, Yale University Press, 2017. p. 805 .", "Works Notes References Bibliography ; James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years, Yale University Press, 2017. p. 805 . Primary sources Url1 Url Url ——— (1852). The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook Further reading Clavel, Marcel (1938).", "The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook Further reading Clavel, Marcel (1938). Fenimore Cooper and his critics: American, British and French criticisms of the novelist's early work, Imprimerie universitaire de Provence, E. Fourcine, 418 pages; Book Darnell, Donald. (1993).", "(1993). (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: Novelist of Manners, Newark, Univ. of Delaware Dekker, George (2017). James Fenimore Cooper the Novelist, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 9781351580014 Doolen, Andy (2005). Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism, Minneapolis: Univ.", "Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism, Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota P. Franklin, Wayne (1982). The New World of James Fenimore Cooper, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago P, Book –—— (2007). James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book Krauthammer, Anna.", "James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book Krauthammer, Anna. The Representation of the Savage in James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville. NY: Peter Lang, 2008. Long, Robert Emmet (1990). James Fenimore Cooper, NY: Continuum. , MacDougall, Hugh C. (1993).", ", MacDougall, Hugh C. (1993). Where Was James? A James Fenimore Cooper Chronology from 1789–1851. Cooperstown: James Fenimore Cooper Soc. Rans, Geoffrey (1991). Cooper's Leather-Stocking Novels: A Secular Reading. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Redekop, Ernest H., ed. (1989).", "(1989). (1989). James Fenimore Cooper, 1789–1989: Bicentennial Essays, Canadian Review of American Studies, entire special issue, vol. 20, no. 3 (Winter 1989), pp. 1–164. Reid, Margaret (2004). Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America.", "Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America. Columbus: Ohio State UP Ringe, Donald A. (1988). James Fenimore Cooper. Boston: Twayne. Romero, Lora (1997). Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States.", "Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States. Durham: Duke UP Smith, Lindsey C. (2008). Indians, Environment, and Identity on the Borders of American Literature: From Faulkner and Morrison to Walker and Silko. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Verhoeven, W.M. (1993).", "Verhoeven, W.M. (1993). (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: New Historical and Literary Contexts. Rodopi publishers. . Book Google.", "Rodopi publishers. . Book Google. Book Google. External links James Fenimore Cooper at Open Library James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825–1904, New York Public Library James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments.", "External links James Fenimore Cooper at Open Library James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825–1904, New York Public Library James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments. Available online though Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera \"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\", an essay by Mark Twain James Fenimore Cooper Collection.", "Available online though Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera \"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\", an essay by Mark Twain James Fenimore Cooper Collection. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.", "Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1789 births 1851 deaths 19th-century American novelists American expatriates in France American historical novelists American male novelists American naval historians American people of English descent Christian writers Deaths from edema Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees People from Burlington, New Jersey People from Cooperstown, New York People from Scarsdale, New York Romanticism United States Navy officers Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age Knickerbocker Group Novelists from New Jersey American male non-fiction writers Historians from New York (state) Historians from New Jersey" ]

[ "James Fenimore Cooper", "Early life and family", "Where was he born", "James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey", "What year and to whom was he born", "1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper,", "How many children did they have", "eleventh of 12 children, most of whom died during infancy or childhood.", "Who was he related to", "He was descended from James Cooper of Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England, who immigrated to the American colonies in 1679." ]

[ "Owuo is a mythical giant present in the traditional religions of the Krachi people, based in today’s Togolese Republic. The giant is meant to represent death, and his tale is meant to portray the origin of death myth according to Krachi beliefs.\n\nRepresentation \nOne of Owuo’s highlighted feature is his hair, which is described as spanning from Krachi to Salaga [3]. Owuo is cannibalistic, though he is not depicted as a malicious creature.\n\nLegends\n\nOrigin of death \nIt is said that a male youth encountered Owuo during his travels. At the time, famine was widespread – and the boy was also afflicted by it. When the boy first met Owuo, he was uncertain of his welcome. But Owuo did not attack him – he instead asked the boy what he wanted from Owuo.\n\nThe boy asked Owuo for food, and the giant granted his wish. However, he asked for a favor in return – the boy must serve Owuo for a period of time. The boy agreed and Owuo fed him meat, and from then on the boy started becoming Owuo’s servant.\n\nAfter a while, the boy started to miss his hometown. So, he requested a leave from his duties. Owuo eventually acquiesced, with one caveat: The boy must leave another boy in his place. He did as Owuo commanded and left his brother in his stead while he stayed at his hometown for a short holiday. Some time passed, and the boy started missing the meat that Owuo fed him. Thus, he left his hometown once more, and returned to Owuo. Owuo welcomed him back and allowed the boy to eat his meat – as long as he started serving Owuo again.\n\nOnce more, the boy wanted to have a quick visit home. Owuo agreed, as long as the boy prepared him a human wife before he left. So, the boy gave Owuo his sister, and left her and a maid while he returned to his hometown. Again, the boy decided to come back to Owuo because he missed the meat. And Owuo accepted him back this time as well, with the same condition: That the boy continues to serve him.\n\nHowever, this time, the boy had a look inside the storage room where Owuo put his meat. Here, he discovered that the meat that he had been eating came from the corpses of his brother, sister, and the maid that accompanied her. In horror, the boy fled back to his hometown and told the people what happened.\n\nThe people decided to kill the giant by burning his hair. As the giant fell, the boy realized that a vial of medicine was hidden in his hair. He took it, and as he poured it all over the corpses of his brother, sister, and his sister’s maid, they returned back to life. The boy also poured the medicine on Owuo’s eyes – he did not come back to life, but his eyes continued to blink. From then on, whenever Owuo closed his eyes, a person shall die.\n\nReferences \n\nAfrican mythology", "The Black Box () is a 2005 French mystery film directed by Richard Berry, written by Berry and Éric Assous, adapted from a novella by Tonino Benacquista, and starring José Garcia and Marion Cotillard.\n\nPlot\nFollowing a car accident, in which he believes he killed a boy, Arthur Seligman falls into a coma for several hours. While in the coma, he pronounces incoherent sentences. At his awakening, he does not remember what happened before the crash, and he does not know the meaning of the words he pronounced while unconscious. The nurse who assisted him, Isabelle Kruger, recorded them in a notebook, which she gives to him. Arthur then tries to understand what happened, what those sentences mean, and begins to lose his grasp of reality.\n\nCast\nJosé Garcia as Arthur Seligman\nMarion Cotillard as Isabelle Kruger / Alice\nMichel Duchaussoy as Mr. Seligman\nBernard Le Coq as Walcott / Doctor Granger\nHelena Noguerra as Soraya\nGérald Laroche as Commissioner Marc Koskas\n as Mrs. Seligman\n as Dr. Brenner\nThomas Chabrol as Thierry\nPascal Bongard as Clovis\nMarilou Berry as The desk clerk\nLise Lamétrie as The guardian\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n2005 films\n2005 thriller films\nFrench mystery thriller films\nFrench films\n2000s mystery thriller films\nFilms directed by Richard Berry\nFilms scored by Nathaniel Méchaly" ]

[ "James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was an American writer of the first half of the 19th century. His historical romances depicting colonist and Indigenous characters from the 17th to the 19th centuries created a unique form of American literature.", "His historical romances depicting colonist and Indigenous characters from the 17th to the 19th centuries created a unique form of American literature. He lived much of his boyhood and the last fifteen years of life in Cooperstown, New York, which was founded by his father William Cooper on property that he owned.", "He lived much of his boyhood and the last fifteen years of life in Cooperstown, New York, which was founded by his father William Cooper on property that he owned. Cooper became a member of the Episcopal Church shortly before his death and contributed generously to it.", "Cooper became a member of the Episcopal Church shortly before his death and contributed generously to it. He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society.", "He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society. After a stint on a commercial voyage, Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings.", "After a stint on a commercial voyage, Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings. The novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about espionage set during the American Revolutionary War and published in 1821.", "The novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about espionage set during the American Revolutionary War and published in 1821. He also created American sea stories.", "He also created American sea stories. His best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period, written between 1823 and 1841, known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which introduced the iconic American frontier scout, Natty Bumppo.", "His best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period, written between 1823 and 1841, known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which introduced the iconic American frontier scout, Natty Bumppo. Cooper's works on the U.S. Navy have been well received among naval historians, but they were sometimes criticized by his contemporaries.", "Cooper's works on the U.S. Navy have been well received among naval historians, but they were sometimes criticized by his contemporaries. Among his more famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece.", "Among his more famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece. Throughout his career, he published numerous social, political, and historical works of fiction and non-fiction with the objective of countering European prejudices and nurturing an original American art and culture.", "Throughout his career, he published numerous social, political, and historical works of fiction and non-fiction with the objective of countering European prejudices and nurturing an original American art and culture. Early life and family James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh of 12 children, half of whom died during infancy or childhood.", "Early life and family James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh of 12 children, half of whom died during infancy or childhood. Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development.", "Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development. Later, his father was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from Otsego County.", "Later, his father was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from Otsego County. Their town was in a central area of New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River that had previously been patented to Colonel George Croghan by the Province of New York in 1769.", "Their town was in a central area of New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River that had previously been patented to Colonel George Croghan by the Province of New York in 1769. Croghan mortgaged the land before the Revolution and after the war part of the tract was sold at public auction to William Cooper and his business partner Andrew Craig.", "Croghan mortgaged the land before the Revolution and after the war part of the tract was sold at public auction to William Cooper and his business partner Andrew Craig. By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established.", "By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established. He erected a home on the shore of Otsego Lake and moved his family there in the autumn of 1790. Several years later he began construction of the mansion that became known as Otsego Hall, completed in 1799 when James was ten.", "Several years later he began construction of the mansion that became known as Otsego Hall, completed in 1799 when James was ten. Cooper was enrolled at Yale University at age 13, but he incited a dangerous prank which involved blowing up another student's door—after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room.", "Cooper was enrolled at Yale University at age 13, but he incited a dangerous prank which involved blowing up another student's door—after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room. He was expelled in his third year without completing his degree, so he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and joined the crew of a merchant vessel at age 17.", "He was expelled in his third year without completing his degree, so he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and joined the crew of a merchant vessel at age 17. By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him by an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson.", "By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him by an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson. William Cooper died when James was 20; all five of his sons inherited a supposed-large fortune in money, securities, and land titles, which soon proved to be a wealth of endless litigation.", "William Cooper died when James was 20; all five of his sons inherited a supposed-large fortune in money, securities, and land titles, which soon proved to be a wealth of endless litigation. He married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811, at age 21.", "He married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811, at age 21. She was from a wealthy family who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution. The Coopers had seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood.", "The Coopers had seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood. Their daughter Susan Fenimore Cooper was a writer on nature, female suffrage, and other topics. Her father edited her works and secured publishers for them. One son, Paul Fenimore Cooper, became a lawyer and perpetuated the author's lineage to the present.", "One son, Paul Fenimore Cooper, became a lawyer and perpetuated the author's lineage to the present. Service in the Navy In 1806 at the age of 17, Cooper joined the crew of the merchant ship Sterling as a common sailor. At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston from Maine.", "At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston from Maine. Cooper served as a common seaman before the mast. His first voyage took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes where they sought information on where best to unload their cargo of flour.", "His first voyage took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes where they sought information on where best to unload their cargo of flour. There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England.", "There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England. Britain was in the midst of war with Napoleon's France at the time, so their ship was immediately approached by a British man-of-war and was boarded by some of its crew. They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into the British Royal Navy.", "They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into the British Royal Navy. Cooper thus first encountered the power of his country's former colonial master, which led to a lifelong commitment to helping create an American art independent culturally as well as politically from the former mother country.", "Cooper thus first encountered the power of his country's former colonial master, which led to a lifelong commitment to helping create an American art independent culturally as well as politically from the former mother country. Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain, including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken to London and unloaded.", "Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain, including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken to London and unloaded. Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor, the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel about Columbus.", "Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor, the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel about Columbus. After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, he joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his commission as a midshipman.", "After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, he joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his commission as a midshipman. Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S.", "Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S. Congressman, easily secured a commission for him through his long-standing connections with politicians and naval officials. The warrant for Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching Cooper on February 19.", "The warrant for Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching Cooper on February 19. On February 24, he received orders to report to the naval commander at New York City. Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration he had had since his youth.", "Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration he had had since his youth. Cooper's first naval assignment came on March 21, 1808, aboard the , an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns and a thirteen-inch mortar.", "Cooper's first naval assignment came on March 21, 1808, aboard the , an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns and a thirteen-inch mortar. For his next assignment, he served under Lieutenant Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on Lake Ontario, overseeing the building of the brig for service on the lake.", "For his next assignment, he served under Lieutenant Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on Lake Ontario, overseeing the building of the brig for service on the lake. The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain which had yet to begin.", "The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain which had yet to begin. The vessel was completed, armed with sixteen guns, and launched in Lake Ontario in the spring of 1809. It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties and frontier life.", "It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties and frontier life. During his leisure time, Cooper would venture through the forests of New York state and explore the shores of Lake Ontario. He occasionally ventured into the Thousand Islands.", "He occasionally ventured into the Thousand Islands. His experiences in the Oswego area later inspired some of his work, including his novel The Pathfinder. After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, who then was ordered to Lake Champlain to serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over.", "After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, who then was ordered to Lake Champlain to serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over. Cooper himself returned from Oswego to Cooperstown and then New York.", "Cooper himself returned from Oswego to Cooperstown and then New York. On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and became a personal friend of Cooper's.", "On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and became a personal friend of Cooper's. Aboard this ship, he met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time.", "Aboard this ship, he met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time. Cooper later dedicated The Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick.", "Cooper later dedicated The Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick. Assigned to humdrum recruiting tasks rather than exciting voyages, Cooper resigned his commission from the navy in spring 1810; in the same time period he met, wooed, and became engaged to Susan Augusta de Lancey, whom be married on January 1, 1811.", "Assigned to humdrum recruiting tasks rather than exciting voyages, Cooper resigned his commission from the navy in spring 1810; in the same time period he met, wooed, and became engaged to Susan Augusta de Lancey, whom be married on January 1, 1811. Writings First endeavors In 1820, when reading a contemporary novel to his wife Susan, he decided to try his hand at fiction, resulting in a neophyte novel set in England he called Precaution (1820).", "Writings First endeavors In 1820, when reading a contemporary novel to his wife Susan, he decided to try his hand at fiction, resulting in a neophyte novel set in England he called Precaution (1820). Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction.", "Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction. He anonymously published Precaution which received modestly favorable notice in the United States and England. By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by an American tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay.", "By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by an American tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay. It became the first novel written by an American to become a bestseller at home and abroad, requiring several re-printings to satisfy demand.", "It became the first novel written by an American to become a bestseller at home and abroad, requiring several re-printings to satisfy demand. Set in the \"Neutral Ground\" between British and American forces and their guerrilla allies in Westchester County, New York, the action centers around spying and skirmishing taking place in and around what is widely believed to be John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York of which a portion still exists today as the historic Jay Estate.", "Set in the \"Neutral Ground\" between British and American forces and their guerrilla allies in Westchester County, New York, the action centers around spying and skirmishing taking place in and around what is widely believed to be John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York of which a portion still exists today as the historic Jay Estate. Following on a swell of popularity, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series in 1823.", "Following on a swell of popularity, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series in 1823. The series features the inter-racial friendship of Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman who is at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook.", "The series features the inter-racial friendship of Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman who is at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook. Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826.", "Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826. The book became one of the more widely read American novels of the 19th century.", "The book became one of the more widely read American novels of the 19th century. At this time, Cooper had been living in New York on Beach Street in what is now downtown's Tribeca. In 1823, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.", "In 1823, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. In August of that same year, his first son died. He organized the influential Bread and Cheese Club that brought together American writers, editors, artists, scholars, educators, art patrons, merchants, lawyers, politicians, and others.", "He organized the influential Bread and Cheese Club that brought together American writers, editors, artists, scholars, educators, art patrons, merchants, lawyers, politicians, and others. In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest.", "In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest. Cooper witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment.", "Cooper witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment. Europe In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books, provide better education for his children, improve his health, and observe European manners and politics firsthand.", "Europe In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books, provide better education for his children, improve his health, and observe European manners and politics firsthand. While overseas, he continued to write.", "While overseas, he continued to write. His books published in Paris include The Prairie, the third Leather-Stocking Tale in which Natty Bumppo dies in the western land newly acquired by Jefferson as the Louisiana Purchase. There he also published The Red Rover and The Water Witch, two of his many sea stories.", "There he also published The Red Rover and The Water Witch, two of his many sea stories. During his time in Paris, the Cooper family became active in the small American expatriate community.", "During his time in Paris, the Cooper family became active in the small American expatriate community. He became friends with painter (and later inventor) Samuel Morse and with French general and American Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.", "He became friends with painter (and later inventor) Samuel Morse and with French general and American Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. Cooper admired the patrician liberalism of Lafayette, who sought to recruit him to his causes, and eulogized him as a man who \"dedicated youth, person, and fortune, to the principles of liberty.\"", "Cooper admired the patrician liberalism of Lafayette, who sought to recruit him to his causes, and eulogized him as a man who \"dedicated youth, person, and fortune, to the principles of liberty.\" Cooper's distaste for the corruption of the European aristocracy, especially in England and France, grew as he observed them manipulate the legislature and judiciary to the exclusion of other classes.", "Cooper's distaste for the corruption of the European aristocracy, especially in England and France, grew as he observed them manipulate the legislature and judiciary to the exclusion of other classes. In 1832, he entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal.", "In 1832, he entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal. He defended the United States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique.", "He defended the United States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique. For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once.", "For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once. This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831).", "This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831). Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833).", "Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833). The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the \"serene republic\".", "The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the \"serene republic\". All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though some Americans accused Cooper of apparently abandoning American life for European—not realizing that the political subterfuges in the European novels were cautions directed at his American audiences.", "All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though some Americans accused Cooper of apparently abandoning American life for European—not realizing that the political subterfuges in the European novels were cautions directed at his American audiences. Thus The Bravo was roughly treated by some critics in the United States.", "Thus The Bravo was roughly treated by some critics in the United States. Back to America In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen in which he gave his criticism of various social and political mores.", "Back to America In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen in which he gave his criticism of various social and political mores. Promotional material from a modern publisher summarize his goals as follows: A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social criticism.", "Promotional material from a modern publisher summarize his goals as follows: A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social criticism. In it, he defines the role of the \"man of letters\" in a republic, the true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the legislative branch of government.", "In it, he defines the role of the \"man of letters\" in a republic, the true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the legislative branch of government. He also offers her most persuasive argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture, ignoring the aristocratically tainted art of Europe.", "He also offers her most persuasive argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture, ignoring the aristocratically tainted art of Europe. Influenced by the ideals of classical republicanism, Cooper feared that the orgy of speculation he witnessed was destructive of civic virtue and warned Americans that it was a \"mistake to suppose commerce favorable to liberty\"; doing so would lead to a new \"moneyed aristocracy.\"", "Influenced by the ideals of classical republicanism, Cooper feared that the orgy of speculation he witnessed was destructive of civic virtue and warned Americans that it was a \"mistake to suppose commerce favorable to liberty\"; doing so would lead to a new \"moneyed aristocracy.\" Drawing upon philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burlamaqui, and Montesquieu, Cooper's political ideas were both democratic, deriving from the consent of the governed, and liberal, concerned with the rights of the individual.", "Drawing upon philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burlamaqui, and Montesquieu, Cooper's political ideas were both democratic, deriving from the consent of the governed, and liberal, concerned with the rights of the individual. In the later 1830s—despite his repudiation of authorship in A Letter To My Countrymen—he published Gleanings in Europe, five volumes of social and political analysis of his observations and experiences in Europe.", "In the later 1830s—despite his repudiation of authorship in A Letter To My Countrymen—he published Gleanings in Europe, five volumes of social and political analysis of his observations and experiences in Europe. His two novels Homeward Bound and Home as Found also criticize the flamboyant financial speculation and toadyism he found on his return; some readers and critics attacked the works for presenting a highly idealized self-portrait, which he vigorously denied.", "His two novels Homeward Bound and Home as Found also criticize the flamboyant financial speculation and toadyism he found on his return; some readers and critics attacked the works for presenting a highly idealized self-portrait, which he vigorously denied. In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at Cooperstown.", "In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at Cooperstown. It had long been closed and falling into decay; he had been absent from the mansion nearly 16 years. Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order.", "Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order. At first, he wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent home.", "At first, he wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent home. On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America, a work that he had long planned on writing.", "On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America, a work that he had long planned on writing. He publicly announced his intentions to author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor: Encouraged by your kindness, ...", "He publicly announced his intentions to author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor: Encouraged by your kindness, ... I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and sufferings of a class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude—a class of men among whom, I am always ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed.", "I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and sufferings of a class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude—a class of men among whom, I am always ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed. Historical and nautical work His historical account of the U.S. Navy was well received, though his account of the roles played by the American leaders in the Battle of Lake Erie led to years of disputes with their descendants, as noted below.", "Historical and nautical work His historical account of the U.S. Navy was well received, though his account of the roles played by the American leaders in the Battle of Lake Erie led to years of disputes with their descendants, as noted below. Cooper had begun thinking about this massive project in 1824, and concentrated on its research in the late 1830s.", "Cooper had begun thinking about this massive project in 1824, and concentrated on its research in the late 1830s. His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work.", "His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work. Cooper's work is said to have stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time.", "Cooper's work is said to have stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time. In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44.", "In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44. It was a review of the court martial of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS Somers for mutiny while at sea.", "It was a review of the court martial of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS Somers for mutiny while at sea. One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer.", "One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer. He was executed without court-martial along with two other sailors aboard the Somers for allegedly attempting mutiny. Prior to this affair, Cooper and Mackenzie had disputed each other's version of the Battle of Lake Erie.", "Prior to this affair, Cooper and Mackenzie had disputed each other's version of the Battle of Lake Erie. However, recognizing the need for absolute discipline in a warship at sea, Cooper still felt sympathetic to Mackenzie over his pending court martial. In 1843, an old shipmate, Ned Myers, re-entered Cooper's life.", "In 1843, an old shipmate, Ned Myers, re-entered Cooper's life. To assist him—and hopefully to cash in on the popularity of maritime biographies—Cooper wrote Myers's story which he published in 1843 as Ned Myers, or a Life before the Mast, an account of a common seaman still of interest to naval historians.", "To assist him—and hopefully to cash in on the popularity of maritime biographies—Cooper wrote Myers's story which he published in 1843 as Ned Myers, or a Life before the Mast, an account of a common seaman still of interest to naval historians. In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering the biographies of William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw, John T. Shubrick, and Edward Preble.", "In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering the biographies of William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw, John T. Shubrick, and Edward Preble. Cooper died in 1851. In May 1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly.", "In May 1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly. It was the history of the Navy ship and, after European and American Scenery Compared, 1852, was one of several posthumous publication of his writings.", "It was the history of the Navy ship and, after European and American Scenery Compared, 1852, was one of several posthumous publication of his writings. In 1856, five years after Cooper's death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was re-published in an expanded edition.", "In 1856, five years after Cooper's death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was re-published in an expanded edition. The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early 19th century, through the Mexican War.", "The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early 19th century, through the Mexican War. Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account.", "Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account. However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by some contemporaries, especially those engaged in the disputes over the roles of their relatives in Cooper's separate history of the Battle of Lake Erie.", "However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by some contemporaries, especially those engaged in the disputes over the roles of their relatives in Cooper's separate history of the Battle of Lake Erie. Whig editors of the period regularly attacked anything Cooper wrote, leading him to numerous suits for libel, for example against Park Benjamin, Sr., a poet and editor of the Evening Signal of New York.", "Whig editors of the period regularly attacked anything Cooper wrote, leading him to numerous suits for libel, for example against Park Benjamin, Sr., a poet and editor of the Evening Signal of New York. Critical reaction Cooper's writings of the 1830s related to current politics and social issues, coupled with his perceived self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and some of the public.", "Critical reaction Cooper's writings of the 1830s related to current politics and social issues, coupled with his perceived self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and some of the public. Criticism in print of his naval histories and the two Home novels came largely from newspapers supporting The Whig party, reflecting the antagonism between the Whigs and their opposition, the Democrats, whose policies Cooper often favored.", "Criticism in print of his naval histories and the two Home novels came largely from newspapers supporting The Whig party, reflecting the antagonism between the Whigs and their opposition, the Democrats, whose policies Cooper often favored. Cooper's father William had been a staunch Federalist, a party now defunct but some of whose policies supporting large-scale capitalism the Whigs endorsed.", "Cooper's father William had been a staunch Federalist, a party now defunct but some of whose policies supporting large-scale capitalism the Whigs endorsed. Cooper himself had come to admire Thomas Jefferson, the bete-noire of the Federalists, and had supported Andrew Jackson's opposition to a National Bank.", "Cooper himself had come to admire Thomas Jefferson, the bete-noire of the Federalists, and had supported Andrew Jackson's opposition to a National Bank. Never one to shrink from defending his personal honor and his sense of where the nation was erring, Cooper filed legal actions for libel against several Whig editors; his success with most of his lawsuits ironically led to more negative publicity from the Whig establishment.", "Never one to shrink from defending his personal honor and his sense of where the nation was erring, Cooper filed legal actions for libel against several Whig editors; his success with most of his lawsuits ironically led to more negative publicity from the Whig establishment. Buoyed by his frequent victories in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he had had for several years.", "Buoyed by his frequent victories in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he had had for several years. As noted above, on May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy; his return to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) brought him renewed favorable reviews.", "As noted above, on May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy; his return to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) brought him renewed favorable reviews. But on occasion he returned to addressing public issues, most notably with a trilogy of novels called the Littlepage Manuscripts addressing the issues of the anti-rent wars.", "But on occasion he returned to addressing public issues, most notably with a trilogy of novels called the Littlepage Manuscripts addressing the issues of the anti-rent wars. Public sentiment largely favored the anti-renters, and Cooper's reviews again were largely negative.", "Public sentiment largely favored the anti-renters, and Cooper's reviews again were largely negative. Later life Faced with competition from younger writers and magazine serialization, and lower prices for books resulting from new technologies, Cooper simply wrote more in his last decade than in either of the previous two.", "Later life Faced with competition from younger writers and magazine serialization, and lower prices for books resulting from new technologies, Cooper simply wrote more in his last decade than in either of the previous two. Half of his thirty-two novels were written in the 1840s.", "Half of his thirty-two novels were written in the 1840s. They may be grouped into three categories: Indian romances, maritime fiction, and political and social controversy—though the categories often overlap.", "They may be grouped into three categories: Indian romances, maritime fiction, and political and social controversy—though the categories often overlap. The 1840s began with the last two novels featuring Natty Bumppo, both critical and reader successes: The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841).", "The 1840s began with the last two novels featuring Natty Bumppo, both critical and reader successes: The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841). Wyandotte, his last novel set in the Revolutionary War, followed in 1843 and Oak Openings in 1848.", "Wyandotte, his last novel set in the Revolutionary War, followed in 1843 and Oak Openings in 1848. The nautical works were Mercedes of Castile (in which Columbus appears, 1840),The Two Admirals (British and French fleets in battle, 1842), Wing-And-Wing (a French privateer fighting the British in 1799, 1842), Afloat and Ashore (two volumes exploring a young man growing up, 1844), Jack Tier (a vicious smuggler in the Mexican-American War, 1848), and The Sea Lions (rival sealers in the Antarctic, 1849).", "The nautical works were Mercedes of Castile (in which Columbus appears, 1840),The Two Admirals (British and French fleets in battle, 1842), Wing-And-Wing (a French privateer fighting the British in 1799, 1842), Afloat and Ashore (two volumes exploring a young man growing up, 1844), Jack Tier (a vicious smuggler in the Mexican-American War, 1848), and The Sea Lions (rival sealers in the Antarctic, 1849). He also turned from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he achieved notoriety in the novels of the previous decade.", "He also turned from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he achieved notoriety in the novels of the previous decade. His Littlepage Manuscripts trilogy--Satanstoe (1845), The Chainbearer (1845), and The Redskins (1846)--dramatized issues of land ownership in response to renters in the 1840s opposing the long leases common in the old Dutch settlements in the Hudson Valley.", "His Littlepage Manuscripts trilogy--Satanstoe (1845), The Chainbearer (1845), and The Redskins (1846)--dramatized issues of land ownership in response to renters in the 1840s opposing the long leases common in the old Dutch settlements in the Hudson Valley. He tried his hand with serialization with The Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief, first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843, a satire on contemporary nouveau riche.", "He tried his hand with serialization with The Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief, first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843, a satire on contemporary nouveau riche. In The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847) he introduced supernatural machinery to show the decline of an ideal society in the South Seas when demagogues prevail.", "In The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847) he introduced supernatural machinery to show the decline of an ideal society in the South Seas when demagogues prevail. The Ways of the Hour, his last completed novel, portrayed a mysterious and independent young woman defending herself against criminal charges.", "The Ways of the Hour, his last completed novel, portrayed a mysterious and independent young woman defending herself against criminal charges. Cooper spent the last years of his life back in Cooperstown. He died on September 14, 1851, the day before his 62nd birthday.", "He died on September 14, 1851, the day before his 62nd birthday. He was buried in the Christ Episcopal Churchyard, where his father, William Cooper, was buried. Cooper's wife Susan survived her husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown.", "Cooper's wife Susan survived her husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown. Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a memorial in New York, six months after his death, in February 1852.", "Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a memorial in New York, six months after his death, in February 1852. Daniel Webster gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged reputation among American writers of the time.", "Daniel Webster gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged reputation among American writers of the time. Religious activities Cooper's father was a lapsed Quaker; probably influenced by his wife's family, the DeLanceys, Cooper in his fiction often favorably depicted clergy of the Episcopal Church, though Calvinist ministers came in for their share of both admiring and critical treatment.", "Religious activities Cooper's father was a lapsed Quaker; probably influenced by his wife's family, the DeLanceys, Cooper in his fiction often favorably depicted clergy of the Episcopal Church, though Calvinist ministers came in for their share of both admiring and critical treatment. In the 1840s as Cooper increasingly despaired over the United States maintaining the vision and promise of the Constitution, his fiction increasingly turned to religious themes.", "In the 1840s as Cooper increasingly despaired over the United States maintaining the vision and promise of the Constitution, his fiction increasingly turned to religious themes. In The Wing-And-Wing, 1842, the hero, a French revolutionary free-thinker, loses the Italian girl he loves because he cannot accept her simple Christianity.", "In The Wing-And-Wing, 1842, the hero, a French revolutionary free-thinker, loses the Italian girl he loves because he cannot accept her simple Christianity. In contrast, in the 1849 The Sea Lions the hero wins his beloved only after a spiritual transformation while marooned in the Antarctic.", "In contrast, in the 1849 The Sea Lions the hero wins his beloved only after a spiritual transformation while marooned in the Antarctic. And the 1848 The Oak Openings features a pious Parson Amen who wins the admiration of the Indians who kill him, praying for them during torture.", "And the 1848 The Oak Openings features a pious Parson Amen who wins the admiration of the Indians who kill him, praying for them during torture. After establishing permanent residence in Cooperstown, Cooper became active in Christ Episcopal Church, taking on the roles of warden and vestryman.", "After establishing permanent residence in Cooperstown, Cooper became active in Christ Episcopal Church, taking on the roles of warden and vestryman. As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense.", "As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense. He was also energetic as a representative from Cooperstown to various regional conventions of the Episcopal church.", "He was also energetic as a representative from Cooperstown to various regional conventions of the Episcopal church. But only several months before his death, in July 1851, was he confirmed in this church by his brother-in-law, the Reverend William H. DeLancey.", "But only several months before his death, in July 1851, was he confirmed in this church by his brother-in-law, the Reverend William H. DeLancey. Legacy Cooper was one of the more popular 19th-century American authors, and his work was admired greatly throughout the world.", "Legacy Cooper was one of the more popular 19th-century American authors, and his work was admired greatly throughout the world. While on his death bed, the Austrian composer Franz Schubert wanted most to read more of Cooper's novels. Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly.", "Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly. Henry David Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own work.", "Henry David Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own work. D.H. Lawrence believed that Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Maupassant, and Flaubert were all \"so very obvious and coarse, besides the lovely, mature and sensitive art of Fennimore Cooper.\"", "D.H. Lawrence believed that Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Maupassant, and Flaubert were all \"so very obvious and coarse, besides the lovely, mature and sensitive art of Fennimore Cooper.\" Lawrence called The Deerslayer \"one of the most beautiful and perfect books in the world: flawless as a jewel and of gem-like concentration.\"", "Lawrence called The Deerslayer \"one of the most beautiful and perfect books in the world: flawless as a jewel and of gem-like concentration.\" Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute.", "Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute. Cooper was one of the early major American novelists to include African, African-American and Native American characters in his works.", "Cooper was one of the early major American novelists to include African, African-American and Native American characters in his works. In particular, Native Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking Tales.", "In particular, Native Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking Tales. However, his treatment of this group is complex and highlights the relationship between frontier settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, depicting a captured white girl who marries an Indian chief and has a baby with him, but after several years is eventually returned to her parents.", "However, his treatment of this group is complex and highlights the relationship between frontier settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, depicting a captured white girl who marries an Indian chief and has a baby with him, but after several years is eventually returned to her parents. Often, he gives contrasting views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their proclivity for mayhem.", "Often, he gives contrasting views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their proclivity for mayhem. Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua, who fearing the extinction of his race at the hands of the whites savagely betrays them, as well as Chingachgook, the last chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as Natty Bumppo's noble, courageous, and heroic counterpart.", "Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua, who fearing the extinction of his race at the hands of the whites savagely betrays them, as well as Chingachgook, the last chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as Natty Bumppo's noble, courageous, and heroic counterpart. In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.", "In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty).", "According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty). He organized a club in Paris to support the rebels, and brought flags of the defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw to present them to the exiled leaders in Paris.", "He organized a club in Paris to support the rebels, and brought flags of the defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw to present them to the exiled leaders in Paris. With his friend the Marquis de La Fayette, he supported liberals during the regime changes in France and elsewhere in the 1830s. .", ". . Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greatest novelist of the century outside France.", "Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greatest novelist of the century outside France. Honoré de Balzac, while mocking a few of Cooper's novels (\"rhapsodies\") and expressing reservations about his portrayal of characters, enthusiastically called The Pathfinder a masterpiece and professed great admiration for Cooper's portrayal of nature, only equalled in his view by Walter Scott.", "Honoré de Balzac, while mocking a few of Cooper's novels (\"rhapsodies\") and expressing reservations about his portrayal of characters, enthusiastically called The Pathfinder a masterpiece and professed great admiration for Cooper's portrayal of nature, only equalled in his view by Walter Scott. Mark Twain, the ultimate Realist, criticized the Romantic plots and overwrought language of The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\" (1895).", "Mark Twain, the ultimate Realist, criticized the Romantic plots and overwrought language of The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\" (1895). Cooper was also criticized heavily in his day for his depiction of women characters in his work.", "Cooper was also criticized heavily in his day for his depiction of women characters in his work. James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, \"... the women he draws from one model don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie.\"", "James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, \"... the women he draws from one model don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie.\" Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking Tales.", "Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking Tales. In his 1960 study focusing on romantic relationships, both hetero- and homo-sexual, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler opines that with the exception of the five Natty Bumppo-Chingachgook novels, Cooper's \"collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness.\"", "In his 1960 study focusing on romantic relationships, both hetero- and homo-sexual, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler opines that with the exception of the five Natty Bumppo-Chingachgook novels, Cooper's \"collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness.\" More recent criticism views all thirty-two novels in the context of Cooper's responding to changing political, social, and economic realities in his time period.", "More recent criticism views all thirty-two novels in the context of Cooper's responding to changing political, social, and economic realities in his time period. Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the Famous American series, issued in 1940.", "Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the Famous American series, issued in 1940. Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there.", "Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there. Cooper Park in Michigan's Comstock Township is named after him.", "Cooper Park in Michigan's Comstock Township is named after him. The New Jersey Turnpike has a James Fenimore Cooper service area, recognizing his birth in the state. The gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper.", "The gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper. It was brought there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House restoration.", "It was brought there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House restoration. The James Fenimore Cooper Memorial Prize at New York University is awarded annually to an outstanding undergraduate student of journalism. In 2013, Cooper was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame.", "In 2013, Cooper was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame. Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia.", "Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia. In particular, great interest of the Russian public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky declared to be \"a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel\".", "In particular, great interest of the Russian public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky declared to be \"a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel\". The author was more recognizable by his middle name, Fenimore, exotic to many in Russia.", "The author was more recognizable by his middle name, Fenimore, exotic to many in Russia. This name became a symbol of exciting adventures among Russian readers.", "This name became a symbol of exciting adventures among Russian readers. For example, in the 1977 Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three Cheerful Shifts (, see ), tells of a mysterious stranger known as Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about Indians and extraterrestrials.", "For example, in the 1977 Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three Cheerful Shifts (, see ), tells of a mysterious stranger known as Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about Indians and extraterrestrials. Works Notes References Bibliography ; James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years, Yale University Press, 2017. p. 805 .", "Works Notes References Bibliography ; James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years, Yale University Press, 2017. p. 805 . Primary sources Url1 Url Url ——— (1852). The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook Further reading Clavel, Marcel (1938).", "The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook Further reading Clavel, Marcel (1938). Fenimore Cooper and his critics: American, British and French criticisms of the novelist's early work, Imprimerie universitaire de Provence, E. Fourcine, 418 pages; Book Darnell, Donald. (1993).", "(1993). (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: Novelist of Manners, Newark, Univ. of Delaware Dekker, George (2017). James Fenimore Cooper the Novelist, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 9781351580014 Doolen, Andy (2005). Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism, Minneapolis: Univ.", "Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism, Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota P. Franklin, Wayne (1982). The New World of James Fenimore Cooper, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago P, Book –—— (2007). James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book Krauthammer, Anna.", "James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book Krauthammer, Anna. The Representation of the Savage in James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville. NY: Peter Lang, 2008. Long, Robert Emmet (1990). James Fenimore Cooper, NY: Continuum. , MacDougall, Hugh C. (1993).", ", MacDougall, Hugh C. (1993). Where Was James? A James Fenimore Cooper Chronology from 1789–1851. Cooperstown: James Fenimore Cooper Soc. Rans, Geoffrey (1991). Cooper's Leather-Stocking Novels: A Secular Reading. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Redekop, Ernest H., ed. (1989).", "(1989). (1989). James Fenimore Cooper, 1789–1989: Bicentennial Essays, Canadian Review of American Studies, entire special issue, vol. 20, no. 3 (Winter 1989), pp. 1–164. Reid, Margaret (2004). Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America.", "Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America. Columbus: Ohio State UP Ringe, Donald A. (1988). James Fenimore Cooper. Boston: Twayne. Romero, Lora (1997). Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States.", "Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States. Durham: Duke UP Smith, Lindsey C. (2008). Indians, Environment, and Identity on the Borders of American Literature: From Faulkner and Morrison to Walker and Silko. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Verhoeven, W.M. (1993).", "Verhoeven, W.M. (1993). (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: New Historical and Literary Contexts. Rodopi publishers. . Book Google.", "Rodopi publishers. . Book Google. Book Google. External links James Fenimore Cooper at Open Library James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825–1904, New York Public Library James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments.", "External links James Fenimore Cooper at Open Library James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825–1904, New York Public Library James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments. Available online though Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera \"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\", an essay by Mark Twain James Fenimore Cooper Collection.", "Available online though Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera \"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\", an essay by Mark Twain James Fenimore Cooper Collection. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.", "Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1789 births 1851 deaths 19th-century American novelists American expatriates in France American historical novelists American male novelists American naval historians American people of English descent Christian writers Deaths from edema Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees People from Burlington, New Jersey People from Cooperstown, New York People from Scarsdale, New York Romanticism United States Navy officers Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age Knickerbocker Group Novelists from New Jersey American male non-fiction writers Historians from New York (state) Historians from New Jersey" ]

[ "James Fenimore Cooper", "Early life and family", "Where was he born", "James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey", "What year and to whom was he born", "1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper,", "How many children did they have", "eleventh of 12 children, most of whom died during infancy or childhood.", "Who was he related to", "He was descended from James Cooper of Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England, who immigrated to the American colonies in 1679.", "What happened to him as a boy", "Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development." ]

[ "Edward F. \"Foxy Ed\" Cullerton (1841–1920) was a politician who was a longtime alderman of the Chicago City Council, and also served as a member of the Illinois Senate.\n\nEarly life and career\nCullerton was born in Chicago in 1842. Cullerton's family were some of the original settlers of Chicago.\n\nCullerton was educated in public schools. He dropped out of elementary school to work as a canalboat driver.\n\nCullerton was a successful saloon (hotel) keeper.\n\nPolitical career\nCullerton was a Democrat.\n\nIn 1871, Cullerton was elected an alderman of the Chicago Common Council for the 7th ward. He had been elected by a large majority. He continued to serve until 1876. Cullerton also simultaneously served as an Illinois State Senator, having been elected to that position in 1872, and assuming it in 1873. In the Illinois Senate he distinguished himself by standing as an opponent to the West Side Park Commissioners' taxation scheme, and also became well-versed in parliamentary procedure.\n\nIn 1876, Cullerton was elected an alderman of what, that year, was renamed the Chicago City Council for the 6th ward. In 1888, he was redistricted to the 9th ward, where he served until 1892. During part of this tenure, he was Chairman of the Finance Committee.\n\nIn 1898, Cullerton was again elected alderman for the 9th ward. He served until 1900.\n\nIn 1901, Cullerton was elected alderman for the 11th ward. He served until his death in 1920. At the time of his death, having served as an alderman for a cumulative 48 years, he was the longest-serving alderman in the history of the Chicago City Council, a record he would continue to hold for many years. Cullerton died in his home on February 1, 1920 at the age of 78.\n\nCullerton had a reputation for being shrewd and for being quiet, giving birth to his nickname \"Foxy Ed\". He was despised by proponents of clean government, but well-liked by voters in his own ward.\n\nLegacy\nCullerton Street in Chicago, previously known as 20th Street, was named for him shortly after his death. His residence, at the time of his death, had been on this street.\n\nFamily political dynasty\nCullerton began what has become a Cullerton family political dynasty.\n\nFor a cumulative period of 112 years, at least one member of the Cullerton family sat on the Chicago City Council. A series of Cullerton's descendants would hold the aldermanship of the 38th ward, including William J. Cullerton, Thomas W. Cullerton, and Timothy Cullerton. Also, family in-law Thomas R. Allen held this seat.\n\nP.J. \"Parky\" Cullerton was an ally of Richard J. Daley and served as Cook County Assessor. He also served as the 38th ward Democratic committeeman.\n\nPatti Jo \"P.J.\" Cullerton, served as the 38th ward Democratic committeewoman for over 20 years.\n\nJohn Cullerton (his great-grandnephew) served as president of the Illinois Senate, and Tom Cullerton served as an Illinois state senator as well.\n\nReferences\n\nChicago City Council members\nIllinois state senators\nIllinois Democrats\n1841 births\n1920 deaths", "William Fanshawe (1583 – 4 March 1634) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1614 and 1625.\n\nLife\nFanshawe was the second son of Thomas Fanshawe, of Ware Park, Hertfordshire and his second wife Joan Smyth, the daughter of Thomas \"Customer\" Smythe, of Ostenhanger.\n\nLandowner\nIn 1619, Fanshawe purchased Parsloes Manor and 91 acres attached to it in what is now known as Parsloes Park in Dagenham £1150 from Edward Osborne.\n\nCareer\nFanshawe was Auditor for the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1614 he was elected Member of Parliament for Lancaster and entered the East India Company. In 1619, he acquired the manor of Parsloes, Essex, which was held by his descendants until 1917. He was elected MP for Clitheroe in 1621 and was re-elected MP for Clitheroe in 1624 and 1625.\n\nFanshawe died at the age of 51. William Fanshawe was the progenitor of the Parsloes Branch of the Fanshawe family. Robert Fanshawe was a descendant of William.\n\nReferences\n\n \n\n1583 births\n1634 deaths\nEnglish MPs 1614\nEnglish MPs 1621–1622\nEnglish MPs 1624–1625\nEnglish MPs 1625" ]

[ "James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was an American writer of the first half of the 19th century. His historical romances depicting colonist and Indigenous characters from the 17th to the 19th centuries created a unique form of American literature.", "His historical romances depicting colonist and Indigenous characters from the 17th to the 19th centuries created a unique form of American literature. He lived much of his boyhood and the last fifteen years of life in Cooperstown, New York, which was founded by his father William Cooper on property that he owned.", "He lived much of his boyhood and the last fifteen years of life in Cooperstown, New York, which was founded by his father William Cooper on property that he owned. Cooper became a member of the Episcopal Church shortly before his death and contributed generously to it.", "Cooper became a member of the Episcopal Church shortly before his death and contributed generously to it. He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society.", "He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society. After a stint on a commercial voyage, Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings.", "After a stint on a commercial voyage, Cooper served in the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, where he learned the technology of managing sailing vessels which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings. The novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about espionage set during the American Revolutionary War and published in 1821.", "The novel that launched his career was The Spy, a tale about espionage set during the American Revolutionary War and published in 1821. He also created American sea stories.", "He also created American sea stories. His best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period, written between 1823 and 1841, known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which introduced the iconic American frontier scout, Natty Bumppo.", "His best-known works are five historical novels of the frontier period, written between 1823 and 1841, known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which introduced the iconic American frontier scout, Natty Bumppo. Cooper's works on the U.S. Navy have been well received among naval historians, but they were sometimes criticized by his contemporaries.", "Cooper's works on the U.S. Navy have been well received among naval historians, but they were sometimes criticized by his contemporaries. Among his more famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece.", "Among his more famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece. Throughout his career, he published numerous social, political, and historical works of fiction and non-fiction with the objective of countering European prejudices and nurturing an original American art and culture.", "Throughout his career, he published numerous social, political, and historical works of fiction and non-fiction with the objective of countering European prejudices and nurturing an original American art and culture. Early life and family James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh of 12 children, half of whom died during infancy or childhood.", "Early life and family James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789 to William Cooper and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh of 12 children, half of whom died during infancy or childhood. Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development.", "Shortly after James' first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father on a large piece of land which he had bought for development. Later, his father was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from Otsego County.", "Later, his father was elected to the United States Congress as a representative from Otsego County. Their town was in a central area of New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River that had previously been patented to Colonel George Croghan by the Province of New York in 1769.", "Their town was in a central area of New York along the headwaters of the Susquehanna River that had previously been patented to Colonel George Croghan by the Province of New York in 1769. Croghan mortgaged the land before the Revolution and after the war part of the tract was sold at public auction to William Cooper and his business partner Andrew Craig.", "Croghan mortgaged the land before the Revolution and after the war part of the tract was sold at public auction to William Cooper and his business partner Andrew Craig. By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established.", "By 1788, William Cooper had selected and surveyed the site where Cooperstown would be established. He erected a home on the shore of Otsego Lake and moved his family there in the autumn of 1790. Several years later he began construction of the mansion that became known as Otsego Hall, completed in 1799 when James was ten.", "Several years later he began construction of the mansion that became known as Otsego Hall, completed in 1799 when James was ten. Cooper was enrolled at Yale University at age 13, but he incited a dangerous prank which involved blowing up another student's door—after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room.", "Cooper was enrolled at Yale University at age 13, but he incited a dangerous prank which involved blowing up another student's door—after having already locked a donkey in a recitation room. He was expelled in his third year without completing his degree, so he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and joined the crew of a merchant vessel at age 17.", "He was expelled in his third year without completing his degree, so he obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and joined the crew of a merchant vessel at age 17. By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him by an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson.", "By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred upon him by an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson. William Cooper died when James was 20; all five of his sons inherited a supposed-large fortune in money, securities, and land titles, which soon proved to be a wealth of endless litigation.", "William Cooper died when James was 20; all five of his sons inherited a supposed-large fortune in money, securities, and land titles, which soon proved to be a wealth of endless litigation. He married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811, at age 21.", "He married Susan Augusta de Lancey at Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York on January 1, 1811, at age 21. She was from a wealthy family who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution. The Coopers had seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood.", "The Coopers had seven children, five of whom lived to adulthood. Their daughter Susan Fenimore Cooper was a writer on nature, female suffrage, and other topics. Her father edited her works and secured publishers for them. One son, Paul Fenimore Cooper, became a lawyer and perpetuated the author's lineage to the present.", "One son, Paul Fenimore Cooper, became a lawyer and perpetuated the author's lineage to the present. Service in the Navy In 1806 at the age of 17, Cooper joined the crew of the merchant ship Sterling as a common sailor. At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston from Maine.", "At the time, the Sterling was commanded by young John Johnston from Maine. Cooper served as a common seaman before the mast. His first voyage took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes where they sought information on where best to unload their cargo of flour.", "His first voyage took some 40 stormy days at sea and brought him to an English market in Cowes where they sought information on where best to unload their cargo of flour. There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England.", "There Cooper saw his first glimpses of England. Britain was in the midst of war with Napoleon's France at the time, so their ship was immediately approached by a British man-of-war and was boarded by some of its crew. They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into the British Royal Navy.", "They seized one of the Sterling's best crew members and impressed him into the British Royal Navy. Cooper thus first encountered the power of his country's former colonial master, which led to a lifelong commitment to helping create an American art independent culturally as well as politically from the former mother country.", "Cooper thus first encountered the power of his country's former colonial master, which led to a lifelong commitment to helping create an American art independent culturally as well as politically from the former mother country. Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain, including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken to London and unloaded.", "Their next voyage took them to the Mediterranean along the coast of Spain, including Águilas and Cabo de Gata, where they picked up cargo to be taken to London and unloaded. Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor, the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel about Columbus.", "Their stay in Spain lasted several weeks and impressed the young sailor, the accounts of which Cooper later referred to in his Mercedes of Castile, a novel about Columbus. After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, he joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his commission as a midshipman.", "After serving aboard the Sterling for 11 months, he joined the United States Navy on January 1, 1808, when he received his commission as a midshipman. Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S.", "Cooper had conducted himself well as a sailor, and his father, a former U.S. Congressman, easily secured a commission for him through his long-standing connections with politicians and naval officials. The warrant for Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching Cooper on February 19.", "The warrant for Cooper's commission as midshipman was signed by President Jefferson and mailed by Naval Secretary Robert Smith, reaching Cooper on February 19. On February 24, he received orders to report to the naval commander at New York City. Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration he had had since his youth.", "Joining the United States Navy fulfilled an aspiration he had had since his youth. Cooper's first naval assignment came on March 21, 1808, aboard the , an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns and a thirteen-inch mortar.", "Cooper's first naval assignment came on March 21, 1808, aboard the , an 82-foot bomb ketch that carried twelve guns and a thirteen-inch mortar. For his next assignment, he served under Lieutenant Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on Lake Ontario, overseeing the building of the brig for service on the lake.", "For his next assignment, he served under Lieutenant Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego on Lake Ontario, overseeing the building of the brig for service on the lake. The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain which had yet to begin.", "The vessel was intended for use in a war with Great Britain which had yet to begin. The vessel was completed, armed with sixteen guns, and launched in Lake Ontario in the spring of 1809. It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties and frontier life.", "It was in this service that Cooper learned shipbuilding, shipyard duties and frontier life. During his leisure time, Cooper would venture through the forests of New York state and explore the shores of Lake Ontario. He occasionally ventured into the Thousand Islands.", "He occasionally ventured into the Thousand Islands. His experiences in the Oswego area later inspired some of his work, including his novel The Pathfinder. After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, who then was ordered to Lake Champlain to serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over.", "After completion of the Oneida in 1809, Cooper accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls, who then was ordered to Lake Champlain to serve aboard a gunboat until the winter months when the lake froze over. Cooper himself returned from Oswego to Cooperstown and then New York.", "Cooper himself returned from Oswego to Cooperstown and then New York. On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and became a personal friend of Cooper's.", "On November 13 of the same year, he was assigned to the under the command of Captain James Lawrence, who was from Burlington and became a personal friend of Cooper's. Aboard this ship, he met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time.", "Aboard this ship, he met his lifelong friend William Branford Shubrick, who was also a midshipman at the time. Cooper later dedicated The Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick.", "Cooper later dedicated The Pilot, The Red Rover, and other writings to Shubrick. Assigned to humdrum recruiting tasks rather than exciting voyages, Cooper resigned his commission from the navy in spring 1810; in the same time period he met, wooed, and became engaged to Susan Augusta de Lancey, whom be married on January 1, 1811.", "Assigned to humdrum recruiting tasks rather than exciting voyages, Cooper resigned his commission from the navy in spring 1810; in the same time period he met, wooed, and became engaged to Susan Augusta de Lancey, whom be married on January 1, 1811. Writings First endeavors In 1820, when reading a contemporary novel to his wife Susan, he decided to try his hand at fiction, resulting in a neophyte novel set in England he called Precaution (1820).", "Writings First endeavors In 1820, when reading a contemporary novel to his wife Susan, he decided to try his hand at fiction, resulting in a neophyte novel set in England he called Precaution (1820). Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction.", "Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction. He anonymously published Precaution which received modestly favorable notice in the United States and England. By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by an American tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay.", "By contrast, his second novel The Spy (1821) was inspired by an American tale related to him by neighbor and family friend John Jay. It became the first novel written by an American to become a bestseller at home and abroad, requiring several re-printings to satisfy demand.", "It became the first novel written by an American to become a bestseller at home and abroad, requiring several re-printings to satisfy demand. Set in the \"Neutral Ground\" between British and American forces and their guerrilla allies in Westchester County, New York, the action centers around spying and skirmishing taking place in and around what is widely believed to be John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York of which a portion still exists today as the historic Jay Estate.", "Set in the \"Neutral Ground\" between British and American forces and their guerrilla allies in Westchester County, New York, the action centers around spying and skirmishing taking place in and around what is widely believed to be John Jay's family home \"The Locusts\" in Rye, New York of which a portion still exists today as the historic Jay Estate. Following on a swell of popularity, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series in 1823.", "Following on a swell of popularity, Cooper published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series in 1823. The series features the inter-racial friendship of Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman who is at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook.", "The series features the inter-racial friendship of Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman who is at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook. Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826.", "Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), written in New York City where Cooper and his family lived from 1822 to 1826. The book became one of the more widely read American novels of the 19th century.", "The book became one of the more widely read American novels of the 19th century. At this time, Cooper had been living in New York on Beach Street in what is now downtown's Tribeca. In 1823, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.", "In 1823, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. In August of that same year, his first son died. He organized the influential Bread and Cheese Club that brought together American writers, editors, artists, scholars, educators, art patrons, merchants, lawyers, politicians, and others.", "He organized the influential Bread and Cheese Club that brought together American writers, editors, artists, scholars, educators, art patrons, merchants, lawyers, politicians, and others. In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest.", "In 1824, General Lafayette arrived from France aboard the Cadmus at Castle Garden in New York City as the nation's guest. Cooper witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment.", "Cooper witnessed his arrival and was one of the active committee of welcome and entertainment. Europe In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books, provide better education for his children, improve his health, and observe European manners and politics firsthand.", "Europe In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe, where he sought to gain more income from his books, provide better education for his children, improve his health, and observe European manners and politics firsthand. While overseas, he continued to write.", "While overseas, he continued to write. His books published in Paris include The Prairie, the third Leather-Stocking Tale in which Natty Bumppo dies in the western land newly acquired by Jefferson as the Louisiana Purchase. There he also published The Red Rover and The Water Witch, two of his many sea stories.", "There he also published The Red Rover and The Water Witch, two of his many sea stories. During his time in Paris, the Cooper family became active in the small American expatriate community.", "During his time in Paris, the Cooper family became active in the small American expatriate community. He became friends with painter (and later inventor) Samuel Morse and with French general and American Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.", "He became friends with painter (and later inventor) Samuel Morse and with French general and American Revolutionary War hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. Cooper admired the patrician liberalism of Lafayette, who sought to recruit him to his causes, and eulogized him as a man who \"dedicated youth, person, and fortune, to the principles of liberty.\"", "Cooper admired the patrician liberalism of Lafayette, who sought to recruit him to his causes, and eulogized him as a man who \"dedicated youth, person, and fortune, to the principles of liberty.\" Cooper's distaste for the corruption of the European aristocracy, especially in England and France, grew as he observed them manipulate the legislature and judiciary to the exclusion of other classes.", "Cooper's distaste for the corruption of the European aristocracy, especially in England and France, grew as he observed them manipulate the legislature and judiciary to the exclusion of other classes. In 1832, he entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal.", "In 1832, he entered the lists as a political writer in a series of letters to Le National, a Parisian journal. He defended the United States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique.", "He defended the United States against a string of charges brought by the Revue Britannique. For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once.", "For the rest of his life, he continued skirmishing in print, sometimes for the national interest, sometimes for that of the individual, and frequently for both at once. This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831).", "This opportunity to make a political confession of faith reflected the political turn that he already had taken in his fiction, having attacked European anti-republicanism in The Bravo (1831). Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833).", "Cooper continued this political course in The Heidenmauer (1832) and The Headsman: or the Abbaye of Vigneron (1833). The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the \"serene republic\".", "The Bravo depicted Venice as a place where a ruthless oligarchy lurks behind the mask of the \"serene republic\". All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though some Americans accused Cooper of apparently abandoning American life for European—not realizing that the political subterfuges in the European novels were cautions directed at his American audiences.", "All were widely read on both sides of the Atlantic, though some Americans accused Cooper of apparently abandoning American life for European—not realizing that the political subterfuges in the European novels were cautions directed at his American audiences. Thus The Bravo was roughly treated by some critics in the United States.", "Thus The Bravo was roughly treated by some critics in the United States. Back to America In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen in which he gave his criticism of various social and political mores.", "Back to America In 1833, Cooper returned to the United States and published A Letter to My Countrymen in which he gave his criticism of various social and political mores. Promotional material from a modern publisher summarize his goals as follows: A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social criticism.", "Promotional material from a modern publisher summarize his goals as follows: A Letter To My Countrymen remains Cooper's most trenchant work of social criticism. In it, he defines the role of the \"man of letters\" in a republic, the true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the legislative branch of government.", "In it, he defines the role of the \"man of letters\" in a republic, the true conservative, the slavery of party affiliations, and the nature of the legislative branch of government. He also offers her most persuasive argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture, ignoring the aristocratically tainted art of Europe.", "He also offers her most persuasive argument on why America should develop its own art and literary culture, ignoring the aristocratically tainted art of Europe. Influenced by the ideals of classical republicanism, Cooper feared that the orgy of speculation he witnessed was destructive of civic virtue and warned Americans that it was a \"mistake to suppose commerce favorable to liberty\"; doing so would lead to a new \"moneyed aristocracy.\"", "Influenced by the ideals of classical republicanism, Cooper feared that the orgy of speculation he witnessed was destructive of civic virtue and warned Americans that it was a \"mistake to suppose commerce favorable to liberty\"; doing so would lead to a new \"moneyed aristocracy.\" Drawing upon philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burlamaqui, and Montesquieu, Cooper's political ideas were both democratic, deriving from the consent of the governed, and liberal, concerned with the rights of the individual.", "Drawing upon philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burlamaqui, and Montesquieu, Cooper's political ideas were both democratic, deriving from the consent of the governed, and liberal, concerned with the rights of the individual. In the later 1830s—despite his repudiation of authorship in A Letter To My Countrymen—he published Gleanings in Europe, five volumes of social and political analysis of his observations and experiences in Europe.", "In the later 1830s—despite his repudiation of authorship in A Letter To My Countrymen—he published Gleanings in Europe, five volumes of social and political analysis of his observations and experiences in Europe. His two novels Homeward Bound and Home as Found also criticize the flamboyant financial speculation and toadyism he found on his return; some readers and critics attacked the works for presenting a highly idealized self-portrait, which he vigorously denied.", "His two novels Homeward Bound and Home as Found also criticize the flamboyant financial speculation and toadyism he found on his return; some readers and critics attacked the works for presenting a highly idealized self-portrait, which he vigorously denied. In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at Cooperstown.", "In June 1834, Cooper decided to reopen his ancestral mansion Otsego Hall at Cooperstown. It had long been closed and falling into decay; he had been absent from the mansion nearly 16 years. Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order.", "Repairs were begun, and the house was put in order. At first, he wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent home.", "At first, he wintered in New York City and summered in Cooperstown, but eventually he made Otsego Hall his permanent home. On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America, a work that he had long planned on writing.", "On May 10, 1839, Cooper published History of the Navy of the United States of America, a work that he had long planned on writing. He publicly announced his intentions to author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor: Encouraged by your kindness, ...", "He publicly announced his intentions to author such a historical work while abroad before departing for Europe in May 1826, during a parting speech at a dinner given in his honor: Encouraged by your kindness, ... I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and sufferings of a class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude—a class of men among whom, I am always ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed.", "I will take this opportunity of recording the deeds and sufferings of a class of men to which this nation owes a debt of gratitude—a class of men among whom, I am always ready to declare, not only the earliest, but many of the happiest days of my youth have been passed. Historical and nautical work His historical account of the U.S. Navy was well received, though his account of the roles played by the American leaders in the Battle of Lake Erie led to years of disputes with their descendants, as noted below.", "Historical and nautical work His historical account of the U.S. Navy was well received, though his account of the roles played by the American leaders in the Battle of Lake Erie led to years of disputes with their descendants, as noted below. Cooper had begun thinking about this massive project in 1824, and concentrated on its research in the late 1830s.", "Cooper had begun thinking about this massive project in 1824, and concentrated on its research in the late 1830s. His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work.", "His close association with the U.S. Navy and various officers, and his familiarity with naval life at sea provided him the background and connections to research and write this work. Cooper's work is said to have stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time.", "Cooper's work is said to have stood the test of time and is considered an authoritative account of the U.S. Navy during that time. In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44.", "In 1844, Cooper's Proceedings of the naval court martial in the case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, a commander in the navy of the United States, &c:, was first published in Graham's Magazine of 1843–44. It was a review of the court martial of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS Somers for mutiny while at sea.", "It was a review of the court martial of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie who had hanged three crew members of the brig USS Somers for mutiny while at sea. One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer.", "One of the hanged men, 19-year-old Philip Spencer, was the son of U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer. He was executed without court-martial along with two other sailors aboard the Somers for allegedly attempting mutiny. Prior to this affair, Cooper and Mackenzie had disputed each other's version of the Battle of Lake Erie.", "Prior to this affair, Cooper and Mackenzie had disputed each other's version of the Battle of Lake Erie. However, recognizing the need for absolute discipline in a warship at sea, Cooper still felt sympathetic to Mackenzie over his pending court martial. In 1843, an old shipmate, Ned Myers, re-entered Cooper's life.", "In 1843, an old shipmate, Ned Myers, re-entered Cooper's life. To assist him—and hopefully to cash in on the popularity of maritime biographies—Cooper wrote Myers's story which he published in 1843 as Ned Myers, or a Life before the Mast, an account of a common seaman still of interest to naval historians.", "To assist him—and hopefully to cash in on the popularity of maritime biographies—Cooper wrote Myers's story which he published in 1843 as Ned Myers, or a Life before the Mast, an account of a common seaman still of interest to naval historians. In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering the biographies of William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw, John T. Shubrick, and Edward Preble.", "In 1846, Cooper published Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers covering the biographies of William Bainbridge, Richard Somers, John Shaw, John T. Shubrick, and Edward Preble. Cooper died in 1851. In May 1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly.", "In May 1853, Cooper's Old Ironsides appeared in Putnam's Monthly. It was the history of the Navy ship and, after European and American Scenery Compared, 1852, was one of several posthumous publication of his writings.", "It was the history of the Navy ship and, after European and American Scenery Compared, 1852, was one of several posthumous publication of his writings. In 1856, five years after Cooper's death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was re-published in an expanded edition.", "In 1856, five years after Cooper's death, his History of the Navy of the United States of America was re-published in an expanded edition. The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early 19th century, through the Mexican War.", "The work was an account of the U.S. Navy in the early 19th century, through the Mexican War. Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account.", "Among naval historians of today, the work has come to be recognized as a general and authoritative account. However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by some contemporaries, especially those engaged in the disputes over the roles of their relatives in Cooper's separate history of the Battle of Lake Erie.", "However, it was criticized for accuracy on some points by some contemporaries, especially those engaged in the disputes over the roles of their relatives in Cooper's separate history of the Battle of Lake Erie. Whig editors of the period regularly attacked anything Cooper wrote, leading him to numerous suits for libel, for example against Park Benjamin, Sr., a poet and editor of the Evening Signal of New York.", "Whig editors of the period regularly attacked anything Cooper wrote, leading him to numerous suits for libel, for example against Park Benjamin, Sr., a poet and editor of the Evening Signal of New York. Critical reaction Cooper's writings of the 1830s related to current politics and social issues, coupled with his perceived self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and some of the public.", "Critical reaction Cooper's writings of the 1830s related to current politics and social issues, coupled with his perceived self-promotion, increased the ill feeling between the author and some of the public. Criticism in print of his naval histories and the two Home novels came largely from newspapers supporting The Whig party, reflecting the antagonism between the Whigs and their opposition, the Democrats, whose policies Cooper often favored.", "Criticism in print of his naval histories and the two Home novels came largely from newspapers supporting The Whig party, reflecting the antagonism between the Whigs and their opposition, the Democrats, whose policies Cooper often favored. Cooper's father William had been a staunch Federalist, a party now defunct but some of whose policies supporting large-scale capitalism the Whigs endorsed.", "Cooper's father William had been a staunch Federalist, a party now defunct but some of whose policies supporting large-scale capitalism the Whigs endorsed. Cooper himself had come to admire Thomas Jefferson, the bete-noire of the Federalists, and had supported Andrew Jackson's opposition to a National Bank.", "Cooper himself had come to admire Thomas Jefferson, the bete-noire of the Federalists, and had supported Andrew Jackson's opposition to a National Bank. Never one to shrink from defending his personal honor and his sense of where the nation was erring, Cooper filed legal actions for libel against several Whig editors; his success with most of his lawsuits ironically led to more negative publicity from the Whig establishment.", "Never one to shrink from defending his personal honor and his sense of where the nation was erring, Cooper filed legal actions for libel against several Whig editors; his success with most of his lawsuits ironically led to more negative publicity from the Whig establishment. Buoyed by his frequent victories in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he had had for several years.", "Buoyed by his frequent victories in court, Cooper returned to writing with more energy and success than he had had for several years. As noted above, on May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy; his return to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) brought him renewed favorable reviews.", "As noted above, on May 10, 1839, he published his History of the U.S. Navy; his return to the Leatherstocking Tales series with The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) brought him renewed favorable reviews. But on occasion he returned to addressing public issues, most notably with a trilogy of novels called the Littlepage Manuscripts addressing the issues of the anti-rent wars.", "But on occasion he returned to addressing public issues, most notably with a trilogy of novels called the Littlepage Manuscripts addressing the issues of the anti-rent wars. Public sentiment largely favored the anti-renters, and Cooper's reviews again were largely negative.", "Public sentiment largely favored the anti-renters, and Cooper's reviews again were largely negative. Later life Faced with competition from younger writers and magazine serialization, and lower prices for books resulting from new technologies, Cooper simply wrote more in his last decade than in either of the previous two.", "Later life Faced with competition from younger writers and magazine serialization, and lower prices for books resulting from new technologies, Cooper simply wrote more in his last decade than in either of the previous two. Half of his thirty-two novels were written in the 1840s.", "Half of his thirty-two novels were written in the 1840s. They may be grouped into three categories: Indian romances, maritime fiction, and political and social controversy—though the categories often overlap.", "They may be grouped into three categories: Indian romances, maritime fiction, and political and social controversy—though the categories often overlap. The 1840s began with the last two novels featuring Natty Bumppo, both critical and reader successes: The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841).", "The 1840s began with the last two novels featuring Natty Bumppo, both critical and reader successes: The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841). Wyandotte, his last novel set in the Revolutionary War, followed in 1843 and Oak Openings in 1848.", "Wyandotte, his last novel set in the Revolutionary War, followed in 1843 and Oak Openings in 1848. The nautical works were Mercedes of Castile (in which Columbus appears, 1840),The Two Admirals (British and French fleets in battle, 1842), Wing-And-Wing (a French privateer fighting the British in 1799, 1842), Afloat and Ashore (two volumes exploring a young man growing up, 1844), Jack Tier (a vicious smuggler in the Mexican-American War, 1848), and The Sea Lions (rival sealers in the Antarctic, 1849).", "The nautical works were Mercedes of Castile (in which Columbus appears, 1840),The Two Admirals (British and French fleets in battle, 1842), Wing-And-Wing (a French privateer fighting the British in 1799, 1842), Afloat and Ashore (two volumes exploring a young man growing up, 1844), Jack Tier (a vicious smuggler in the Mexican-American War, 1848), and The Sea Lions (rival sealers in the Antarctic, 1849). He also turned from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he achieved notoriety in the novels of the previous decade.", "He also turned from pure fiction to the combination of art and controversy in which he achieved notoriety in the novels of the previous decade. His Littlepage Manuscripts trilogy--Satanstoe (1845), The Chainbearer (1845), and The Redskins (1846)--dramatized issues of land ownership in response to renters in the 1840s opposing the long leases common in the old Dutch settlements in the Hudson Valley.", "His Littlepage Manuscripts trilogy--Satanstoe (1845), The Chainbearer (1845), and The Redskins (1846)--dramatized issues of land ownership in response to renters in the 1840s opposing the long leases common in the old Dutch settlements in the Hudson Valley. He tried his hand with serialization with The Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief, first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843, a satire on contemporary nouveau riche.", "He tried his hand with serialization with The Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief, first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843, a satire on contemporary nouveau riche. In The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847) he introduced supernatural machinery to show the decline of an ideal society in the South Seas when demagogues prevail.", "In The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak (1847) he introduced supernatural machinery to show the decline of an ideal society in the South Seas when demagogues prevail. The Ways of the Hour, his last completed novel, portrayed a mysterious and independent young woman defending herself against criminal charges.", "The Ways of the Hour, his last completed novel, portrayed a mysterious and independent young woman defending herself against criminal charges. Cooper spent the last years of his life back in Cooperstown. He died on September 14, 1851, the day before his 62nd birthday.", "He died on September 14, 1851, the day before his 62nd birthday. He was buried in the Christ Episcopal Churchyard, where his father, William Cooper, was buried. Cooper's wife Susan survived her husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown.", "Cooper's wife Susan survived her husband only by a few months and was buried by his side at Cooperstown. Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a memorial in New York, six months after his death, in February 1852.", "Several well-known writers, politicians, and other public figures honored Cooper's memory with a memorial in New York, six months after his death, in February 1852. Daniel Webster gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged reputation among American writers of the time.", "Daniel Webster gave a speech to the gathering while Washington Irving served as a co-chairman, along with William Cullen Bryant, who also gave an address which did much to restore Cooper's damaged reputation among American writers of the time. Religious activities Cooper's father was a lapsed Quaker; probably influenced by his wife's family, the DeLanceys, Cooper in his fiction often favorably depicted clergy of the Episcopal Church, though Calvinist ministers came in for their share of both admiring and critical treatment.", "Religious activities Cooper's father was a lapsed Quaker; probably influenced by his wife's family, the DeLanceys, Cooper in his fiction often favorably depicted clergy of the Episcopal Church, though Calvinist ministers came in for their share of both admiring and critical treatment. In the 1840s as Cooper increasingly despaired over the United States maintaining the vision and promise of the Constitution, his fiction increasingly turned to religious themes.", "In the 1840s as Cooper increasingly despaired over the United States maintaining the vision and promise of the Constitution, his fiction increasingly turned to religious themes. In The Wing-And-Wing, 1842, the hero, a French revolutionary free-thinker, loses the Italian girl he loves because he cannot accept her simple Christianity.", "In The Wing-And-Wing, 1842, the hero, a French revolutionary free-thinker, loses the Italian girl he loves because he cannot accept her simple Christianity. In contrast, in the 1849 The Sea Lions the hero wins his beloved only after a spiritual transformation while marooned in the Antarctic.", "In contrast, in the 1849 The Sea Lions the hero wins his beloved only after a spiritual transformation while marooned in the Antarctic. And the 1848 The Oak Openings features a pious Parson Amen who wins the admiration of the Indians who kill him, praying for them during torture.", "And the 1848 The Oak Openings features a pious Parson Amen who wins the admiration of the Indians who kill him, praying for them during torture. After establishing permanent residence in Cooperstown, Cooper became active in Christ Episcopal Church, taking on the roles of warden and vestryman.", "After establishing permanent residence in Cooperstown, Cooper became active in Christ Episcopal Church, taking on the roles of warden and vestryman. As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense.", "As the vestryman, he donated generously to this church and later supervised and redesigned its interior with oak furnishings at his own expense. He was also energetic as a representative from Cooperstown to various regional conventions of the Episcopal church.", "He was also energetic as a representative from Cooperstown to various regional conventions of the Episcopal church. But only several months before his death, in July 1851, was he confirmed in this church by his brother-in-law, the Reverend William H. DeLancey.", "But only several months before his death, in July 1851, was he confirmed in this church by his brother-in-law, the Reverend William H. DeLancey. Legacy Cooper was one of the more popular 19th-century American authors, and his work was admired greatly throughout the world.", "Legacy Cooper was one of the more popular 19th-century American authors, and his work was admired greatly throughout the world. While on his death bed, the Austrian composer Franz Schubert wanted most to read more of Cooper's novels. Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly.", "Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist and playwright, admired him greatly. Henry David Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own work.", "Henry David Thoreau, while attending Harvard, incorporated some of Cooper's style in his own work. D.H. Lawrence believed that Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Maupassant, and Flaubert were all \"so very obvious and coarse, besides the lovely, mature and sensitive art of Fennimore Cooper.\"", "D.H. Lawrence believed that Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Maupassant, and Flaubert were all \"so very obvious and coarse, besides the lovely, mature and sensitive art of Fennimore Cooper.\" Lawrence called The Deerslayer \"one of the most beautiful and perfect books in the world: flawless as a jewel and of gem-like concentration.\"", "Lawrence called The Deerslayer \"one of the most beautiful and perfect books in the world: flawless as a jewel and of gem-like concentration.\" Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute.", "Cooper's work, particularly The Pioneers and The Pilot, demonstrate an early 19th-century American preoccupation with alternating prudence and negligence in a country where property rights were often still in dispute. Cooper was one of the early major American novelists to include African, African-American and Native American characters in his works.", "Cooper was one of the early major American novelists to include African, African-American and Native American characters in his works. In particular, Native Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking Tales.", "In particular, Native Americans play central roles in his Leatherstocking Tales. However, his treatment of this group is complex and highlights the relationship between frontier settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, depicting a captured white girl who marries an Indian chief and has a baby with him, but after several years is eventually returned to her parents.", "However, his treatment of this group is complex and highlights the relationship between frontier settlers and American Indians as exemplified in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, depicting a captured white girl who marries an Indian chief and has a baby with him, but after several years is eventually returned to her parents. Often, he gives contrasting views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their proclivity for mayhem.", "Often, he gives contrasting views of Native characters to emphasize their potential for good, or conversely, their proclivity for mayhem. Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua, who fearing the extinction of his race at the hands of the whites savagely betrays them, as well as Chingachgook, the last chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as Natty Bumppo's noble, courageous, and heroic counterpart.", "Last of the Mohicans includes both the character of Magua, who fearing the extinction of his race at the hands of the whites savagely betrays them, as well as Chingachgook, the last chief of the Mohicans, who is portrayed as Natty Bumppo's noble, courageous, and heroic counterpart. In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.", "In 1831, Cooper was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty).", "According to Tad Szulc, Cooper was a devotee of Poland's causes (uprisings to regain Polish sovereignty). He organized a club in Paris to support the rebels, and brought flags of the defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw to present them to the exiled leaders in Paris.", "He organized a club in Paris to support the rebels, and brought flags of the defeated Polish rebel regiment from Warsaw to present them to the exiled leaders in Paris. With his friend the Marquis de La Fayette, he supported liberals during the regime changes in France and elsewhere in the 1830s. .", ". . Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greatest novelist of the century outside France.", "Though some scholars have hesitated to classify Cooper as a strict Romantic, Victor Hugo pronounced him greatest novelist of the century outside France. Honoré de Balzac, while mocking a few of Cooper's novels (\"rhapsodies\") and expressing reservations about his portrayal of characters, enthusiastically called The Pathfinder a masterpiece and professed great admiration for Cooper's portrayal of nature, only equalled in his view by Walter Scott.", "Honoré de Balzac, while mocking a few of Cooper's novels (\"rhapsodies\") and expressing reservations about his portrayal of characters, enthusiastically called The Pathfinder a masterpiece and professed great admiration for Cooper's portrayal of nature, only equalled in his view by Walter Scott. Mark Twain, the ultimate Realist, criticized the Romantic plots and overwrought language of The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\" (1895).", "Mark Twain, the ultimate Realist, criticized the Romantic plots and overwrought language of The Deerslayer and The Pathfinder in his satirical but shrewdly observant essay, \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\" (1895). Cooper was also criticized heavily in his day for his depiction of women characters in his work.", "Cooper was also criticized heavily in his day for his depiction of women characters in his work. James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, \"... the women he draws from one model don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie.\"", "James Russell Lowell, Cooper's contemporary and a critic, referred to it poetically in A Fable for Critics, writing, \"... the women he draws from one model don't vary / All sappy as maples and flat as a prairie.\" Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking Tales.", "Cooper's lasting reputation today rests largely upon the five Leatherstocking Tales. In his 1960 study focusing on romantic relationships, both hetero- and homo-sexual, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler opines that with the exception of the five Natty Bumppo-Chingachgook novels, Cooper's \"collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness.\"", "In his 1960 study focusing on romantic relationships, both hetero- and homo-sexual, literary scholar Leslie Fiedler opines that with the exception of the five Natty Bumppo-Chingachgook novels, Cooper's \"collected works are monumental in their cumulative dullness.\" More recent criticism views all thirty-two novels in the context of Cooper's responding to changing political, social, and economic realities in his time period.", "More recent criticism views all thirty-two novels in the context of Cooper's responding to changing political, social, and economic realities in his time period. Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the Famous American series, issued in 1940.", "Cooper was honored on a U.S. commemorative stamp, the Famous American series, issued in 1940. Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there.", "Three dining halls at the State University of New York at Oswego are named in Cooper's remembrance (Cooper Hall, The Pathfinder, and Littlepage) because of his temporary residence in Oswego and for setting some of his works there. Cooper Park in Michigan's Comstock Township is named after him.", "Cooper Park in Michigan's Comstock Township is named after him. The New Jersey Turnpike has a James Fenimore Cooper service area, recognizing his birth in the state. The gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper.", "The gilded and red tole chandelier hanging in the library of the White House in Washington DC is from the family of James Fenimore Cooper. It was brought there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House restoration.", "It was brought there through the efforts of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in her great White House restoration. The James Fenimore Cooper Memorial Prize at New York University is awarded annually to an outstanding undergraduate student of journalism. In 2013, Cooper was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame.", "In 2013, Cooper was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame. Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia.", "Cooper's novels were very popular in the rest of the world, including, for instance, Russia. In particular, great interest of the Russian public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky declared to be \"a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel\".", "In particular, great interest of the Russian public in Cooper's work was primarily incited by the novel The Pathfinder, which the renowned Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky declared to be \"a Shakespearean drama in the form of a novel\". The author was more recognizable by his middle name, Fenimore, exotic to many in Russia.", "The author was more recognizable by his middle name, Fenimore, exotic to many in Russia. This name became a symbol of exciting adventures among Russian readers.", "This name became a symbol of exciting adventures among Russian readers. For example, in the 1977 Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three Cheerful Shifts (, see ), tells of a mysterious stranger known as Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about Indians and extraterrestrials.", "For example, in the 1977 Soviet movie The Secret of Fenimore (), being the third part of a children's television mini-series Three Cheerful Shifts (, see ), tells of a mysterious stranger known as Fenimore, visiting a boys' dorm in a summer camp nightly and relating fascinating stories about Indians and extraterrestrials. Works Notes References Bibliography ; James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years, Yale University Press, 2017. p. 805 .", "Works Notes References Bibliography ; James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years, Yale University Press, 2017. p. 805 . Primary sources Url1 Url Url ——— (1852). The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook Further reading Clavel, Marcel (1938).", "The Chainbearer, Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, Stringer and Townsend, 228 pages; eBook Further reading Clavel, Marcel (1938). Fenimore Cooper and his critics: American, British and French criticisms of the novelist's early work, Imprimerie universitaire de Provence, E. Fourcine, 418 pages; Book Darnell, Donald. (1993).", "(1993). (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: Novelist of Manners, Newark, Univ. of Delaware Dekker, George (2017). James Fenimore Cooper the Novelist, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 9781351580014 Doolen, Andy (2005). Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism, Minneapolis: Univ.", "Fugitive Empire: Locating Early American Imperialism, Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota P. Franklin, Wayne (1982). The New World of James Fenimore Cooper, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago P, Book –—— (2007). James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book Krauthammer, Anna.", "James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years, New Haven: Yale UP, Book Krauthammer, Anna. The Representation of the Savage in James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville. NY: Peter Lang, 2008. Long, Robert Emmet (1990). James Fenimore Cooper, NY: Continuum. , MacDougall, Hugh C. (1993).", ", MacDougall, Hugh C. (1993). Where Was James? A James Fenimore Cooper Chronology from 1789–1851. Cooperstown: James Fenimore Cooper Soc. Rans, Geoffrey (1991). Cooper's Leather-Stocking Novels: A Secular Reading. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Redekop, Ernest H., ed. (1989).", "(1989). (1989). James Fenimore Cooper, 1789–1989: Bicentennial Essays, Canadian Review of American Studies, entire special issue, vol. 20, no. 3 (Winter 1989), pp. 1–164. Reid, Margaret (2004). Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America.", "Cultural Secrets as Narrative Form: Storytelling in Nineteenth-Century America. Columbus: Ohio State UP Ringe, Donald A. (1988). James Fenimore Cooper. Boston: Twayne. Romero, Lora (1997). Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States.", "Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States. Durham: Duke UP Smith, Lindsey C. (2008). Indians, Environment, and Identity on the Borders of American Literature: From Faulkner and Morrison to Walker and Silko. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Verhoeven, W.M. (1993).", "Verhoeven, W.M. (1993). (1993). James Fenimore Cooper: New Historical and Literary Contexts. Rodopi publishers. . Book Google.", "Rodopi publishers. . Book Google. Book Google. External links James Fenimore Cooper at Open Library James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825–1904, New York Public Library James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments.", "External links James Fenimore Cooper at Open Library James Fenimore Cooper Society Homepage Finding Aid for the James Fenimore Cooper Collection of Papers, 1825–1904, New York Public Library James Fenimore Cooper Letters and Manuscript Fragments. Available online though Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera \"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\", an essay by Mark Twain James Fenimore Cooper Collection.", "Available online though Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera \"Writings of James Fenimore Cooper\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History \"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses\", an essay by Mark Twain James Fenimore Cooper Collection. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.", "Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1789 births 1851 deaths 19th-century American novelists American expatriates in France American historical novelists American male novelists American naval historians American people of English descent Christian writers Deaths from edema Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees People from Burlington, New Jersey People from Cooperstown, New York People from Scarsdale, New York Romanticism United States Navy officers Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age Knickerbocker Group Novelists from New Jersey American male non-fiction writers Historians from New York (state) Historians from New Jersey" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf" ]

[ "Michael Patrick (born September 9, 1944) is a retired American sportscaster, known for his long tenure with ESPN.\n\nEarly career\nPatrick began his broadcasting career in the fall of 1966 at WVSC-Radio in Somerset, Pennsylvania. In 1970, he was named Sports Director at WJXT-TV in Jacksonville, Florida, where he provided play-by-play for Jacksonville Sharks' World Football League (WFL) telecasts (1973–74). He also called Jacksonville University basketball games on both radio and television.\n\nFrom 1975 until 1982, he worked for WJLA-TV as a sports reporter and weekend anchor. During this period, Patrick also did play-by-play for Maryland Terrapins football and basketball broadcasts as well as pre-season games for the Washington Football Team when WJLA had the TV rights to broadcast those games.\n\nESPN\n\nBeginning in 1982, Patrick worked for ESPN, where he is best known for his role as play-by-play announcer on the network's Sunday Night Football telecasts, with Paul Maguire and Joe Theismann from 1987–2005. Patrick was briefly replaced in 2004 by Pat Summerall, while he recovered from heart bypass surgery.\n\nHe has also called college football, men's and women's college basketball, and the College World Series for the network, as well as several NFL playoff games for ABC Sports while the network held the Monday Night Football television package.\n\nIn 2006, Patrick became the lead play-by-play announcer for ESPN on College Football Primetime, along with Todd Blackledge and field reporter Holly Rowe. In July 2009, ESPN announced that Patrick would begin calling Saturday afternoon ESPN/ABC college football for the 2009 college football season, which he did through 2017.\n\nIn addition, Patrick called the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship from 1996 through 2009 and the College World Series in Omaha, Nebraska from 2003 until 2014.\n\nOn February 21, 2018, Patrick retired from ESPN after 35 years with the network.\n\nNon ESPN-related assignments\n\nPatrick also did play-by-play of Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) football and basketball games for Jefferson-Pilot (now Lincoln Financial Sports) between 1984 and 1986.\n\nPatrick is the play-by-play man for MVP 06: NCAA Baseball as well as MVP 07: NCAA Baseball.\n\nFor 2015, 2016 and 2017, Patrick did play-by-play for the Cleveland Browns preseason football games.\n\nPatrick resides in northern Virginia with his wife, Janet.\n\nReferences\n\n1944 births\nLiving people\nAmerican television sports announcers\nCollege baseball announcers in the United States\nWomen's college basketball announcers in the United States\nCollege basketball announcers in the United States\nCollege football announcers\nGeorge Washington University alumni\nMaryland Terrapins men's basketball announcers\nMaryland Terrapins football announcers\nNational Football League announcers\nPeople from Clarksburg, West Virginia\nWorld Football League announcers\nJournalists from West Virginia\nTelevision anchors from Jacksonville, Florida", "Adam Alexander (born July 11, 1973) is a television announcer with Fox Sports. He currently is the play-by-play announcer for Fox NASCAR's NASCAR Xfinity Series coverage, as well as part of the pre-race coverage for the network's NASCAR Cup Series efforts and a host of NASCAR Race Hub. He also calls college football and college basketball for Fox Sports.\n\nCareer\nAlexander began his career at television station WEVV in Evansville, Indiana, and he concurrently served as a public address announcer for the Tri-State Speedway and also called games for the Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball team. Alexander also worked for WKBR-FM and hosted a weekly racing talk show in the late 1990s.\n\nAlexander was part of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network as a pit reporter and turn announcer for the Indianapolis 500 in the early 2000s.\n\nAlexander worked for the Motor Racing Network for coverage of NASCAR from 2000 to 2006 as a studio host, pit reporter, and play-by-play announcer. He worked on coverage of the Sprint Cup and Nationwide Series and did play-by-play for the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series.\n\nAlexander was a pit reporter for NASCAR on TNT from 2006 through 2009 and did play-by-play coverage from 2010 to 2014. Alexander was the host of SPEED Center on the defunct SPEED channel, and also worked on NASCAR Live! and NASCAR in a Hurry. He was a pit reporter for the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series on the network, and also worked for DirecTV's Hot Pass coverage of NASCAR events.\n\nIn 2013, Alexander worked with Chris Simms to announce College Football on Fox.\n\nIn August 2014, he took over as one of two play-by-play announcers for the Fox Camping World Truck Series broadcasts and was made full-time in October for the remainder of the season. He also called Truck races for Fox in 2015 before moving up to the Xfinity Series, a position he still holds.\n\nAlexander played a cameo role in the 2017 film Logan Lucky.\n\nPersonal life\nAlexander was born in Madison, Indiana, and graduated from Vincennes University and University of Evansville. He later moved to the Charlotte, North Carolina area. He was not related to driver Blaise Alexander despite sharing a last name.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFox Sports profile\n\nLiving people\nPeople from Madison, Indiana\nPublic address announcers\nCollege football announcers\nCollege basketball announcers in the United States\nMotorsport announcers\nUniversity of Evansville alumni\n1973 births\nVincennes University alumni" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "which college did he play for", "Arizona State University", "who did he play with", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "Robert Paul Smith (April 16, 1915 – January 30, 1977) was an American author, most famous for his classic evocation of childhood, Where Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing.\n\nBiography\nRobert Paul Smith was born in Brooklyn, grew up in Mount Vernon, NY, and graduated from Columbia College in 1936. He worked as a writer for CBS Radio and wrote four novels: So It Doesn't Whistle (1946) (1941, according to Avon Publishing Co., Inc., reprint edition ... Plus Blood in Their Veins copyright 1952); The Journey, (1943); Because of My Love (1946); The Time and the Place (1951).\n\nThe Tender Trap, a play by Smith and Dobie Gillis creator Max Shulman, opened in 1954 with Robert Preston in the leading role. It was later made into a movie starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie Reynolds. A classic example of the \"battle-of-the-sexes\" comedy, it revolves around the mutual envy of a bachelor living in New York City and a settled family man living in the New York suburbs.\n\nWhere Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing is a nostalgic evocation of the inner life of childhood. It advocates the value of privacy to children; the importance of unstructured time; the joys of boredom; and the virtues of freedom from adult supervision. He opens by saying \"The thing is, I don't understand what kids do with themselves any more.\" He contrasts the overstructured, overscheduled, oversupervised suburban life of the child in the suburban 1950's with reminiscences of his own childhood. He concludes \"I guess what I am saying is that people who don't have nightmares don't have dreams. If you will excuse me, I have an appointment with myself to sit on the front steps and watch some grass growing.\"\n\nTranslations from the English (1958) collects a series of articles originally published in Good Housekeeping magazine. The first, \"Translations from the Children,\" may be the earliest known example of the genre of humor that consists of a series of translations from what is said (e.g. \"I don't know why. He just hit me\") into what is meant (e.g. \"He hit his brother.\")\n\nHow to Do Nothing With Nobody All Alone By Yourself (1958) is a how-to book, illustrated by Robert Paul Smith's wife Elinor Goulding Smith. It gives step-by-step directions on how to: play mumbly-peg; build a spool tank; make polly-noses; construct an indoor boomerang, etc. It was republished in 2010 by Tin House Books.\n\nList of works\n\nEssays and humor\nWhere Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing (1957)\nTranslations from the English (1958) \nCrank: A Book of Lamentations, Exhortations, Mixed Memories and Desires, All Hard Or Chewy Centers, No Creams(1962)\nHow to Grow Up in One Piece (1963)\nGot to Stop Draggin’ that Little Red Wagon Around (1969)\nRobert Paul Smith’s Lost & Found (1973)\n\nFor children\nJack Mack, illus. Erik Blegvad (1960)\nWhen I Am Big, illus. Lillian Hoban (1965)\nNothingatall, Nothingatall, Nothingatall, illus. Allan E. Cober (1965)\nHow To Do Nothing With No One All Alone By Yourself, illus Elinor Goulding Smith (1958) Republished by Tin House Books (2010)\n\nNovels\nSo It Doesn't Whistle (1941) \nThe Journey (1943) \nBecause of My Love (1946) \nThe Time and the Place (1952)\nWhere He Went: Three Novels (1958)\n\nTheatre\nThe Tender Trap, by Max Shulman and Robert Paul Smith (first Broadway performance, 1954; Random House edition, 1955)\n\nVerse\nThe Man with the Gold-headed Cane (1943)\n…and Another Thing (1959)\n\nExternal links\n\n1915 births\n1977 deaths\n20th-century American novelists\nAmerican children's writers\nAmerican humorists\nAmerican instructional writers\nAmerican male novelists\n20th-century American dramatists and playwrights\nAmerican male dramatists and playwrights\n20th-century American male writers\n20th-century American non-fiction writers\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nColumbia College (New York) alumni" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "which college did he play for", "Arizona State University", "who did he play with", "I don't know.", "what did he do after college", "his first PGA Tour event," ]

[ "The 1967 NCAA College Division football rankings are from the United Press International poll of College Division head coaches and from the Associated Press. The 1967 NCAA College Division football season was the tenth year UPI published a Coaches Poll in what was termed the \"Small College\" division. It was the eighth year for the AP version of the poll.\n\nThe AP poll did not include Win/Loss records in the weekly rankings. In the UPI poll, the Win/Loss records were published for the Top 10 in most weeks. However, the Win/Loss records are provided in the AP poll section if the UPI also ranked the team.\n\nLegend\n\nThe AP poll\n\nThe UPI Coaches poll\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nRankings\nNCAA College Division football rankings", "The 1965 NCAA College Division football rankings are from the United Press International poll of College Division head coaches and from the Associated Press. The 1965 NCAA College Division football season was the eighth year UPI published a Coaches Poll in what was termed the \"Small College\" division. It was the sixth year for the AP version of the poll.\n\nThe UPI poll did not include Win/Loss records in the weekly rankings. In the AP poll, the Win/Loss records were published for the Top 10. However, the Win/Loss records are provided in the UPI poll section if the AP also ranked the team.\n\nLegend\n\nThe AP poll\n\nThe UPI Coaches poll\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nRankings\nNCAA College Division football rankings" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "which college did he play for", "Arizona State University", "who did he play with", "I don't know.", "what did he do after college", "his first PGA Tour event,", "what did he win in college", "Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments." ]

[ "\"Ro Ro Rosey\" is a song written by Van Morrison that was written and recorded for Bang Records owner and producer Bert Berns and released on his 1967 album Blowin' Your Mind!. It was also released as the follow up single to \"Brown Eyed Girl.\"\n\nWriting and recording\n\"Ro Ro Rosey\" was written and recorded for Bang Records owner and producer Bert Berns on 28 March 1967 using the same musicians who recorded \"Brown Eyed Girl.\"\n\nLyrics and music\nThe subject of the lyrics of \"Ro Ro Rosey\" is a 16 year old girl. Morrison biographer Clinton Heylin believes that this is the same teenage girl who is idealized in other of Morrison's 1960s songs such as \"Cyprus Avenue.\" In this song, the singer can remember when she was \"the apple of [his] eye\" but he no longer can see her much as she now lives \"way up on the avenue of trees.\" When he now does get a chance to see her he becomes tongue-tied, only able to say \"oh uh uh uh uh.\"\n\nThe music uses a three chord structure and has a Latin music feel, similar to other songs Morrison recorded for Berns. Allmusic critic Matthew Greenwald believes that the riff imitates that of Ritchie Valens' hit single \"La Bamba.\" Morrison biographer Erik Hage describes the song as incorporating \"psychedelic fuzz guitar.\" Morrison also plays harmonica on the song.\n\nReception\nBillboard described the single as \"an infectious folk rocker that should spiral up the charts in short order.\" Cash Box said that it's a \"potent, funky foot-stomper\" that should be \"another winning item\" for Morrison after the success of \"Brown Eyed Girl.\" Rolling Stone Magazine critic Dave Marsh described \"Ro Ro Rosey\" as being \"remarkably erotic in the best blues tradition. On the other hand, Hage describes it as being \"an unremarkable rocker brimming with sexual double entendres.\" Greenwald describes it as a \"fun track\" but states that it is obvious that Morrison was already capable of writing better ones. Music critic Johnny Rogan describes it as an \"innocuous rock-blues piece.\"\n\nThe song was released as the follow-up single to Morrison's hit \"Brown Eyed Girl.\" The b-side of the single was a track that was not included on Blowin' Your Mind called \"Chick-A-Boom,\" which Morrison biographer Clinton Heylin disparaged for silly lyrics such as \"I'm going away but I'm coming back/With a ginger cat/What d'ya think of that.\" The single version of \"Ro Ro Rosey\" differed from the album version by overdubbing female singers. The \"Ro Ro Rosey\" single did not replicate the chart success of \"Brown Eyed Girl.\" The song has been re-released on many of Morrison's compilation albums, particularly those documenting his Bang Records recording sessions.\n\nReferences\n\n1967 songs\nVan Morrison songs\nSongs written by Van Morrison \nSong recordings produced by Bert Berns\n1967 singles\nBang Records singles", "Kyle Miller (born 11 December 1990) is a Canadian professional golfer born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He is the first golfer with cerebral palsy to participate in a PGA Tour sanctioned event.\n\nEarly life and golf development \n\nKyle was born a month early and suffered a stroke during birth, causing his cerebral palsy.\n\nFrom an early age, Miller's left hand was rigidly curled and walking required him to limp on his toes. At the age of 9, Miller and his mother approached the Shriners Hospital for Children to operate on Miller's hand, hoping to straighten it by transferring muscle from the bottom of his wrist to the top. He was very aware that this surgery could mean not waking up, and has stated: \"The decision was ultimately mine, and it was with a deep breath I signed the waiver with my good hand.\" By the time Kyle began playing golf, he had accumulated 14 surgeries, including one to straighten his left leg.\n\nMiller began playing golf while in elementary school. During high school, he would skip classes to go to the driving range. Miller learned much of his ability by shadowing local golfer and coach Marty Desmarais at a local golf club in Calgary.\n\nMiller studied business during university, but dropped out and moved to Florida despite having limited funds in order to pursue his dreams of becoming a professional golfer.\n\nWhile in Florida, Kyle met fellow Canadian golf instructor Sean Foley. Miller has attributed much of his success to Foley, stating \"What Sean has given me is hope and belief\", \"Here's someone who has become one of the top teachers in the world, and he's telling me I could make it. So why would I doubt myself?\"\n\nProfessional career \n\nMiller turned professional in 2013 after finishing second in his Play Ability test. Subsequently, he went on to be featured in the Calgary Herald and Golf Digest in October 2013. In 2017, Miller was given a spot in the Mackenzie Tour. In doing so, Miller became the first golfer with Cerebral Palsy to achieve such a feat. \n\nMiller believes that much of his success so far has been due to his disadvantage, and the lack of belief in his ability by his peers. Miller states, \"I've been able to teach and inspire countless people with disabilities that achieving your dream is possible, regardless of what people tell you.\"\n\nTechnique \n\nThe left half of Miller's body is numb, which means that he cannot feel his weight transfer forward during his downswing. His mobility range through his left hand and left leg are limited.\n\nIn regards to his approach, Miller has stated \"I've been forced to understand what the body could do, how the body got better and how I'm going to be good. So I think it's an advantage, not a disadvantage\".\n\nCoaching \n\nAlongside earning his professional status and competing in various Professional Golf Tour's, Miller has coached at golf's highest level, and has given thousands of lessons in an effort to inspire others to overcome their own obstacles through golf.\n\nMiller has stated \"Some guys need to learn how to get knocked down and get back up again, and enjoy it\", \"There's an art to that. There's a genuine art to thoroughly loving failure. I love it. It's the greatest thing that happened to me. And that's what I want to offer to players.\"\n\nMiller is a current member of the Canadian Golf Teachers Federation and the World Golf Teachers Federation.\n\nCharitable efforts \n\nKyle is the spokesman for The Cerebral Palsy Association of Alberta and remains a passionate advocate to those with cerebral palsy and other disabilities. Much of his earnings and fundraising through golf are donated to charity.\n\nReferences \n\nCanadian male golfers\nGolfing people from Alberta\n1990 births\nLiving people" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "which college did he play for", "Arizona State University", "who did he play with", "I don't know.", "what did he do after college", "his first PGA Tour event,", "what did he win in college", "Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments.", "what hand did he use ro play golf", "left-handed swing" ]

[ "Arend Donselaar \"Don\" Lubbers (born July 23, 1931) was president of Grand Valley State University (and predecessor Grand Valley State College) from 1969 to 2001. He was the second president of Grand Valley, serving after James Zumberge and before Mark Murray. He currently holds the title of President Emeritus. Most of the university's growth came during his tenure.\n\nEarly life\nLubbers graduated from Hope College, where his father Irwin Lubbers was president, and received his master's degree from Rutgers University in 1956.\n\nHe taught at Wittenberg University .\n\nHe served as president of Central College in Pella, Iowa, until he became Grand Valley's president.\n\nGrand Valley State University\nLubbers became president of what was then Grand Valley State College at the age of 37, making him one of the nation's youngest university presidents.\n\nThe university expanded from a small cluster of colleges to Michigan's fastest growing university.\n\nLubbers Stadium on the Allendale Campus is named for him.\n\nWhen he retired in 2001, Lubbers was the longest serving state university leader in the country.\n\nReferences\n\nGrand Valley History page\nRetirement press release\n\nPresidents of Grand Valley State University\nLiving people\n1931 births\nCentral College (Iowa) people\nHope College alumni\nWittenberg University", "Thomas Crouch (1607 – August 1679) was an English academic and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1679.\n\nCrouch was the son of Thomas Crouch of Letchworth, Hertfordshire and was baptised in St Bartholomew's Church Layston on 18 October 1607. He was educated at Eton College and was admitted as a scholar to King's College, Cambridge on 26 June 1626. He was awarded BA in 1630 and MA in 1633. He was a Fellow of King's College from 1629 to 1650, when he was ejected. In 1643, he was proctor, and held the post again from 1649 to 1650. He migrated to Trinity Hall, Cambridge where he resided as Fellow.\n\nIn 1660, Crouch was elected Member of Parliament for Cambridge University in the Convention Parliament. he was re-elected in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until 1679. \n \nCrouch died at the age of 71 and was buried on 30 August 1679 in King's College Chapel where there is a monument. This reads in Latin \n\nAperiet Deus tumulos ; et educet\nNos de sepulchris.\nQualis eram, dies isthaec cum\nVenerit, scies.\n\n(God will open up the graves, and lead us from our sepulchres. What manner of man I was, you will know, when that day\ncomes)\n\nReferences\n\n1607 births\n1679 deaths\nMembers of the pre-1707 Parliament of England for the University of Cambridge\nAlumni of King's College, Cambridge\nPeople educated at Eton College\nFellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge\nFellows of King's College, Cambridge\nEnglish MPs 1661–1679\nEnglish MPs 1660" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "which college did he play for", "Arizona State University", "who did he play with", "I don't know.", "what did he do after college", "his first PGA Tour event,", "what did he win in college", "Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments.", "what hand did he use ro play golf", "left-handed swing", "what age was he during college", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event" ]

[ "Linguistic rights in Africa are stated in constitutions which differ by country. These constitutions usually state the national language(s) and/or official language(s), and may or may not explicitly allow for other languages in the country. Most of the linguistic rights stated here are negative rights, which grant freedom of usage of own language and prevent discrimination based on language.\n\nLinguistic rights in African constitutions\n\nAlgeria\nConstitution as adopted on 19 November 1976.\nArticle 3\nArabic is the national and official language.\nArticle 42\n(3) In respect to the provisions of the present Constitution, the political parties cannot be founded on religious, linguistic, racial, sex, corporatist or regional basis. The political parties cannot resort to partisan propaganda on the elements mentioned in the previous paragraph.\nArticle 178\n(4) Any constitutional revision cannot infringe on Arabic as the national and official language.\n\nBenin\nConstitution as adopted on 2 December 1990.\nArticle 11\nAll communities comprising the Beninese nation shall enjoy the freedom to use their spoken and written languages and to develop their own culture while respecting those of others. The state must promote the development of national languages of intercommunication.\nArticle 40\nThe state has the duty to assure the diffusion and the teaching of the Constitution, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights of 1981 as well as all of the international instruments duly ratified and relative to human rights. The state must integrate the rights of the individual into the programs of literacy and of teaching in the various scholastic and university academic cycles and into all the educational programs of the Armed Forces, of the Public Security Forces and of comparable categories. The state must equally assure the diffusion and teaching of these same rights in the national languages by all the means of mass communication, and particularly by radio and television.\n\nBotswana\nConstitution as adopted on 30 September 1966.\nArticle 5\n(2) Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest or detention.\nArticle 10\nEvery person who is charged with a criminal offence—\n(b) shall be informes as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he or she understands and in detail, of the nature of the offence charged.\n(f) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge.\nArticle 16\n(2) Where a person is detained by virtue of such an authorization as is referred to in subsection (1) of this section the following provisions shall apply—\n(a) he or she shall, as soon as reasonably practicable and in any case not more than five days after the commencement of his or her detention, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that he or she understands specifying in detail the grounds upon which he or she is detained.\nArticle 61\nSubject to the provisions of section 62 of this Constitution, a person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly if, and shall not be qualified to be so elected unless—\n(d) he or she is able to speak, and, unless incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause, to read English well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of the Assembly.\nArticle 79\n(4) Subject to the provisions of subsections (5) and (6) of this section a person shall be qualified to be elected as a Specially Elected Member of the House of Chiefs if, and shall not be qualified to be so elected unless, he—\n(c) is able to speak and, unless incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause, to read English well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of the House.\n\nBurkina Faso\nConstitution as adopted on 2 June 1991.\nArticle 1\nAll Burkinabians shall be born free and equal in rights. All have an equal vocation to enjoy all the rights and all the freedoms guaranteed by the present Constitution. Discrimination of all sorts, notably those founded on race, ethnic background, region, colour, sex, language, religion, caste, political opinions, wealth and birth, shall be prohibited.\nArticle 35\nThe official language is French. The law determines the modalities of promotion and of official designation of national languages.\n\nBurundi\nConstitution as consolidated on 18 March 2005\nArticle 10\nThe national language is Kirundi. The official languages are Kirundi and other languages determined by law.\nArticle 13\nAll Burundians are equal in merit and dignity. All citizens enjoy the same laws and are entitled to the same protection under the law. No Burundian will be excluded from the social, economic or political life of the nation because of his race, language, religion, sex or ethnic origin.\nArticle 22\nNo one can be the object of discrimination, in particular of their origin, race, ethnic group, sex, color, language, social condition, religious, philosophical or political convictions, or because of a physical or mental handicap or carrying HIV/AIDS or any other incurable disease.\n\nCameroon\nConstitution as adopted on 18 January 1996.\nArticle 1\n(3) The official languages of the Republic of Cameroon shall be English and French, both languages having the same status. The State shall guarantee the promotion of bilingualism throughout the country. It shall endeavour to protect and promote national languages.\nArticle 2\nEveryone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.\nArticle 19\nEveryone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.\n\nCape Verde\nConstitution as adopted on 25 September 1992.\nArticle 10\n(6) The State of Cape Verde shall maintain special ties of friendship and cooperation with the countries of Portuguese official language and with the receiving countries of Capeverdean migrant workers.\nArticle 22\nEvery citizen shall have equal social dignity and be equal before the law. No one shall have privilege, benefit or be injured, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty, on account of race, sex, ascendancy, language, origin, religion, social and economic conditions, or political or ideological convictions.\nArticle 23\n(3) Rights not granted to aliens and stateless persons may be recognized to the citizens of the Portuguese speaking countries, except for the access to being holders of the organs of sovereignty, the service in the Armed Forces and the diplomatic carrier.\n\nChad\nConstitution as adopted on 31 March 1996.\nArticle 9\nThe official languages are French and Arabic. The law establishes the conditions of promotion and development of the national languages.\n\nCongo\nConstitution as adopted on 15 March 1992.\nArticle 3\n(4) The official language is French.\n(5) The functional national languages are Lingala and Munukutuba.\nArticle 11\n(1) The State shall assure the equality of all citizens before the law, without discrimination of origin, social or material situation, racial, ethnic and regional origin, sex, instruction, language, attitude vis-a-vis religion and philosophy, or place of residence. It shall respect all the rights and liberties within limits compatible with public order and good mores.\nArticle 35\n(1) Citizens shall possess a right to culture and to the respect of their cultural identity. All the communities composing the Congolese Nation shall possess the freedom to use their languages and their own culture without prejudicing those of others.\nArticle 42\n(1) Every child, without a single discrimination based on race, color, sex, language, religion, national, social or ethnic origin, fortune or birth, shall have the right, on the part of his family, society, and the State to measures of protection which stem from his condition as a minor.\n\nDemocratic Republic of Congo\nConstitution as adopted on 18 February 2006.\nArticle 1\nThe official language is French. The national languages are Kikongo, Lingala, Swahili and Tshiluba. The State ensures promotion of these languages without discrimination. The State ensures the protection of any other languages of this country which are part of Congolese cultural heritage.\nArticle 18\nAny person arrested shall be informed immediately of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him and this, in a language he understands.\nArticle 142\nIn all cases, the Government provides broadcasting in French and in each of the four national languages within sixty days from the promulgation.\n\nDjibouti\nConstitution as adopted on 4 September 1992.\nArticle 1\nIt is guaranteed that everyone is equal before the law regardless of language, origin, race, sex or religion. All beliefs are respected.\nThe official languages are Arabic and French.\nArticle 3\nThe Republic of Djibouti is composed of all individuals recognized as members and who accept their duties regardless of language, race, sex, or religion.\nArticle 6\nPolitical parties are forbidden to identify with a [particular] race, ethnicity, gender, religion, cult, language or region.\n\nEgypt\nConstitution as adopted on 11 September 1971.\nArticle 2\nIslam is the religion of the state and Arabic its official language.\nArticle 40\nAll citizens are equal before the law. They have equal public rights and duties without discrimination between them due to race, ethnic origin, language, religion or creed.\n\nEquatorial Guinea\nConstitution as amended on 17 January 1995.\nArticle 4\nThe official language of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea shall be Spanish; aboriginal languages shall be recognized as an integral part of its national culture.\n\nEritrea\nConstitution as adopted on 23 May 1997.\nArticle 4\n(3) The equality of all Eritrean languages is guaranteed.\nArticle 14\n(2) No person may be discriminated against on account of race, ethnic origin, language, colour, gender, religion, disability, age, political view, or social or economic status or any other improper factors.\nArticle 17\n(3) Every person arrested or detained shall be informed of the grounds for his arrest or detention and of the rights he has in connection with his arrest or detention in a language he understands.\n\nEthiopia\nConstitution as adopted on 8 December 1994.\nArticle 5\n(1) All Ethiopian languages shall enjoy equal state recognition.\n(2) Amharic shall be the working language of the Federal Government.\n(3) Members of the Federation may by law determine their respective working languages.\nArticle 19\n(1) Persons arrested have the right to be informed promptly, in a language they understand, of the reasons for their arrest and of any charge against them.\n(2) Persons arrested have the right to remain silent. Upon arrest, they have the right to be informed promptly, in a language they understand, that any statement they make may be used as evidence against them in court.\nArticle 20\n(7) [Accused persons] have the right to request the assistance of an interpreter at state expense where the court proceedings are conducted in a language which they do not understand.\nArticle 25\nAll persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection without discrimination on grounds of race, nation, nationality, or other social origin, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, property, birth or other status.\nArticle 38\nEvery Ethiopian national, without any discrimination based on colour, race, nation, nationality, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion or other status, has the following rights: (a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly and through freely chosen representatives; (b) On the attainment of 18 years of age, to vote in accordance with law; (c) To vote and to be elected at periodic elections to any office at any level of government; elections shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors.\nArticle 39\n(2) Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the right to speak, to write and to develop its own language; to express, to develop and to promote its culture; and to preserve its history.\n(10) A \"Nation, Nationality or People\" for the purpose of this Constitution, is a group of people who have or share a large measure of a common culture or similar customs, mutual intelligibility of language, belief in a common or related identities, a common psychological make-up, and who inhabit an identifiable, predominantly contiguous territory.\nArticle 46\nStates shall be delimited on the basis of the settlement patterns, language, identity and consent of the peoples concerned.\n\nGhana\nConstitution as adopted on 28 April 1992.\nArticle 9\n(2) Except as otherwise provided in article & of this Constitution, a person shall not be registered as a citizen of Ghana unless at the time of his application for registration he is able to speak and understand an indigenous language of Ghana.\nArticle 14\n(2) A person who is arrested, restricted or detained shall be informed immediately; in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest, restriction or detention and of his right to a lawyer of his choice.\nArticle 9\n(2) A person charged with a criminal offence shall—\n(d) be informed immediately in a language he understands, and in detail; of the nature of the offence charged;\n(h) be permitted to have, without payment by him, the assistance of an interpreter where he cannot understand the language used at the trial\nArticle 26\n(1) Every person is entitled to enjoyed, practise, profess, maintain and promote any culture, language, tradition or religion subject to the provisions of this Constitution.\nArticle 39\n(3) The State shall foster the development of Ghanaian languages and pride in Ghanaian culture.\n\nKenya\nConstitution as proposed on 6 May 2010.\nArticle 7\n(1) The national language of the Republic is Kiswahili.\n(2) The official languages of the Republic are Kiswahili and English.\n(3) The State shall—\n(a) promote and protect the diversity of language of the people of Kenya; and\n(b) promote the development and use of indigenous languages, Kenyan Sign language, Braille and other communication formats and technologies accessible to persons with disabilities.\nArticle 27\n(4) The State shall not discriminate directly or indirectly against any person on any ground, including race, sex, pregnancy, marital status, health status, ethnic or social origin, colour, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, dress, language or birth.\nArticle 44\n(1) Every person has the right to use the language, and to participate in the cultural life, of the person’s choice.\n(2) A person belonging to a cultural or linguistic community has the right, with other members of that community--\n(a) to enjoy the person’s culture and use the person’s language; or\n(b) to form, join and maintain cultural and linguistic associations and other organs of civil society.\nArticle 49\n(1) An arrested person has the right—\n(a) to be informed promptly, in language that the person understands, of—\n(i) the reason for the arrest;\n(ii) the right to remain silent; and\n(iii) the consequences of not remaining silent.\n(c) to communicate with an advocate, and other persons whose assistance is necessary;\nArticle 50\n(2) Every accused person has the right to a fair trial, which includes the right—\n(m) to have the assistance of an interpreter without payment if the accused person cannot understand the language used at the trial.\n(3) If this Article requires information to be given to a person, the information shall be given in language that the person understands.\n(7) In the interest of justice, a court may allow an intermediary to assist a complainant or an accused person to communicate with the court.\nArticle 54\n(1) A person with any disability is entitled—\n(a) to be treated with dignity and respect and to be addressed and referred to in a manner that is not demeaning;\n(b) to access educational institutions and facilities for persons with disabilities that are integrated into society to the extent compatible with the interests of the person;\n(c) to reasonable access to all places, public transport and information;\n(d) to use Sign language, Braille or other appropriate means of communication; and\n(e) to access materials and devices to overcome constraints arising from the person's disability.\n(2) The State shall ensure the progressive implementation of the principle that at least five percent of the members of the public in elective and appointive bodies are persons with disabilities.\nArticle 56\nThe State shall put in place affirmative action programmes designed to ensure that minorities and marginalised groups—\n(d) develop their cultural values, languages and practices\nArticle 120\n(1) The official languages of Parliament shall be Kiswahili, English and Kenyan Sign language, and the business of Parliament may be conducted in English, Kiswahili and Kenyan Sign language.\n(2) In case of a conflict between different language versions of an Act of Parliament, the version signed by the President shall prevail.\nArticle 259\n(2) If there is a conflict between different language versions of this Constitution, the English language version prevails.\n\nLesotho\nConstitution as adopted on 2 April 1993.\nArticle 3\n(1) The official languages of Lesotho shall be Sesotho and English and, accordingly, no instrument or transaction shall be invalid by reason only that it is expressed or conducted in one of those languages.\nArticle 4\n(1) Whereas every person in Lesotho is entitled, whatever his race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status to fundamental human rights and freedoms...\nArticle 6\n(2) Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed as soon as is reasonably practicable, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest or detention.\nArticle 12\n(2) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence—\n(b) shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in language that he understands and in adequate detail, of the nature of the offence charged;\n(f) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge.\nArticle 18\n(3) In this section, the expression \"discriminatory\" means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.\n(5) Nothing contained in any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1) to the extent that it makes provision with respect to standards of qualifications (not being standards of qualifications specifically relating to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status) to be required of any person who is appointed to any office in the public service, any office in a disciplined force, any office in the service of a local government authority or any office in a body corporate established by law for public purposes.\nArticle 21\n(2) When a person is detained by virtue of any such law as is referred to in subsection (1) the following provisions shall apply, that is to say—\n(a) he shall, as soon as reasonably practicable after the commencement of his detention, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that he understands specifying in detail the grounds upon which he is detained.\nArticle 26\n(1) Lesotho shall adopt policies aimed at promoting a society based on equality and justice for all its citizens regardless of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.\nArticle 58\n(1) Subject to the provisions of section 59 of this Constitution, a person shall be qualified to be nominated as a Senator by the King acting in accordance with the advice of the Council of State or designated by a Principal Chief as a Senator in his place if, and shall not be so qualified unless, at the date of his nomination or designation, he—\n(b) is able to speak and, unless incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause, to read and write either the Sesotho or English languages well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of the Senate.\n\nLiberia\nConstitution as adopted on 6 January 1986.\nArticle 41\nThe business of the Legislature shall be conducted in the English language or, when adequate preparations shall have been made, in one or more of the languages of the Republic as the Legislature may by resolution approve.\n\nMalawi\nConstitution as adopted on 16 May 1994.\nArticle 20\n(1) Discrimination of persons in any form is prohibited and all persons are, under any law, guaranteed equal and effective protection against discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, nationality, ethnic or social origin, disability, property, birth or other status.\nArticle 26\nEvery person shall have the right to use the language and to participate in the cultural life of his or her choice.\nArticle 42\n(1) Every person who is detained, including every sentenced prisoner, shall have the right-\n(a) to be informed of the reason for his or her detention promptly, and in a language which he or she understands;\n(2) Every person arrested for, or accused of, the alleged commission of an offence shall, in addition to the rights which he or she has as a detained person, have the right—\n(a) promptly to be informed, in a language which he or she understands, that he or she has the right to remain silent and to be warned of the consequences of making any statement;\n(f) as an accused person, to a fair trial, which shall include the right—\n(ix) to be tried in a language which he or she understands or, failing this, to have the proceedings interpreted to him or her, at the expense of the State, into a language which he or she understands.\nArticle 51\n(1) A person shall not be qualified to be nominated or elected as a member of the Parliament unless that person—\n(b) is able to speak and to read the English language well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of Parliament;\nArticle 55\n(5) The proceedings of Parliament shall be conducted in the English language and such other languages as each Chamber may prescribe in respect of its own proceedings.\nArticle 94\n(2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a Minister or Deputy Minister unless that person-\n(b) is able to speak and to read the English language.\n\nMali\nConstitution as adopted on 27 February 1992.\nArticle 2\nAll Malians are born and live free and equal in their rights and duties. Any discrimination based on social origin, color, language, race, sex, religion, or political opinion is prohibited.\nArticle 25\nFrench is the official language. Law will determine the method for making official and promoting national languages.\n\nMauritius\nConstitution as adopted on 12 March 1968.\nArticle 5\n(2) Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest or detention.\n(4) Where a person is detained in pursuance of any such provision of law as is referred to in subsection (1)(k)—\n(a) he shall, as soon as is reasonably practicable and, in any case not more than 7 days after the commencement of his detention, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that he understands specifying in detail the grounds upon which he is detained;\nArticle 10\n(2) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence—\n(b) shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he understands and, in detail, of the nature of the offence;\n(f) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the offence.\nArticle 15\n(4) Where any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted in pursuance of subsection 3(a) or (b) so requests—\n(a) he shall, as soon as is reasonably practicable and in any case not more than 7 days after the making of the request, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that he understands, specifying the grounds for the imposition of the restriction;\nArticle 18\n(3) Where a person is detained by virtue of any such law as is referred to in subsection (1) (not being a person who is detained because he is a person who, not being a citizen of Mauritius, is a citizen of a country with which Mauritius is at war, or has been engaged in hostilities against Mauritius in association with or on behalf of such a country or otherwise assisting or adhering to such a country) —\n(a) he shall, as soon as is reasonably practicable and in any case not more than 7 days after the commencement of his detention, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that he understands, specifying in detail the grounds upon which he is detained.\nArticle 33\nSubject to section 34, a person shall be qualified to be elected as a member of the Assembly if, and shall not be so qualified unless, he ... (d) is able to speak and, unless incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause, to read the English language with a degree of proficiency sufficient to enable him to take an active part in the proceedings of the Assembly.\nArticle 34\n(1) No person shall be qualified to be elected as a member of the Assembly who—\n(c) is a party to, or a partner in a firm or a director or manager of a company which is a party to, any contract with the Government for or on account of the public service, and has not, within 14 days after his nomination as a candidate for election, published in the English language in the Gazette and in a newspaper circulating in the constituency for which he is a candidate, a notice setting out the nature of such contract and his interest, or the interest of any such firm or company, therein;\nArticle 49\nThe official language of the Assembly shall be English but any member may address the chair in French.\n\nMozambique \nConstitution as adopted on 21 January 2005.\nArticle 9\nThe State shall esteem national languages as cultural and educational heritage, and shall promote their development and increasing use as languages that convey our identity.\nArticle 10\nThe official language in the Republic of Mozambique shall be Portuguese.\nArticle 21\nThe Republic of Mozambique shall maintain special ties of friendship and co-operation with the countries of the region, with countries whose official language is Portuguese and with countries that host Mozambican emigrants.\nArticle 27\n(1) Mozambican nationality may be granted by naturalisation to foreigners who, at the time of submission of their application, meet all the following conditions:\n(c) that they know Portuguese or a Mozambican language;\nArticle 125\n(2) The State shall promote the creation of conditions for learning and developing sign language.\n\nNamibia\nConstitution as adopted on February 1990.\nArticle 3\n(1) The official language of Namibia shall be English.\n(2) Nothing contained in this Constitution shall prohibit the use of any other language as a medium of instruction in private schools or in schools financed or subsidised by the State, subject to compliance with such requirements as may be imposed by law, to ensure proficiency in the official language, or for pedagogic reasons.\n(3) Nothing contained in Paragraph (1) shall preclude legislation by Parliament which permits the use of a language other than English for legislative, administrative and judicial purposes in regions or areas where such other language or languages are spoken by a substantial component of the population.\nArticle 11\n(2) No persons who are arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed promptly in a language they understand of the grounds for such arrest.\nArticle 19\nEvery person shall be entitled to enjoy, practice, profess, maintain and promote any culture, language, tradition or religion subject to the terms of this Constitution and further subject to the condition that the rights protected by this article do not impinge upon the rights of others or the national interest.\nArticle 24\n(2) Where any persons are detained by virtue of such authorization as is referred to in Paragraph (1), the following provisions shall apply:\n(a) they shall, as soon as reasonably practicable and in any case not more than five (5) days after the commencement of their detention, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that they understand specifying in detail the grounds upon which they are detained and, at their request, this statement shall be read to them;\n(b) not more than fourteen (14) days after the commencement of their detention, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that they understand specifying in detail the grounds upon which they are detained and, at their request, this statement shall be read to them\n\nNiger\nConstitution as adopted on 18 July 1999.\nArticle 3\nAll communities comprising the nation of Niger shall enjoy the freedom of using their own languages in respect to each other. These languages shall have equal status as national languages. The law shall determine methods of promoting and of formalising the national language. The official language shall be French.\nArticle 33\nThe state shall have the duty to ensure the translation into national languages, the spreading and teaching of the Constitution, as well as individual rights and fundamental liberties. A National Commission shall watch over the promotion and the effectiveness of the rights and liberties proclaimed above, and if need be, in accordance with international agreements signed by Niger. A law shall determine the organisation and functioning of the Commission.\n\nNigeria\nConstitution as adopted on 29 May 1999.\nArticle 15\n(2) Accordingly, national integration shall be actively encouraged, whilst discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, sex, religion, status, ethnic or linguistic association or ties shall be prohibited.\n(3) For the purpose of promoting national integration, it shall be the duty of the State to:\n(c) encourage inter-marriage among persons from different places of origin, or of different religious, ethnic or linguistic association or ties;\n(d) promote or encourage the formation of associations that cut across ethnic, linguistic, religious and or other sectional barriers.\nArticle 35\n(3) Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed in writing within twenty-four hours (and in a language that he understands) of the facts and grounds for his arrest or detention.\nArticle 36\n(6) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence shall be entitled to—\n(a) be informed promptly in the language that he understands and in detail of the nature of the offence;\n(e) have, without payment, the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the offence.\nArticle 97\nThe business of a House of Assembly shall be conducted in English, but the House may in addition to English conduct the business of the House in one or more other languages spoken in the State as the House may by resolution approve.\n\nRwanda\nConstitution as adopted on 26 May 2003.\nArticle 5\nThe national language is Kinyarwanda. The official languages are Kinyarwanda, French and English.\nArticle 11\nAll Rwandans are born and remain free and equal in rights and duties.\nDiscrimination of whatever kind based on inter alia, ethnic origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith, opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited and punishable by law.\n\nSenegal\nConstitution as adopted on 7 January 2001.\nArticle 1\n ...The official language of the Republic of Senegal shall be French. The national languages shall be Diolo, Malinke, Poular, Serer, Soninke and Wolof and any other national language which has been codified.\nArticle 4\nPolitical parties and coalitions of political parties shall contribute to the expression of suffrage. They shall be required to respect the Constitution and thus the principles of national sovereignty and democracy. They are prevented from identifying themselves by race, ethnicity, sex, religion, sect, language or region.\nArticle 22\nThe state shall have the duty and the task of educating and training the youth through public schools. All children, boys and girls, throughout the national territory, shall have the right to attend school. Religious and non-religious institutions and communities shall also be recognised as educational facilities. All national, public or private institutions shall have the duty to see to it that their members learn to read and write; they shall have the duty to participate in the national literacy effort which aims to ensure that everyone can read and write one of the national languages.\n\nSeychelles\nConstitution as adopted on 18 June 1993.\nArticle 4\n(1) The national languages of Seychelles shall be Creole, English and French.\n(2) Notwithstanding clause (1), a person may use any of the national languages for any purpose but a law may provide for the use of any one or more of the national languages for any specific purpose.\nArticle 18\n(3) A person who is arrested or detained has a right to be informed at the time of arrest or detention or as soon as is reasonably practicable thereafter in, as far as is practicable, a language that the person understands of the reason for the arrest or detention, a right to remain silent, a right to be defended by a legal practitioner of the person's choice and, in the case of a minor, a right to communicate with the parent or guardian.\nArticle 19\n(2) Every person who is charged with an offence—\n(b) shall be informed at the time the person is charged or as soon as is reasonably practicable, in, as far as is practicable, a language that the person understands and in detail, of the nature of the offence;\n(f) shall, as far as is practicable, have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if the person cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge;\nArticle 43\n(4) Where a law referred to in clause (2) provides for the detention of persons provision shall be made in the law—\n(a) that, as soon as is reasonably practicable and in any case not more than seven days after the commencement of the detention, the person detained shall be furnished with a statement in writing, in, as far as practicable a language that the person understands, specifying in detail the grounds upon which the person is detained\n\nSierra Leone\nConstitution as amended on 1 October 1991.\nArticle 6\n(2) Accordingly, the State shall promote national integration and unity and discourage discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, circumstance of birth, sex, religion, status, ethnic or linguistic association or ties.\nArticle 9\n(3) The Government shall promote the learning of indigenous languages and the study and application of modern science, foreign languages, technology, commerce and business.\nArticle 17\n(2) Any person who—\n(a) is arrested or detained shall be informed in writing or in a language that he understands at the time of his arrest, and in any event not later than twenty-four hours, of the facts and grounds for his arrest or detention;\nArticle 23\n(5) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence—\n(a) shall be informed at the time he is charged in the language which he understands and in detail, of the nature of the offence charged;\n(e) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge:\nProvided that nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this subsection to the extent that the law in question prohibits legal representation in a Local Court.\nArticle 75\nSubject to the provisions of section 76, any person who—\n(d) is able to speak and to read the English Language with a degree of proficiency sufficient to enable him to take an active part in the proceedings of Parliament, shall be qualified for election as such a Member of Parliament:\nProvided that a person who becomes a citizen of Sierra Leone by registration by law shall not be qualified for election as such a Member of Parliament or of any Local Authority unless he shall have resided continuously in Sierra Leone for twenty-five years after such registration or shall have served in the Civil or Regular Armed Services of Sierra Leone for a continuous period of twenty-five years.\nArticle 90\nThe business of Parliament shall be conducted in the English Language.\n\nSouth Africa\nConstitution as adopted on 8 May 1996.\nArticle 6\n(1) The official languages of the Republic are Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu.\n(2) Recognising the historically diminished use and status of the indigenous languages of our people, the state must take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and advance the use of these languages.\n(3) (a) The national government and provincial governments may use any particular official languages for the purposes of government, taking into account usage, practicality, expense, regional circumstances and the balance of the needs and preferences of the population as a whole or in the province concerned; but the national government and each provincial government must use at least two official languages.\n(b) Municipalities must take into account the language usage and preferences of their residents.\n(4) The national government and provincial governments, by legislative and other measures, must regulate and monitor their use of official languages. Without detracting from the provisions of subsection (2), all official languages must enjoy parity of esteem and must be treated equitably.\n(5) A Pan South African Language Board established by national legislation must—\n(a) promote and create conditions for the development and use of—\n(i) all official languages;\n(ii) the Khoi, Nama and San languages; and\n(iii) sign language; and\n(b) promote and ensure respect for—\n(i) all languages commonly used by communities in South Africa, including German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Telegu and Urdu; and\n(ii) Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and other languages used for religious purposes in South Africa.\nArticle 9\n(3) The state may not unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth.\n(4) No person may unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds in terms of subsection (3). National legislation must be enacted to prevent or prohibit unfair discrimination.\n(5) Discrimination on one or more of the grounds listed in subsection (3) is unfair unless it is established that the discrimination is fair.\nArticle 29\n(2) Everyone has the right to receive education in the official language or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable. In order to ensure the effective access to, and implementation of, this right, the state must consider all reasonable educational alternatives, including single medium institutions, taking into account—\n(a) equity;\n(b) practicability; and\n(c) the need to redress the results of past racially discriminatory laws and practices.\nArticle 30\nEveryone has the right to use the language and to participate in the cultural life of their choice, but no one exercising these rights may do so in a manner inconsistent with any provision of the Bill of Rights.\nArticle 31\n(1) Persons belonging to a cultural, religious or linguistic community may not be denied the right, with other members of that community—\n(a) to enjoy their culture, practise their religion and use their language; and\n(b) to form, join and maintain cultural, religious and linguistic associations and other organs of civil society.\n(2) The rights in subsection (1) may not be exercised in a manner inconsistent with any provision of the Bill of Rights.\nArticle 35\n(3) Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right—\n(k) to be tried in a language that the accused person understands or, if that is not practicable, to have the proceedings interpreted in that language;\n(4) Whenever this section requires information to be given to a person, that information must be given in a language that the person understands.\n(5) Evidence obtained in a manner that violates any right in the Bill of Rights must be excluded if the admission of that evidence would render the trial unfair or otherwise be detrimental to the administration of justice.\nArticle 185\n(1) The primary objects of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities are—\n(a) to promote respect for the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities;\n(b) to promote and develop peace, friendship, humanity, tolerance and national unity among cultural, religious and linguistic communities, on the basis of equality, non-discrimination and free association; and\n(c) to recommend the establishment or recognition, in accordance with national legislation, of a cultural or other council or councils for a community or communities in South Africa.\n(2) The Commission has the power, as regulated by national legislation, necessary to achieve its primary objects, including the power to monitor, investigate, research, educate, lobby, advise and report on issues concerning the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities.\n(3) The Commission may report any matter which falls within its powers and functions to the Human Rights Commission for investigation.\nArticle 186\n(1) The number of members of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities and their appointment and terms of office must be prescribed by national legislation.\n(2) The composition of the Commission must—\n(a) be broadly representative of the main cultural, religious and linguistic communities in South Africa;\nArticle 235\nThe right of the South African people as a whole to self-determination, as manifested in this Constitution, does not preclude, within the framework of this right, recognition of the notion of the right of self-determination of any community sharing a common cultural and language heritage, within a territorial entity in the Republic or in any other way, determined by national legislation.\n\nSudan\nConstitution as adopted on 1 July 1998.\nArticle 3\nArabic is the official language in the Republic of Sudan. The State permits the development of local languages and other international languages.\nArticle 27\nEvery sect or group of citizens have the right to keep their particular culture, language or religion, and to voluntarily bring up their children within the framework of these traditions. It is prohibited to impose one's traditions on children by coercion.\n\nSwaziland\nConstitution as adopted on 26 July 2005\nArticle 3\n(2) The official languages of Swaziland are siSwati and English.\n(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2), the authoritative text of any law or document shall be the text in which that law or document was originally passed or produced.\nArticle 16\n(2) A person who is arrested or detained shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language which that person understands, of the reasons for the arrest or detention and of the right of that person to a legal representative chosen by that person.\nArticle 21\n(2) A person who is charged with a criminal offence shall be—\n(b) informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language which that person understands and in sufficient detail, of the nature of the offence or charge;\n(g) permitted to have, without payment, the assistance of an interpreter if that person cannot understand the language used at the trial.\nArticle 36\n(8) Where a person is detained or restricted by virtue of a power exercised in the absolute discretion of any authority and conferred by any such law as is referred to in section 38(1), the following shall apply, that is to say—\n(a) that person shall, as soon as reasonably practicable and in any case not more than seventy two hours after the detention or restriction, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that the person understands specifying in sufficient detail the grounds upon which that person is detained or restricted;\nArticle 121\n(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution—\n(a) each chamber of Parliament may make Standing Orders with respect to—\n(iv) conduct of debates or other proceedings in that chamber in one or both official languages;\n\nTogo\nArticle 3\n[...]\nThe official language of the Republic of Togo is French.\n\nTunisia\nConstitution as adopted on 1 June 1959\nArticle 1\nTunisia is a free, independent and sovereign state. Its religion is Islam, its language is Arabic and its type of government is the Republic.\nArticle 8\nNo political party may take religion, language, race, sex or region as the foundation for its principles, objectives, activity or programs.\n\nUganda\nConstitution as adopted on 8 October 1995.\nObjective XXIV\nCultural and customary values which are consistent with fundamental rights and freedoms, human dignity, democracy and with the Constitution may be developed and incorporated in aspects of Ugandan life.\nThe State shall—\n(a) promote and preserve those cultural values and practices which enhance the dignity and well-being of Ugandans;\n(b) encourage the development, preservation and enrichment of all Ugandan languages;\n(c) promote the development of a sign language for the deaf; and\n(d) encourage the development of a national language or languages.\nArticle 4\nThe State shall promote public awareness of this Constitution by—\n(a) translating it into Ugandan languages and disseminating it as widely as possible;\nArticle 6\n(1) The official language of Uganda is English.\n(2) Subject to clause (1) of this article, any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative, administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law.\nArticle 23\n(3) A person arrested, restricted or detained shall be informed immediately, in a language that the person understands, of the reasons for the arrest, restriction or detention and of his or her right to a lawyer of his or her choice.\nArticle 28\n(3) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence shall—\n(b) be informed immediately, in a language that the person understands of the nature of the offence;\n(f) be afforded, without payment by that person, the assistance of an interpreter if that person cannot understand the language used at the trial:\nArticle 37\nEvery person has a right as applicable, to belong to, enjoy, practise, profess, maintain and promote any culture, cultural institution, language, tradition, creed or religion in community with others.\n\nWestern Sahara\nChapter 1, Article 3 of the constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic stipulates that the sole official language of Western Sahara shall be standard Arabic. In practice, Spanish is used as a working language by some Sahrawi media. The vernacular language spoken by nearly all Sahrawis, however, is Hassaniya Arabic.\n\nZambia\nConstitution as adopted on 24 August 1991.\nArticle 1\n(3) The official language of Zambia shall be English.\nArticle 13\n(2) any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest or detention.\nArticle 18\n(2) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence—\n(b) shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he understands and in detail, of the nature of the offence charged;\n(f) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge;\nArticle 26\n(1) where a person's freedom of movement is restricted, or he is detained, under the authority of any such law as is referred to in Article 22 or 25, as the case may be, the following provisions shall apply—\n(a) he shall, as soon as reasonably practicable and in any case not more than fourteen days after the commencement of his detention or restriction, be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that he understands specifying in detail the grounds upon which he is restricted or detained;\nArticle 64\nSubject to Article 65, a person shall be qualified to be elected as a member of the National Assembly if, and shall not be qualified to be so elected unless—\n(c) he is literate and conversant with the official language of Zambia.\n\nZimbabwe\nConstitution as amended on 1 February 2007\nArticle 13\n(3) Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest or detention and shall be permitted at his own expense to obtain and instruct without delay a legal representative of his own choice and to hold communication with him.\nArticle 18\n(3) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence—\n(b) shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he understands and in detail, of the nature of the offence charged;\n(f) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge;\nArticle 82\n(1) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court unless—\n(a) he is or has been a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil or criminal matters in a country in which the common law is Roman-Dutch or English, and English is an official language;\n(b) he is and has been for not less than seven years, whether continuously or not, qualified to practise as a legal practitioner—\n(i) in Zimbabwe:\n(ii) in a country in which the common law is Roman-Dutch and English is an official language; or\n(iii) if he is a citizen of Zimbabwe, in a country in which the common law is English and English is an official language.\nArticle 87\n(4) A tribunal appointed under subsection 2 or 3 shall consist of not less than three members selected by the President from the following—\n(b) persons who hold or have held office as a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil or criminal matters in a country in which the common law is Roman-Dutch or English, and English is an official language\n\nSee also\n\n Linguistic rights\n List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions (Europe)\n List of human rights articles by country\n Organisation of African Unity\n African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights\n African Academy of Languages\n African Union\n African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights\n African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights\n History of Africa\n Freedom of speech by country\n Freedom of speech\n\nReferences\n\nAfrican constitutions\nAfrica-related lists\nAfrican constitutions\nSociolinguistics lists \nClarkson 2022/January 22", "A constitutional referendum was held in the Bahamas on 7 June 2016. Voters were asked whether they approve of four separate constitutional amendments. All four proposals were rejected.\n\nProposed amendments\n\nArticles 8 and 9\nArticle 8 would have been amended from:\n\"A person born outside The Bahamas after shall become a citizen of The Bahamas at the date of his birth if at that date his father is a citizen of The Bahamas otherwise than by virtue of this Article or Article 3(2) of this Constitution.\"\nto:\n\" A person born outside The Bahamas after shall become a citizen of The Bahamas at the date of his birth if at that date his father is a citizen of The Bahamas otherwise than by virtue of this Article or Article 3(2) of this Constitution.\n\"\n\nArticle 9 would have been deleted. It states:\n\"Further provisions for persons born outside The Bahamas after 9th July 1973.\n9.- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 8 of this Constitution, a person born legitimately outside The Bahamas after 9th July 1973 whose mother is a citizen of The Bahamas shall be entitled, upon making application on his attaining the age of eighteen years and before he attains the age of twenty-one years, in such manner as may be prescribed, to be registered as a citizen of The Bahamas:\nProvided that if he is a citizen of some country other than The Bahamas he shall not be entitled to be registered as a citizen of The Bahamas under this Article unless he renounces his citizenship of that other country, takes the oath of allegiance and makes and registers such declaration of his intentions concerning residence as may be prescribed.\n(2) Where a person cannot renounce his citizenship of some other country under the law of that country, he may instead make such declaration concerning that citizenship as may be prescribed.\n(3) Any application for registration under this Article shall be subject to such exceptions or qualifications as may be prescribed in the interests of national security or public policy.\"\n\nArticle 10\nArticle 10 would have been amended from:\n\"10. - marries a person who is or becomes a citizen of The Bahamas shall be entitled, provided she is still so married, upon making application in such manner as may be prescribed and upon taking the oath of allegiance of such declaration as may be prescribed, to be registered as a citizen of The Bahamas:\nProvided that the right to be registered as a citizen of The Bahamas under this Article shall be subject to such exceptions or qualifications as may be prescribed in the interests of national security of public policy.\"\nto:\n\"10. - marries a person who is or becomes a citizen of The Bahamas shall be entitled, provided she is still so married, upon making application in such manner as may be prescribed and upon taking the oath of allegiance of such declaration as may be prescribed, to be registered as a citizen of The Bahamas:\nProvided that the right to be registered as a citizen of The Bahamas under this Article shall be subject to such exceptions or qualifications as may be prescribed in the interests of national security of public policy \n\n\"\n\nArticle 14\nSections 1 and 3 of article 14 would have been amended from:\n\"14.- (1) \n(3) Any reference in this Chapter to the national status of the a person at the time of that person's birth, shall, in relation to a person born after the death of the , be construed as a reference to the national status of the at the time of the death.\"\nto:\n\"14.- (1) \n(3) Any reference in this Chapter to the national status of the a person at the time of that person's birth, shall, in relation to a person born after the death of the , be construed as a reference to the national status of the at the time of the death\"\n\nArticle 26\nSections 3 and 4 of article 26 would have been amended from:\n2\"6. - (3) In this Article, the expression \"discriminatory\" means affording different treatment to different person attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour whereby person of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which person of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.\n(5) Nothing contained in any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of paragraph (1) of this Article to the extent that it makes provision with respect to standards or qualifications (not being a standard or qualification specifically relating to race, place of origin, political opinions, colour in order to be eligible for service as a public officer or as a member of a disciplined force of for the service of a local government authority or a body corporate established by law for public purposes.\"\nto:\n\"26. - (3) In this Article, the expression \"discriminatory\" means affording different treatment to different person attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour whereby person of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which person of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.\n(5) Nothing contained in any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of paragraph (1) of this Article to the extent that it makes provision with respect to standards or qualifications (not being a standard or qualification specifically relating to race, place of origin, political opinions, colour in order to be eligible for service as a public officer or as a member of a disciplined force of for the service of a local government authority or a body corporate established by law for public purposes.\"\n\nIn addition, a new section 11 would have been added:\n\"\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\n2016\n2016 referendums\n2016 in the Bahamas\n2016" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "which college did he play for", "Arizona State University", "who did he play with", "I don't know.", "what did he do after college", "his first PGA Tour event,", "what did he win in college", "Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments.", "what hand did he use ro play golf", "left-handed swing", "what age was he during college", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event", "any notable person in the article", "Scott Verplank" ]

[ "The Aurora Awards for Fan Achievement is a section in the annual Aurora Awards which are granted by the Canadian SF and Fantasy Association and SFSF Boreal Inc. Several categories of awards for Fan Achievement have been granted over the years for both English-language and French-language fans. The first Fan Award was the Aurora Award for Fan Achievement, first granted in 1986. Since then, several categories have been created, with 4 still currently being given. In 2017 no awards for Fan Achievement in any anglophone categories were given.\n\nAurora Award for Fan Achievement\n\nThis award was first granted in 1986 as a general category to recognize any fan-related works in the previous calendar year. This was discontinued in 1989, and replaced with more specific categories.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\n  *   Winners and joint winners\n\nAurora Award for the Best Fan Writing & Publications\n\nAn award specifically for fanzines was created in 1989, and is still an ongoing category in the Aurora Awards. It was called the Award for Best Fanzine Achievement from 1989 until 1995. In 1996 it took on the name Award for Best Fan Achievement (Fanzine) and held it until 2002, and again from 2008 until 2010. In 2003, the award was renamed the Award for Best Fan Achievement (Publication), to encompass a greater scope until 2007. In 2011, the name was changed again to the Award for Best Fan Publication. In 2008, 2011 and 2014, no award was given, due to insufficient nominees. In 2018, the award names was broadened again to the Award for Best Fan Writing and Publications.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\n  *   Winners and joint winners\n\nAurora Award for Best Fan Organizational\n\nAn award specifically for achievements in organizing conventions was created in 1989, and is still an ongoing category in the Aurora Awards. In 1997 its name became Award for Best Fan Achievement (Organizational). In 2011 the name of this award changed to Award for Best Fan Organizational, with achievement left implied.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\n  *   Winners and joint winners\n\nAurora Award for the Best Fan Related Work\n\nAn award covering other achievements not related to the other categories was created in 1989, and is still an ongoing category in the Aurora Awards. In 1997 the name of the prize became Award for Best Fan Achievement (Other). In 2011 the name changed simply to Award for Best Fan Other. In 2013 the name of the award was changed to match that of the professional award, to Award for Best Fan Related Work.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\n  *   Winners and joint winners\n\nFanédition\n\nWhen the Aurora Awards combined with the Boréal Awards in 2011, the previous category for French-language fan works under the Boréal Awards was continued, and the other Aurora categories became open only to English-language fans. This is currently the only category for fans under the Aurora-Boréal Awards given by the SFSF Boréal. No award was given in 2013.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\n  *   Winners and joint winners\n\nAurora Award for Best Fan Music\n\nAn award specifically for achievements in filking was created in 2010, due to the high popularity of the music form at the time among the Canadian SF community, as the Award for Best Fan Filk. In 2014 this name was changed to Award for Best Fan Music, to broaden the category. In 2016, this category was discontinued and absorbed back into the Award for Best Fan Related Work.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\n  *   Winners and joint winners\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Prix Aurora Awards/CSFFA website\n\nFan Achievement", "The Mid-American Conference Baseball Pitcher of the Year is an annual award given to the most outstanding baseball pitcher in the Mid-American Conference. The award was first given after the 1988 season. Kent State players have won the award more than twice as many times as players from any other school.\n\nWinners\n\nWinners by school \n\nBuffalo discontinued its baseball program after the 2017 season.\nMarshall was a member from 1954 to 1969 and then again from 1997 until 2005.\nNorthern Illinois was a member from 1973 to 1986, then left until 1997.\n\nReferences \n\nMid-American Conference baseball\nNCAA Division I baseball conference players of the year\nAwards established in 1988" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "which college did he play for", "Arizona State University", "who did he play with", "I don't know.", "what did he do after college", "his first PGA Tour event,", "what did he win in college", "Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments.", "what hand did he use ro play golf", "left-handed swing", "what age was he during college", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event", "any notable person in the article", "Scott Verplank", "was he given any award", "first-team All-American honors" ]

[ "The 2006 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship was a golf tournament that was played from February 22–26, 2006 at La Costa Resort and Spa in Carlsbad, California. It was the eighth WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship and the first of four World Golf Championships events held in 2006. It was the final time the event would be hosted at La Costa.\n\nGeoff Ogilvy, the 12th seed, won his first World Golf Championships event by defeating Davis Love III 3 and 2 in the 36 hole final. He set a record by playing a total of 129 holes during the tournament, the most by anyone in the eight-year history of the event, which included four consecutive overtime matches at the start of the week. The total prize fund for the championship was $7.5 million, of which Ogilvy's share was $1.3 million.\n\nTiger Woods set the record for largest victory margin with a 9 and 8 win over Stephen Ames in the first round. Some interpreted Woods' performance as payback for Ames' comments earlier in the week in which he told the Associated Press, \"anything can happen, especially where he's hitting it.\"\n\nBrackets\nThe Championship was a single elimination match play event. The field consisted of the top 64 players available from the Official World Golf Rankings, seeded according to the rankings. Number 6 Sergio García and number 28 Thomas Bjørn did not play opening spots for number 65 Graeme McDowell and number 67 Stephen Ames (number 66 Craig Parry did not enter).\n\nBobby Jones bracket\n\nBen Hogan bracket\n\nGary Player bracket\n\nSam Snead bracket\n\nFinal Four\n\nBreakdown by country\n\nPrize money breakdown\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBracket\nESPN Coverage\n\nWGC Match Play\nGolf in California\nCarlsbad, California\nWGC-Accenture Match Play Championship\nWGC-Accenture Match Play Championship\nWGC-Accenture Match Play Championship", "Henry James Whigham (24 December 1869 – 17 March 1954) was a Scottish writer and amateur golfer. He won the U.S. Amateur golf tournament in 1896 and 1897. Following his first win in the U.S. Amateur, he wrote a golf instruction book. In 1896 he finished fifth in the U.S. Open held at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, Southampton, New York.\n\nEarly life\nWhigham was born in Tarbolton, Scotland, one of six brothers and four sisters to David Dundas Whigham and Ellen Murray (née Campbell). His sisters Molly and Sybil Whigham also played golf well. He went to America in 1893 for the Chicago World's Fair to demonstrate golf. This was arranged by Charles B. Macdonald, who was acquainted with Whigham's father, David Dundas, while they were students at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. Whigham would go on to become Macdonald's son-in-law, marrying his daughter Frances. They had a daughter, Sybil.\n\nWhigham learned the game of golf studying under Willie Campbell and Joe Lloyd.\n\nCareer\nWhigham returned to Chicago as an instructor at Lake Forest College in English and also as a lecturer at other universities in the midwest. Later he went on to become a drama critic for the Chicago Tribune, until leaving to work as a war correspondent.\n\nWhigham became editor-in-chief of Town & Country magazine in 1910, a position he held until 1935. Whigham was the author of How to Play Golf, a self-help book designed to teach the reader the basic rules of the game. A second edition of the book was republished and released in March 2011 by Library Tales Publishing.\n\nDeath\nWhigham died in Southampton, New York, at the age of 84.\n\nMajor championships\n\nAmateur wins (2)\n\nResults timeline\nNote: Whigham played in only U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur and The Open Championship.\n\nM = Medalist\nLA = Low amateur\nNYF = Tournament not yet founded\nDNP = Did not play\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place\nDNQ = Did not qualify for match play portion\nGreen background for wins. Yellow background for top-10\n\nSource for U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur: USGA Championship Database\n\nSource for British Open: www.opengolf.com\n\nWorks\nManchuria and Korea (1904)\nHow To Play Golf\n\nReferences\n\nScottish male golfers\nAmateur golfers\nScottish writers\nPeople from Tarbolton\n1869 births\n1954 deaths" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "which college did he play for", "Arizona State University", "who did he play with", "I don't know.", "what did he do after college", "his first PGA Tour event,", "what did he win in college", "Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments.", "what hand did he use ro play golf", "left-handed swing", "what age was he during college", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event", "any notable person in the article", "Scott Verplank", "was he given any award", "first-team All-American honors", "which country did he play golf for", "American", "does he has any cometitor", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" is a song by English synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys from their seventh studio album, Nightlife (1999). Released on 19 July 1999 as the album's lead single, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart, number two on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart, and number 66 on the US Hot Singles Sales chart.\n\nThe accompanying music video was directed by Pedro Romhanyl.\n\nCritical reception\nVictoria Segal from NME wrote, \"Starting like 'West End Girls' gone west, this epicly titled new single is a peppery account of infidelity and betrayal, all muted peaks and sequenced depression. \"You're breaking my heart\", sighs Tennant over the surge of strings, the essence of loneliness in a club corridor, and if it sounds a little too glossy, like it should play out the next Tom Cruise blockbuster, it's still a sad and passionate thing. An enduring love.\" Pop Rescue commented, \"This is a really catchy track – musically and vocally, with sweeping strings, and co-production from legendary producer David Morales. The video is also an amusing piece, with Neil and Chris looking like cloned Rod Stewarts as Jedi, talking [sic] the dogs for a walk.\"\n\nTrack listings\nUK CD single 1 (CDRS 6523)\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" – 4:29\n\"Silver Age\" – 3:25\n\"Screaming\" – 4:58\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (music video)\n\nUK CD single 2 (CDR 6523)\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (The Morales Remix) – 7:48\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Thee Maddkatt Courtship 80 Witness Mix) – 7:39\n\"Je t'aime... moi non plus\" – 4:14\n\nUK 12-inch maxi single (12R 6523)\nA1. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (The Morales Remix) – 7:47\nA2. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Dub Mix) – 7:31\nA3. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Radio Fade) – 4:01\nB1. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Thee Maddkatt Courtship 80 Witness Mix) – 7:39\nB2. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Thee Drum Drum Mix) – 7:33\nB3. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Thee 2 Blak Ninja Mix) – 5:30\n\nUK cassette single (TCR 6523)\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" – 4:29\n\"Silver Age\" – 3:25\n\"Screaming\" – 4:58\n\nUS CD maxi single (35022-2)\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Peter Rauhofer Radio Edit) – 3:11\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (The Young Collective Radio Edit) – 3:48\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Peter Rauhofer Roxy Anthem) – 10:27\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Peter Rauhofer Roxy Dub) – 7:31\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (The Young Collective Remix) – 10:40\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Thee Drum Drum Mix [Re-Edit]) – 7:14\n\"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (PSB Extension Mix) – 8:38\n\nUS 12-inch maxi single (35021-0)\nA. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Peter Rauhofer Roxy Anthem) – 10:25\nB. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (The Young Collective Remix) – 10:39\nC. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Peter Rauhofer Roxy Dub) – 7:30\nD. \"I Don't Know What You Want but I Can't Give It Any More\" (Thee Drum Drum Mix [Re-Edit]) – 7:11\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n1999 singles\n1999 songs\nNumber-one singles in Hungary\nParlophone singles\nPet Shop Boys songs\nSongs written by Chris Lowe\nSongs written by Neil Tennant\nMusic videos directed by Pedro Romhanyi", "\"(There's) no such thing as a stupid question\" is a common phrase that states that the quest for knowledge includes failure and that just because one person may know less than others they should not be afraid to ask rather than pretend they already know. In many cases multiple people may not know, but are too afraid to ask the \"stupid question\"; the one who asks the question may in fact be doing a service to those around them.\n\nOrigins\n\n\"There are no stupid questions\"\nCarl Sagan, in his work The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark said: \"There are naïve questions, tedious questions, ill-phrased questions, questions put after inadequate self-criticism. But every question is a cry to understand the world. There is no such thing as a dumb question\".\n\nA 1970 Dear Abby column in The Milwaukee Sentinel said: \"There is no such thing as a stupid question if it's sincere. Better to ask and risk appearing stupid than to continue on your ignorant way and make a stupid mistake.\n\n\"There is no such thing as a stupid question, only stupid answers\". Presentation Skills That Will Take You to the Top says that within the business world, the adage holds true. The book adds \"a question might be uninformed, tangential, or seemingly irrelevant, but, whether the presenter perceives it to be stupid or not, every audience member has every right to ask any sort of question\".\n\nIn the Line of Fire: How to Handle Tough Questions – When It Counts suggests that there are no stupid questions, rather there are \"tangential questions\", and that these should be dealt with swiftly and effectively.\n\nDesigning Field Studies for Biodiversity Conservation says \"there's no such thing as a stupid question, as long as it ends in a question mark\".\n\n\"There are stupid questions\"\nThe article Ink Out Loud: There's no such thing as a stupid question,' and other ailments lavender cures defines stupid questions as:\n Questions asked by someone who already knows the answer but is trolling the person they are asking.\n Questions of which the answer should be painfully obvious to any person with a pulse who has lived on this Earth for more than a decade.\n Questions that can be answered on one's own with complete certainty. After all, information found online or from other sources can be wrong, so it never hurts to check.\n Questions that include ridiculous or hypothetical assumptions. \n Those questions that have already been answered, but the asker wasn't listening or paying attention.\n\nQuestions cited as stupid that were asked by the media pool at the 2000 Super Bowl are \"Ray Lewis? Yeah, Ray, how long have you been surrounded by thugs?\", \"If you were a tree, what kind of tree would you be?\", and \"Can you name the Backstreet Boys?\"\n\nBreaking into the Game Industry argues that the adage (and the related one \"the only stupid question is the one that is never asked\") is only relevant for the classroom and that in the real world when you want to try to impress someone, there are many stupid questions one can ask.\n\nSchool House Diary: Reflections of a Retired Educator notes that teachers are fond of saying this phrase, and suggests that while they themselves want to call out the stupid questions, they fall back on the adage in order to prevent the child from being ridiculed.\n\nSee also\n Ask a Stupid Question Day\n\nReferences\n\nEnglish phrases" ]

[ "Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970), nicknamed Phil the Thrill, is an American professional golfer. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013).", "He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old.", "With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 7 days old. Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors.", "Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour.", "2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.", "He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012. Early life and family Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson, an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.", "His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child. Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style.", "Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school.", "Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.", "Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988. College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "College golf Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments. Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver.", "Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open).", "Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind.", "With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.", "To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event. That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.", "With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut. Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional.", "Professional career 1992–2003: Trying for first major win Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy.", "In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim \"Bones\" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.", "He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner.", "He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy.", "After the win, Mickelson said, \"I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\"", "I was just trying to win the golf tournament.\" Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\".", "Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the \"best player never to win a major\". 2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole.", "2004–2006: First three major wins Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine.", "Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003.", "In addition to getting the \"majors monkey\" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)", "(Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.", "A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014. Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive.", "Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother.", "In it, he praised their driver and golf ball, and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist.", "This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor.", "He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches.", "He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.", "He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance. In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii.", "In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day.", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, in a Monday final-round conclusion that had been forced by inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. 2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year).", "2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.", "Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole.", "Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole.", "On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.", "He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole. Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round).", "Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees.", "The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than .", "His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.", "He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy. After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: \"I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that.", "I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\"", "The only thing I can say is I'm sorry.\" He was even more candid when he said: \"I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot.\"", "I'm such an idiot.\" 2006–2008 During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation.", "Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith.", "Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman.", "He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.", "On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes.", "In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.", "He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament. On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event.", "On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second.", "On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament.", "It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event.", "The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.", "The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues. In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling.", "In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner.", "He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way.", "On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot.", "Many players would have punched out, and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.", "Instead, he pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win. In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran.", "In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. \"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said.", "\"Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career,\" Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.", "Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag. Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.", "Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. 2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker.", "2009 Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list.", "The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.", "A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney. On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely.", "On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks.", "She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.", "Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.", "During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.", "Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a \"Pink Out\" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.", "On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open.", "Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.", "He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship. On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.", "On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry.", "After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.", "On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota. In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career.", "In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.", "With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings. On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.", "On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai. 2010: Third Masters win In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.", "The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches.", "Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.", "After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par. Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71.", "Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges.", "No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.", "For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss. For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year.", "For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer.", "Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well.", "CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, \"That's a win for the family,\" was seen by many as capturing the moment well. Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11.", "Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.", "Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.", "Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins. Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead.", "Remainder of 2010 Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish.", "However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.", "However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood. In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis.", "In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits (near Kohler, Wisconsin), Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery.", "He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well.", "He maintains that both his short- and long-term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment.", "He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer. 2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course.", "2011 Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson.", "Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament. On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No.", "Mickelson rose to No. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.", "Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament. At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke.", "His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.", "However, some putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place. 2012: 40th career PGA Tour win Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68.", "He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269.", "In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.", "The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par.", "He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley.", "Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10. Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters.", "Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night.", "After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant.", "Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall.", "This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.", "Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time. Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th.", "Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open.", "He was to be paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut in the U.S. Open, and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic.", "After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.", "He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship. To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens.", "In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson.", "At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64.", "At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy.", "On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th.", "At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event. 2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17.", "2013 Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.", "Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s. In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59.", "He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history.", "However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title.", "Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.", "He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22. Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead.", "Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle.", "He regained the lead at the par-four 10th, when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose.", "However, a misjudgment at the short par three 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose.", "Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.", "Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey. Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose.", "Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship.", "It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ...", "After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said \"this is tough to swallow after coming so close ... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it ... it hurts.\" It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.", "It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday. Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace.", "Fifth major title at the Open Championship The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship.", "After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: \"I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention.", "I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\"", "Coming out on top just gives me more confidence.\" The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf.", "The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year.", "This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round.", "He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: \"I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game.\"", "But you have to be resilient in this game.\" In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\"", "In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, \"Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me.\" 2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997.", "2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam.", "He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.", "Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy. Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth.", "At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.", "The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard. At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty.", "At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead.", "In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel.", "After a missed birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.", "The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention. Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.", "Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things. 2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach.", "2016: New swing coach After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back. Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge.", "Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship.", "It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.", "The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season. At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor.", "At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole.", "Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.", "He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship. Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon.", "Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62.", "Mickelson had a birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend.", "He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson.", "In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up.", "Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.", "Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history. 2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries.", "2017: Recovery from surgeries In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish.", "Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open.", "The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting −7 to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65.", "The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard.", "He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole.", "However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.", "He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour. Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger.", "Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention.", "He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole.", "Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey.", "His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.", "He managed to get one shot back but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year. Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement.", "A week later his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.", "Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup.", "On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.", "This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994. 2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16.", "2018–2019: Winless streak ends On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas.", "Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out.", "After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship.", "The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.", "He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11).", "He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified. Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30.", "Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén.", "Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.", "In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat. On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas.", "This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.", "Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole. In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes.", "In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event.", "The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.", "At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event. 2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989.", "2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that \"after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years\" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation.", "However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.", "Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third. Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event.", "Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions.", "One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour.", "He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event. In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions. 2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour.", "2021: The oldest major champion In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.", "However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par. In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play.", "In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50.", "He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered.", "As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole.", "However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.", "Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes. In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions.", "In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida. In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65.", "In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.", "This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions. 2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour.", "2022: Saudi Arabia controversy Mickelson admitted in an interview to overlooking Saudi Arabian human rights violations, including the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and execution of LGBTQ+ individuals, to support the Saudi-backed Super Golf League because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG.", "In response to these comments, Mickelson lost multiple longtime sponsors including Callaway Golf and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family. Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social.", "Playing style As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as \"aggressive\" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.", "His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky. Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.", "Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring \"Phil flop\" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.", "Mickelson is usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013. Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money.", "Earnings and endorsements Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements.", "According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main.", "Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex and Mizzen+Main. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point, Barclays, and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.", "After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million.", "In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League.", "In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including Callaway Golf, KPMG, Amstel Light and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, Super Golf League. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights.", "In an interview, he stated that Saudis are \"scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it?", "Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\"", "Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates.\" Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock.", "Insider trading settlement On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges.", "Mickelson denied any wrongdoing, and the investigation found \"no evidence\" and concluded without any charges. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in another SEC complaint alleging insider trading but completely avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters.", "The action stems for trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and \"professional sports bettor\" Billy Walters. The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000.", "The SEC did not allege that Walters actually told Mickelson of any material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC disgorged Mickelson of the $931,000 profit he had made from trading Dean Foods stock and had him pay prejudgment interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury.", "In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had \"once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to\" Walters. Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict.", "Walters's lawyer said his client would appeal the 2017 verdict. Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S.", "Amateur wins 1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10) 1989 NCAA Division I Championship 1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.", "Amateur, Porter Cup 1991 Western Amateur 1992 NCAA Division I Championship Professional wins (57) PGA Tour wins (45) *Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather. PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020.", "PGA Tour playoff record (8–4) European Tour wins (11) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia European Tour playoff record (3–1) Challenge Tour wins (1) Other wins (4) Other playoff record (1–1) PGA Tour Champions wins (4) Major championships Wins (6) Results timeline Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (3) Results timeline Results not in chronological order prior to 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.", "1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play \"T\" = tied NT = No Tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season.", "PGA Tour career summary * As of 2021 season. † Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.", "† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners) Eisenhower Trophy: 1990 Professional Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners) Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018 Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners) Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners) World Cup: 2002 See also List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of men's major championships winning golfers Monday Night Golf References External links On Course With Phil American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sports controversies Winners of men's major golf championships Arizona State Sun Devils men's golfers Left-handed golfers World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona Golfers from San Diego American people of Italian descent American people of Portuguese descent American people of Swedish descent 1970 births Living people" ]

[ "Link Lyman", "Chicago Bears" ]

[ "The 1926 season was the Chicago Bears' 7th in the National Football League. The team was able to improve on their 9–5–3 record from 1925 and finished with a 12–1–3 record under head coach George Halas earning them a second-place finish in the team standings, their fifth showing in that place in the last seven years. This year's Bears may have been the most talented to date, with most of their veterans still playing well and the addition of talented veteran Paddy Driscoll and hard-running rookie William Senn. The Bears opened their season with 13 undefeated games (11 wins and 2 ties). Since ties didn't count in the standings at that time, the Bears were in first place since their main competition, the Frankford Yellow Jackets, had lost an earlier game to the Providence Steam Roller. The showdown came on December 4 at Frankford. Neither team scored for the first three-quarters of this game; the tie was broken when Senn burst through the Frankford line for a 62-yard touchdown run. Driscoll missed the PAT, leaving Frankford a chance. Frankford proceeded to complete two long passes, the second for a score. Their kicker, Ernest Hamer, made the point after and Frankford won the game. Due to more victories, Frankford was the champion. The Bears were second yet again.\n\nDriscoll was easily Chicago's best player in 1926, scoring 5 TDs, kicking 11 field goals, and converting 14 PATs. Senn scored 7 rushing touchdowns and Frank Hanny had 4 touchdown catches to lead the Bears.\n\nFuture Hall of Fame players\nPaddy Driscoll, back (from Cardinals)\nGeorge Halas, end\nEd Healey, tackle\nLink Lyman, tackle (from Frankford)\nGeorge Trafton, center\n\nOther leading players\nWilliam Senn, back (rookie from Knox College)\nEd Sternaman, back\nJoe Sternaman, quarterback \nLaurie Walquist, quarterback\n\nPlayers departed from 1925\nHunk Anderson, guard (retired)\nRed Grange, back (to New York Yankees of new American Football League)\n\nSchedule\n\nStandings\n\nReferences\nPro Football Archives: 1926 Chicago Bears season\n\nChicago Bears\nChicago Bears seasons\nChicago Bears", "Dustin Sheehan Lyman (born August 5, 1976) is an American business executive and former American football tight end in the National Football League. Lyman is the current President and GM of Copper Mountain Ski Resort in Colorado and former Chief Executive Officer of Famous Brands International. He was selected in the third round of the 2000 NFL Draft out of Wake Forest University by the Chicago Bears with whom he played for 5 seasons.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWake Forest profile\n\n1976 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Boulder, Colorado\nPlayers of American football from Colorado\nAmerican football linebackers\nAmerican football tight ends\nWake Forest Demon Deacons football players\nChicago Bears players" ]

[ "William Roy \"Link\" Lyman (November 30, 1898 – December 28, 1972), also sometimes known as Roy Lyman, was an American football player and coach. Lyman was born in Nebraska and raised in Kansas. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921.", "He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. He played professional football as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs (1922–1925), the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), and the Chicago Bears (1926–1928, 1930–1932, and 1933–1934).", "He played professional football as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs (1922–1925), the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), and the Chicago Bears (1926–1928, 1930–1932, and 1933–1934). He won four NFL championships (1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and 1933 with the Bears) and was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro player (1923, 1924, 1925, 1930, and 1934).", "He won four NFL championships (1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and 1933 with the Bears) and was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro player (1923, 1924, 1925, 1930, and 1934). Lyman was an assistant football coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 and at Creighton University in 1942.", "Lyman was an assistant football coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 and at Creighton University in 1942. He later had a career in the insurance business. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1964. He died in an automobile crash in 1972 while driving to Las Vegas.", "He died in an automobile crash in 1972 while driving to Las Vegas. Early years Lyman was born in 1898 in Table Rock, Nebraska. As an infant, his family moved to Rawlins County, Kansas, where his father, Edwin Lyman, was a farmer, raised stock and engaged in the real estate business.", "As an infant, his family moved to Rawlins County, Kansas, where his father, Edwin Lyman, was a farmer, raised stock and engaged in the real estate business. Lyman had four younger brothers (Edwin, Richard, Albert, and Louis) and three younger sisters (Anna, Margret, and Mildred).", "Lyman had four younger brothers (Edwin, Richard, Albert, and Louis) and three younger sisters (Anna, Margret, and Mildred). Lyman attended high school in McDonald, Kansas, but he did not play football as there was no team with only \"six or seven boys in the whole school\".", "Lyman attended high school in McDonald, Kansas, but he did not play football as there was no team with only \"six or seven boys in the whole school\". Nebraska Lyman enrolled at the University of Nebraska in 1917 where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.", "Nebraska Lyman enrolled at the University of Nebraska in 1917 where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. After playing freshman football in 1917, he played at the tackle position for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921.", "After playing freshman football in 1917, he played at the tackle position for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. Lyman was married shortly after the end of the 1919 football season and did not return to the university in the fall of 1920.", "Lyman was married shortly after the end of the 1919 football season and did not return to the university in the fall of 1920. He returned in February 1921 to establish his eligibility to play in the fall of 1921.", "He returned in February 1921 to establish his eligibility to play in the fall of 1921. Lyman later recalled: \"From the first day, I just loved the game, and we had some pretty good teams, too.\"", "Lyman later recalled: \"From the first day, I just loved the game, and we had some pretty good teams, too.\" The 1921 Nebraska team compiled a 7–1 record, lost a close game against Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team, outscored opponents by a combined total of 283 to 17, and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship.", "The 1921 Nebraska team compiled a 7–1 record, lost a close game against Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team, outscored opponents by a combined total of 283 to 17, and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship. The 1922 Nebraska yearbook noted the following about Lyman: \"Lyman was, without doubt, our fastest lineman.", "The 1922 Nebraska yearbook noted the following about Lyman: \"Lyman was, without doubt, our fastest lineman. Roy is a big man, weighing 200 pounds, and could get down under punts almost as quickly as the ends. Roy proved to be a ground gainer on tackle-around plays before the season was over.\"", "Roy proved to be a ground gainer on tackle-around plays before the season was over.\" Professional football Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs In September 1922, Lyman left Lincoln, Nebraska, to play professional football for the Canton Bulldogs. The Bulldogs were coached by Guy Chamberlin, an All-American out of Nebraska, who invited Lyman to join the team.", "The Bulldogs were coached by Guy Chamberlin, an All-American out of Nebraska, who invited Lyman to join the team. With Lyman and Pete Henry as its star tackles, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs compiled a 10–0–2 record, shut out nine of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents 184 to 15, and won the NFL championship.", "With Lyman and Pete Henry as its star tackles, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs compiled a 10–0–2 record, shut out nine of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents 184 to 15, and won the NFL championship. Lyman returned to the Bulldogs the following year.", "Lyman returned to the Bulldogs the following year. The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship.", "The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship. After the season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by the Canton Daily News and a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine.", "After the season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by the Canton Daily News and a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine. In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season.", "In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season. The Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship.", "The Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship. After the 1924 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a second-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette.", "After the 1924 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a second-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette. In July 1925, Lyman and four of his teammates (Pete Henry, Rudy Comstock, Ben Jones, and Harry Robb) bought the team for $3,500 and moved it back to Canton.", "In July 1925, Lyman and four of his teammates (Pete Henry, Rudy Comstock, Ben Jones, and Harry Robb) bought the team for $3,500 and moved it back to Canton. Lyman played seven games for the 1925 Bulldogs and then finished the season playing four games for the Frankford Yellow Jackets.", "Lyman played seven games for the 1925 Bulldogs and then finished the season playing four games for the Frankford Yellow Jackets. Lyman was reunited with Guy Chamberlain who was then Frankford's head coach.", "Lyman was reunited with Guy Chamberlain who was then Frankford's head coach. After the 1925 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro on the team selected by NFL Commissioner Joseph Carr; he was also selected as a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye.", "After the 1925 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro on the team selected by NFL Commissioner Joseph Carr; he was also selected as a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye. Chicago Bears In December 1925, Lyman joined the Chicago Bears and took part in a winter barnstorming tour that featured football player Red Grange.", "Chicago Bears In December 1925, Lyman joined the Chicago Bears and took part in a winter barnstorming tour that featured football player Red Grange. He joined the Bears again in the fall of 1926.", "He joined the Bears again in the fall of 1926. The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Lyman, Paddy Driscoll, George Halas, Ed Healey, and George Trafton), posted a 12–1–3 record, and finished second in the NFL.", "The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Lyman, Paddy Driscoll, George Halas, Ed Healey, and George Trafton), posted a 12–1–3 record, and finished second in the NFL. Lyman remained with the Bears for the 1927 and 1928 seasons.", "Lyman remained with the Bears for the 1927 and 1928 seasons. He retired after the 1928 season but returned to the Bears in the fall of 1930. The 1930 Bears compiled a 9–4–1 and finished third in the NFL. Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine and the Green Bay Press-Gazette.", "Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine and the Green Bay Press-Gazette. Lyman again retired from playing football after the 1931 season. During his two retirements from the Bears, Lyman played semipro ball in Texas and worked in the ranching business. Lyman returned to the Bears in 1933.", "Lyman returned to the Bears in 1933. The 1933 Bears featured six future Pro Football Hall of Fame players (Lyman, Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, George Musso, and George Trafton), posted a 10–2–1 record, and defeated the Giants in the 1933 NFL Championship Game.", "The 1933 Bears featured six future Pro Football Hall of Fame players (Lyman, Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, George Musso, and George Trafton), posted a 10–2–1 record, and defeated the Giants in the 1933 NFL Championship Game. Lyman played his final year of professional football as a member of the 1934 Bears team that compiled a perfect 13–0 record in the regular season and won the NFL Western Division championship, but lost to the Giants in the 1934 NFL Championship Game.", "Lyman played his final year of professional football as a member of the 1934 Bears team that compiled a perfect 13–0 record in the regular season and won the NFL Western Division championship, but lost to the Giants in the 1934 NFL Championship Game. After the 1934 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the United Press, Green Bay Press-Gazette, and Collyer's Eye.", "After the 1934 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the United Press, Green Bay Press-Gazette, and Collyer's Eye. Bears' coach George Halas later observed that Lyman was \"stronger and tougher during his last two seasons than when he first joined the team eight years earlier.\"", "Bears' coach George Halas later observed that Lyman was \"stronger and tougher during his last two seasons than when he first joined the team eight years earlier.\" Shifting on defense Lyman was a pioneer in the use of shifting maneuvers to disrupt the blocking assignments of offensive linemen.", "Shifting on defense Lyman was a pioneer in the use of shifting maneuvers to disrupt the blocking assignments of offensive linemen. According to his biography at the Pro Football Hall of Fame, \"the constant shifting by defensive players before each play in modern professional football can be traced back to Lyman, who regularly resorted to similar ploys.", "According to his biography at the Pro Football Hall of Fame, \"the constant shifting by defensive players before each play in modern professional football can be traced back to Lyman, who regularly resorted to similar ploys. His sliding, shifting style of defensive line play confused his opponents and made him one of the most respected players of his time.", "His sliding, shifting style of defensive line play confused his opponents and made him one of the most respected players of his time. Lyman explained that the idea of shifting was an instinctive move to fool a blocker.", "Lyman explained that the idea of shifting was an instinctive move to fool a blocker. He had a unique ability to diagnose a play and many times he would make his move just as the ball was snapped.\"", "He had a unique ability to diagnose a play and many times he would make his move just as the ball was snapped.\" Steve Owen, who played with Lyman in 1925 and later served as coach of the Giants, recalled: \"Link was the first lineman I ever saw who moved from the assigned defensive position before the ball was snapped.", "Steve Owen, who played with Lyman in 1925 and later served as coach of the Giants, recalled: \"Link was the first lineman I ever saw who moved from the assigned defensive position before the ball was snapped. It was difficult to play against him because he would vary his moves and no matter how you reacted, you could be wrong.\"", "It was difficult to play against him because he would vary his moves and no matter how you reacted, you could be wrong.\" Career accomplishments and honors Lyman received many honors for his contributions to the game, including being inducted into the Helms Foundation major league football Hall of Fame (January 1961) and the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame and receiving the University of Nebraska's Distinguished Alumni Award in June 1961.", "Career accomplishments and honors Lyman received many honors for his contributions to the game, including being inducted into the Helms Foundation major league football Hall of Fame (January 1961) and the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame and receiving the University of Nebraska's Distinguished Alumni Award in June 1961. His greatest honor came in February 1964 when he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the second class of inductees.", "His greatest honor came in February 1964 when he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the second class of inductees. During his 11 years in the NFL, Lyman won four NFL championships and never had a losing season.", "During his 11 years in the NFL, Lyman won four NFL championships and never had a losing season. (In 1929, following Lyman's first retirement, the Bears posted a 4–9–2 record.) He was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro and appeared in 133 official NFL games.", "He was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro and appeared in 133 official NFL games. He was known as one of the true \"iron men\" of iron man era. Counting unofficial games, he appeared in a total of 286 professional games and played 211-1/2 hours in those games.", "Counting unofficial games, he appeared in a total of 286 professional games and played 211-1/2 hours in those games. At the time of his retirement and for many years thereafter, he held the NFL records for games and playing time logged.", "At the time of his retirement and for many years thereafter, he held the NFL records for games and playing time logged. Coaching career In December 1934, Lyman was hired as an assistant football coach under Dana X. Bible with the Nebraska Cornhuskers.", "Coaching career In December 1934, Lyman was hired as an assistant football coach under Dana X. Bible with the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He was the line coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 under coaches Bible and Biff Jones.", "He was the line coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 under coaches Bible and Biff Jones. During his seven years as line coach at Nebraska, he was the position coach for All-American linemen Bernie Scherer, Fred Shirey, Elmer Dohmann, Ted Doyle, Charley Brock, Forrest Behm and Warren Alfson.", "During his seven years as line coach at Nebraska, he was the position coach for All-American linemen Bernie Scherer, Fred Shirey, Elmer Dohmann, Ted Doyle, Charley Brock, Forrest Behm and Warren Alfson. In December 1941, the Nebraska Athletic Board voted not to renew Lyman as the football team's line coach.", "In December 1941, the Nebraska Athletic Board voted not to renew Lyman as the football team's line coach. In 1942, he served as the line coach for the Creighton Bluejays football. Family and later years Lyman was married in June 1920 to Grace \"Dolly\" Godwin (1901–1967).", "Family and later years Lyman was married in June 1920 to Grace \"Dolly\" Godwin (1901–1967). They had two daughters, Joanne and Ardis Mary. In 1942, Lyman accepted a job with the Equitable Life Assurance Society. He became an agency manager for the company in San Antonio, Texas, in 1948.", "He became an agency manager for the company in San Antonio, Texas, in 1948. Through the 1950s and 1960s, he worked as an insurance executive in Los Angeles. His wife died in 1967 at a hospital in Pasadena, California. After his wife's death, Lyman lived with his daughter in San Gabriel, California.", "After his wife's death, Lyman lived with his daughter in San Gabriel, California. Lyman died in 1972 at age 74 in an automobile crash. He was driving to Las Vegas on I-15 when his automobile crashed into the back of a semi-trailer truck 12 miles south of Baker.", "He was driving to Las Vegas on I-15 when his automobile crashed into the back of a semi-trailer truck 12 miles south of Baker. He was dead upon arrival at the Barstow Community Hospital. Baker was buried at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California.", "Baker was buried at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California. References External links Link Lyman at the Pro Football Hall of Fame 1898 births 1972 deaths American football tackles Canton Bulldogs players Chicago Bears players Cleveland Bulldogs players Creighton Bluejays football coaches Frankford Yellow Jackets players Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches Nebraska Cornhuskers football players Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees People from Pawnee County, Nebraska People from Rawlins County, Kansas Players of American football from Nebraska Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park Road incident deaths in California" ]

[ "Link Lyman", "Chicago Bears", "When did Lyman begin playing for the Chicago Bears?", "In December 1925, Lyman joined the Chicago Bears" ]

[ "Troy Mann (born September 3, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He is the head coach of the Belleville Senators of the American Hockey League (AHL) as of 2018.\n\nBorn in Campbellton, New Brunswick, Mann began his professional playing career in 1995 with the Saginaw Wheels of the Colonial Hockey League, and played 10 seasons in the professional minor leagues before retiring as a player following the 2004-05 season when he served as a playing assistant coach with the CHL's Topeka Tarantulas. He focused on a coaching career with the 2005–06 ECHL season when he was hired as an assistant coach with the Columbia Inferno, becoming their head coach the following season.\n\nMann served as an assistant coach with the Hershey Bears of the AHL for four years. After he was passed over in the Bears' vacant head coaching search, he moved to the Bakersfield Condors of the ECHL. On July 2, 2014, after a successful season with the Condors, Mann returned to the Bears as head coach. He was released after four seasons with the Bears, earning an overall 162–102–22–18 record, but failing to make the playoffs in his fourth season. He was hired on June 25, 2018, as the head coach of the Belleville Senators in the AHL.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1969 births\nLiving people\nBakersfield Condors (1998–2015) players\nCanadian ice hockey centres\nElmira Jackals (UHL) players\nFlint Generals players\nHampton Roads Admirals players\nJackson Bandits players\nMississippi Sea Wolves players\nMissouri River Otters players\nPeople from Campbellton, New Brunswick\nSaginaw Gears (UHL) players\nSaginaw Wheels players\nSan Angelo Saints players\nTallahassee Tiger Sharks players\nTopeka Tarantulas players\nHershey Bears coaches\nCanadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States\nCanadian ice hockey coaches", "Mathias Bau Hansen (born 3 July 1993) is a Danish professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for Herning Blue Fox in the Metal Ligaen (DEN).\n\nPlaying career\nBau Hansen made his Superisligaen debut playing with the Rødovre Mighty Bulls during the 2011–12 AL-Bank Ligaen season.\n\nAfter three successful seasons with the Frederikshavn White Hawks, Bau Hansen captured the attention of North America, agreeing to a one-year AHL contract with the Hershey Bears, affiliate to the Washington Capitals on 20 June 2017. In his debut North American season with the Bears in 2017–18, Bau recorded 13 goals and 23 points in 58 games and notched five game-winning goals, tied for the most on the team.\n\nOn 9 May 2018, he was rewarded for a solid season by signing a one-year, two-way contract with the Washington Capitals.\n\nAfter suffering a serious injury while participating with Denmark during the 2018 World Championships, Bau Hansen was initially ruled out of the beginning of the 2018–19 season, placed on the Capitals injured non-roster list. While taking a long recovery from broken ribs and a tear in his spleen, Bau Hansen was ruled out from the remainder of the season during February 2019 and returned to his native Denmark to continue his return to fitness.\n\nWith his contract concluded with the Capitals, Bau Hansen was not tendered a qualifying offer and was released as a free agent. On 16 July 2019, Bau Hansen returned to Europe in agreeing to a one-year contract with Austrian club, Dornbirn Bulldogs of the EBEL.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nRegular season and playoffs\n\nInternational\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1993 births\nLiving people\nDanish ice hockey forwards\nDornbirn Bulldogs players\nFrederikshavn White Hawks players\nHershey Bears players\nRødovre Mighty Bulls players\nPeople from Glostrup Municipality\nIce hockey players at the 2022 Winter Olympics\nOlympic ice hockey players of Denmark" ]

[ "William Roy \"Link\" Lyman (November 30, 1898 – December 28, 1972), also sometimes known as Roy Lyman, was an American football player and coach. Lyman was born in Nebraska and raised in Kansas. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921.", "He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. He played professional football as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs (1922–1925), the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), and the Chicago Bears (1926–1928, 1930–1932, and 1933–1934).", "He played professional football as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs (1922–1925), the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), and the Chicago Bears (1926–1928, 1930–1932, and 1933–1934). He won four NFL championships (1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and 1933 with the Bears) and was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro player (1923, 1924, 1925, 1930, and 1934).", "He won four NFL championships (1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and 1933 with the Bears) and was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro player (1923, 1924, 1925, 1930, and 1934). Lyman was an assistant football coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 and at Creighton University in 1942.", "Lyman was an assistant football coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 and at Creighton University in 1942. He later had a career in the insurance business. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1964. He died in an automobile crash in 1972 while driving to Las Vegas.", "He died in an automobile crash in 1972 while driving to Las Vegas. Early years Lyman was born in 1898 in Table Rock, Nebraska. As an infant, his family moved to Rawlins County, Kansas, where his father, Edwin Lyman, was a farmer, raised stock and engaged in the real estate business.", "As an infant, his family moved to Rawlins County, Kansas, where his father, Edwin Lyman, was a farmer, raised stock and engaged in the real estate business. Lyman had four younger brothers (Edwin, Richard, Albert, and Louis) and three younger sisters (Anna, Margret, and Mildred).", "Lyman had four younger brothers (Edwin, Richard, Albert, and Louis) and three younger sisters (Anna, Margret, and Mildred). Lyman attended high school in McDonald, Kansas, but he did not play football as there was no team with only \"six or seven boys in the whole school\".", "Lyman attended high school in McDonald, Kansas, but he did not play football as there was no team with only \"six or seven boys in the whole school\". Nebraska Lyman enrolled at the University of Nebraska in 1917 where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.", "Nebraska Lyman enrolled at the University of Nebraska in 1917 where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. After playing freshman football in 1917, he played at the tackle position for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921.", "After playing freshman football in 1917, he played at the tackle position for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. Lyman was married shortly after the end of the 1919 football season and did not return to the university in the fall of 1920.", "Lyman was married shortly after the end of the 1919 football season and did not return to the university in the fall of 1920. He returned in February 1921 to establish his eligibility to play in the fall of 1921.", "He returned in February 1921 to establish his eligibility to play in the fall of 1921. Lyman later recalled: \"From the first day, I just loved the game, and we had some pretty good teams, too.\"", "Lyman later recalled: \"From the first day, I just loved the game, and we had some pretty good teams, too.\" The 1921 Nebraska team compiled a 7–1 record, lost a close game against Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team, outscored opponents by a combined total of 283 to 17, and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship.", "The 1921 Nebraska team compiled a 7–1 record, lost a close game against Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team, outscored opponents by a combined total of 283 to 17, and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship. The 1922 Nebraska yearbook noted the following about Lyman: \"Lyman was, without doubt, our fastest lineman.", "The 1922 Nebraska yearbook noted the following about Lyman: \"Lyman was, without doubt, our fastest lineman. Roy is a big man, weighing 200 pounds, and could get down under punts almost as quickly as the ends. Roy proved to be a ground gainer on tackle-around plays before the season was over.\"", "Roy proved to be a ground gainer on tackle-around plays before the season was over.\" Professional football Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs In September 1922, Lyman left Lincoln, Nebraska, to play professional football for the Canton Bulldogs. The Bulldogs were coached by Guy Chamberlin, an All-American out of Nebraska, who invited Lyman to join the team.", "The Bulldogs were coached by Guy Chamberlin, an All-American out of Nebraska, who invited Lyman to join the team. With Lyman and Pete Henry as its star tackles, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs compiled a 10–0–2 record, shut out nine of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents 184 to 15, and won the NFL championship.", "With Lyman and Pete Henry as its star tackles, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs compiled a 10–0–2 record, shut out nine of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents 184 to 15, and won the NFL championship. Lyman returned to the Bulldogs the following year.", "Lyman returned to the Bulldogs the following year. The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship.", "The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship. After the season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by the Canton Daily News and a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine.", "After the season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by the Canton Daily News and a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine. In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season.", "In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season. The Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship.", "The Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship. After the 1924 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a second-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette.", "After the 1924 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a second-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette. In July 1925, Lyman and four of his teammates (Pete Henry, Rudy Comstock, Ben Jones, and Harry Robb) bought the team for $3,500 and moved it back to Canton.", "In July 1925, Lyman and four of his teammates (Pete Henry, Rudy Comstock, Ben Jones, and Harry Robb) bought the team for $3,500 and moved it back to Canton. Lyman played seven games for the 1925 Bulldogs and then finished the season playing four games for the Frankford Yellow Jackets.", "Lyman played seven games for the 1925 Bulldogs and then finished the season playing four games for the Frankford Yellow Jackets. Lyman was reunited with Guy Chamberlain who was then Frankford's head coach.", "Lyman was reunited with Guy Chamberlain who was then Frankford's head coach. After the 1925 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro on the team selected by NFL Commissioner Joseph Carr; he was also selected as a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye.", "After the 1925 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro on the team selected by NFL Commissioner Joseph Carr; he was also selected as a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye. Chicago Bears In December 1925, Lyman joined the Chicago Bears and took part in a winter barnstorming tour that featured football player Red Grange.", "Chicago Bears In December 1925, Lyman joined the Chicago Bears and took part in a winter barnstorming tour that featured football player Red Grange. He joined the Bears again in the fall of 1926.", "He joined the Bears again in the fall of 1926. The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Lyman, Paddy Driscoll, George Halas, Ed Healey, and George Trafton), posted a 12–1–3 record, and finished second in the NFL.", "The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Lyman, Paddy Driscoll, George Halas, Ed Healey, and George Trafton), posted a 12–1–3 record, and finished second in the NFL. Lyman remained with the Bears for the 1927 and 1928 seasons.", "Lyman remained with the Bears for the 1927 and 1928 seasons. He retired after the 1928 season but returned to the Bears in the fall of 1930. The 1930 Bears compiled a 9–4–1 and finished third in the NFL. Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine and the Green Bay Press-Gazette.", "Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine and the Green Bay Press-Gazette. Lyman again retired from playing football after the 1931 season. During his two retirements from the Bears, Lyman played semipro ball in Texas and worked in the ranching business. Lyman returned to the Bears in 1933.", "Lyman returned to the Bears in 1933. The 1933 Bears featured six future Pro Football Hall of Fame players (Lyman, Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, George Musso, and George Trafton), posted a 10–2–1 record, and defeated the Giants in the 1933 NFL Championship Game.", "The 1933 Bears featured six future Pro Football Hall of Fame players (Lyman, Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, George Musso, and George Trafton), posted a 10–2–1 record, and defeated the Giants in the 1933 NFL Championship Game. Lyman played his final year of professional football as a member of the 1934 Bears team that compiled a perfect 13–0 record in the regular season and won the NFL Western Division championship, but lost to the Giants in the 1934 NFL Championship Game.", "Lyman played his final year of professional football as a member of the 1934 Bears team that compiled a perfect 13–0 record in the regular season and won the NFL Western Division championship, but lost to the Giants in the 1934 NFL Championship Game. After the 1934 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the United Press, Green Bay Press-Gazette, and Collyer's Eye.", "After the 1934 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the United Press, Green Bay Press-Gazette, and Collyer's Eye. Bears' coach George Halas later observed that Lyman was \"stronger and tougher during his last two seasons than when he first joined the team eight years earlier.\"", "Bears' coach George Halas later observed that Lyman was \"stronger and tougher during his last two seasons than when he first joined the team eight years earlier.\" Shifting on defense Lyman was a pioneer in the use of shifting maneuvers to disrupt the blocking assignments of offensive linemen.", "Shifting on defense Lyman was a pioneer in the use of shifting maneuvers to disrupt the blocking assignments of offensive linemen. According to his biography at the Pro Football Hall of Fame, \"the constant shifting by defensive players before each play in modern professional football can be traced back to Lyman, who regularly resorted to similar ploys.", "According to his biography at the Pro Football Hall of Fame, \"the constant shifting by defensive players before each play in modern professional football can be traced back to Lyman, who regularly resorted to similar ploys. His sliding, shifting style of defensive line play confused his opponents and made him one of the most respected players of his time.", "His sliding, shifting style of defensive line play confused his opponents and made him one of the most respected players of his time. Lyman explained that the idea of shifting was an instinctive move to fool a blocker.", "Lyman explained that the idea of shifting was an instinctive move to fool a blocker. He had a unique ability to diagnose a play and many times he would make his move just as the ball was snapped.\"", "He had a unique ability to diagnose a play and many times he would make his move just as the ball was snapped.\" Steve Owen, who played with Lyman in 1925 and later served as coach of the Giants, recalled: \"Link was the first lineman I ever saw who moved from the assigned defensive position before the ball was snapped.", "Steve Owen, who played with Lyman in 1925 and later served as coach of the Giants, recalled: \"Link was the first lineman I ever saw who moved from the assigned defensive position before the ball was snapped. It was difficult to play against him because he would vary his moves and no matter how you reacted, you could be wrong.\"", "It was difficult to play against him because he would vary his moves and no matter how you reacted, you could be wrong.\" Career accomplishments and honors Lyman received many honors for his contributions to the game, including being inducted into the Helms Foundation major league football Hall of Fame (January 1961) and the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame and receiving the University of Nebraska's Distinguished Alumni Award in June 1961.", "Career accomplishments and honors Lyman received many honors for his contributions to the game, including being inducted into the Helms Foundation major league football Hall of Fame (January 1961) and the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame and receiving the University of Nebraska's Distinguished Alumni Award in June 1961. His greatest honor came in February 1964 when he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the second class of inductees.", "His greatest honor came in February 1964 when he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the second class of inductees. During his 11 years in the NFL, Lyman won four NFL championships and never had a losing season.", "During his 11 years in the NFL, Lyman won four NFL championships and never had a losing season. (In 1929, following Lyman's first retirement, the Bears posted a 4–9–2 record.) He was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro and appeared in 133 official NFL games.", "He was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro and appeared in 133 official NFL games. He was known as one of the true \"iron men\" of iron man era. Counting unofficial games, he appeared in a total of 286 professional games and played 211-1/2 hours in those games.", "Counting unofficial games, he appeared in a total of 286 professional games and played 211-1/2 hours in those games. At the time of his retirement and for many years thereafter, he held the NFL records for games and playing time logged.", "At the time of his retirement and for many years thereafter, he held the NFL records for games and playing time logged. Coaching career In December 1934, Lyman was hired as an assistant football coach under Dana X. Bible with the Nebraska Cornhuskers.", "Coaching career In December 1934, Lyman was hired as an assistant football coach under Dana X. Bible with the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He was the line coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 under coaches Bible and Biff Jones.", "He was the line coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 under coaches Bible and Biff Jones. During his seven years as line coach at Nebraska, he was the position coach for All-American linemen Bernie Scherer, Fred Shirey, Elmer Dohmann, Ted Doyle, Charley Brock, Forrest Behm and Warren Alfson.", "During his seven years as line coach at Nebraska, he was the position coach for All-American linemen Bernie Scherer, Fred Shirey, Elmer Dohmann, Ted Doyle, Charley Brock, Forrest Behm and Warren Alfson. In December 1941, the Nebraska Athletic Board voted not to renew Lyman as the football team's line coach.", "In December 1941, the Nebraska Athletic Board voted not to renew Lyman as the football team's line coach. In 1942, he served as the line coach for the Creighton Bluejays football. Family and later years Lyman was married in June 1920 to Grace \"Dolly\" Godwin (1901–1967).", "Family and later years Lyman was married in June 1920 to Grace \"Dolly\" Godwin (1901–1967). They had two daughters, Joanne and Ardis Mary. In 1942, Lyman accepted a job with the Equitable Life Assurance Society. He became an agency manager for the company in San Antonio, Texas, in 1948.", "He became an agency manager for the company in San Antonio, Texas, in 1948. Through the 1950s and 1960s, he worked as an insurance executive in Los Angeles. His wife died in 1967 at a hospital in Pasadena, California. After his wife's death, Lyman lived with his daughter in San Gabriel, California.", "After his wife's death, Lyman lived with his daughter in San Gabriel, California. Lyman died in 1972 at age 74 in an automobile crash. He was driving to Las Vegas on I-15 when his automobile crashed into the back of a semi-trailer truck 12 miles south of Baker.", "He was driving to Las Vegas on I-15 when his automobile crashed into the back of a semi-trailer truck 12 miles south of Baker. He was dead upon arrival at the Barstow Community Hospital. Baker was buried at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California.", "Baker was buried at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California. References External links Link Lyman at the Pro Football Hall of Fame 1898 births 1972 deaths American football tackles Canton Bulldogs players Chicago Bears players Cleveland Bulldogs players Creighton Bluejays football coaches Frankford Yellow Jackets players Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches Nebraska Cornhuskers football players Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees People from Pawnee County, Nebraska People from Rawlins County, Kansas Players of American football from Nebraska Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park Road incident deaths in California" ]

[ "Link Lyman", "Chicago Bears", "When did Lyman begin playing for the Chicago Bears?", "In December 1925, Lyman joined the Chicago Bears", "Was he successful playing with the Bears?", "The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Lyman," ]

[ "This is a list of players to play for the Brisbane Bears in the Australian Football League (AFL).\n\nBrisbane Bears players\n\n1980s\n\n1990s\n\nListed players who did not play a senior game for Brisbane\n\nSee also\n Category of Brisbane Bears players\n AFL Tables Full List of Brisbane Bears Players\n\nBrisbane Bears\n\nBrisbane Bears\nBrisbane Bears", "Beau Gallagher is a Samoan former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He represented Samoa at the 2000 World Cup.\n\nPlaying career\nGallagher played three first grade games for the North Sydney Bears in 1999.\n\nIn 2000 he moved to the Wests Tigers but did not play in a first grade match. He was named in the Samoan squad for the World Cup but did not play in a match at the tournament.\n\nIn 2010 he played for Tapuae in the Gisborne Tairawhiti competition.\n\nReferences\n\nLiving people\nSamoan rugby league players\nSamoa national rugby league team players\n1977 births\nRugby league in the Gisborne-East Coast district\nNorth Sydney Bears players\nSamoan expatriate rugby league players\nExpatriate rugby league players in New Zealand\nExpatriate rugby league players in Australia\nSamoan expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand\nSamoan expatriate sportspeople in Australia\nRugby league props" ]

[ "William Roy \"Link\" Lyman (November 30, 1898 – December 28, 1972), also sometimes known as Roy Lyman, was an American football player and coach. Lyman was born in Nebraska and raised in Kansas. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921.", "He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. He played professional football as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs (1922–1925), the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), and the Chicago Bears (1926–1928, 1930–1932, and 1933–1934).", "He played professional football as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs (1922–1925), the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), and the Chicago Bears (1926–1928, 1930–1932, and 1933–1934). He won four NFL championships (1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and 1933 with the Bears) and was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro player (1923, 1924, 1925, 1930, and 1934).", "He won four NFL championships (1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and 1933 with the Bears) and was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro player (1923, 1924, 1925, 1930, and 1934). Lyman was an assistant football coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 and at Creighton University in 1942.", "Lyman was an assistant football coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 and at Creighton University in 1942. He later had a career in the insurance business. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1964. He died in an automobile crash in 1972 while driving to Las Vegas.", "He died in an automobile crash in 1972 while driving to Las Vegas. Early years Lyman was born in 1898 in Table Rock, Nebraska. As an infant, his family moved to Rawlins County, Kansas, where his father, Edwin Lyman, was a farmer, raised stock and engaged in the real estate business.", "As an infant, his family moved to Rawlins County, Kansas, where his father, Edwin Lyman, was a farmer, raised stock and engaged in the real estate business. Lyman had four younger brothers (Edwin, Richard, Albert, and Louis) and three younger sisters (Anna, Margret, and Mildred).", "Lyman had four younger brothers (Edwin, Richard, Albert, and Louis) and three younger sisters (Anna, Margret, and Mildred). Lyman attended high school in McDonald, Kansas, but he did not play football as there was no team with only \"six or seven boys in the whole school\".", "Lyman attended high school in McDonald, Kansas, but he did not play football as there was no team with only \"six or seven boys in the whole school\". Nebraska Lyman enrolled at the University of Nebraska in 1917 where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.", "Nebraska Lyman enrolled at the University of Nebraska in 1917 where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. After playing freshman football in 1917, he played at the tackle position for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921.", "After playing freshman football in 1917, he played at the tackle position for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. Lyman was married shortly after the end of the 1919 football season and did not return to the university in the fall of 1920.", "Lyman was married shortly after the end of the 1919 football season and did not return to the university in the fall of 1920. He returned in February 1921 to establish his eligibility to play in the fall of 1921.", "He returned in February 1921 to establish his eligibility to play in the fall of 1921. Lyman later recalled: \"From the first day, I just loved the game, and we had some pretty good teams, too.\"", "Lyman later recalled: \"From the first day, I just loved the game, and we had some pretty good teams, too.\" The 1921 Nebraska team compiled a 7–1 record, lost a close game against Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team, outscored opponents by a combined total of 283 to 17, and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship.", "The 1921 Nebraska team compiled a 7–1 record, lost a close game against Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team, outscored opponents by a combined total of 283 to 17, and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship. The 1922 Nebraska yearbook noted the following about Lyman: \"Lyman was, without doubt, our fastest lineman.", "The 1922 Nebraska yearbook noted the following about Lyman: \"Lyman was, without doubt, our fastest lineman. Roy is a big man, weighing 200 pounds, and could get down under punts almost as quickly as the ends. Roy proved to be a ground gainer on tackle-around plays before the season was over.\"", "Roy proved to be a ground gainer on tackle-around plays before the season was over.\" Professional football Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs In September 1922, Lyman left Lincoln, Nebraska, to play professional football for the Canton Bulldogs. The Bulldogs were coached by Guy Chamberlin, an All-American out of Nebraska, who invited Lyman to join the team.", "The Bulldogs were coached by Guy Chamberlin, an All-American out of Nebraska, who invited Lyman to join the team. With Lyman and Pete Henry as its star tackles, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs compiled a 10–0–2 record, shut out nine of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents 184 to 15, and won the NFL championship.", "With Lyman and Pete Henry as its star tackles, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs compiled a 10–0–2 record, shut out nine of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents 184 to 15, and won the NFL championship. Lyman returned to the Bulldogs the following year.", "Lyman returned to the Bulldogs the following year. The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship.", "The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship. After the season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by the Canton Daily News and a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine.", "After the season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by the Canton Daily News and a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine. In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season.", "In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season. The Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship.", "The Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship. After the 1924 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a second-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette.", "After the 1924 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a second-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette. In July 1925, Lyman and four of his teammates (Pete Henry, Rudy Comstock, Ben Jones, and Harry Robb) bought the team for $3,500 and moved it back to Canton.", "In July 1925, Lyman and four of his teammates (Pete Henry, Rudy Comstock, Ben Jones, and Harry Robb) bought the team for $3,500 and moved it back to Canton. Lyman played seven games for the 1925 Bulldogs and then finished the season playing four games for the Frankford Yellow Jackets.", "Lyman played seven games for the 1925 Bulldogs and then finished the season playing four games for the Frankford Yellow Jackets. Lyman was reunited with Guy Chamberlain who was then Frankford's head coach.", "Lyman was reunited with Guy Chamberlain who was then Frankford's head coach. After the 1925 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro on the team selected by NFL Commissioner Joseph Carr; he was also selected as a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye.", "After the 1925 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro on the team selected by NFL Commissioner Joseph Carr; he was also selected as a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye. Chicago Bears In December 1925, Lyman joined the Chicago Bears and took part in a winter barnstorming tour that featured football player Red Grange.", "Chicago Bears In December 1925, Lyman joined the Chicago Bears and took part in a winter barnstorming tour that featured football player Red Grange. He joined the Bears again in the fall of 1926.", "He joined the Bears again in the fall of 1926. The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Lyman, Paddy Driscoll, George Halas, Ed Healey, and George Trafton), posted a 12–1–3 record, and finished second in the NFL.", "The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Lyman, Paddy Driscoll, George Halas, Ed Healey, and George Trafton), posted a 12–1–3 record, and finished second in the NFL. Lyman remained with the Bears for the 1927 and 1928 seasons.", "Lyman remained with the Bears for the 1927 and 1928 seasons. He retired after the 1928 season but returned to the Bears in the fall of 1930. The 1930 Bears compiled a 9–4–1 and finished third in the NFL. Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine and the Green Bay Press-Gazette.", "Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine and the Green Bay Press-Gazette. Lyman again retired from playing football after the 1931 season. During his two retirements from the Bears, Lyman played semipro ball in Texas and worked in the ranching business. Lyman returned to the Bears in 1933.", "Lyman returned to the Bears in 1933. The 1933 Bears featured six future Pro Football Hall of Fame players (Lyman, Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, George Musso, and George Trafton), posted a 10–2–1 record, and defeated the Giants in the 1933 NFL Championship Game.", "The 1933 Bears featured six future Pro Football Hall of Fame players (Lyman, Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, George Musso, and George Trafton), posted a 10–2–1 record, and defeated the Giants in the 1933 NFL Championship Game. Lyman played his final year of professional football as a member of the 1934 Bears team that compiled a perfect 13–0 record in the regular season and won the NFL Western Division championship, but lost to the Giants in the 1934 NFL Championship Game.", "Lyman played his final year of professional football as a member of the 1934 Bears team that compiled a perfect 13–0 record in the regular season and won the NFL Western Division championship, but lost to the Giants in the 1934 NFL Championship Game. After the 1934 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the United Press, Green Bay Press-Gazette, and Collyer's Eye.", "After the 1934 season, Lyman was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the United Press, Green Bay Press-Gazette, and Collyer's Eye. Bears' coach George Halas later observed that Lyman was \"stronger and tougher during his last two seasons than when he first joined the team eight years earlier.\"", "Bears' coach George Halas later observed that Lyman was \"stronger and tougher during his last two seasons than when he first joined the team eight years earlier.\" Shifting on defense Lyman was a pioneer in the use of shifting maneuvers to disrupt the blocking assignments of offensive linemen.", "Shifting on defense Lyman was a pioneer in the use of shifting maneuvers to disrupt the blocking assignments of offensive linemen. According to his biography at the Pro Football Hall of Fame, \"the constant shifting by defensive players before each play in modern professional football can be traced back to Lyman, who regularly resorted to similar ploys.", "According to his biography at the Pro Football Hall of Fame, \"the constant shifting by defensive players before each play in modern professional football can be traced back to Lyman, who regularly resorted to similar ploys. His sliding, shifting style of defensive line play confused his opponents and made him one of the most respected players of his time.", "His sliding, shifting style of defensive line play confused his opponents and made him one of the most respected players of his time. Lyman explained that the idea of shifting was an instinctive move to fool a blocker.", "Lyman explained that the idea of shifting was an instinctive move to fool a blocker. He had a unique ability to diagnose a play and many times he would make his move just as the ball was snapped.\"", "He had a unique ability to diagnose a play and many times he would make his move just as the ball was snapped.\" Steve Owen, who played with Lyman in 1925 and later served as coach of the Giants, recalled: \"Link was the first lineman I ever saw who moved from the assigned defensive position before the ball was snapped.", "Steve Owen, who played with Lyman in 1925 and later served as coach of the Giants, recalled: \"Link was the first lineman I ever saw who moved from the assigned defensive position before the ball was snapped. It was difficult to play against him because he would vary his moves and no matter how you reacted, you could be wrong.\"", "It was difficult to play against him because he would vary his moves and no matter how you reacted, you could be wrong.\" Career accomplishments and honors Lyman received many honors for his contributions to the game, including being inducted into the Helms Foundation major league football Hall of Fame (January 1961) and the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame and receiving the University of Nebraska's Distinguished Alumni Award in June 1961.", "Career accomplishments and honors Lyman received many honors for his contributions to the game, including being inducted into the Helms Foundation major league football Hall of Fame (January 1961) and the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame and receiving the University of Nebraska's Distinguished Alumni Award in June 1961. His greatest honor came in February 1964 when he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the second class of inductees.", "His greatest honor came in February 1964 when he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the second class of inductees. During his 11 years in the NFL, Lyman won four NFL championships and never had a losing season.", "During his 11 years in the NFL, Lyman won four NFL championships and never had a losing season. (In 1929, following Lyman's first retirement, the Bears posted a 4–9–2 record.) He was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro and appeared in 133 official NFL games.", "He was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro and appeared in 133 official NFL games. He was known as one of the true \"iron men\" of iron man era. Counting unofficial games, he appeared in a total of 286 professional games and played 211-1/2 hours in those games.", "Counting unofficial games, he appeared in a total of 286 professional games and played 211-1/2 hours in those games. At the time of his retirement and for many years thereafter, he held the NFL records for games and playing time logged.", "At the time of his retirement and for many years thereafter, he held the NFL records for games and playing time logged. Coaching career In December 1934, Lyman was hired as an assistant football coach under Dana X. Bible with the Nebraska Cornhuskers.", "Coaching career In December 1934, Lyman was hired as an assistant football coach under Dana X. Bible with the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He was the line coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 under coaches Bible and Biff Jones.", "He was the line coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 under coaches Bible and Biff Jones. During his seven years as line coach at Nebraska, he was the position coach for All-American linemen Bernie Scherer, Fred Shirey, Elmer Dohmann, Ted Doyle, Charley Brock, Forrest Behm and Warren Alfson.", "During his seven years as line coach at Nebraska, he was the position coach for All-American linemen Bernie Scherer, Fred Shirey, Elmer Dohmann, Ted Doyle, Charley Brock, Forrest Behm and Warren Alfson. In December 1941, the Nebraska Athletic Board voted not to renew Lyman as the football team's line coach.", "In December 1941, the Nebraska Athletic Board voted not to renew Lyman as the football team's line coach. In 1942, he served as the line coach for the Creighton Bluejays football. Family and later years Lyman was married in June 1920 to Grace \"Dolly\" Godwin (1901–1967).", "Family and later years Lyman was married in June 1920 to Grace \"Dolly\" Godwin (1901–1967). They had two daughters, Joanne and Ardis Mary. In 1942, Lyman accepted a job with the Equitable Life Assurance Society. He became an agency manager for the company in San Antonio, Texas, in 1948.", "He became an agency manager for the company in San Antonio, Texas, in 1948. Through the 1950s and 1960s, he worked as an insurance executive in Los Angeles. His wife died in 1967 at a hospital in Pasadena, California. After his wife's death, Lyman lived with his daughter in San Gabriel, California.", "After his wife's death, Lyman lived with his daughter in San Gabriel, California. Lyman died in 1972 at age 74 in an automobile crash. He was driving to Las Vegas on I-15 when his automobile crashed into the back of a semi-trailer truck 12 miles south of Baker.", "He was driving to Las Vegas on I-15 when his automobile crashed into the back of a semi-trailer truck 12 miles south of Baker. He was dead upon arrival at the Barstow Community Hospital. Baker was buried at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California.", "Baker was buried at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California. References External links Link Lyman at the Pro Football Hall of Fame 1898 births 1972 deaths American football tackles Canton Bulldogs players Chicago Bears players Cleveland Bulldogs players Creighton Bluejays football coaches Frankford Yellow Jackets players Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches Nebraska Cornhuskers football players Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees People from Pawnee County, Nebraska People from Rawlins County, Kansas Players of American football from Nebraska Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park Road incident deaths in California" ]

[ "Cute (Japanese idol group)", "2013-2014: Paris and Live at Budokan" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ ", was a Japanese girl group associated with Hello! Project and produced by Tsunku. Cute consisted of Maimi Yajima, Saki Nakajima, Airi Suzuki, Chisato Okai, and Mai Hagiwara, who were all members of Hello! Project Kids prior to the group's formation. The original member line-up also consisted of fellow Hello!", "The original member line-up also consisted of fellow Hello! Project Kids members Megumi Murakami and Erika Umeda, as well as Hello! Project trainee Kanna Arihara, prior to their departure.", "Project trainee Kanna Arihara, prior to their departure. After releasing a string of independent hits, Cute made its major debut in 2007 with \"Sakura Chirari\" and that year won the Japan Record Award for Best New Artist.", "After releasing a string of independent hits, Cute made its major debut in 2007 with \"Sakura Chirari\" and that year won the Japan Record Award for Best New Artist. In 2008, the group was nominated for the main Japan Record Award, the Grand Prix, its song being named one of the year's best songs.", "In 2008, the group was nominated for the main Japan Record Award, the Grand Prix, its song being named one of the year's best songs. All of the group's major-label singles debuted in the top 10 of the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart.", "All of the group's major-label singles debuted in the top 10 of the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. Members Maimi Yajima - leader Saki Nakajima Airi Suzuki Chisato Okai Mai Hagiwara Former members Erika Umeda (left on October 25, 2009) Kanna Arihara (left in July 2009) Megumi Murakami (left on November 1, 2006) History 2002–2004: Hello!", "Members Maimi Yajima - leader Saki Nakajima Airi Suzuki Chisato Okai Mai Hagiwara Former members Erika Umeda (left on October 25, 2009) Kanna Arihara (left in July 2009) Megumi Murakami (left on November 1, 2006) History 2002–2004: Hello! Project Kids The group's members were initially selected during the audition for Hello!", "Project Kids The group's members were initially selected during the audition for Hello! Project Kids in 2002. They made appearances on Morning Musume's variety show, Hello! Morning, Mini-Moni's variety show, Hello Kids, and acted as back-up dancers in several Hello! Project acts.", "Project acts. Project acts. Later that year, Airi Suzuki and Mai Hagiwara appeared in Mini-Moni the Movie: Okashi na Daibōken!, while the rest of the members appeared in the film Koinu Dan no Monogatari. In 2003, some Hello!", "In 2003, some Hello! In 2003, some Hello! Project Kids were placed in subgroups led by Morning Musume members: Suzuki was selected to be in Aa!, while Erika Umeda, Maimi Yajima, and Megumi Murakami were in the group called ZYX.", "Project Kids were placed in subgroups led by Morning Musume members: Suzuki was selected to be in Aa!, while Erika Umeda, Maimi Yajima, and Megumi Murakami were in the group called ZYX. Both units were short-lived, and their activity virtually came to a stall with the creation of Berryz Kobo in January 2004.", "Both units were short-lived, and their activity virtually came to a stall with the creation of Berryz Kobo in January 2004. When introducing Berryz Kobo at Nakano Sun Plaza on January 14, Tsunku intended to rotate all Hello! Project Kids through it, thus allowing them more time for school activities.", "Project Kids through it, thus allowing them more time for school activities. Meanwhile, they continued to make appearances in television and theatre projects, such as Little Hospital, Promise Land: Clover no Daibōken, and Here's Love.", "Meanwhile, they continued to make appearances in television and theatre projects, such as Little Hospital, Promise Land: Clover no Daibōken, and Here's Love. 2005–2006: Formation Instead of rotating the members in Berryz Kobo as Tsunku originally had intended, the remaining Hello!", "2005–2006: Formation Instead of rotating the members in Berryz Kobo as Tsunku originally had intended, the remaining Hello! Project Kids who were not selected for Berryz Kobo became a new group altogether in 2005.", "Project Kids who were not selected for Berryz Kobo became a new group altogether in 2005. Tsunku found it difficult to call the girls who were not part of Berryz Kobo collectively because they did not have a consistent group name, so he decided to name them.", "Tsunku found it difficult to call the girls who were not part of Berryz Kobo collectively because they did not have a consistent group name, so he decided to name them. He chose \"Cute\" because its English meaning fit the image for the group.", "He chose \"Cute\" because its English meaning fit the image for the group. Wanting to somehow express the girls' overflowing fervor (enthusiasm), he substituted for \"C\". The creation of Cute was officially announced on June 11, 2005, though its formation had been rumored for several months prior.", "The creation of Cute was officially announced on June 11, 2005, though its formation had been rumored for several months prior. On January 2, 2006, at the first performance of the Hello! Project Winter 2006: Wonderful Hearts Concert Tour, Kanna Arihara, a Hello! Pro Egg member, was added to Cute.", "Pro Egg member, was added to Cute. On May 6, 2006, Cute released their debut single, \"Massara Blue Jeans.\"", "On May 6, 2006, Cute released their debut single, \"Massara Blue Jeans.\" From May 2006 to July 2006, they released four indie singles, \"Oki na Ai de Motenashite\", \"Soku Dakishimete\", and \"Wakkyanai (Z)\", all of which received limited distribution and were mostly sold at concerts.", "From May 2006 to July 2006, they released four indie singles, \"Oki na Ai de Motenashite\", \"Soku Dakishimete\", and \"Wakkyanai (Z)\", all of which received limited distribution and were mostly sold at concerts. Despite this, their songs were featured in mainstream media, as \"Oki na Ai de Motenashite\" was used as the second ending theme to the anime Kirarin Revolution.", "Despite this, their songs were featured in mainstream media, as \"Oki na Ai de Motenashite\" was used as the second ending theme to the anime Kirarin Revolution. On October 31, 2006, Megumi Murakami left the group to concentrate on her studies.", "On October 31, 2006, Megumi Murakami left the group to concentrate on her studies. 2007–2008: Major-label debut, 58th Kohaku Uta Gassen & the Japan Record Awards On February 21, 2007, Cute's first official single \"Sakura Chirari\" was released. On the first day it ranked 3rd in the Oricon Daily Singles Chart.", "On the first day it ranked 3rd in the Oricon Daily Singles Chart. With their debut single, they became the youngest group (with the average age of 13) to rank in the top 10. On December 30, 2007, Cute received the Japan Record Award for Best New Artist.", "On December 30, 2007, Cute received the Japan Record Award for Best New Artist. Tsunku accepted the award for them due to the members' age and child labor laws, as the ceremony was broadcast late at night.", "Tsunku accepted the award for them due to the members' age and child labor laws, as the ceremony was broadcast late at night. At the end of the year, Cute performed at the 58th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen with Morning Musume and Berryz Kobo.", "At the end of the year, Cute performed at the 58th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen with Morning Musume and Berryz Kobo. At the end of 2008, Cute was nominated for the main Japan Record Award, the Grand Prix, for the song \"Edo no Temari Uta II\", but lost to Exile, instead earning the Gold Award, which is given to all main prize nominees.", "At the end of 2008, Cute was nominated for the main Japan Record Award, the Grand Prix, for the song \"Edo no Temari Uta II\", but lost to Exile, instead earning the Gold Award, which is given to all main prize nominees. The song was originally written for veteran enka singer Hiroshi Itsuki, who was planning to release it on his end-of-2008 album.", "The song was originally written for veteran enka singer Hiroshi Itsuki, who was planning to release it on his end-of-2008 album. Tsunku, however, heard the song, and had wanted Cute to sing it as \"a modern fairytale.\" For Cute, the song was rearranged from enka into boogie and the lyrics were slightly modified.", "For Cute, the song was rearranged from enka into boogie and the lyrics were slightly modified. Cute released the song on July 30, 2008. 2009: Departure of Arihara and Umeda On February 26, 2009, Hello!", "2009: Departure of Arihara and Umeda On February 26, 2009, Hello! Project announced that Kanna Arihara was having difficulty performing on stage due to hallux valgus, or bunion deformity, and would not be able to attend Hello! Project 10th Anniversary fan club event that week. She would also be absent from Hello!", "She would also be absent from Hello! Project's activities, including activities in Cute, while receiving treatment. Finally, in July 2009, Hello! Project informed that Arihara had decided to retire from the entertainment industry.", "Project informed that Arihara had decided to retire from the entertainment industry. On the other hand, Excite.co.jp linked Arihara's sudden departure to being caught on a date with Johnny's Jr. member Ryosuke Hashimoto in September 2008, which affected her image. On August 1, 2009, Hello!", "On August 1, 2009, Hello! Project posted Erika Umeda's official announcement that at the end of the upcoming Cute's 2009 fall concert tour she would be graduating from Cute and Hello! Project to begin a modeling career. Her graduation was held on October 25 in Osaka, at the last concert of the tour.", "Her graduation was held on October 25 in Osaka, at the last concert of the tour. The last single to feature her, \"Everyday Zekkōchō!!\" released on September 19, 2009, topped at number 1 in the Oricon daily singles chart and at number 2 in Oricon Weekly to become Cute's highest-ranking single to date.", "released on September 19, 2009, topped at number 1 in the Oricon daily singles chart and at number 2 in Oricon Weekly to become Cute's highest-ranking single to date. After her departure, the official group member colors were changed in November 2009.", "After her departure, the official group member colors were changed in November 2009. 2010-2012: Expansion to iTunes and YouTube On February 23, Cute released their 15th single, \"Kiss Me Aishiteru\". Cute's 16th single, \"Momoiro Sparkling\", debuted in 4th place of the Oricon daily singles chart for May 24.", "Cute's 16th single, \"Momoiro Sparkling\", debuted in 4th place of the Oricon daily singles chart for May 24. It spent two consecutive weeks in the Top 30 of the Oricon Weekly, ranking 6th and 17th. On June 18, 2011, the concert from Cute Concert Tour 2011 Haru: Chō!", "On June 18, 2011, the concert from Cute Concert Tour 2011 Haru: Chō! Chō Wonderful Tour was broadcast live on the group's YouTube channel. The live stream attracted a large audience from all over the world.", "The live stream attracted a large audience from all over the world. As it was reported in Cute's official blog by group leader Maimi Yajima and confirmed by the Up-Front Agency management on Twitter, the broadcast had been watched by a total of 93,144 viewers.", "As it was reported in Cute's official blog by group leader Maimi Yajima and confirmed by the Up-Front Agency management on Twitter, the broadcast had been watched by a total of 93,144 viewers. On February 8, the group's 7th album, titled Dai Nana Shō 'Utsukushikutte Gomen ne', came out.", "On February 8, the group's 7th album, titled Dai Nana Shō 'Utsukushikutte Gomen ne', came out. On April 8, Cute performed at the idol festival Idol Yokochō Matsuri, giving the first non-Hello! Project joint concert in their entire career.", "Project joint concert in their entire career. The music news provider BARKS praised the \"power performance\" that was \"overwhelming from beginning to end\" and demonstrated the \"number one\" group's unity out of the whole Hello! Project.", "Project. Project. Cute's 18th single \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" (\"You ride your bicycle, while I catch the train home\") was released on April 18. The music video for the song was uploaded on Cute's official YouTube channel on March 12.", "The music video for the song was uploaded on Cute's official YouTube channel on March 12. With more than 40,000 copies sold within the first week and reaching number 3 of the Oricon weekly singles chart, the single became their highest-selling single to date, breaking the record of their 3rd major single \"Tokaikko Junjō\".", "With more than 40,000 copies sold within the first week and reaching number 3 of the Oricon weekly singles chart, the single became their highest-selling single to date, breaking the record of their 3rd major single \"Tokaikko Junjō\". On June 20, Cute released its second collaboration CD single with the fellow Hello!", "On June 20, Cute released its second collaboration CD single with the fellow Hello! Project Kids group Berryz Kobo, named \"Chō Happy Song\" (\"Superhappy Song.\")", "Project Kids group Berryz Kobo, named \"Chō Happy Song\" (\"Superhappy Song.\") The title tune is a mix of two previously published songs, Berryz Kobo's \"Because Happiness\" and Cute's \"Shiawase no Tochū\" (\"On the Road to Happiness\") from their 2012 albums.", "The title tune is a mix of two previously published songs, Berryz Kobo's \"Because Happiness\" and Cute's \"Shiawase no Tochū\" (\"On the Road to Happiness\") from their 2012 albums. Both tracks were intentionally composed and produced by Tsunku to form a new song when played simultaneously.", "Both tracks were intentionally composed and produced by Tsunku to form a new song when played simultaneously. The trick was originally scheduled to be announced at a summer Hello! Project concert, but was uncovered by fans in mid-April.", "Project concert, but was uncovered by fans in mid-April. The song became a hot topic on the Internet, and a set of the three tracks, \"Because Happiness,\" \"Shiawase no Tochū,\" and \"Chō Happy Song,\" was hastily released as a digital download single on April 28.", "The song became a hot topic on the Internet, and a set of the three tracks, \"Because Happiness,\" \"Shiawase no Tochū,\" and \"Chō Happy Song,\" was hastily released as a digital download single on April 28. Also in June, it was announced that Cute's concert at the Yokosuka Arts Theater on June 30 would be broadcast live on YouTube.", "Also in June, it was announced that Cute's concert at the Yokosuka Arts Theater on June 30 would be broadcast live on YouTube. On September 5, Cute released their 19th single, titled \"Aitai Aitai Aitai na\". The song premiered at the first concert of the Hello!", "The song premiered at the first concert of the Hello! Project 15th Anniversary Live 2012 Summer tour, on July 21 at the Onyx Theater in Osaka.", "Project 15th Anniversary Live 2012 Summer tour, on July 21 at the Onyx Theater in Osaka. 2013-2015: Overseas events, Budokan concert, 10th anniversary On April 3, it was announced that Cute would have their first solo overseas event, \"Cutie Circuit ~Voyage a Paris~\" on July 5 in Paris, France.", "2013-2015: Overseas events, Budokan concert, 10th anniversary On April 3, it was announced that Cute would have their first solo overseas event, \"Cutie Circuit ~Voyage a Paris~\" on July 5 in Paris, France. In addition, they performed at Nippon Budokan for the first time on September 9 and 10 (Cute's day) to commemorate their 200th performance.", "In addition, they performed at Nippon Budokan for the first time on September 9 and 10 (Cute's day) to commemorate their 200th performance. On January 26, 2014 at a release event, ℃ute's 24th single titled \"Kokoro no Sakebi o Uta ni Shitemita / Love Take It All\", was announced to be released on March 5, in 5 editions.", "On January 26, 2014 at a release event, ℃ute's 24th single titled \"Kokoro no Sakebi o Uta ni Shitemita / Love Take It All\", was announced to be released on March 5, in 5 editions. On February 24, it was announced that ℃ute would be collaborating with Reebok to promote their product Your Reebok, where one could personally customize their Reebok, for March 2014.", "On February 24, it was announced that ℃ute would be collaborating with Reebok to promote their product Your Reebok, where one could personally customize their Reebok, for March 2014. Both \"Kokoro no Sakebi wo Uta ni Shitemita\" and \"Love take it all\" were used for their collaboration \"Your Reebok x ℃ute.\"", "Both \"Kokoro no Sakebi wo Uta ni Shitemita\" and \"Love take it all\" were used for their collaboration \"Your Reebok x ℃ute.\" On March 5, it was announced that ℃-ute's \"Love take it all\" would be the inauguration CM song for 2014 BS-TBS' Idol Campaign.", "On March 5, it was announced that ℃-ute's \"Love take it all\" would be the inauguration CM song for 2014 BS-TBS' Idol Campaign. They would also have a 6-episode TV show called ℃ute no Challenge TV, every last Thursday of the month on BS-TBS.", "They would also have a 6-episode TV show called ℃ute no Challenge TV, every last Thursday of the month on BS-TBS. On April 15 it was announced that Berryz Kobo and ℃ute were invited to attend the 15th Japan Expo in Paris as Guests of Honor.", "On April 15 it was announced that Berryz Kobo and ℃ute were invited to attend the 15th Japan Expo in Paris as Guests of Honor. On May 3, it was announced by Yajima Maimi, during the last MC corner of ℃ute Concert Tour 2014 Haru ~Cute no Honne~, that Cute will be performing at Budokan on September 10, \"℃-ute no Hi\".", "On May 3, it was announced by Yajima Maimi, during the last MC corner of ℃ute Concert Tour 2014 Haru ~Cute no Honne~, that Cute will be performing at Budokan on September 10, \"℃-ute no Hi\". On July 16, ℃ute released their 25th single The Power / Kanashiki Heaven (Single Version).", "On July 16, ℃ute released their 25th single The Power / Kanashiki Heaven (Single Version). On August 23 it was announced the ℃ute had set two world records (the longest passing of an egg in a relay (1 hour and 30 minutes) and the most snacks eaten in a relay (1 hour).", "On August 23 it was announced the ℃ute had set two world records (the longest passing of an egg in a relay (1 hour and 30 minutes) and the most snacks eaten in a relay (1 hour). The records were achieved at a public recording of their TV-show with respectively 259 and 346 of their fans at Asakasa Blitz On September 27, ℃ute performed at the 2014 Aomori SHOCK ON open-air music festival alongside Berryz Kobo and other artists.", "The records were achieved at a public recording of their TV-show with respectively 259 and 346 of their fans at Asakasa Blitz On September 27, ℃ute performed at the 2014 Aomori SHOCK ON open-air music festival alongside Berryz Kobo and other artists. On November 19, ℃ute released their 26th single I miss you / THE FUTURE.", "On November 19, ℃ute released their 26th single I miss you / THE FUTURE. On November 20, ℃ute performed alongside other artists at Tower Records' 35th anniversary event On April 1, 2015 Cute released their 27th single triple-A side single \"The Middle Management ~Josei Chuukan Kanrishoku~ / Gamusha LIFE / Tsugi no Kado wo Magare\" as part of their 10th anniversary commemoration.", "On November 20, ℃ute performed alongside other artists at Tower Records' 35th anniversary event On April 1, 2015 Cute released their 27th single triple-A side single \"The Middle Management ~Josei Chuukan Kanrishoku~ / Gamusha LIFE / Tsugi no Kado wo Magare\" as part of their 10th anniversary commemoration. On June 11, ℃ute performed their 10th anniversary concert at Yokohama Arena as part of their The Future Departure tour.", "On June 11, ℃ute performed their 10th anniversary concert at Yokohama Arena as part of their The Future Departure tour. 2016-2017: Final years and disbandment In 2014, prompted by Berryz Kobo's announcement to go on hiatus, discussions about Cute's future began privately among the members.", "2016-2017: Final years and disbandment In 2014, prompted by Berryz Kobo's announcement to go on hiatus, discussions about Cute's future began privately among the members. In February 2016, the members of Cute discussed this again with their management, citing interest in other career paths.", "In February 2016, the members of Cute discussed this again with their management, citing interest in other career paths. All members had the option of continuing as Cute outside of the Hello! Project name or to stay as Cute but suspend group activities. In the end, they ultimately decided to disband.", "In the end, they ultimately decided to disband. Cute's disbandment plans for 2017 were made public on August 19, 2016 on their official Facebook account. On November 2, Cute released their 30th single, \"Mugen Climax / Ai wa Maru de Seidenki / Singing (Ano Koro no Yō ni).\"", "On November 2, Cute released their 30th single, \"Mugen Climax / Ai wa Maru de Seidenki / Singing (Ano Koro no Yō ni).\" They held their final concert on June 12, 2017 at Saitama Super Arena.", "They held their final concert on June 12, 2017 at Saitama Super Arena. Former members Megumi Murakami, Kanna Arihara, and Erika Umeda attended the concert, as well as other celebrities including Berryz Kobo (excluding Risako Sugaya), former Berryz Kobo member Maiha Ishimura, Momoiro Clover Z, Rino Sashihara, Yuki Kashiwagi, and Nicole Fujita.", "Former members Megumi Murakami, Kanna Arihara, and Erika Umeda attended the concert, as well as other celebrities including Berryz Kobo (excluding Risako Sugaya), former Berryz Kobo member Maiha Ishimura, Momoiro Clover Z, Rino Sashihara, Yuki Kashiwagi, and Nicole Fujita. The concert was broadcast on multiple channels and also in Hong Kong and Taiwan.", "The concert was broadcast on multiple channels and also in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Artistry Musical style and themes Almost all the group's works are written and composed by Tsunku, the group's producer. As of 2012, the group's image was considered bright and energetic.", "As of 2012, the group's image was considered bright and energetic. Cute's 16th and 17th singles (2011) were happy songs in a major key, but the 18th single \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" (April 2012) was quite unusual.", "Cute's 16th and 17th singles (2011) were happy songs in a major key, but the 18th single \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" (April 2012) was quite unusual. It was a rock ballad about saying goodbye (it is time to go home; the song's young female protagonist must part with the boy she loves).", "It was a rock ballad about saying goodbye (it is time to go home; the song's young female protagonist must part with the boy she loves). Since then, the group's songs have generally been more mature.", "Since then, the group's songs have generally been more mature. Public image BARKS praised Cute's \"power performance\" at the festival Idol Yokochō Matsuri on April 8, 2012 as being \"overwhelming from beginning to end\" and having demonstrated the \"number one unity\" out of all Hello! Project acts.", "Project acts. Project acts. Kawaii Girl Japan states that Cute has not only been acclaimed as \"the best performer in the Hello! Project,\" but is also recognized as \"the best live performer\" or simply \"the best performer\" by fans of other idol groups.", "Project,\" but is also recognized as \"the best live performer\" or simply \"the best performer\" by fans of other idol groups. Reviewing the group's performance at the Nico Nico Chōkaigi festival, held on April 28–29, 2012, the website is impressed by how Cute covered the entire stage, being both dynamic and delicate, and how the group kept the audience intrigued and captivated.", "Reviewing the group's performance at the Nico Nico Chōkaigi festival, held on April 28–29, 2012, the website is impressed by how Cute covered the entire stage, being both dynamic and delicate, and how the group kept the audience intrigued and captivated. Depending on the song, Cute members changed their facial expressions from happiness to sadness, easily commanding the audience's mood.", "Depending on the song, Cute members changed their facial expressions from happiness to sadness, easily commanding the audience's mood. Cute's fans are known as \"Team Cute.\"", "Cute's fans are known as \"Team Cute.\" Controversies The December 4, 2008 episode of the TV Tokyo variety show Yorosen!, featuring Cute, included a part on Adolf Hitler in a segment called \"Great Men of the World.\"", "Controversies The December 4, 2008 episode of the TV Tokyo variety show Yorosen!, featuring Cute, included a part on Adolf Hitler in a segment called \"Great Men of the World.\" In it, a Cute member, acting as a \"teacher\" giving a comic history class to other members, called the dictator \"Uncle Hitler,\" presented a drawing of him, impersonated him, and said that Hitler's speeches had a \"soothing effect.\"", "In it, a Cute member, acting as a \"teacher\" giving a comic history class to other members, called the dictator \"Uncle Hitler,\" presented a drawing of him, impersonated him, and said that Hitler's speeches had a \"soothing effect.\" The broadcast brought about heavy criticism on Internet message boards, protesting against Hitler being referred to as a \"great man\" and the contents of the comic lecture.", "The broadcast brought about heavy criticism on Internet message boards, protesting against Hitler being referred to as a \"great man\" and the contents of the comic lecture. TV Tokyo and the show's production company subsequently issued apologies.", "TV Tokyo and the show's production company subsequently issued apologies. \"The program's content was based on a mistaken interpretation of history and was inappropriate,\" TV Tokyo stated on its website. In popular culture A likeness of Okai, Hagiwara, and Suzuki appeared in episode 36 of Gintama.", "In popular culture A likeness of Okai, Hagiwara, and Suzuki appeared in episode 36 of Gintama. The logo for Cute's bandname also appeared in the same episode. All eight members of Cute appeared in episode 93 of Gintama.", "All eight members of Cute appeared in episode 93 of Gintama. Discography Singles Indie singles \"Massara Blue Jeans\" \"Soku Dakishimete\" \"Ōki na Ai de Motenashite\" \"Wakkyanai (Z)\" Major singles \"Sakura Chirari\" \"Meguru Koi no Kisetsu\" \"Tokaikko Junjō\" \"Lalala Shiawase no Uta\" \"Namida no Iro\" \"Edo no Temari Uta II\" \"Forever Love\" \"Bye Bye Bye!\"", "Discography Singles Indie singles \"Massara Blue Jeans\" \"Soku Dakishimete\" \"Ōki na Ai de Motenashite\" \"Wakkyanai (Z)\" Major singles \"Sakura Chirari\" \"Meguru Koi no Kisetsu\" \"Tokaikko Junjō\" \"Lalala Shiawase no Uta\" \"Namida no Iro\" \"Edo no Temari Uta II\" \"Forever Love\" \"Bye Bye Bye!\" \"Shochū Omimai Mōshiagemasu\" \"Everyday Zekkōchō!!\"", "\"Shochū Omimai Mōshiagemasu\" \"Everyday Zekkōchō!!\" \"Shock!\" \"Campus Life (Umarete Kite Yokatta)\" \"Dance de Bakōn!\"", "\"Campus Life (Umarete Kite Yokatta)\" \"Dance de Bakōn!\" \"Aitai Lonely Christmas\" \"Kiss Me Aishiteru\" \"Momoiro Sparkling\" \"Sekaiichi Happy na Onna no Ko\" \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" \"Aitai Aitai Aitai na\" \"Kono Machi\" \"Crazy Kanzen na Otona\" \"Kanashiki Amefuri / Adam to Eve no Dilemma\" \"Tokai no Hitorigurashi / Aitte Motto Zanshin\" \"Kokoro no Sakebi o Uta ni Shitemita / Love Take It All\" \"The Power / Kanashiki Heaven (Single Version)\" \"I Miss You / The Future\" \"The Middle Management (Josei Chūkan Kanrishoku) / Gamusha Life / Tsugi no Kado o Magare\" \"Arigatō (Mugen no Yell) / Arashi o Okosunda Exciting Fight!\"", "\"Aitai Lonely Christmas\" \"Kiss Me Aishiteru\" \"Momoiro Sparkling\" \"Sekaiichi Happy na Onna no Ko\" \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" \"Aitai Aitai Aitai na\" \"Kono Machi\" \"Crazy Kanzen na Otona\" \"Kanashiki Amefuri / Adam to Eve no Dilemma\" \"Tokai no Hitorigurashi / Aitte Motto Zanshin\" \"Kokoro no Sakebi o Uta ni Shitemita / Love Take It All\" \"The Power / Kanashiki Heaven (Single Version)\" \"I Miss You / The Future\" \"The Middle Management (Josei Chūkan Kanrishoku) / Gamusha Life / Tsugi no Kado o Magare\" \"Arigatō (Mugen no Yell) / Arashi o Okosunda Exciting Fight!\" \"Naze Hito wa Arasou n' Darō?", "\"Naze Hito wa Arasou n' Darō? / Summer Wind / Jinsei wa Step!\" \"Mugen Climax / Ai wa Maru de Seidenki / Singing (Ano Koro no Yō ni)\" \"To Tomorrow / Final Squall / The Curtain Rises\" Albums Studio albums Cutie Queen Vol.", "\"Mugen Climax / Ai wa Maru de Seidenki / Singing (Ano Koro no Yō ni)\" \"To Tomorrow / Final Squall / The Curtain Rises\" Albums Studio albums Cutie Queen Vol. 1 2 Mini: Ikiru to Iu Chikara 3rd: Love Escalation! 4 Akogare My Star Shocking 5 Chō Wonderful!", "4 Akogare My Star Shocking 5 Chō Wonderful! 6 Dai Nana Shō 'Utsukushikutte Gomen ne' 8 Queen of J-pop °Cmaj9 Compilation albums Cute Nan Desu! Zen Single Atsumechaimashita! 1 2 Cute Shinseinaru Best Album Complete Single Collection Awards See also Hello! Project Kids Berryz Kobo References External links Cute's official blog Cute's official page on the Hello!", "Project Kids Berryz Kobo References External links Cute's official blog Cute's official page on the Hello! Project website Musical groups established in 2005 Musical groups disestablished in 2017 Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists Japanese pop music groups Japanese girl groups Japanese idol groups Hello! Project groups Musical groups from Tokyo Child musical groups Musical quintets" ]

[ "Cute (Japanese idol group)", "2013-2014: Paris and Live at Budokan", "What happened in 2013?", "On April 3, it was announced that Cute would have their first solo overseas event, \"Cutie Circuit ~Voyage a Paris~\" on July 5 in Paris, France.", "Where else did they perform?", "In addition,they performed at Nippon Budokan for the first time on September 9 and 10 (Cute's day) to commemorate their 200th performance." ]

[ "\"What Would Steve Do?\" is the second single released by Mumm-Ra on Columbia Records, which was released on February 19, 2007. It is a re-recorded version of the self-release they did in April 2006. It reached #40 in the UK Singles Chart, making it their highest charting single.\n\nTrack listings\nAll songs written by Mumm-Ra.\n\nCD\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\"Without You\"\n\n7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"What Would Steve Do? (Floorboard Mix)\"\n\nGatefold 7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nMumm-Ra (band) songs\n2006 songs\nColumbia Records singles", "\"What I Did for Love\" is a song from the musical A Chorus Line (music by Marvin Hamlisch, lyrics by Edward Kleban). It was quickly recognized for its show-business potential outside Broadway and was picked up by popular singers to include in their performances in their club and television appearances. Both female and male singers have made it an inclusion in their recorded albums to great effect. The Daily Telegraph described it as a \"big anthem\".\n\nSynopsis within A Chorus Line\nIn the penultimate scene of the production, one of the dancers, Paul San Marco, has suffered a career-ending injury. The remaining dancers, gathered together onstage, are asked what they would do if they were told they could no longer dance. Diana Morales, in reply, sings this anthem, which considers loss philosophically, with an undefeated optimism; all the other dancers concur. Whatever happens, they will be free of regret. What they did in their careers, they did for love, and their talent, no matter how great, was only theirs \"to borrow,\" was to be only temporary and would someday be gone. However, the love of performing is never gone, and they are all pointed toward tomorrow.\n\nNotable versions\nBeverly Bremers' version, was released as a single in 1975.\nEydie Gormé - a single release in 1976 (US AC #23).\nBing Crosby - for his album Beautiful Memories (1977)\nEngelbert Humperdinck - for his album Miracles (1977).\nGrace Jones - for her debut album Portfolio (1977)\nJack Jones - in his 1975 album What I Did for Love (US AC #25, Canada AC #23).\nJohnny Mathis - Feelings (1975)\nBill Hayes - for his album From Me To You With Love (1976)\nMarcia Hines - see below\nPeggy Lee - for her album Peggy (1977)\nPetula Clark - a single release in 1975.\nShirley Bassey - Love, Life and Feelings (1976)\nRobert Goulet - in his album You're Something Special (1978).\nElaine Paige - included in her album Stages (1983)\nHoward Keel - for his album Just for You (1988).\nJosh Groban - for his album Stages (2015)\nMe First and the Gimme Gimmes - from their album Are A Drag (1999)\n\nMarcia Hines' version\n\nMarcia Hines recorded and released a version as the lead single from her third studio album, Ladies and Gentlemen (1977). The song peaked at number 6 on the Kent Music Report, becoming Hines' third top 10 single in Australia.\n\nAt the 1978 Australian Record Awards, the song won Hines Female Vocalist of the Year.\n\nTrack listing\n 7\" Single (MS-507)\nSide A \"What I Did for Love\" - 3:15\nSide B \"A Love Story\" (Robie Porter) - 3:31\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nSongs from A Chorus Line\n1975 songs\n1975 singles\n1977 singles\nMarcia Hines songs\nBeverly Bremers songs\nColumbia Records singles\nGrace Jones songs\nSongs written by Marvin Hamlisch" ]

[ ", was a Japanese girl group associated with Hello! Project and produced by Tsunku. Cute consisted of Maimi Yajima, Saki Nakajima, Airi Suzuki, Chisato Okai, and Mai Hagiwara, who were all members of Hello! Project Kids prior to the group's formation. The original member line-up also consisted of fellow Hello!", "The original member line-up also consisted of fellow Hello! Project Kids members Megumi Murakami and Erika Umeda, as well as Hello! Project trainee Kanna Arihara, prior to their departure.", "Project trainee Kanna Arihara, prior to their departure. After releasing a string of independent hits, Cute made its major debut in 2007 with \"Sakura Chirari\" and that year won the Japan Record Award for Best New Artist.", "After releasing a string of independent hits, Cute made its major debut in 2007 with \"Sakura Chirari\" and that year won the Japan Record Award for Best New Artist. In 2008, the group was nominated for the main Japan Record Award, the Grand Prix, its song being named one of the year's best songs.", "In 2008, the group was nominated for the main Japan Record Award, the Grand Prix, its song being named one of the year's best songs. All of the group's major-label singles debuted in the top 10 of the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart.", "All of the group's major-label singles debuted in the top 10 of the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. Members Maimi Yajima - leader Saki Nakajima Airi Suzuki Chisato Okai Mai Hagiwara Former members Erika Umeda (left on October 25, 2009) Kanna Arihara (left in July 2009) Megumi Murakami (left on November 1, 2006) History 2002–2004: Hello!", "Members Maimi Yajima - leader Saki Nakajima Airi Suzuki Chisato Okai Mai Hagiwara Former members Erika Umeda (left on October 25, 2009) Kanna Arihara (left in July 2009) Megumi Murakami (left on November 1, 2006) History 2002–2004: Hello! Project Kids The group's members were initially selected during the audition for Hello!", "Project Kids The group's members were initially selected during the audition for Hello! Project Kids in 2002. They made appearances on Morning Musume's variety show, Hello! Morning, Mini-Moni's variety show, Hello Kids, and acted as back-up dancers in several Hello! Project acts.", "Project acts. Project acts. Later that year, Airi Suzuki and Mai Hagiwara appeared in Mini-Moni the Movie: Okashi na Daibōken!, while the rest of the members appeared in the film Koinu Dan no Monogatari. In 2003, some Hello!", "In 2003, some Hello! In 2003, some Hello! Project Kids were placed in subgroups led by Morning Musume members: Suzuki was selected to be in Aa!, while Erika Umeda, Maimi Yajima, and Megumi Murakami were in the group called ZYX.", "Project Kids were placed in subgroups led by Morning Musume members: Suzuki was selected to be in Aa!, while Erika Umeda, Maimi Yajima, and Megumi Murakami were in the group called ZYX. Both units were short-lived, and their activity virtually came to a stall with the creation of Berryz Kobo in January 2004.", "Both units were short-lived, and their activity virtually came to a stall with the creation of Berryz Kobo in January 2004. When introducing Berryz Kobo at Nakano Sun Plaza on January 14, Tsunku intended to rotate all Hello! Project Kids through it, thus allowing them more time for school activities.", "Project Kids through it, thus allowing them more time for school activities. Meanwhile, they continued to make appearances in television and theatre projects, such as Little Hospital, Promise Land: Clover no Daibōken, and Here's Love.", "Meanwhile, they continued to make appearances in television and theatre projects, such as Little Hospital, Promise Land: Clover no Daibōken, and Here's Love. 2005–2006: Formation Instead of rotating the members in Berryz Kobo as Tsunku originally had intended, the remaining Hello!", "2005–2006: Formation Instead of rotating the members in Berryz Kobo as Tsunku originally had intended, the remaining Hello! Project Kids who were not selected for Berryz Kobo became a new group altogether in 2005.", "Project Kids who were not selected for Berryz Kobo became a new group altogether in 2005. Tsunku found it difficult to call the girls who were not part of Berryz Kobo collectively because they did not have a consistent group name, so he decided to name them.", "Tsunku found it difficult to call the girls who were not part of Berryz Kobo collectively because they did not have a consistent group name, so he decided to name them. He chose \"Cute\" because its English meaning fit the image for the group.", "He chose \"Cute\" because its English meaning fit the image for the group. Wanting to somehow express the girls' overflowing fervor (enthusiasm), he substituted for \"C\". The creation of Cute was officially announced on June 11, 2005, though its formation had been rumored for several months prior.", "The creation of Cute was officially announced on June 11, 2005, though its formation had been rumored for several months prior. On January 2, 2006, at the first performance of the Hello! Project Winter 2006: Wonderful Hearts Concert Tour, Kanna Arihara, a Hello! Pro Egg member, was added to Cute.", "Pro Egg member, was added to Cute. On May 6, 2006, Cute released their debut single, \"Massara Blue Jeans.\"", "On May 6, 2006, Cute released their debut single, \"Massara Blue Jeans.\" From May 2006 to July 2006, they released four indie singles, \"Oki na Ai de Motenashite\", \"Soku Dakishimete\", and \"Wakkyanai (Z)\", all of which received limited distribution and were mostly sold at concerts.", "From May 2006 to July 2006, they released four indie singles, \"Oki na Ai de Motenashite\", \"Soku Dakishimete\", and \"Wakkyanai (Z)\", all of which received limited distribution and were mostly sold at concerts. Despite this, their songs were featured in mainstream media, as \"Oki na Ai de Motenashite\" was used as the second ending theme to the anime Kirarin Revolution.", "Despite this, their songs were featured in mainstream media, as \"Oki na Ai de Motenashite\" was used as the second ending theme to the anime Kirarin Revolution. On October 31, 2006, Megumi Murakami left the group to concentrate on her studies.", "On October 31, 2006, Megumi Murakami left the group to concentrate on her studies. 2007–2008: Major-label debut, 58th Kohaku Uta Gassen & the Japan Record Awards On February 21, 2007, Cute's first official single \"Sakura Chirari\" was released. On the first day it ranked 3rd in the Oricon Daily Singles Chart.", "On the first day it ranked 3rd in the Oricon Daily Singles Chart. With their debut single, they became the youngest group (with the average age of 13) to rank in the top 10. On December 30, 2007, Cute received the Japan Record Award for Best New Artist.", "On December 30, 2007, Cute received the Japan Record Award for Best New Artist. Tsunku accepted the award for them due to the members' age and child labor laws, as the ceremony was broadcast late at night.", "Tsunku accepted the award for them due to the members' age and child labor laws, as the ceremony was broadcast late at night. At the end of the year, Cute performed at the 58th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen with Morning Musume and Berryz Kobo.", "At the end of the year, Cute performed at the 58th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen with Morning Musume and Berryz Kobo. At the end of 2008, Cute was nominated for the main Japan Record Award, the Grand Prix, for the song \"Edo no Temari Uta II\", but lost to Exile, instead earning the Gold Award, which is given to all main prize nominees.", "At the end of 2008, Cute was nominated for the main Japan Record Award, the Grand Prix, for the song \"Edo no Temari Uta II\", but lost to Exile, instead earning the Gold Award, which is given to all main prize nominees. The song was originally written for veteran enka singer Hiroshi Itsuki, who was planning to release it on his end-of-2008 album.", "The song was originally written for veteran enka singer Hiroshi Itsuki, who was planning to release it on his end-of-2008 album. Tsunku, however, heard the song, and had wanted Cute to sing it as \"a modern fairytale.\" For Cute, the song was rearranged from enka into boogie and the lyrics were slightly modified.", "For Cute, the song was rearranged from enka into boogie and the lyrics were slightly modified. Cute released the song on July 30, 2008. 2009: Departure of Arihara and Umeda On February 26, 2009, Hello!", "2009: Departure of Arihara and Umeda On February 26, 2009, Hello! Project announced that Kanna Arihara was having difficulty performing on stage due to hallux valgus, or bunion deformity, and would not be able to attend Hello! Project 10th Anniversary fan club event that week. She would also be absent from Hello!", "She would also be absent from Hello! Project's activities, including activities in Cute, while receiving treatment. Finally, in July 2009, Hello! Project informed that Arihara had decided to retire from the entertainment industry.", "Project informed that Arihara had decided to retire from the entertainment industry. On the other hand, Excite.co.jp linked Arihara's sudden departure to being caught on a date with Johnny's Jr. member Ryosuke Hashimoto in September 2008, which affected her image. On August 1, 2009, Hello!", "On August 1, 2009, Hello! Project posted Erika Umeda's official announcement that at the end of the upcoming Cute's 2009 fall concert tour she would be graduating from Cute and Hello! Project to begin a modeling career. Her graduation was held on October 25 in Osaka, at the last concert of the tour.", "Her graduation was held on October 25 in Osaka, at the last concert of the tour. The last single to feature her, \"Everyday Zekkōchō!!\" released on September 19, 2009, topped at number 1 in the Oricon daily singles chart and at number 2 in Oricon Weekly to become Cute's highest-ranking single to date.", "released on September 19, 2009, topped at number 1 in the Oricon daily singles chart and at number 2 in Oricon Weekly to become Cute's highest-ranking single to date. After her departure, the official group member colors were changed in November 2009.", "After her departure, the official group member colors were changed in November 2009. 2010-2012: Expansion to iTunes and YouTube On February 23, Cute released their 15th single, \"Kiss Me Aishiteru\". Cute's 16th single, \"Momoiro Sparkling\", debuted in 4th place of the Oricon daily singles chart for May 24.", "Cute's 16th single, \"Momoiro Sparkling\", debuted in 4th place of the Oricon daily singles chart for May 24. It spent two consecutive weeks in the Top 30 of the Oricon Weekly, ranking 6th and 17th. On June 18, 2011, the concert from Cute Concert Tour 2011 Haru: Chō!", "On June 18, 2011, the concert from Cute Concert Tour 2011 Haru: Chō! Chō Wonderful Tour was broadcast live on the group's YouTube channel. The live stream attracted a large audience from all over the world.", "The live stream attracted a large audience from all over the world. As it was reported in Cute's official blog by group leader Maimi Yajima and confirmed by the Up-Front Agency management on Twitter, the broadcast had been watched by a total of 93,144 viewers.", "As it was reported in Cute's official blog by group leader Maimi Yajima and confirmed by the Up-Front Agency management on Twitter, the broadcast had been watched by a total of 93,144 viewers. On February 8, the group's 7th album, titled Dai Nana Shō 'Utsukushikutte Gomen ne', came out.", "On February 8, the group's 7th album, titled Dai Nana Shō 'Utsukushikutte Gomen ne', came out. On April 8, Cute performed at the idol festival Idol Yokochō Matsuri, giving the first non-Hello! Project joint concert in their entire career.", "Project joint concert in their entire career. The music news provider BARKS praised the \"power performance\" that was \"overwhelming from beginning to end\" and demonstrated the \"number one\" group's unity out of the whole Hello! Project.", "Project. Project. Cute's 18th single \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" (\"You ride your bicycle, while I catch the train home\") was released on April 18. The music video for the song was uploaded on Cute's official YouTube channel on March 12.", "The music video for the song was uploaded on Cute's official YouTube channel on March 12. With more than 40,000 copies sold within the first week and reaching number 3 of the Oricon weekly singles chart, the single became their highest-selling single to date, breaking the record of their 3rd major single \"Tokaikko Junjō\".", "With more than 40,000 copies sold within the first week and reaching number 3 of the Oricon weekly singles chart, the single became their highest-selling single to date, breaking the record of their 3rd major single \"Tokaikko Junjō\". On June 20, Cute released its second collaboration CD single with the fellow Hello!", "On June 20, Cute released its second collaboration CD single with the fellow Hello! Project Kids group Berryz Kobo, named \"Chō Happy Song\" (\"Superhappy Song.\")", "Project Kids group Berryz Kobo, named \"Chō Happy Song\" (\"Superhappy Song.\") The title tune is a mix of two previously published songs, Berryz Kobo's \"Because Happiness\" and Cute's \"Shiawase no Tochū\" (\"On the Road to Happiness\") from their 2012 albums.", "The title tune is a mix of two previously published songs, Berryz Kobo's \"Because Happiness\" and Cute's \"Shiawase no Tochū\" (\"On the Road to Happiness\") from their 2012 albums. Both tracks were intentionally composed and produced by Tsunku to form a new song when played simultaneously.", "Both tracks were intentionally composed and produced by Tsunku to form a new song when played simultaneously. The trick was originally scheduled to be announced at a summer Hello! Project concert, but was uncovered by fans in mid-April.", "Project concert, but was uncovered by fans in mid-April. The song became a hot topic on the Internet, and a set of the three tracks, \"Because Happiness,\" \"Shiawase no Tochū,\" and \"Chō Happy Song,\" was hastily released as a digital download single on April 28.", "The song became a hot topic on the Internet, and a set of the three tracks, \"Because Happiness,\" \"Shiawase no Tochū,\" and \"Chō Happy Song,\" was hastily released as a digital download single on April 28. Also in June, it was announced that Cute's concert at the Yokosuka Arts Theater on June 30 would be broadcast live on YouTube.", "Also in June, it was announced that Cute's concert at the Yokosuka Arts Theater on June 30 would be broadcast live on YouTube. On September 5, Cute released their 19th single, titled \"Aitai Aitai Aitai na\". The song premiered at the first concert of the Hello!", "The song premiered at the first concert of the Hello! Project 15th Anniversary Live 2012 Summer tour, on July 21 at the Onyx Theater in Osaka.", "Project 15th Anniversary Live 2012 Summer tour, on July 21 at the Onyx Theater in Osaka. 2013-2015: Overseas events, Budokan concert, 10th anniversary On April 3, it was announced that Cute would have their first solo overseas event, \"Cutie Circuit ~Voyage a Paris~\" on July 5 in Paris, France.", "2013-2015: Overseas events, Budokan concert, 10th anniversary On April 3, it was announced that Cute would have their first solo overseas event, \"Cutie Circuit ~Voyage a Paris~\" on July 5 in Paris, France. In addition, they performed at Nippon Budokan for the first time on September 9 and 10 (Cute's day) to commemorate their 200th performance.", "In addition, they performed at Nippon Budokan for the first time on September 9 and 10 (Cute's day) to commemorate their 200th performance. On January 26, 2014 at a release event, ℃ute's 24th single titled \"Kokoro no Sakebi o Uta ni Shitemita / Love Take It All\", was announced to be released on March 5, in 5 editions.", "On January 26, 2014 at a release event, ℃ute's 24th single titled \"Kokoro no Sakebi o Uta ni Shitemita / Love Take It All\", was announced to be released on March 5, in 5 editions. On February 24, it was announced that ℃ute would be collaborating with Reebok to promote their product Your Reebok, where one could personally customize their Reebok, for March 2014.", "On February 24, it was announced that ℃ute would be collaborating with Reebok to promote their product Your Reebok, where one could personally customize their Reebok, for March 2014. Both \"Kokoro no Sakebi wo Uta ni Shitemita\" and \"Love take it all\" were used for their collaboration \"Your Reebok x ℃ute.\"", "Both \"Kokoro no Sakebi wo Uta ni Shitemita\" and \"Love take it all\" were used for their collaboration \"Your Reebok x ℃ute.\" On March 5, it was announced that ℃-ute's \"Love take it all\" would be the inauguration CM song for 2014 BS-TBS' Idol Campaign.", "On March 5, it was announced that ℃-ute's \"Love take it all\" would be the inauguration CM song for 2014 BS-TBS' Idol Campaign. They would also have a 6-episode TV show called ℃ute no Challenge TV, every last Thursday of the month on BS-TBS.", "They would also have a 6-episode TV show called ℃ute no Challenge TV, every last Thursday of the month on BS-TBS. On April 15 it was announced that Berryz Kobo and ℃ute were invited to attend the 15th Japan Expo in Paris as Guests of Honor.", "On April 15 it was announced that Berryz Kobo and ℃ute were invited to attend the 15th Japan Expo in Paris as Guests of Honor. On May 3, it was announced by Yajima Maimi, during the last MC corner of ℃ute Concert Tour 2014 Haru ~Cute no Honne~, that Cute will be performing at Budokan on September 10, \"℃-ute no Hi\".", "On May 3, it was announced by Yajima Maimi, during the last MC corner of ℃ute Concert Tour 2014 Haru ~Cute no Honne~, that Cute will be performing at Budokan on September 10, \"℃-ute no Hi\". On July 16, ℃ute released their 25th single The Power / Kanashiki Heaven (Single Version).", "On July 16, ℃ute released their 25th single The Power / Kanashiki Heaven (Single Version). On August 23 it was announced the ℃ute had set two world records (the longest passing of an egg in a relay (1 hour and 30 minutes) and the most snacks eaten in a relay (1 hour).", "On August 23 it was announced the ℃ute had set two world records (the longest passing of an egg in a relay (1 hour and 30 minutes) and the most snacks eaten in a relay (1 hour). The records were achieved at a public recording of their TV-show with respectively 259 and 346 of their fans at Asakasa Blitz On September 27, ℃ute performed at the 2014 Aomori SHOCK ON open-air music festival alongside Berryz Kobo and other artists.", "The records were achieved at a public recording of their TV-show with respectively 259 and 346 of their fans at Asakasa Blitz On September 27, ℃ute performed at the 2014 Aomori SHOCK ON open-air music festival alongside Berryz Kobo and other artists. On November 19, ℃ute released their 26th single I miss you / THE FUTURE.", "On November 19, ℃ute released their 26th single I miss you / THE FUTURE. On November 20, ℃ute performed alongside other artists at Tower Records' 35th anniversary event On April 1, 2015 Cute released their 27th single triple-A side single \"The Middle Management ~Josei Chuukan Kanrishoku~ / Gamusha LIFE / Tsugi no Kado wo Magare\" as part of their 10th anniversary commemoration.", "On November 20, ℃ute performed alongside other artists at Tower Records' 35th anniversary event On April 1, 2015 Cute released their 27th single triple-A side single \"The Middle Management ~Josei Chuukan Kanrishoku~ / Gamusha LIFE / Tsugi no Kado wo Magare\" as part of their 10th anniversary commemoration. On June 11, ℃ute performed their 10th anniversary concert at Yokohama Arena as part of their The Future Departure tour.", "On June 11, ℃ute performed their 10th anniversary concert at Yokohama Arena as part of their The Future Departure tour. 2016-2017: Final years and disbandment In 2014, prompted by Berryz Kobo's announcement to go on hiatus, discussions about Cute's future began privately among the members.", "2016-2017: Final years and disbandment In 2014, prompted by Berryz Kobo's announcement to go on hiatus, discussions about Cute's future began privately among the members. In February 2016, the members of Cute discussed this again with their management, citing interest in other career paths.", "In February 2016, the members of Cute discussed this again with their management, citing interest in other career paths. All members had the option of continuing as Cute outside of the Hello! Project name or to stay as Cute but suspend group activities. In the end, they ultimately decided to disband.", "In the end, they ultimately decided to disband. Cute's disbandment plans for 2017 were made public on August 19, 2016 on their official Facebook account. On November 2, Cute released their 30th single, \"Mugen Climax / Ai wa Maru de Seidenki / Singing (Ano Koro no Yō ni).\"", "On November 2, Cute released their 30th single, \"Mugen Climax / Ai wa Maru de Seidenki / Singing (Ano Koro no Yō ni).\" They held their final concert on June 12, 2017 at Saitama Super Arena.", "They held their final concert on June 12, 2017 at Saitama Super Arena. Former members Megumi Murakami, Kanna Arihara, and Erika Umeda attended the concert, as well as other celebrities including Berryz Kobo (excluding Risako Sugaya), former Berryz Kobo member Maiha Ishimura, Momoiro Clover Z, Rino Sashihara, Yuki Kashiwagi, and Nicole Fujita.", "Former members Megumi Murakami, Kanna Arihara, and Erika Umeda attended the concert, as well as other celebrities including Berryz Kobo (excluding Risako Sugaya), former Berryz Kobo member Maiha Ishimura, Momoiro Clover Z, Rino Sashihara, Yuki Kashiwagi, and Nicole Fujita. The concert was broadcast on multiple channels and also in Hong Kong and Taiwan.", "The concert was broadcast on multiple channels and also in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Artistry Musical style and themes Almost all the group's works are written and composed by Tsunku, the group's producer. As of 2012, the group's image was considered bright and energetic.", "As of 2012, the group's image was considered bright and energetic. Cute's 16th and 17th singles (2011) were happy songs in a major key, but the 18th single \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" (April 2012) was quite unusual.", "Cute's 16th and 17th singles (2011) were happy songs in a major key, but the 18th single \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" (April 2012) was quite unusual. It was a rock ballad about saying goodbye (it is time to go home; the song's young female protagonist must part with the boy she loves).", "It was a rock ballad about saying goodbye (it is time to go home; the song's young female protagonist must part with the boy she loves). Since then, the group's songs have generally been more mature.", "Since then, the group's songs have generally been more mature. Public image BARKS praised Cute's \"power performance\" at the festival Idol Yokochō Matsuri on April 8, 2012 as being \"overwhelming from beginning to end\" and having demonstrated the \"number one unity\" out of all Hello! Project acts.", "Project acts. Project acts. Kawaii Girl Japan states that Cute has not only been acclaimed as \"the best performer in the Hello! Project,\" but is also recognized as \"the best live performer\" or simply \"the best performer\" by fans of other idol groups.", "Project,\" but is also recognized as \"the best live performer\" or simply \"the best performer\" by fans of other idol groups. Reviewing the group's performance at the Nico Nico Chōkaigi festival, held on April 28–29, 2012, the website is impressed by how Cute covered the entire stage, being both dynamic and delicate, and how the group kept the audience intrigued and captivated.", "Reviewing the group's performance at the Nico Nico Chōkaigi festival, held on April 28–29, 2012, the website is impressed by how Cute covered the entire stage, being both dynamic and delicate, and how the group kept the audience intrigued and captivated. Depending on the song, Cute members changed their facial expressions from happiness to sadness, easily commanding the audience's mood.", "Depending on the song, Cute members changed their facial expressions from happiness to sadness, easily commanding the audience's mood. Cute's fans are known as \"Team Cute.\"", "Cute's fans are known as \"Team Cute.\" Controversies The December 4, 2008 episode of the TV Tokyo variety show Yorosen!, featuring Cute, included a part on Adolf Hitler in a segment called \"Great Men of the World.\"", "Controversies The December 4, 2008 episode of the TV Tokyo variety show Yorosen!, featuring Cute, included a part on Adolf Hitler in a segment called \"Great Men of the World.\" In it, a Cute member, acting as a \"teacher\" giving a comic history class to other members, called the dictator \"Uncle Hitler,\" presented a drawing of him, impersonated him, and said that Hitler's speeches had a \"soothing effect.\"", "In it, a Cute member, acting as a \"teacher\" giving a comic history class to other members, called the dictator \"Uncle Hitler,\" presented a drawing of him, impersonated him, and said that Hitler's speeches had a \"soothing effect.\" The broadcast brought about heavy criticism on Internet message boards, protesting against Hitler being referred to as a \"great man\" and the contents of the comic lecture.", "The broadcast brought about heavy criticism on Internet message boards, protesting against Hitler being referred to as a \"great man\" and the contents of the comic lecture. TV Tokyo and the show's production company subsequently issued apologies.", "TV Tokyo and the show's production company subsequently issued apologies. \"The program's content was based on a mistaken interpretation of history and was inappropriate,\" TV Tokyo stated on its website. In popular culture A likeness of Okai, Hagiwara, and Suzuki appeared in episode 36 of Gintama.", "In popular culture A likeness of Okai, Hagiwara, and Suzuki appeared in episode 36 of Gintama. The logo for Cute's bandname also appeared in the same episode. All eight members of Cute appeared in episode 93 of Gintama.", "All eight members of Cute appeared in episode 93 of Gintama. Discography Singles Indie singles \"Massara Blue Jeans\" \"Soku Dakishimete\" \"Ōki na Ai de Motenashite\" \"Wakkyanai (Z)\" Major singles \"Sakura Chirari\" \"Meguru Koi no Kisetsu\" \"Tokaikko Junjō\" \"Lalala Shiawase no Uta\" \"Namida no Iro\" \"Edo no Temari Uta II\" \"Forever Love\" \"Bye Bye Bye!\"", "Discography Singles Indie singles \"Massara Blue Jeans\" \"Soku Dakishimete\" \"Ōki na Ai de Motenashite\" \"Wakkyanai (Z)\" Major singles \"Sakura Chirari\" \"Meguru Koi no Kisetsu\" \"Tokaikko Junjō\" \"Lalala Shiawase no Uta\" \"Namida no Iro\" \"Edo no Temari Uta II\" \"Forever Love\" \"Bye Bye Bye!\" \"Shochū Omimai Mōshiagemasu\" \"Everyday Zekkōchō!!\"", "\"Shochū Omimai Mōshiagemasu\" \"Everyday Zekkōchō!!\" \"Shock!\" \"Campus Life (Umarete Kite Yokatta)\" \"Dance de Bakōn!\"", "\"Campus Life (Umarete Kite Yokatta)\" \"Dance de Bakōn!\" \"Aitai Lonely Christmas\" \"Kiss Me Aishiteru\" \"Momoiro Sparkling\" \"Sekaiichi Happy na Onna no Ko\" \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" \"Aitai Aitai Aitai na\" \"Kono Machi\" \"Crazy Kanzen na Otona\" \"Kanashiki Amefuri / Adam to Eve no Dilemma\" \"Tokai no Hitorigurashi / Aitte Motto Zanshin\" \"Kokoro no Sakebi o Uta ni Shitemita / Love Take It All\" \"The Power / Kanashiki Heaven (Single Version)\" \"I Miss You / The Future\" \"The Middle Management (Josei Chūkan Kanrishoku) / Gamusha Life / Tsugi no Kado o Magare\" \"Arigatō (Mugen no Yell) / Arashi o Okosunda Exciting Fight!\"", "\"Aitai Lonely Christmas\" \"Kiss Me Aishiteru\" \"Momoiro Sparkling\" \"Sekaiichi Happy na Onna no Ko\" \"Kimi wa Jitensha Watashi wa Densha de Kitaku\" \"Aitai Aitai Aitai na\" \"Kono Machi\" \"Crazy Kanzen na Otona\" \"Kanashiki Amefuri / Adam to Eve no Dilemma\" \"Tokai no Hitorigurashi / Aitte Motto Zanshin\" \"Kokoro no Sakebi o Uta ni Shitemita / Love Take It All\" \"The Power / Kanashiki Heaven (Single Version)\" \"I Miss You / The Future\" \"The Middle Management (Josei Chūkan Kanrishoku) / Gamusha Life / Tsugi no Kado o Magare\" \"Arigatō (Mugen no Yell) / Arashi o Okosunda Exciting Fight!\" \"Naze Hito wa Arasou n' Darō?", "\"Naze Hito wa Arasou n' Darō? / Summer Wind / Jinsei wa Step!\" \"Mugen Climax / Ai wa Maru de Seidenki / Singing (Ano Koro no Yō ni)\" \"To Tomorrow / Final Squall / The Curtain Rises\" Albums Studio albums Cutie Queen Vol.", "\"Mugen Climax / Ai wa Maru de Seidenki / Singing (Ano Koro no Yō ni)\" \"To Tomorrow / Final Squall / The Curtain Rises\" Albums Studio albums Cutie Queen Vol. 1 2 Mini: Ikiru to Iu Chikara 3rd: Love Escalation! 4 Akogare My Star Shocking 5 Chō Wonderful!", "4 Akogare My Star Shocking 5 Chō Wonderful! 6 Dai Nana Shō 'Utsukushikutte Gomen ne' 8 Queen of J-pop °Cmaj9 Compilation albums Cute Nan Desu! Zen Single Atsumechaimashita! 1 2 Cute Shinseinaru Best Album Complete Single Collection Awards See also Hello! Project Kids Berryz Kobo References External links Cute's official blog Cute's official page on the Hello!", "Project Kids Berryz Kobo References External links Cute's official blog Cute's official page on the Hello! Project website Musical groups established in 2005 Musical groups disestablished in 2017 Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists Japanese pop music groups Japanese girl groups Japanese idol groups Hello! Project groups Musical groups from Tokyo Child musical groups Musical quintets" ]

[ "Stephen Stills", "Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young" ]

[ "What's That Sound? Complete Albums Collection is a box set of albums by the American rock band Buffalo Springfield. Released by Rhino Records in June 2018, the set contains the three original albums officially released by Atco—mono and stereo versions of the first two albums, Buffalo Springfield and Buffalo Springfield Again, and the stereo version of the last album, Last Time Around.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDisc One: Buffalo Springfield (Mono Version)\n\"Go and Say Goodbye\"\n\"Sit Down I Think I Love You\"\n\"Leave\"\n\"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\"\n\"Hot Dusty Roads\"\n\"Everybody's Wrong\"\n\"Flying on the Ground Is Wrong\"\n\"Burned\"\n\"Do I Have to Come Right Out and Say It\"\n\"Baby Don't Scold Me\"\n\"Out of My Mind\"\n\"Pay the Price\"\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\nDisc Two: Buffalo Springfield (Stereo Version)\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\"Go and Say Goodbye\"\n\"Sit Down I Think I Love You\"\n\"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\"\n\"Hot Dusty Roads\"\n\"Everybody's Wrong\"\n\"Flying on the Ground Is Wrong\"\n\"Burned\"\n\"Do I Have to Come Right Out and Say It\"\n\"Leave\"\n\"Out of My Mind\"\n\"Pay The Price\"\n\nDisc Three: Buffalo Springfield Again (Mono Version)\n\"Mr. Soul\"\n\"A Child's Claim to Fame\"\n\"Everydays\"\n\"Expecting to Fly\"\n\"Bluebird\"\n\"Hung Upside Down\"\n\"Sad Memory\"\n\"Good Time Boy\"\n\"Rock & Roll Woman\"\n\"Broken Arrow\"\n\nDisc Four: Buffalo Springfield Again (Stereo Version)\n\"Mr. Soul\"\n\"A Child's Claim to Fame\"\n\"Everydays\"\n\"Expecting to Fly\"\n\"Bluebird\"\n\"Hung Upside Down\"\n\"Sad Memory\"\n\"Good Time Boy\"\n\"Rock & Roll Woman\"\n\"Broken Arrow\"\n\nDisc Five: Last Time Around (Stereo Version)\n\"On The Way Home\"\n\"It's So Hard to Wait\"\n\"Pretty Girl Why\"\n\"Four Days Gone\"\n\"Carefree Country Day\"\n\"Special Care\"\n\"The Hour of Not Quite Rain\"\n\"Questions\"\n\"I Am a Child\"\n\"Merry-Go-Round\"\n\"Uno Mundo\"\n\"Kind Woman\"\n\nPersonnel\nBuffalo Springfield:\nRichie Furay – Guitar, Vocals, Vocals (background), Producer\nDewey Martin – Clarinet, Drums, Horn, Saxophone, Vocals, Executive Producer\nJim Messina – Bass, Producer, Engineer\nBruce Palmer – Bass\nStephen Stills – Organ, Bass, Guitar, Percussion, Piano, Piano (Electric), Tambourine, Vocals, Vocals (background), Handclapping, Producer, Remixing\nNeil Young – Guitar, Harmonica, Piano, Arranger, Vocals, Vocals (background), Producer, Remixing\n\nOthers:\nJoel Bernstein – Artwork, Compilation, Photography, Research, Text\nHal Blaine – Drums\nDon Blake – Mixing\nBruce Botnick – Engineer\nWilliam E Brittan – Engineer\nGary Burden – Art Direction, Design\nJames Burton – Dobro\nJimmy Karstein – Drums\nCharlie Chin – Banjo\nMerry Clayton – Choir, Chorus\nDavid Crosby - backing vocal on \"Rock & Roll Woman\"\nRichard Davis – Bass\nAhmet Ertegun – Producer\nCyrus Faryar – Percussion\nJim Fielder – Bass\nJames Gordon – Strings, Horn (English)\nJim Gordon – Drums, Tympani [Timpani], Vibraphone\nCharles Greene – Producer\nDoug Hastings - Guitar\nJessie Hill – Drums, Tympani [Timpani]\nJim Hilton – Engineer\nBrenda Holloway – Choir, Chorus\nPatrice Holloway – Choir, Chorus\nJim Horn – Clarinet\nCarol Kaye – Banjo, Bass, Dobro, Fiddle, Piano, Strings, Drums, Horn, Vibraphone\nBill Lazarus – Engineer\t\nGary Marker – Bass\nSherlie Matthews – Choir, Chorus\nTom May – Engineer\nBuddy Miles – Drums\nTim Mulligan – Remixing\nHarvey Newmark – Bass\nGracia Nitzsche – Choir, Chorus\nJack Nitzsche – Arranger, Piano (Electric), Producer\nDon Randi – Organ, Piano, Harpsichord\nMac Rebennack – Piano\nStan Ross – Engineer\nDoc Siegel – Engineer\n Armin Steiner – Engineer\nBrian Stone – Producer\nJeromy Stuart – Calliope, Harpsichord, Bells\nBruce Tergesen – Engineer\nRuss Titelman – Guitar\nBobby West – Bass\nRusty Young – Pedal Steel\n\nReferences \n\nBuffalo Springfield compilation albums\nRhino Records compilation albums\n2001 compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Charles Greene (producer)\nAlbums produced by Brian Stone", "Buffalo Hart is an unincorporated community in northern Sangamon County in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the population center of its own township, Buffalo Hart Township.\n\nBuffalo Hart was originally built in the 19th century, first as a frontier settlement based on a prairie grove, and then as a rural station stop on the Gilman, Clinton and Springfield Railroad twelve miles northeast of Springfield, Illinois, the state capital. Farmers would bring fresh vegetables and milk to the now-vanished railroad station for transportation into nearby cities. The railroad's successor-in-interest, the Canadian National, continues to operate a right-of-way that passes through Buffalo Hart.\n\nA small grove of trees about 0.5 miles south of the village, which originally stood out amongst the tallgrass prairie grassland of central Illinois, has long been called \"Buffalo Hart.\" A three-acre remnant of the white oak grove has been preserved for public use as the Robert Burns Memorial Park. Buffalo Hart Grove had a post office as early as 1837, but by 2009 the mail location was long gone. The crossroads general store closed about 1971 and the trackside grain elevator was no longer in active use as of 2012. The unincorporated community is part of the Springfield, Illinois metropolitan area, and is served by Illinois Route 54.\n\nSee also\nElkhart, Illinois, a nearby grove with a similar ecology and pioneer history.\n\nReferences\n\nUnincorporated communities in Sangamon County, Illinois\nSpringfield metropolitan area, Illinois\nUnincorporated communities in Illinois" ]

[ "Stephen Arthur Stills (born January 3, 1945) is an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist best known for his work with Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. As both a solo act and member of two successful bands, Stills has combined record sales of over 35 million albums.", "As both a solo act and member of two successful bands, Stills has combined record sales of over 35 million albums. He was ranked number 28 in Rolling Stones 2003 list of \"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" and number 47 in the 2011 list.", "He was ranked number 28 in Rolling Stones 2003 list of \"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" and number 47 in the 2011 list. Stills became the first person to be inducted twice on the same night into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. According to Neil Young, \"Stephen is a genius.\"", "According to Neil Young, \"Stephen is a genius.\" Beginning his professional career with Buffalo Springfield, he composed \"For What It's Worth\", which became one of the most recognizable songs of the 1960s.", "Beginning his professional career with Buffalo Springfield, he composed \"For What It's Worth\", which became one of the most recognizable songs of the 1960s. Other notable songs he contributed to the band were \"Sit Down, I Think I Love You\", \"Bluebird\", and \"Rock & Roll Woman\".", "Other notable songs he contributed to the band were \"Sit Down, I Think I Love You\", \"Bluebird\", and \"Rock & Roll Woman\". According to bandmate Richie Furay, he was \"the heart and soul of Buffalo Springfield\".", "According to bandmate Richie Furay, he was \"the heart and soul of Buffalo Springfield\". After Buffalo Springfield disbanded, Stills began working with David Crosby and Graham Nash as a trio called Crosby, Stills & Nash (CSN).", "After Buffalo Springfield disbanded, Stills began working with David Crosby and Graham Nash as a trio called Crosby, Stills & Nash (CSN). In addition to writing many of the band's songs, Stills played bass, guitar, and keyboards on their debut album.", "In addition to writing many of the band's songs, Stills played bass, guitar, and keyboards on their debut album. The album sold over four million copies and at that point had outsold anything from the three members' prior bands: the Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, and the Hollies.", "The album sold over four million copies and at that point had outsold anything from the three members' prior bands: the Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, and the Hollies. The album won the trio a Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "The album won the trio a Grammy Award for Best New Artist. Stills's first solo album, Stephen Stills, earned a gold record and is the only album to feature both Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton.", "Stills's first solo album, Stephen Stills, earned a gold record and is the only album to feature both Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton. Its hit single \"Love the One You're With\" became his biggest solo hit, peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Its hit single \"Love the One You're With\" became his biggest solo hit, peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100. Stills followed this with a string of solo albums, as well as starting a band with Chris Hillman called Manassas in 1972.", "Stills followed this with a string of solo albums, as well as starting a band with Chris Hillman called Manassas in 1972. In the summer 1974, Young reunited with CSN after a four-year hiatus for a concert tour that was recorded and released in 2014 as CSNY 1974.", "In the summer 1974, Young reunited with CSN after a four-year hiatus for a concert tour that was recorded and released in 2014 as CSNY 1974. It was one of the first stadium tours and the largest tour the band has done to date. CSN reunited in 1977 for their album CSN, which became the trio's best-selling record.", "CSN reunited in 1977 for their album CSN, which became the trio's best-selling record. CSN and CSNY continued to have platinum albums through the 1980s. Early years Stills was born in Dallas, the son of Talitha Quintilla Collard (1919–1996) and William Arthur Stills (1915–1986).", "Early years Stills was born in Dallas, the son of Talitha Quintilla Collard (1919–1996) and William Arthur Stills (1915–1986). Raised in a military family, he moved around as a child and developed an interest in blues and folk music.", "Raised in a military family, he moved around as a child and developed an interest in blues and folk music. He was also influenced by Latin music after spending his youth in Gainesville and Tampa, Florida, as well as Covington, Louisiana, Costa Rica, the Panama Canal Zone, and El Salvador.", "He was also influenced by Latin music after spending his youth in Gainesville and Tampa, Florida, as well as Covington, Louisiana, Costa Rica, the Panama Canal Zone, and El Salvador. Stills attended Admiral Farragut Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida and Saint Leo College Preparatory School in Saint Leo, Florida, before graduating from Lincoln High School in Costa Rica.", "Stills attended Admiral Farragut Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida and Saint Leo College Preparatory School in Saint Leo, Florida, before graduating from Lincoln High School in Costa Rica. When he was nine years old, he was diagnosed with a partial hearing loss in one ear. The hearing loss increased as he got older.", "The hearing loss increased as he got older. Stills dropped out of Louisiana State University in the early 1960s. He played in a series of bands, including the Continentals, which then featured future Eagles guitarist Don Felder. Stills also sang as a solo artist at Gerde's Folk City, a well-known coffeehouse in Greenwich Village.", "Stills also sang as a solo artist at Gerde's Folk City, a well-known coffeehouse in Greenwich Village. Stills eventually ended up in a nine-member vocal harmony group, the house act at the famous Cafe au Go Go in New York City, called the Au Go Go Singers, which included his future Buffalo Springfield bandmate Richie Furay.", "Stills eventually ended up in a nine-member vocal harmony group, the house act at the famous Cafe au Go Go in New York City, called the Au Go Go Singers, which included his future Buffalo Springfield bandmate Richie Furay. This group did some touring in the Catskills and in the South, released one album in 1964, and then broke up in 1965.", "This group did some touring in the Catskills and in the South, released one album in 1964, and then broke up in 1965. Afterwards, Stills formed a folk-rock group called the Company with four other former members of the Au Go Go Singers.", "Afterwards, Stills formed a folk-rock group called the Company with four other former members of the Au Go Go Singers. The Company embarked on a six-week tour of Canada, where Stills met guitarist Neil Young.", "The Company embarked on a six-week tour of Canada, where Stills met guitarist Neil Young. On the VH1 CSNY Legends special, Stills said that Young was doing what he always wanted to do, \"play folk music in a rock band.\"", "On the VH1 CSNY Legends special, Stills said that Young was doing what he always wanted to do, \"play folk music in a rock band.\" The Company broke up in New York within four months; Stills did session work and went to various auditions.", "The Company broke up in New York within four months; Stills did session work and went to various auditions. In 1966 he convinced a reluctant Furay, then living in Massachusetts, to move with him to California.", "In 1966 he convinced a reluctant Furay, then living in Massachusetts, to move with him to California. Life and career Buffalo Springfield and Super Session (1966–1968) Stills, Furay, and Young reunited in Los Angeles and formed the core of Buffalo Springfield.", "Life and career Buffalo Springfield and Super Session (1966–1968) Stills, Furay, and Young reunited in Los Angeles and formed the core of Buffalo Springfield. Legend has it that Stills and Furay recognized Young's converted hearse and flagged him down, a meeting described in a recent solo track \"Round the Bend\".", "Legend has it that Stills and Furay recognized Young's converted hearse and flagged him down, a meeting described in a recent solo track \"Round the Bend\". Buffalo Springfield performed a mixture of folk, country, psychedelia, and rock.", "Buffalo Springfield performed a mixture of folk, country, psychedelia, and rock. Its sound was lent a hard edge by the twin lead guitars of Stills and Young, and that combination helped make Buffalo Springfield a critical success.", "Its sound was lent a hard edge by the twin lead guitars of Stills and Young, and that combination helped make Buffalo Springfield a critical success. The band's first record Buffalo Springfield (1966) sold well after Stills's topical song \"For What It's Worth\" became a top ten hit, reaching number 7 on the US charts.", "The band's first record Buffalo Springfield (1966) sold well after Stills's topical song \"For What It's Worth\" became a top ten hit, reaching number 7 on the US charts. According to Rolling Stone, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and other sources, Buffalo Springfield helped create the genres of folk rock and country rock.", "According to Rolling Stone, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and other sources, Buffalo Springfield helped create the genres of folk rock and country rock. Distrust of their management along with the arrest and deportation of bassist Bruce Palmer worsened the already strained relations among the group members and led to Buffalo Springfield's demise.", "Distrust of their management along with the arrest and deportation of bassist Bruce Palmer worsened the already strained relations among the group members and led to Buffalo Springfield's demise. A second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, was released in late 1967 and featured Stills songs \"Bluebird\" and \"Rock And Roll Woman\".", "A second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, was released in late 1967 and featured Stills songs \"Bluebird\" and \"Rock And Roll Woman\". In May 1968, the band split up for good, but contractual obligations required the recording and release of a final studio album, Last Time Around.", "In May 1968, the band split up for good, but contractual obligations required the recording and release of a final studio album, Last Time Around. The album was primarily composed of tracks laid down earlier that year.", "The album was primarily composed of tracks laid down earlier that year. A Stills song from their debut album, \"Sit Down, I Think I Love You,\" was a minor hit for the Mojo Men in 1967.", "A Stills song from their debut album, \"Sit Down, I Think I Love You,\" was a minor hit for the Mojo Men in 1967. After the disintegration of Buffalo Springfield, Stills played on half of the Super Session album with Al Kooper in 1968, including a cover of Donovan's \"Season Of The Witch\" that received heavy radio play on progressive FM radio formats.", "After the disintegration of Buffalo Springfield, Stills played on half of the Super Session album with Al Kooper in 1968, including a cover of Donovan's \"Season Of The Witch\" that received heavy radio play on progressive FM radio formats. Mike Bloomfield was due to play on all of the album but failed to turn up for the second day of recording.", "Mike Bloomfield was due to play on all of the album but failed to turn up for the second day of recording. The album sold well and charted at number 12 on the US charts while being certified Gold in December 1970.", "The album sold well and charted at number 12 on the US charts while being certified Gold in December 1970. Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1969–1970) In late 1968 Stills joined David Crosby from the Byrds and Graham Nash from The Hollies to form Crosby, Stills & Nash.", "Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1969–1970) In late 1968 Stills joined David Crosby from the Byrds and Graham Nash from The Hollies to form Crosby, Stills & Nash. Several of Stills's songs on the group's debut album, including \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" and \"You Don't Have To Cry\", were inspired by his on-again off-again relationship with singer Judy Collins.", "Several of Stills's songs on the group's debut album, including \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" and \"You Don't Have To Cry\", were inspired by his on-again off-again relationship with singer Judy Collins. The album reached number 6 on the US charts and was certified quadruple platinum.", "The album reached number 6 on the US charts and was certified quadruple platinum. Stills dominated the recording of the album. Crosby and Nash played guitar on their own songs respectively, while drummer Dallas Taylor played on four tracks and drummer Jim Gordon on a fifth.", "Crosby and Nash played guitar on their own songs respectively, while drummer Dallas Taylor played on four tracks and drummer Jim Gordon on a fifth. Stills played all the bass, organ, and lead guitar parts, as well as acoustic guitar on his own songs.", "Stills played all the bass, organ, and lead guitar parts, as well as acoustic guitar on his own songs. \"The other guys won't be offended when I say that one was my baby, and I kind of had the tracks in my head,\" Stills said.", "\"The other guys won't be offended when I say that one was my baby, and I kind of had the tracks in my head,\" Stills said. Wanting to be able to tour and needing additional musicians to strengthen the sound, the band invited Neil Young to join them for their first tour and second album to make the group the quartet Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, (initialized as CSNY).", "Wanting to be able to tour and needing additional musicians to strengthen the sound, the band invited Neil Young to join them for their first tour and second album to make the group the quartet Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, (initialized as CSNY). The first tour started in August 1969 and finished in January 1970.", "The first tour started in August 1969 and finished in January 1970. They recorded their album Déjà Vu at this time and released it in March 1970. During the recording the musicians frequently argued, particularly Young and Stills, who both fought for control.", "During the recording the musicians frequently argued, particularly Young and Stills, who both fought for control. Stills brought to the album the songs \"Carry On\" and \"4+20\" and wrote \"Everybody I Love You\" with Neil Young.", "Stills brought to the album the songs \"Carry On\" and \"4+20\" and wrote \"Everybody I Love You\" with Neil Young. He also brought his version of Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\" for the band to cover.", "He also brought his version of Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\" for the band to cover. The album hit number 1 on the US charts and was certified 7 times platinum there, selling over 8 million copies. In May 1970 CSNY recorded Young's \"Ohio\" following the Kent State massacre on May 4.", "In May 1970 CSNY recorded Young's \"Ohio\" following the Kent State massacre on May 4. The single's B side was Stills's \"Find The Cost Of Freedom\". The record was immediately released as a single by Atlantic Records, even though the group's \"Teach Your Children\" was still climbing the singles charts.", "The record was immediately released as a single by Atlantic Records, even though the group's \"Teach Your Children\" was still climbing the singles charts. After an extended second tour finishing in July 1970, the band split up, and Stills then moved to England and started recording his debut solo album.", "After an extended second tour finishing in July 1970, the band split up, and Stills then moved to England and started recording his debut solo album. In April 1971, CSNY released 4 Way Street, a double live album recorded in 1970.", "In April 1971, CSNY released 4 Way Street, a double live album recorded in 1970. The album reached number 1 in 1971 on the US charts and was certified quadruple platinum in the US.", "The album reached number 1 in 1971 on the US charts and was certified quadruple platinum in the US. Having played at the Monterey Pop Festival with Buffalo Springfield and both Woodstock and Altamont with CSNY, Stills (along with Crosby) performed at three of the most iconic U.S. rock festivals of the 1960s.", "Having played at the Monterey Pop Festival with Buffalo Springfield and both Woodstock and Altamont with CSNY, Stills (along with Crosby) performed at three of the most iconic U.S. rock festivals of the 1960s. Peak solo years (1970–1971) In the wake of CSNY's success, all four members recorded high-profile solo albums.", "Peak solo years (1970–1971) In the wake of CSNY's success, all four members recorded high-profile solo albums. In 1970, Stills released his eponymous solo debut album which featured guests Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, Cass Elliot, Booker T. Jones and Ringo Starr (credited only as \"Richie\") as well as David Crosby, Graham Nash, Rita Coolidge and CSNY drummers Dallas Taylor and Johnny Barbata.", "In 1970, Stills released his eponymous solo debut album which featured guests Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, Cass Elliot, Booker T. Jones and Ringo Starr (credited only as \"Richie\") as well as David Crosby, Graham Nash, Rita Coolidge and CSNY drummers Dallas Taylor and Johnny Barbata. It provided Stills with the U.S. No.", "It provided Stills with the U.S. No. 14 hit single \"Love the One You're With. \", and another US top 40 hit \"Sit Yourself Down\", peaking at 37. The album peaked at no 3 on the US charts, a solo career peak.", "The album peaked at no 3 on the US charts, a solo career peak. At the time of release Stills's solo album was the highest selling solo album out of the four. It was recorded in the UK, where Stills bought Ringo Starr's old mansion in Surrey, England.", "It was recorded in the UK, where Stills bought Ringo Starr's old mansion in Surrey, England. He appeared on the BBC TV show Disco 2 in January 1971. Stills followed this album with Stephen Stills 2 only 6 months later, recorded in Miami, which featured \"Change Partners\" and \"Marianne\".", "Stills followed this album with Stephen Stills 2 only 6 months later, recorded in Miami, which featured \"Change Partners\" and \"Marianne\". Both these singles narrowly missed the US top 40, hitting 43 and 42 respectively, while the album reached number 8 on the charts.", "Both these singles narrowly missed the US top 40, hitting 43 and 42 respectively, while the album reached number 8 on the charts. This album was certified US Gold only a month after release. Even though \"Change Partners\" was written before CSN formed, Nash saw it as a metaphor for the many relationships in CSNY.", "Even though \"Change Partners\" was written before CSN formed, Nash saw it as a metaphor for the many relationships in CSNY. Stills recorded 23 songs for the album and originally wanted to release a double album but Atlantic wouldn't let him.", "Stills recorded 23 songs for the album and originally wanted to release a double album but Atlantic wouldn't let him. In support of this album Stills went on his first solo tour with an 8 piece band including the Memphis Horns, playing major arenas across the USA.", "In support of this album Stills went on his first solo tour with an 8 piece band including the Memphis Horns, playing major arenas across the USA. It was during this tour he sold out Madison Square Garden, The Philadelphia Spectrum, LA Forum and the Boston Garden, arguably at his solo commercial peak.", "It was during this tour he sold out Madison Square Garden, The Philadelphia Spectrum, LA Forum and the Boston Garden, arguably at his solo commercial peak. He sold out MSG the day before George Harrison organised the Concert For Bangladesh, and Stills donated his stage, sound, lighting system and production manager but was upset when Harrison \"neglected to invite him to perform, mention his name, or say thank you\".", "He sold out MSG the day before George Harrison organised the Concert For Bangladesh, and Stills donated his stage, sound, lighting system and production manager but was upset when Harrison \"neglected to invite him to perform, mention his name, or say thank you\". Stills then spent the show drunk in Ringo Starr's dressing room, \"barking at everyone\".", "Stills then spent the show drunk in Ringo Starr's dressing room, \"barking at everyone\". Stills's Madison Square Garden show was professionally recorded and filmed but has never been released, although a filmed recording of \"Go Back Home\" was played in early 1972 on the Old Grey Whistle Test, and two acoustic tracks were released on Stills 2013 box set Carry On.", "Stills's Madison Square Garden show was professionally recorded and filmed but has never been released, although a filmed recording of \"Go Back Home\" was played in early 1972 on the Old Grey Whistle Test, and two acoustic tracks were released on Stills 2013 box set Carry On. In 1971, Billboard magazine ranked him at number 34 top singles artist, number 44 top album artist, number 14 top singles male vocalist, number 12 top new singles vocalist, number 17 top album male vocalists, number 14 top new album artist, number 73 top producers, and ranked his debut album number 70 in the year end album charts.", "In 1971, Billboard magazine ranked him at number 34 top singles artist, number 44 top album artist, number 14 top singles male vocalist, number 12 top new singles vocalist, number 17 top album male vocalists, number 14 top new album artist, number 73 top producers, and ranked his debut album number 70 in the year end album charts. Cashbox magazine, ranked Stephen Stills 2 as the number 51 album of 1971, and his debut as number 52, they ranked Stills as the number 3 best new vocalist, and the number 2 new male of 1971.", "Cashbox magazine, ranked Stephen Stills 2 as the number 51 album of 1971, and his debut as number 52, they ranked Stills as the number 3 best new vocalist, and the number 2 new male of 1971. Also in 1971, Stills played guitar for the Bill Withers album, Just as I Am, including the Grammy-winning song, \"Ain't No Sunshine\".", "Also in 1971, Stills played guitar for the Bill Withers album, Just as I Am, including the Grammy-winning song, \"Ain't No Sunshine\". Manassas (1971–1973) In late 1971, Stills teamed up with ex-Byrd Chris Hillman to form the band Manassas.", "Manassas (1971–1973) In late 1971, Stills teamed up with ex-Byrd Chris Hillman to form the band Manassas. Their self-titled double album was a mixture of rock, country, blues, bluegrass and Latin music divided into different sections and peaked at number 4 in the US.", "Their self-titled double album was a mixture of rock, country, blues, bluegrass and Latin music divided into different sections and peaked at number 4 in the US. It was certified US Gold a month after release but did not yield any more top 40 hits, only \"It Doesn't Matter\" reached 61 on the US charts.", "It was certified US Gold a month after release but did not yield any more top 40 hits, only \"It Doesn't Matter\" reached 61 on the US charts. Stills spent the majority of 1972 playing live with Manassas on a world tour, which included headlining festivals in Australia, playing more arenas in the US including the Nassau Coliseum, and the Boston Garden.", "Stills spent the majority of 1972 playing live with Manassas on a world tour, which included headlining festivals in Australia, playing more arenas in the US including the Nassau Coliseum, and the Boston Garden. His concert at The Rainbow Theatre, London was recorded for BBC TV Special titled Stephen Stills Manassas: In Concert.", "His concert at The Rainbow Theatre, London was recorded for BBC TV Special titled Stephen Stills Manassas: In Concert. He moved to Boulder, Colorado after this world tour finished and in March 1973 married French singer-songwriter Veronique Sanson in London England, after having met while at a Manassas gig in France, 1972.", "He moved to Boulder, Colorado after this world tour finished and in March 1973 married French singer-songwriter Veronique Sanson in London England, after having met while at a Manassas gig in France, 1972. In early 1972, Stills appeared in a UK documentary about himself called Sounding Out.", "In early 1972, Stills appeared in a UK documentary about himself called Sounding Out. Cashbox magazine ranked Stills as the number 52 top male vocalist of 1972. Billboard ranked Manassas as the number 53 album of 1972, and Stills as the number 75 album artist.", "Billboard ranked Manassas as the number 53 album of 1972, and Stills as the number 75 album artist. All of Stills's albums after Buffalo Springfield had gone either gold or platinum; the Manassas follow-up album the next year Down the Road was his first LP that did not, but still managed to reach 26 in the US charts.", "All of Stills's albums after Buffalo Springfield had gone either gold or platinum; the Manassas follow-up album the next year Down the Road was his first LP that did not, but still managed to reach 26 in the US charts. It was recorded less than a year after the debut double album, and encountered some issues with recording and not having enough Stills songs on the album.", "It was recorded less than a year after the debut double album, and encountered some issues with recording and not having enough Stills songs on the album. Also Atlantic were pushing for a far more commercially viable CSNY reunion.", "Also Atlantic were pushing for a far more commercially viable CSNY reunion. Which in June and July 1973, between the two 1973 Manassas tours at the start and end of the year, happened in Maui. As CSNY attempted to record an album tentatively called Human Highway. This album was never finished due to infighting.", "This album was never finished due to infighting. But after one final 1973 Manassas tour, during which CSN and CSNY reunited during the acoustic sections both at Winterland Arena concerts, a reunion was in the cards, and Manassas was over. Stills then sold his Surrey home and relocated to Colorado.", "Stills then sold his Surrey home and relocated to Colorado. The last date of the first 1973 Manassas tour was recorded for ABC In Concert. Cashbox magazine ranked Manassas as the number 58 group of 1973. Billboard ranked Down The Road as the number 36 of new album artists.", "Billboard ranked Down The Road as the number 36 of new album artists. In 1972/73, Stephen left the services of David Geffen and set up his own publishing company with Ken Weiss, called Gold Hill Publishing, named after his home in Boulder, Colorado.", "In 1972/73, Stephen left the services of David Geffen and set up his own publishing company with Ken Weiss, called Gold Hill Publishing, named after his home in Boulder, Colorado. Solo and CSNY tours (1974) Stills spent early 1974 on a sold out East coast tour where he played well respected theatres, including Carnegie Hall.", "Solo and CSNY tours (1974) Stills spent early 1974 on a sold out East coast tour where he played well respected theatres, including Carnegie Hall. The 1975 live album Stephen Stills Live was made up of recordings from this tour. It was also during this tour that Stills announced the 1974 CSNY reunion concert tour.", "It was also during this tour that Stills announced the 1974 CSNY reunion concert tour. The CSNY reunion tour sold out shows through July and August in both the US and the UK, with an average concert attendance of 80,000.", "The CSNY reunion tour sold out shows through July and August in both the US and the UK, with an average concert attendance of 80,000. Due to poor management, the tour made little money for the group, but album sales saw a boost: the CSNY compilation album So Far reached number 1 in the US and sold 6 million copies.", "Due to poor management, the tour made little money for the group, but album sales saw a boost: the CSNY compilation album So Far reached number 1 in the US and sold 6 million copies. After another aborted attempt at recording another CSNY album after the tour, Stills signed with Columbia Records in late 1974.", "After another aborted attempt at recording another CSNY album after the tour, Stills signed with Columbia Records in late 1974. In 1973–1974, Stills was recording another solo album called As I Come Of Age, which was put aside for the CSNY reunion tour. Many songs were used for the 1975 Stills album.", "Many songs were used for the 1975 Stills album. In 1974, Stills played bass, and help mix his wife, Veronique Sanson's, record Le Maudit. He also played bass for her at two of her concerts in Paris in October 1974.", "He also played bass for her at two of her concerts in Paris in October 1974. On 29 October, Stills played two short acoustic shows at Chances Are, a nightclub in Ann Arbor, Michigan, as a benefit for Democrat John Reuther's campaign.", "On 29 October, Stills played two short acoustic shows at Chances Are, a nightclub in Ann Arbor, Michigan, as a benefit for Democrat John Reuther's campaign. The next night, 30 October, Stills played two shows for Democratic congressional candidate Bob Carr at the Stables, East Lansing, Michigan, then another unannounced acoustic slot at a Michigan University frat party.", "The next night, 30 October, Stills played two shows for Democratic congressional candidate Bob Carr at the Stables, East Lansing, Michigan, then another unannounced acoustic slot at a Michigan University frat party. Signing to Columbia Records and The Stills Young Band (1975–1976) Stills signed to Columbia Records for three albums: Stills in 1975, Illegal Stills in 1976; and Thoroughfare Gap in 1978.", "Signing to Columbia Records and The Stills Young Band (1975–1976) Stills signed to Columbia Records for three albums: Stills in 1975, Illegal Stills in 1976; and Thoroughfare Gap in 1978. Stills released in June 1975, was the highest charting release of the three at number 22 on the US charts, and also the most critically successful of the three.", "Stills released in June 1975, was the highest charting release of the three at number 22 on the US charts, and also the most critically successful of the three. Stills then spent the rest of year touring the US, doing a summer and winter tour playing to 10,000 seat arenas, including the LA Forum, and Red Rocks Amphitheatre.", "Stills then spent the rest of year touring the US, doing a summer and winter tour playing to 10,000 seat arenas, including the LA Forum, and Red Rocks Amphitheatre. Stills played an acoustic set at the Bob Dylan-organised Night of the Hurricane Benefit at the Houston Astrodome in January 1976.", "Stills played an acoustic set at the Bob Dylan-organised Night of the Hurricane Benefit at the Houston Astrodome in January 1976. He next released Illegal Stills in May 1976, which reached number 31 on the US charts, but was not critically well received, nor produced any charting singles.", "He next released Illegal Stills in May 1976, which reached number 31 on the US charts, but was not critically well received, nor produced any charting singles. Around this time Stills played percussion on the Bee Gees' song \"You Should Be Dancing\" and wrote an unreleased song with Barry Gibb.", "Around this time Stills played percussion on the Bee Gees' song \"You Should Be Dancing\" and wrote an unreleased song with Barry Gibb. In retrospect Stills has commented on his mid-70s solo period saying he \"short-circuited for a while, things were moving too fast. I got a little crazed.", "I got a little crazed. I got a little crazed. Too much drinking, too many drugs. What can I say.\" Cashbox magazine ranked Stills as the number 29 top male vocalist of 1975. In 1976 after the release of Illegal Stills, Stills attempted a reunion with Neil Young.", "In 1976 after the release of Illegal Stills, Stills attempted a reunion with Neil Young. At one point, Long May You Run was slated to be a CSNY record, but when Crosby and Nash left to fulfill recording and touring obligations, they returned to find the other pair had wiped their vocals from the recordings, as Stills and Young decided to go on without them as the Stills-Young Band.", "At one point, Long May You Run was slated to be a CSNY record, but when Crosby and Nash left to fulfill recording and touring obligations, they returned to find the other pair had wiped their vocals from the recordings, as Stills and Young decided to go on without them as the Stills-Young Band. However, Young would leave midway through the resulting tour due to an apparent throat infection.", "However, Young would leave midway through the resulting tour due to an apparent throat infection. Stills was contractually bound to finish the tour, which he did for three dates before it was cancelled with Chris Hillman helping him, but upon returning home, his wife, French singer-songwriter Véronique Sanson, announced she wanted a divorce and wished to move back to France, although they temporarily reunited.", "Stills was contractually bound to finish the tour, which he did for three dates before it was cancelled with Chris Hillman helping him, but upon returning home, his wife, French singer-songwriter Véronique Sanson, announced she wanted a divorce and wished to move back to France, although they temporarily reunited. Stills went out on tour, in November 1976, as a three piece, Stills on guitar, vocals, piano, George Perry on Bass, and Joe Vitale on drums.", "Stills went out on tour, in November 1976, as a three piece, Stills on guitar, vocals, piano, George Perry on Bass, and Joe Vitale on drums. It was around this time Stills reunited with Crosby and Nash shortly afterwards, thanks to the efforts of Nash's future wife Susan, who got Nash to forgive Stills for wiping the Crosby and Nash vocals from Long May You Run.", "It was around this time Stills reunited with Crosby and Nash shortly afterwards, thanks to the efforts of Nash's future wife Susan, who got Nash to forgive Stills for wiping the Crosby and Nash vocals from Long May You Run. Not before Atlantic records released a compilation album from Stills first two solo albums, and the two Manassas albums in December 1976 called Still Stills: The Best Of Stephen Stills.", "Not before Atlantic records released a compilation album from Stills first two solo albums, and the two Manassas albums in December 1976 called Still Stills: The Best Of Stephen Stills. Cashbox magazine ranked Stills at number 27 for the top male vocalist of 1976, and Stills and Young as the number 6 duo, number 3 new duo, and number 20 best new artist of 1976.", "Cashbox magazine ranked Stills at number 27 for the top male vocalist of 1976, and Stills and Young as the number 6 duo, number 3 new duo, and number 20 best new artist of 1976. Stills, as Gold Hill publishing was having hits publishing for the band Firefall and Joey Stec, during this time, so much so that Billboard ranked him as the number 97 publisher of 1976.", "Stills, as Gold Hill publishing was having hits publishing for the band Firefall and Joey Stec, during this time, so much so that Billboard ranked him as the number 97 publisher of 1976. CSN reunion and solo years (1977–1979) Stills's performances with Crosby and Nash in late 1976 and early 1977 led to the permanent reunion of Crosby, Stills, and Nash.", "CSN reunion and solo years (1977–1979) Stills's performances with Crosby and Nash in late 1976 and early 1977 led to the permanent reunion of Crosby, Stills, and Nash. They released the CSN album in 1977 and unsuccessfully attempted another album in 1978.", "They released the CSN album in 1977 and unsuccessfully attempted another album in 1978. The band toured major arenas including Madison Square Garden and the LA Forum in 1977 and 1978, and during the 1977 tour they visited President Jimmy Carter in the White House. Stills released his final album on Columbia Records entitled Thoroughfare Gap in October 1978.", "Stills released his final album on Columbia Records entitled Thoroughfare Gap in October 1978. It was comparatively unsuccessful and reached number 84 on the US charts. In 1977 and 1978, Stills played only one solo engagement, at the Bread and Roses Festival in 1978.", "In 1977 and 1978, Stills played only one solo engagement, at the Bread and Roses Festival in 1978. After a four-day residency at the Roxy in January 1979 with original CSN bandmate Dallas Taylor on drums, Stills spent most of 1979 on tour in the US playing with his California Blues Band.", "After a four-day residency at the Roxy in January 1979 with original CSN bandmate Dallas Taylor on drums, Stills spent most of 1979 on tour in the US playing with his California Blues Band. One of these dates in early 1979 included a trip to Cuba to participate in the Havana Jam festival that took place between March 2 and 4, alongside Weather Report, the Trio of Doom, Fania All-Stars, Billy Swan, Bonnie Bramlett, Mike Finnigan, Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge and Billy Joel, as well as an array of Cuban artists such as Irakere, with whom he toured the US after the Havana concerts.", "One of these dates in early 1979 included a trip to Cuba to participate in the Havana Jam festival that took place between March 2 and 4, alongside Weather Report, the Trio of Doom, Fania All-Stars, Billy Swan, Bonnie Bramlett, Mike Finnigan, Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge and Billy Joel, as well as an array of Cuban artists such as Irakere, with whom he toured the US after the Havana concerts. His performance is captured on Ernesto Juan Castellanos's documentary Havana Jam '79.", "His performance is captured on Ernesto Juan Castellanos's documentary Havana Jam '79. In 1979, Stills recorded one of the first entirely digital albums; however, it remains unreleased, as the record company did not feel it was commercial enough.", "In 1979, Stills recorded one of the first entirely digital albums; however, it remains unreleased, as the record company did not feel it was commercial enough. The songs recorded for this album include \"Spanish Suite\" and \"Cuba al Fin\" and the 1982 CSN hit \"Southern Cross\".", "The songs recorded for this album include \"Spanish Suite\" and \"Cuba al Fin\" and the 1982 CSN hit \"Southern Cross\". The album was produced by Barry Beckett and was slated for release in 1979 or 1980. CSN played only two dates in 1979, both at Madison Square Garden for Musicians United for Safe Energy.", "CSN played only two dates in 1979, both at Madison Square Garden for Musicians United for Safe Energy. Their performance was released on The Muse Concerts for a Non-Nuclear Future. In 1979, Stills's wife, Veronique Sanson, filed for divorce, which was finalized on July 12, 1980.", "In 1979, Stills's wife, Veronique Sanson, filed for divorce, which was finalized on July 12, 1980. 1980s After playing some European dates in 1980, and with Graham Nash joining him for the German dates supporting Angelo Branduardi, Stills and Nash decided to record a duo album together.", "1980s After playing some European dates in 1980, and with Graham Nash joining him for the German dates supporting Angelo Branduardi, Stills and Nash decided to record a duo album together. The record company refused to release this album without David Crosby, so they added him and CSN's Daylight Again was released in 1982, reaching number 8 in the US and was certified Platinum.", "The record company refused to release this album without David Crosby, so they added him and CSN's Daylight Again was released in 1982, reaching number 8 in the US and was certified Platinum. The album featured the Stills-written top twenty hit \"Southern Cross\".", "The album featured the Stills-written top twenty hit \"Southern Cross\". In 1983, the CSN live album Allies, was released featuring Stills's number 45 hit song \"War Games\". CSN toured yearly from 1982–1989, except during 1986, due to David Crosby's prison sentence.", "CSN toured yearly from 1982–1989, except during 1986, due to David Crosby's prison sentence. In 1984, Stills released his first solo album in 6 years, Right by You on Atlantic Records. This would be the final Stills album to make the Billboard 200 album chart and featured Jimmy Page on guitar.", "This would be the final Stills album to make the Billboard 200 album chart and featured Jimmy Page on guitar. It was his last solo release on a major label. In 1985 CSN and CSNY played Live Aid.", "In 1985 CSN and CSNY played Live Aid. In 1988, CSNY reunited for the album American Dream, which reached number 12 on the US charts and was certified platinum in the US. However no tour was taken in support of the album.", "However no tour was taken in support of the album. In 1988, he married Thai model Pamela Anne Jordan, with whom he had a daughter, Eleanor. 1990s In 1990, CSN released the album Live It Up, their first not to be certified in the US since their debut.", "1990s In 1990, CSN released the album Live It Up, their first not to be certified in the US since their debut. Stills toured with CSN, in 1990, 1994, 1996, 1997 and 1999.", "Stills toured with CSN, in 1990, 1994, 1996, 1997 and 1999. Having spent most of 1990 playing acoustic with CSN and solo he released the solo album Stills Alone in 1991, with the aim of releasing a solo electric album in 1992. However this solo electric album was never released.", "However this solo electric album was never released. In 1994, CSN released the album After The Storm. From 1993 to 1995 part owned a restaurant in New Orleans, called Toucan Du. He married his third wife, Kristen Hathaway, on May 27, 1996.", "He married his third wife, Kristen Hathaway, on May 27, 1996. In 1997, Stills became the first person to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice on the same night for his work with CSN and Buffalo Springfield.", "In 1997, Stills became the first person to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice on the same night for his work with CSN and Buffalo Springfield. Fender Guitars Custom Shop crafted a guitar and presented it to Stills to commemorate the occasion, a Telecaster 1953 reissue guitar serial R2674 bearing an inscription on the neck plate; \"Stephen Stills R & R Hall of Fame May 6, 1997 \" In 1999, CSNY reunited to release the album Looking Forward, it reached number 26 on the US charts.", "Fender Guitars Custom Shop crafted a guitar and presented it to Stills to commemorate the occasion, a Telecaster 1953 reissue guitar serial R2674 bearing an inscription on the neck plate; \"Stephen Stills R & R Hall of Fame May 6, 1997 \" In 1999, CSNY reunited to release the album Looking Forward, it reached number 26 on the US charts. 2000s This CSNY reunion resulted in CSNY reunion tours 2000 CSNY2K, 2002 and 2006 reunion tours, their first since 1974.", "2000s This CSNY reunion resulted in CSNY reunion tours 2000 CSNY2K, 2002 and 2006 reunion tours, their first since 1974. The CSNY2K tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed super quartet earned US$42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000.", "The CSNY2K tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed super quartet earned US$42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000. The 2006 CSNY tour was the Freedom Of Speech tour, which was released on the album Deja Vu Live.. Stills also toured with CSN in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009.", "The 2006 CSNY tour was the Freedom Of Speech tour, which was released on the album Deja Vu Live.. Stills also toured with CSN in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009. The 2005 tour supported their Gold certified album Greatest Hits, their 2009 tour supported the CSN demos album Demos.", "The 2005 tour supported their Gold certified album Greatest Hits, their 2009 tour supported the CSN demos album Demos. 2005 saw Stills release Man Alive!, his first solo offering in 14 years. Man Alive! was released on the small English independent folk rock label Talking Elephant, and was not widely reviewed.", "was released on the small English independent folk rock label Talking Elephant, and was not widely reviewed. The record did not chart on either side of the Atlantic, and was received lukewarmly by the few critics who did review it.", "The record did not chart on either side of the Atlantic, and was received lukewarmly by the few critics who did review it. It featured songs dating from the 70s to the present, including \"Spanish Suite\", originally recorded in the late 70s with Herbie Hancock.", "It featured songs dating from the 70s to the present, including \"Spanish Suite\", originally recorded in the late 70s with Herbie Hancock. Throughout 2006 and 2007, Stills toured regularly as a solo artist with \"the Quartet\", which consisted of drummer Joe Vitale, either Mike Finnigan or session player Todd Caldwell on keyboards, and either Kevin McCormick or Kenny Passarelli on bass.", "Throughout 2006 and 2007, Stills toured regularly as a solo artist with \"the Quartet\", which consisted of drummer Joe Vitale, either Mike Finnigan or session player Todd Caldwell on keyboards, and either Kevin McCormick or Kenny Passarelli on bass. On May 28, 2007, Stills sang the national anthem for Game 1 of the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals between the Anaheim Ducks and Ottawa Senators in Anaheim, California.", "On May 28, 2007, Stills sang the national anthem for Game 1 of the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals between the Anaheim Ducks and Ottawa Senators in Anaheim, California. On December 17, 2007, Graham Nash revealed on Larry King Live that Stills had been diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer and that his operation would take place on January 3, 2008, which is Stills's birthday.", "On December 17, 2007, Graham Nash revealed on Larry King Live that Stills had been diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer and that his operation would take place on January 3, 2008, which is Stills's birthday. Stills said later in January 2008 that he had come through the operation with \"flying colors.\"", "Stills said later in January 2008 that he had come through the operation with \"flying colors.\" In 2007 he released Just Roll Tape, a recently found tape of Stills singing demos of his unreleased songs in 1968 after the breakup of the Buffalo Springfield, during the last hour of a Judy Collins session.", "In 2007 he released Just Roll Tape, a recently found tape of Stills singing demos of his unreleased songs in 1968 after the breakup of the Buffalo Springfield, during the last hour of a Judy Collins session. Stills toured Europe as a solo artist for the first time during October 2008, resulted in the release of the 2009 live album and video Live At Shepherds Bush, recorded in London, England.", "Stills toured Europe as a solo artist for the first time during October 2008, resulted in the release of the 2009 live album and video Live At Shepherds Bush, recorded in London, England. Also in 2009, he released his second archival release Pieces by Manassas, a selection of alternate takes and unreleased songs of Stills band recorded between 1971–1973.", "Also in 2009, he released his second archival release Pieces by Manassas, a selection of alternate takes and unreleased songs of Stills band recorded between 1971–1973. This was supposed to be the start in a series of archival releases, however none have appeared since. 2010s Stills toured with CSN in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015.", "2010s Stills toured with CSN in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015. The 2012 tour resulted in the release CSN 2012. In 2011, Stills contributed a song, \"Low Barefoot Tolerance,\" to the soundtrack of a documentary produced by J. Ralph, Wretches & Jabberers.", "In 2011, Stills contributed a song, \"Low Barefoot Tolerance,\" to the soundtrack of a documentary produced by J. Ralph, Wretches & Jabberers. Also in 2010, Stills reunited with Neil Young and Richie Furay to reform Buffalo Springfield with Young for the Bridge School Benefit 2010.", "Also in 2010, Stills reunited with Neil Young and Richie Furay to reform Buffalo Springfield with Young for the Bridge School Benefit 2010. This was supposed to be followed by a full tour in 2012 but this never materialised.", "This was supposed to be followed by a full tour in 2012 but this never materialised. On August 27, 2013, Stills released the album, Can't Get Enough with Kenny Wayne Shepherd and Barry Goldberg as the blues band the Rides. The band toured to support this release in 2013.", "The band toured to support this release in 2013. They released a follow up album called Pierced Arrow in 2016, this was followed by another tour to support this release in 2016 -2017. On August 12, 2014, Watsky released the album All You Can Do, featuring a song with Stills, \"Cannonball.\"", "On August 12, 2014, Watsky released the album All You Can Do, featuring a song with Stills, \"Cannonball.\" In 2016, CSN split up after over 30 years together, and in December 2016 Stills independently released a song called \"Look Each Other in the Eye\" on Soundcloud.", "In 2016, CSN split up after over 30 years together, and in December 2016 Stills independently released a song called \"Look Each Other in the Eye\" on Soundcloud. On September 22, 2017 Stills and Judy Collins released an album Everybody Knows which entered the \"Billboard 200\" chart at number 195 and peaked at 45, it was their first joint album and was followed by a tour supporting the album.", "On September 22, 2017 Stills and Judy Collins released an album Everybody Knows which entered the \"Billboard 200\" chart at number 195 and peaked at 45, it was their first joint album and was followed by a tour supporting the album. Personal life Stills was involved with musician Judy Collins from 1968 to 1969 and wrote the song \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" for her.", "Personal life Stills was involved with musician Judy Collins from 1968 to 1969 and wrote the song \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" for her. He dated actress and singer-songwriter Nancy Priddy, who was the inspiration for the Buffalo Springfield song \"Pretty Girl Why\".", "He dated actress and singer-songwriter Nancy Priddy, who was the inspiration for the Buffalo Springfield song \"Pretty Girl Why\". Stills also had a short-term relationship with Rita Coolidge, as had Graham Nash, which apparently led to the initial breakup of CSNY, in 1970.", "Stills also had a short-term relationship with Rita Coolidge, as had Graham Nash, which apparently led to the initial breakup of CSNY, in 1970. During a Manassas tour in France, Stills met his first wife, the singer-songwriter Véronique Sanson. They were married on March 14, 1973. Their son Christopher was born in 1974.", "Their son Christopher was born in 1974. They divorced in 1979. In 1976, Stills told Rolling Stone, \"My hearing has gotten to be a terrible problem. If I keep playing and touring the way I have been, I'll go deaf.\"", "If I keep playing and touring the way I have been, I'll go deaf.\" In 1988, he married Thai model Pamela Ann Jordan, with whom he had a daughter, Eleanor. His third wife is Kristen Hathaway, whom he married on May 27, 1996.", "His third wife is Kristen Hathaway, whom he married on May 27, 1996. Stills's son, Justin Stills, was born in 1972 to Harriet Tunis. Justin was critically injured while snowboarding on Mt. Charleston, just outside Las Vegas, in 1997.", "Charleston, just outside Las Vegas, in 1997. An episode of Discovery Health's documentary series Trauma: Life in the ER featured his treatment and recovery. Another son, Henry, has been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and is profiled in the 2007 documentary Autism: The Musical.", "Another son, Henry, has been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and is profiled in the 2007 documentary Autism: The Musical. Stills's daughter Eleanor is a photographer and graduate of Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. Since Eleanor's graduation, she has been responsible for all recent Crosby, Stills & Nash photography.", "Since Eleanor's graduation, she has been responsible for all recent Crosby, Stills & Nash photography. Stills has another daughter, Alex, who attends Emerson College in Boston and currently plays in the rock band Stilljill. His son Chris and daughter Jennifer are both recording artists.", "His son Chris and daughter Jennifer are both recording artists. His youngest son, Oliver Ragland, was born in 2004 and named in honor of Neil Young, whose maternal family name is Ragland. Stills has long been involved in liberal causes and politics.", "Stills has long been involved in liberal causes and politics. In 2000, he served as a member of the Democratic Party credentials committee from Florida during the Democratic National Convention, and was a delegate in previous years.", "In 2000, he served as a member of the Democratic Party credentials committee from Florida during the Democratic National Convention, and was a delegate in previous years. In December 2018, Stills received an Honorary Doctorate in Music from the University of Florida, Gainesville, where he was a speaker at the commencement ceremony.", "In December 2018, Stills received an Honorary Doctorate in Music from the University of Florida, Gainesville, where he was a speaker at the commencement ceremony. Stills performed with Billy Porter during the 2020 Democratic National Convention.", "Stills performed with Billy Porter during the 2020 Democratic National Convention. Style, musicianship, and sound Stills is a guitarist whose music draws from myriad genres that include rock and roll, blues, gospel, country and folk music.", "Style, musicianship, and sound Stills is a guitarist whose music draws from myriad genres that include rock and roll, blues, gospel, country and folk music. In addition, Latin music has played a key role in both his approach to percussion and guitar and he is also a multi-instrumentalist, capable of playing keyboards, bass, percussion, congas, clavinet, electric piano, piano, organ, banjo and drums.", "In addition, Latin music has played a key role in both his approach to percussion and guitar and he is also a multi-instrumentalist, capable of playing keyboards, bass, percussion, congas, clavinet, electric piano, piano, organ, banjo and drums. Stills experimented with the guitar itself, including soaking strings in barbecue sauce or flipping pickups to mimic Hendrix playing a right-handed guitar left-handed.", "Stills experimented with the guitar itself, including soaking strings in barbecue sauce or flipping pickups to mimic Hendrix playing a right-handed guitar left-handed. He is also known for using alternate guitar tunings, particularly when performing acoustically. Often a long acoustic solo section of the show would showcase agile fingerstyle playing in standard and altered tunings.", "Often a long acoustic solo section of the show would showcase agile fingerstyle playing in standard and altered tunings. His primary alternate tuning is usually D A D F♯ A D, or \"Palmer modal tuning which is 'E E E E B E' \", which can be heard in \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes,\" \"Carry On,\" and \"4 + 20.\"", "His primary alternate tuning is usually D A D F♯ A D, or \"Palmer modal tuning which is 'E E E E B E' \", which can be heard in \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes,\" \"Carry On,\" and \"4 + 20.\" For the CSN debut album in 1969, Graham Nash commented that \"Stephen had a vision, and David and I let him run with it.\"", "For the CSN debut album in 1969, Graham Nash commented that \"Stephen had a vision, and David and I let him run with it.\" Stills played every instrumental part on Crosby, Stills and Nash with the exception of some guitar by Crosby and Nash, and drums by Dallas Taylor.", "Stills played every instrumental part on Crosby, Stills and Nash with the exception of some guitar by Crosby and Nash, and drums by Dallas Taylor. Discography See also discographies for The Au Go Go Singers, Buffalo Springfield, Crosby Stills Nash & Young.", "Discography See also discographies for The Au Go Go Singers, Buffalo Springfield, Crosby Stills Nash & Young. Albums Singles Other appearances Guest appearances Filmography and TV appearances Tours Memphis Horns Tour 1971 Manassas World Tour 1972 Manassas North American Tour 1973 1974 Theater Tour 1975 Tour The Stills-Young Band Tour 1976 Tour 1979 California Blues Band Tour References External links Official Site CSN Official Site CSNY Official Site Five audio interview clips with Stephen Stills The Rides American male singers American folk rock musicians American folk guitarists American folk singers American country guitarists American blues guitarists American country rock singers American rock keyboardists American rock drummers American rock percussionists American multi-instrumentalists American rock pianists American male pianists American organists American male organists American rock guitarists American male guitarists 1945 births Living people Lead guitarists Buffalo Springfield members Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young members Atlantic Records artists Columbia Records artists Reprise Records artists Musicians from Dallas Singer-songwriters from Texas Musicians from Tampa, Florida Musicians from Los Angeles County, California Zonians Admiral Farragut Academy alumni Gainesville High School (Florida) alumni Henry B.", "Albums Singles Other appearances Guest appearances Filmography and TV appearances Tours Memphis Horns Tour 1971 Manassas World Tour 1972 Manassas North American Tour 1973 1974 Theater Tour 1975 Tour The Stills-Young Band Tour 1976 Tour 1979 California Blues Band Tour References External links Official Site CSN Official Site CSNY Official Site Five audio interview clips with Stephen Stills The Rides American male singers American folk rock musicians American folk guitarists American folk singers American country guitarists American blues guitarists American country rock singers American rock keyboardists American rock drummers American rock percussionists American multi-instrumentalists American rock pianists American male pianists American organists American male organists American rock guitarists American male guitarists 1945 births Living people Lead guitarists Buffalo Springfield members Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young members Atlantic Records artists Columbia Records artists Reprise Records artists Musicians from Dallas Singer-songwriters from Texas Musicians from Tampa, Florida Musicians from Los Angeles County, California Zonians Admiral Farragut Academy alumni Gainesville High School (Florida) alumni Henry B. Plant High School alumni Saint Leo College Preparatory School alumni Singer-songwriters from Florida University of Florida alumni People from Topanga, California Guitarists from California Guitarists from Florida Guitarists from Texas 20th-century American drummers American male drummers 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American pianists 21st-century American keyboardists 21st-century organists The Rides members Singer-songwriters from California" ]

[ "Stephen Stills", "Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young", "what is Buffalo Springfield?", "Stills, Furay, and Young reunited in Los Angeles and formed the core of Buffalo Springfield.", "was it an album?", "The band would release three albums: Buffalo Springfield, Buffalo Springfield Again, and Last Time Around,", "were the albums hits?", "and enjoy only one hit single,", "what did he do with Crosby?", "Stills played on the Super Session album with Al Kooper and joined up with David Crosby,", "did they release other albums together?", "Renditions of the latter's \"You Don't Have to Cry,\" led to the formation of Crosby, Stills & Nash.", "was crosby playing for anybody else before he joined stills?", "David Crosby, who had recently been ejected from the Byrds", "did Stills know Nash before he worked with him?", "I don't know.", "Did they go on tour?", "Wanting to be able to tour and needing additional musicians, the band invited Neil Young to join them for their subsequent tour", "Which tour was this?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" is a song by the Italian music group Black Box. It was the second single from their debut album Dreamland (1990), and was originally released in the United States in December 1989. It was released worldwide in the early months of 1990 and had a great success in record charts, including Ireland, Switzerland, Norway and the United Kingdom, where it reached the Top 5. In other countries, it peaked between number 5 and number 10. It entered the UK Singles Chart on February 17, 1990 and remained for eight weeks.\n\nThe song features an uncredited Martha Wash on lead vocals. The title is a misheard lyric lifted from \"Love Sensation\" by Loleatta Holloway, the original line being \"I love nobody else\", using the same melody line as the chorus of \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\".\n\nCritical reception\nBillboard stated that the \"groove remains in trendy Italo-house vein with diva-styled vocals fueling the fire of tune's brain-imbedding hook.\" A reviewer from Cash Box wrote that \"the group who surprised everyone by breaking out of clubs and onto the pop charts clocks in with its second single, driven by the same intense vocals and formidable House groove that skyrocketed its U.S. debut single, \"Everybody, Everybody\".\" The Daily Vault's Michael R. Smith described it as \"effective and timeless\" in his review of Dreamland, and added that it now \"sound fresher and fuller of life than ever.\" Gene Sandbloom from The Network Forty wrote that the song \"has every bit the house power, but this time lead vocalist Katrin Quinol kicks off with an Annie Lennox intro that leaves you almost exhausted after four minutes.\" Chris Heath from Smash Hits noted that it is \"exceedingly similar\" to \"Ride on Time\" and said it is \"slightly brilliant\".\n\nVibe magazine listed the song at number 11 in their list of Before EDM: 30 Dance Tracks from The '90s That Changed the Game in 2013. They wrote that the song \"helped propel Italian house group Black Box into international fame thanks to the track’s strong vocals (exhibited by Martha Wash) fused with beats laid down by club DJ Daniele Davoli and keyboard wiz Mirko Limoni\".\n\nChart performance\n\"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" was successful on the charts on several continents. In Europe, it managed to climb into the Top 10 in Austria, Finland (number two), France, Ireland (number two), Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100, where it hit number five. In the UK, the single peaked at number four in its second week at the UK Singles Chart, on February 18, 1990. Additionally, it was a Top 20 hit in West Germany and a Top 30 hit in the Netherlands. Outside Europe, it peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play in the United States and was a Top 10 hit in Australia, where it peaked at number six and was awarded a gold record after 35,000 singles were sold there. In New Zealand, it went to number 25.\n\nMusic video\nA music video was made for \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\", directed by Judith Briant. It features the group performing the song in a club. Briant also directed the video for \"Ride on Time\" (with Greg Copeland). \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" was later published on Black Box' official YouTube channel in June 2009. The video has amassed more than 7,1 million views as of September 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n CD maxi\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (we got salsoul mix) — 5:40\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (DJ Lelewel mix) — 6:47\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (a cappella) — 3:40\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (hurley's house mix) — 7:00\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (hurley's house dub) — 5:08\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (deephouse instrumental) — 4:30\n\n 12\" maxi\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (melody mix) — 6:36\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (house club) — 6:15\n\n 7\" single\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (melody mix) — 4:30\n \"I Don't Know Anybody Else\" (house club) — 4:00\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications and sales\n\nSee also\n List of number-one dance singles of 1991 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\n1990 singles\nBlack Box (band) songs\nMartha Wash songs\n1989 songs\nPolydor Records singles", "\"We Can Make It\" is a song by George Jones. It was his first solo single with Epic Records in 1972 after leaving Musicor.\n\nBackground\n\"We Can Make It\" was written by Glenn Sutton and Jones' new producer Billy Sherrill. In the liner notes to the 1982 compilation Anniversary - 10 Years of Hits, Sherrill admits that they composed it with Jones's recent marriage to Tammy Wynette specifically in mind, providing the singer with a song that seemed to be speaking to his wife. Both Jones and Sherrill admitted in the 1990 Jones documentary Same Ole Me, they were both extremely nervous, with the latter commenting, \"I was scared to death. I was scared of him - he said he was scared of me.\" Sherrill added that one modification he did make to Jones's style was having him sing in lower keys because he found the vocals on his early records \"really, really high, and kind of annoying, to me.\" \"We Can Make It,\" which made it to #6 on the charts, contained all the hallmarks of the Sherrill sound, including an ascending introduction and his countrypolitan \"wall of sound,\" something Jones was not altogether comfortable with; in 2006 he recalled to Billboard, \"He just came up with that sound like he got with Tammy, (singing) \"Ba bum ba bum ba bum,\" build-ups...He tried to do that with me, but I finally had a talk with him. I said, 'Billy, I'm country, I'm traditional, I know you're wanting to cross over with me like you have with Tammy, Charlie Rich and those people, but I'm hardcore and I can't help it. That's what I feel, and I can't do a good job for the label, you or anybody else if I don't feel it myself.'\"\n\nDiscography\n\n1971 songs\nSongs written by Glenn Sutton\nSongs written by Billy Sherrill\nSong recordings produced by Billy Sherrill\nEpic Records singles\nGeorge Jones songs" ]

[ "Stephen Arthur Stills (born January 3, 1945) is an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist best known for his work with Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. As both a solo act and member of two successful bands, Stills has combined record sales of over 35 million albums.", "As both a solo act and member of two successful bands, Stills has combined record sales of over 35 million albums. He was ranked number 28 in Rolling Stones 2003 list of \"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" and number 47 in the 2011 list.", "He was ranked number 28 in Rolling Stones 2003 list of \"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" and number 47 in the 2011 list. Stills became the first person to be inducted twice on the same night into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. According to Neil Young, \"Stephen is a genius.\"", "According to Neil Young, \"Stephen is a genius.\" Beginning his professional career with Buffalo Springfield, he composed \"For What It's Worth\", which became one of the most recognizable songs of the 1960s.", "Beginning his professional career with Buffalo Springfield, he composed \"For What It's Worth\", which became one of the most recognizable songs of the 1960s. Other notable songs he contributed to the band were \"Sit Down, I Think I Love You\", \"Bluebird\", and \"Rock & Roll Woman\".", "Other notable songs he contributed to the band were \"Sit Down, I Think I Love You\", \"Bluebird\", and \"Rock & Roll Woman\". According to bandmate Richie Furay, he was \"the heart and soul of Buffalo Springfield\".", "According to bandmate Richie Furay, he was \"the heart and soul of Buffalo Springfield\". After Buffalo Springfield disbanded, Stills began working with David Crosby and Graham Nash as a trio called Crosby, Stills & Nash (CSN).", "After Buffalo Springfield disbanded, Stills began working with David Crosby and Graham Nash as a trio called Crosby, Stills & Nash (CSN). In addition to writing many of the band's songs, Stills played bass, guitar, and keyboards on their debut album.", "In addition to writing many of the band's songs, Stills played bass, guitar, and keyboards on their debut album. The album sold over four million copies and at that point had outsold anything from the three members' prior bands: the Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, and the Hollies.", "The album sold over four million copies and at that point had outsold anything from the three members' prior bands: the Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, and the Hollies. The album won the trio a Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "The album won the trio a Grammy Award for Best New Artist. Stills's first solo album, Stephen Stills, earned a gold record and is the only album to feature both Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton.", "Stills's first solo album, Stephen Stills, earned a gold record and is the only album to feature both Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton. Its hit single \"Love the One You're With\" became his biggest solo hit, peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Its hit single \"Love the One You're With\" became his biggest solo hit, peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100. Stills followed this with a string of solo albums, as well as starting a band with Chris Hillman called Manassas in 1972.", "Stills followed this with a string of solo albums, as well as starting a band with Chris Hillman called Manassas in 1972. In the summer 1974, Young reunited with CSN after a four-year hiatus for a concert tour that was recorded and released in 2014 as CSNY 1974.", "In the summer 1974, Young reunited with CSN after a four-year hiatus for a concert tour that was recorded and released in 2014 as CSNY 1974. It was one of the first stadium tours and the largest tour the band has done to date. CSN reunited in 1977 for their album CSN, which became the trio's best-selling record.", "CSN reunited in 1977 for their album CSN, which became the trio's best-selling record. CSN and CSNY continued to have platinum albums through the 1980s. Early years Stills was born in Dallas, the son of Talitha Quintilla Collard (1919–1996) and William Arthur Stills (1915–1986).", "Early years Stills was born in Dallas, the son of Talitha Quintilla Collard (1919–1996) and William Arthur Stills (1915–1986). Raised in a military family, he moved around as a child and developed an interest in blues and folk music.", "Raised in a military family, he moved around as a child and developed an interest in blues and folk music. He was also influenced by Latin music after spending his youth in Gainesville and Tampa, Florida, as well as Covington, Louisiana, Costa Rica, the Panama Canal Zone, and El Salvador.", "He was also influenced by Latin music after spending his youth in Gainesville and Tampa, Florida, as well as Covington, Louisiana, Costa Rica, the Panama Canal Zone, and El Salvador. Stills attended Admiral Farragut Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida and Saint Leo College Preparatory School in Saint Leo, Florida, before graduating from Lincoln High School in Costa Rica.", "Stills attended Admiral Farragut Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida and Saint Leo College Preparatory School in Saint Leo, Florida, before graduating from Lincoln High School in Costa Rica. When he was nine years old, he was diagnosed with a partial hearing loss in one ear. The hearing loss increased as he got older.", "The hearing loss increased as he got older. Stills dropped out of Louisiana State University in the early 1960s. He played in a series of bands, including the Continentals, which then featured future Eagles guitarist Don Felder. Stills also sang as a solo artist at Gerde's Folk City, a well-known coffeehouse in Greenwich Village.", "Stills also sang as a solo artist at Gerde's Folk City, a well-known coffeehouse in Greenwich Village. Stills eventually ended up in a nine-member vocal harmony group, the house act at the famous Cafe au Go Go in New York City, called the Au Go Go Singers, which included his future Buffalo Springfield bandmate Richie Furay.", "Stills eventually ended up in a nine-member vocal harmony group, the house act at the famous Cafe au Go Go in New York City, called the Au Go Go Singers, which included his future Buffalo Springfield bandmate Richie Furay. This group did some touring in the Catskills and in the South, released one album in 1964, and then broke up in 1965.", "This group did some touring in the Catskills and in the South, released one album in 1964, and then broke up in 1965. Afterwards, Stills formed a folk-rock group called the Company with four other former members of the Au Go Go Singers.", "Afterwards, Stills formed a folk-rock group called the Company with four other former members of the Au Go Go Singers. The Company embarked on a six-week tour of Canada, where Stills met guitarist Neil Young.", "The Company embarked on a six-week tour of Canada, where Stills met guitarist Neil Young. On the VH1 CSNY Legends special, Stills said that Young was doing what he always wanted to do, \"play folk music in a rock band.\"", "On the VH1 CSNY Legends special, Stills said that Young was doing what he always wanted to do, \"play folk music in a rock band.\" The Company broke up in New York within four months; Stills did session work and went to various auditions.", "The Company broke up in New York within four months; Stills did session work and went to various auditions. In 1966 he convinced a reluctant Furay, then living in Massachusetts, to move with him to California.", "In 1966 he convinced a reluctant Furay, then living in Massachusetts, to move with him to California. Life and career Buffalo Springfield and Super Session (1966–1968) Stills, Furay, and Young reunited in Los Angeles and formed the core of Buffalo Springfield.", "Life and career Buffalo Springfield and Super Session (1966–1968) Stills, Furay, and Young reunited in Los Angeles and formed the core of Buffalo Springfield. Legend has it that Stills and Furay recognized Young's converted hearse and flagged him down, a meeting described in a recent solo track \"Round the Bend\".", "Legend has it that Stills and Furay recognized Young's converted hearse and flagged him down, a meeting described in a recent solo track \"Round the Bend\". Buffalo Springfield performed a mixture of folk, country, psychedelia, and rock.", "Buffalo Springfield performed a mixture of folk, country, psychedelia, and rock. Its sound was lent a hard edge by the twin lead guitars of Stills and Young, and that combination helped make Buffalo Springfield a critical success.", "Its sound was lent a hard edge by the twin lead guitars of Stills and Young, and that combination helped make Buffalo Springfield a critical success. The band's first record Buffalo Springfield (1966) sold well after Stills's topical song \"For What It's Worth\" became a top ten hit, reaching number 7 on the US charts.", "The band's first record Buffalo Springfield (1966) sold well after Stills's topical song \"For What It's Worth\" became a top ten hit, reaching number 7 on the US charts. According to Rolling Stone, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and other sources, Buffalo Springfield helped create the genres of folk rock and country rock.", "According to Rolling Stone, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and other sources, Buffalo Springfield helped create the genres of folk rock and country rock. Distrust of their management along with the arrest and deportation of bassist Bruce Palmer worsened the already strained relations among the group members and led to Buffalo Springfield's demise.", "Distrust of their management along with the arrest and deportation of bassist Bruce Palmer worsened the already strained relations among the group members and led to Buffalo Springfield's demise. A second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, was released in late 1967 and featured Stills songs \"Bluebird\" and \"Rock And Roll Woman\".", "A second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, was released in late 1967 and featured Stills songs \"Bluebird\" and \"Rock And Roll Woman\". In May 1968, the band split up for good, but contractual obligations required the recording and release of a final studio album, Last Time Around.", "In May 1968, the band split up for good, but contractual obligations required the recording and release of a final studio album, Last Time Around. The album was primarily composed of tracks laid down earlier that year.", "The album was primarily composed of tracks laid down earlier that year. A Stills song from their debut album, \"Sit Down, I Think I Love You,\" was a minor hit for the Mojo Men in 1967.", "A Stills song from their debut album, \"Sit Down, I Think I Love You,\" was a minor hit for the Mojo Men in 1967. After the disintegration of Buffalo Springfield, Stills played on half of the Super Session album with Al Kooper in 1968, including a cover of Donovan's \"Season Of The Witch\" that received heavy radio play on progressive FM radio formats.", "After the disintegration of Buffalo Springfield, Stills played on half of the Super Session album with Al Kooper in 1968, including a cover of Donovan's \"Season Of The Witch\" that received heavy radio play on progressive FM radio formats. Mike Bloomfield was due to play on all of the album but failed to turn up for the second day of recording.", "Mike Bloomfield was due to play on all of the album but failed to turn up for the second day of recording. The album sold well and charted at number 12 on the US charts while being certified Gold in December 1970.", "The album sold well and charted at number 12 on the US charts while being certified Gold in December 1970. Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1969–1970) In late 1968 Stills joined David Crosby from the Byrds and Graham Nash from The Hollies to form Crosby, Stills & Nash.", "Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1969–1970) In late 1968 Stills joined David Crosby from the Byrds and Graham Nash from The Hollies to form Crosby, Stills & Nash. Several of Stills's songs on the group's debut album, including \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" and \"You Don't Have To Cry\", were inspired by his on-again off-again relationship with singer Judy Collins.", "Several of Stills's songs on the group's debut album, including \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" and \"You Don't Have To Cry\", were inspired by his on-again off-again relationship with singer Judy Collins. The album reached number 6 on the US charts and was certified quadruple platinum.", "The album reached number 6 on the US charts and was certified quadruple platinum. Stills dominated the recording of the album. Crosby and Nash played guitar on their own songs respectively, while drummer Dallas Taylor played on four tracks and drummer Jim Gordon on a fifth.", "Crosby and Nash played guitar on their own songs respectively, while drummer Dallas Taylor played on four tracks and drummer Jim Gordon on a fifth. Stills played all the bass, organ, and lead guitar parts, as well as acoustic guitar on his own songs.", "Stills played all the bass, organ, and lead guitar parts, as well as acoustic guitar on his own songs. \"The other guys won't be offended when I say that one was my baby, and I kind of had the tracks in my head,\" Stills said.", "\"The other guys won't be offended when I say that one was my baby, and I kind of had the tracks in my head,\" Stills said. Wanting to be able to tour and needing additional musicians to strengthen the sound, the band invited Neil Young to join them for their first tour and second album to make the group the quartet Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, (initialized as CSNY).", "Wanting to be able to tour and needing additional musicians to strengthen the sound, the band invited Neil Young to join them for their first tour and second album to make the group the quartet Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, (initialized as CSNY). The first tour started in August 1969 and finished in January 1970.", "The first tour started in August 1969 and finished in January 1970. They recorded their album Déjà Vu at this time and released it in March 1970. During the recording the musicians frequently argued, particularly Young and Stills, who both fought for control.", "During the recording the musicians frequently argued, particularly Young and Stills, who both fought for control. Stills brought to the album the songs \"Carry On\" and \"4+20\" and wrote \"Everybody I Love You\" with Neil Young.", "Stills brought to the album the songs \"Carry On\" and \"4+20\" and wrote \"Everybody I Love You\" with Neil Young. He also brought his version of Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\" for the band to cover.", "He also brought his version of Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\" for the band to cover. The album hit number 1 on the US charts and was certified 7 times platinum there, selling over 8 million copies. In May 1970 CSNY recorded Young's \"Ohio\" following the Kent State massacre on May 4.", "In May 1970 CSNY recorded Young's \"Ohio\" following the Kent State massacre on May 4. The single's B side was Stills's \"Find The Cost Of Freedom\". The record was immediately released as a single by Atlantic Records, even though the group's \"Teach Your Children\" was still climbing the singles charts.", "The record was immediately released as a single by Atlantic Records, even though the group's \"Teach Your Children\" was still climbing the singles charts. After an extended second tour finishing in July 1970, the band split up, and Stills then moved to England and started recording his debut solo album.", "After an extended second tour finishing in July 1970, the band split up, and Stills then moved to England and started recording his debut solo album. In April 1971, CSNY released 4 Way Street, a double live album recorded in 1970.", "In April 1971, CSNY released 4 Way Street, a double live album recorded in 1970. The album reached number 1 in 1971 on the US charts and was certified quadruple platinum in the US.", "The album reached number 1 in 1971 on the US charts and was certified quadruple platinum in the US. Having played at the Monterey Pop Festival with Buffalo Springfield and both Woodstock and Altamont with CSNY, Stills (along with Crosby) performed at three of the most iconic U.S. rock festivals of the 1960s.", "Having played at the Monterey Pop Festival with Buffalo Springfield and both Woodstock and Altamont with CSNY, Stills (along with Crosby) performed at three of the most iconic U.S. rock festivals of the 1960s. Peak solo years (1970–1971) In the wake of CSNY's success, all four members recorded high-profile solo albums.", "Peak solo years (1970–1971) In the wake of CSNY's success, all four members recorded high-profile solo albums. In 1970, Stills released his eponymous solo debut album which featured guests Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, Cass Elliot, Booker T. Jones and Ringo Starr (credited only as \"Richie\") as well as David Crosby, Graham Nash, Rita Coolidge and CSNY drummers Dallas Taylor and Johnny Barbata.", "In 1970, Stills released his eponymous solo debut album which featured guests Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, Cass Elliot, Booker T. Jones and Ringo Starr (credited only as \"Richie\") as well as David Crosby, Graham Nash, Rita Coolidge and CSNY drummers Dallas Taylor and Johnny Barbata. It provided Stills with the U.S. No.", "It provided Stills with the U.S. No. 14 hit single \"Love the One You're With. \", and another US top 40 hit \"Sit Yourself Down\", peaking at 37. The album peaked at no 3 on the US charts, a solo career peak.", "The album peaked at no 3 on the US charts, a solo career peak. At the time of release Stills's solo album was the highest selling solo album out of the four. It was recorded in the UK, where Stills bought Ringo Starr's old mansion in Surrey, England.", "It was recorded in the UK, where Stills bought Ringo Starr's old mansion in Surrey, England. He appeared on the BBC TV show Disco 2 in January 1971. Stills followed this album with Stephen Stills 2 only 6 months later, recorded in Miami, which featured \"Change Partners\" and \"Marianne\".", "Stills followed this album with Stephen Stills 2 only 6 months later, recorded in Miami, which featured \"Change Partners\" and \"Marianne\". Both these singles narrowly missed the US top 40, hitting 43 and 42 respectively, while the album reached number 8 on the charts.", "Both these singles narrowly missed the US top 40, hitting 43 and 42 respectively, while the album reached number 8 on the charts. This album was certified US Gold only a month after release. Even though \"Change Partners\" was written before CSN formed, Nash saw it as a metaphor for the many relationships in CSNY.", "Even though \"Change Partners\" was written before CSN formed, Nash saw it as a metaphor for the many relationships in CSNY. Stills recorded 23 songs for the album and originally wanted to release a double album but Atlantic wouldn't let him.", "Stills recorded 23 songs for the album and originally wanted to release a double album but Atlantic wouldn't let him. In support of this album Stills went on his first solo tour with an 8 piece band including the Memphis Horns, playing major arenas across the USA.", "In support of this album Stills went on his first solo tour with an 8 piece band including the Memphis Horns, playing major arenas across the USA. It was during this tour he sold out Madison Square Garden, The Philadelphia Spectrum, LA Forum and the Boston Garden, arguably at his solo commercial peak.", "It was during this tour he sold out Madison Square Garden, The Philadelphia Spectrum, LA Forum and the Boston Garden, arguably at his solo commercial peak. He sold out MSG the day before George Harrison organised the Concert For Bangladesh, and Stills donated his stage, sound, lighting system and production manager but was upset when Harrison \"neglected to invite him to perform, mention his name, or say thank you\".", "He sold out MSG the day before George Harrison organised the Concert For Bangladesh, and Stills donated his stage, sound, lighting system and production manager but was upset when Harrison \"neglected to invite him to perform, mention his name, or say thank you\". Stills then spent the show drunk in Ringo Starr's dressing room, \"barking at everyone\".", "Stills then spent the show drunk in Ringo Starr's dressing room, \"barking at everyone\". Stills's Madison Square Garden show was professionally recorded and filmed but has never been released, although a filmed recording of \"Go Back Home\" was played in early 1972 on the Old Grey Whistle Test, and two acoustic tracks were released on Stills 2013 box set Carry On.", "Stills's Madison Square Garden show was professionally recorded and filmed but has never been released, although a filmed recording of \"Go Back Home\" was played in early 1972 on the Old Grey Whistle Test, and two acoustic tracks were released on Stills 2013 box set Carry On. In 1971, Billboard magazine ranked him at number 34 top singles artist, number 44 top album artist, number 14 top singles male vocalist, number 12 top new singles vocalist, number 17 top album male vocalists, number 14 top new album artist, number 73 top producers, and ranked his debut album number 70 in the year end album charts.", "In 1971, Billboard magazine ranked him at number 34 top singles artist, number 44 top album artist, number 14 top singles male vocalist, number 12 top new singles vocalist, number 17 top album male vocalists, number 14 top new album artist, number 73 top producers, and ranked his debut album number 70 in the year end album charts. Cashbox magazine, ranked Stephen Stills 2 as the number 51 album of 1971, and his debut as number 52, they ranked Stills as the number 3 best new vocalist, and the number 2 new male of 1971.", "Cashbox magazine, ranked Stephen Stills 2 as the number 51 album of 1971, and his debut as number 52, they ranked Stills as the number 3 best new vocalist, and the number 2 new male of 1971. Also in 1971, Stills played guitar for the Bill Withers album, Just as I Am, including the Grammy-winning song, \"Ain't No Sunshine\".", "Also in 1971, Stills played guitar for the Bill Withers album, Just as I Am, including the Grammy-winning song, \"Ain't No Sunshine\". Manassas (1971–1973) In late 1971, Stills teamed up with ex-Byrd Chris Hillman to form the band Manassas.", "Manassas (1971–1973) In late 1971, Stills teamed up with ex-Byrd Chris Hillman to form the band Manassas. Their self-titled double album was a mixture of rock, country, blues, bluegrass and Latin music divided into different sections and peaked at number 4 in the US.", "Their self-titled double album was a mixture of rock, country, blues, bluegrass and Latin music divided into different sections and peaked at number 4 in the US. It was certified US Gold a month after release but did not yield any more top 40 hits, only \"It Doesn't Matter\" reached 61 on the US charts.", "It was certified US Gold a month after release but did not yield any more top 40 hits, only \"It Doesn't Matter\" reached 61 on the US charts. Stills spent the majority of 1972 playing live with Manassas on a world tour, which included headlining festivals in Australia, playing more arenas in the US including the Nassau Coliseum, and the Boston Garden.", "Stills spent the majority of 1972 playing live with Manassas on a world tour, which included headlining festivals in Australia, playing more arenas in the US including the Nassau Coliseum, and the Boston Garden. His concert at The Rainbow Theatre, London was recorded for BBC TV Special titled Stephen Stills Manassas: In Concert.", "His concert at The Rainbow Theatre, London was recorded for BBC TV Special titled Stephen Stills Manassas: In Concert. He moved to Boulder, Colorado after this world tour finished and in March 1973 married French singer-songwriter Veronique Sanson in London England, after having met while at a Manassas gig in France, 1972.", "He moved to Boulder, Colorado after this world tour finished and in March 1973 married French singer-songwriter Veronique Sanson in London England, after having met while at a Manassas gig in France, 1972. In early 1972, Stills appeared in a UK documentary about himself called Sounding Out.", "In early 1972, Stills appeared in a UK documentary about himself called Sounding Out. Cashbox magazine ranked Stills as the number 52 top male vocalist of 1972. Billboard ranked Manassas as the number 53 album of 1972, and Stills as the number 75 album artist.", "Billboard ranked Manassas as the number 53 album of 1972, and Stills as the number 75 album artist. All of Stills's albums after Buffalo Springfield had gone either gold or platinum; the Manassas follow-up album the next year Down the Road was his first LP that did not, but still managed to reach 26 in the US charts.", "All of Stills's albums after Buffalo Springfield had gone either gold or platinum; the Manassas follow-up album the next year Down the Road was his first LP that did not, but still managed to reach 26 in the US charts. It was recorded less than a year after the debut double album, and encountered some issues with recording and not having enough Stills songs on the album.", "It was recorded less than a year after the debut double album, and encountered some issues with recording and not having enough Stills songs on the album. Also Atlantic were pushing for a far more commercially viable CSNY reunion.", "Also Atlantic were pushing for a far more commercially viable CSNY reunion. Which in June and July 1973, between the two 1973 Manassas tours at the start and end of the year, happened in Maui. As CSNY attempted to record an album tentatively called Human Highway. This album was never finished due to infighting.", "This album was never finished due to infighting. But after one final 1973 Manassas tour, during which CSN and CSNY reunited during the acoustic sections both at Winterland Arena concerts, a reunion was in the cards, and Manassas was over. Stills then sold his Surrey home and relocated to Colorado.", "Stills then sold his Surrey home and relocated to Colorado. The last date of the first 1973 Manassas tour was recorded for ABC In Concert. Cashbox magazine ranked Manassas as the number 58 group of 1973. Billboard ranked Down The Road as the number 36 of new album artists.", "Billboard ranked Down The Road as the number 36 of new album artists. In 1972/73, Stephen left the services of David Geffen and set up his own publishing company with Ken Weiss, called Gold Hill Publishing, named after his home in Boulder, Colorado.", "In 1972/73, Stephen left the services of David Geffen and set up his own publishing company with Ken Weiss, called Gold Hill Publishing, named after his home in Boulder, Colorado. Solo and CSNY tours (1974) Stills spent early 1974 on a sold out East coast tour where he played well respected theatres, including Carnegie Hall.", "Solo and CSNY tours (1974) Stills spent early 1974 on a sold out East coast tour where he played well respected theatres, including Carnegie Hall. The 1975 live album Stephen Stills Live was made up of recordings from this tour. It was also during this tour that Stills announced the 1974 CSNY reunion concert tour.", "It was also during this tour that Stills announced the 1974 CSNY reunion concert tour. The CSNY reunion tour sold out shows through July and August in both the US and the UK, with an average concert attendance of 80,000.", "The CSNY reunion tour sold out shows through July and August in both the US and the UK, with an average concert attendance of 80,000. Due to poor management, the tour made little money for the group, but album sales saw a boost: the CSNY compilation album So Far reached number 1 in the US and sold 6 million copies.", "Due to poor management, the tour made little money for the group, but album sales saw a boost: the CSNY compilation album So Far reached number 1 in the US and sold 6 million copies. After another aborted attempt at recording another CSNY album after the tour, Stills signed with Columbia Records in late 1974.", "After another aborted attempt at recording another CSNY album after the tour, Stills signed with Columbia Records in late 1974. In 1973–1974, Stills was recording another solo album called As I Come Of Age, which was put aside for the CSNY reunion tour. Many songs were used for the 1975 Stills album.", "Many songs were used for the 1975 Stills album. In 1974, Stills played bass, and help mix his wife, Veronique Sanson's, record Le Maudit. He also played bass for her at two of her concerts in Paris in October 1974.", "He also played bass for her at two of her concerts in Paris in October 1974. On 29 October, Stills played two short acoustic shows at Chances Are, a nightclub in Ann Arbor, Michigan, as a benefit for Democrat John Reuther's campaign.", "On 29 October, Stills played two short acoustic shows at Chances Are, a nightclub in Ann Arbor, Michigan, as a benefit for Democrat John Reuther's campaign. The next night, 30 October, Stills played two shows for Democratic congressional candidate Bob Carr at the Stables, East Lansing, Michigan, then another unannounced acoustic slot at a Michigan University frat party.", "The next night, 30 October, Stills played two shows for Democratic congressional candidate Bob Carr at the Stables, East Lansing, Michigan, then another unannounced acoustic slot at a Michigan University frat party. Signing to Columbia Records and The Stills Young Band (1975–1976) Stills signed to Columbia Records for three albums: Stills in 1975, Illegal Stills in 1976; and Thoroughfare Gap in 1978.", "Signing to Columbia Records and The Stills Young Band (1975–1976) Stills signed to Columbia Records for three albums: Stills in 1975, Illegal Stills in 1976; and Thoroughfare Gap in 1978. Stills released in June 1975, was the highest charting release of the three at number 22 on the US charts, and also the most critically successful of the three.", "Stills released in June 1975, was the highest charting release of the three at number 22 on the US charts, and also the most critically successful of the three. Stills then spent the rest of year touring the US, doing a summer and winter tour playing to 10,000 seat arenas, including the LA Forum, and Red Rocks Amphitheatre.", "Stills then spent the rest of year touring the US, doing a summer and winter tour playing to 10,000 seat arenas, including the LA Forum, and Red Rocks Amphitheatre. Stills played an acoustic set at the Bob Dylan-organised Night of the Hurricane Benefit at the Houston Astrodome in January 1976.", "Stills played an acoustic set at the Bob Dylan-organised Night of the Hurricane Benefit at the Houston Astrodome in January 1976. He next released Illegal Stills in May 1976, which reached number 31 on the US charts, but was not critically well received, nor produced any charting singles.", "He next released Illegal Stills in May 1976, which reached number 31 on the US charts, but was not critically well received, nor produced any charting singles. Around this time Stills played percussion on the Bee Gees' song \"You Should Be Dancing\" and wrote an unreleased song with Barry Gibb.", "Around this time Stills played percussion on the Bee Gees' song \"You Should Be Dancing\" and wrote an unreleased song with Barry Gibb. In retrospect Stills has commented on his mid-70s solo period saying he \"short-circuited for a while, things were moving too fast. I got a little crazed.", "I got a little crazed. I got a little crazed. Too much drinking, too many drugs. What can I say.\" Cashbox magazine ranked Stills as the number 29 top male vocalist of 1975. In 1976 after the release of Illegal Stills, Stills attempted a reunion with Neil Young.", "In 1976 after the release of Illegal Stills, Stills attempted a reunion with Neil Young. At one point, Long May You Run was slated to be a CSNY record, but when Crosby and Nash left to fulfill recording and touring obligations, they returned to find the other pair had wiped their vocals from the recordings, as Stills and Young decided to go on without them as the Stills-Young Band.", "At one point, Long May You Run was slated to be a CSNY record, but when Crosby and Nash left to fulfill recording and touring obligations, they returned to find the other pair had wiped their vocals from the recordings, as Stills and Young decided to go on without them as the Stills-Young Band. However, Young would leave midway through the resulting tour due to an apparent throat infection.", "However, Young would leave midway through the resulting tour due to an apparent throat infection. Stills was contractually bound to finish the tour, which he did for three dates before it was cancelled with Chris Hillman helping him, but upon returning home, his wife, French singer-songwriter Véronique Sanson, announced she wanted a divorce and wished to move back to France, although they temporarily reunited.", "Stills was contractually bound to finish the tour, which he did for three dates before it was cancelled with Chris Hillman helping him, but upon returning home, his wife, French singer-songwriter Véronique Sanson, announced she wanted a divorce and wished to move back to France, although they temporarily reunited. Stills went out on tour, in November 1976, as a three piece, Stills on guitar, vocals, piano, George Perry on Bass, and Joe Vitale on drums.", "Stills went out on tour, in November 1976, as a three piece, Stills on guitar, vocals, piano, George Perry on Bass, and Joe Vitale on drums. It was around this time Stills reunited with Crosby and Nash shortly afterwards, thanks to the efforts of Nash's future wife Susan, who got Nash to forgive Stills for wiping the Crosby and Nash vocals from Long May You Run.", "It was around this time Stills reunited with Crosby and Nash shortly afterwards, thanks to the efforts of Nash's future wife Susan, who got Nash to forgive Stills for wiping the Crosby and Nash vocals from Long May You Run. Not before Atlantic records released a compilation album from Stills first two solo albums, and the two Manassas albums in December 1976 called Still Stills: The Best Of Stephen Stills.", "Not before Atlantic records released a compilation album from Stills first two solo albums, and the two Manassas albums in December 1976 called Still Stills: The Best Of Stephen Stills. Cashbox magazine ranked Stills at number 27 for the top male vocalist of 1976, and Stills and Young as the number 6 duo, number 3 new duo, and number 20 best new artist of 1976.", "Cashbox magazine ranked Stills at number 27 for the top male vocalist of 1976, and Stills and Young as the number 6 duo, number 3 new duo, and number 20 best new artist of 1976. Stills, as Gold Hill publishing was having hits publishing for the band Firefall and Joey Stec, during this time, so much so that Billboard ranked him as the number 97 publisher of 1976.", "Stills, as Gold Hill publishing was having hits publishing for the band Firefall and Joey Stec, during this time, so much so that Billboard ranked him as the number 97 publisher of 1976. CSN reunion and solo years (1977–1979) Stills's performances with Crosby and Nash in late 1976 and early 1977 led to the permanent reunion of Crosby, Stills, and Nash.", "CSN reunion and solo years (1977–1979) Stills's performances with Crosby and Nash in late 1976 and early 1977 led to the permanent reunion of Crosby, Stills, and Nash. They released the CSN album in 1977 and unsuccessfully attempted another album in 1978.", "They released the CSN album in 1977 and unsuccessfully attempted another album in 1978. The band toured major arenas including Madison Square Garden and the LA Forum in 1977 and 1978, and during the 1977 tour they visited President Jimmy Carter in the White House. Stills released his final album on Columbia Records entitled Thoroughfare Gap in October 1978.", "Stills released his final album on Columbia Records entitled Thoroughfare Gap in October 1978. It was comparatively unsuccessful and reached number 84 on the US charts. In 1977 and 1978, Stills played only one solo engagement, at the Bread and Roses Festival in 1978.", "In 1977 and 1978, Stills played only one solo engagement, at the Bread and Roses Festival in 1978. After a four-day residency at the Roxy in January 1979 with original CSN bandmate Dallas Taylor on drums, Stills spent most of 1979 on tour in the US playing with his California Blues Band.", "After a four-day residency at the Roxy in January 1979 with original CSN bandmate Dallas Taylor on drums, Stills spent most of 1979 on tour in the US playing with his California Blues Band. One of these dates in early 1979 included a trip to Cuba to participate in the Havana Jam festival that took place between March 2 and 4, alongside Weather Report, the Trio of Doom, Fania All-Stars, Billy Swan, Bonnie Bramlett, Mike Finnigan, Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge and Billy Joel, as well as an array of Cuban artists such as Irakere, with whom he toured the US after the Havana concerts.", "One of these dates in early 1979 included a trip to Cuba to participate in the Havana Jam festival that took place between March 2 and 4, alongside Weather Report, the Trio of Doom, Fania All-Stars, Billy Swan, Bonnie Bramlett, Mike Finnigan, Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge and Billy Joel, as well as an array of Cuban artists such as Irakere, with whom he toured the US after the Havana concerts. His performance is captured on Ernesto Juan Castellanos's documentary Havana Jam '79.", "His performance is captured on Ernesto Juan Castellanos's documentary Havana Jam '79. In 1979, Stills recorded one of the first entirely digital albums; however, it remains unreleased, as the record company did not feel it was commercial enough.", "In 1979, Stills recorded one of the first entirely digital albums; however, it remains unreleased, as the record company did not feel it was commercial enough. The songs recorded for this album include \"Spanish Suite\" and \"Cuba al Fin\" and the 1982 CSN hit \"Southern Cross\".", "The songs recorded for this album include \"Spanish Suite\" and \"Cuba al Fin\" and the 1982 CSN hit \"Southern Cross\". The album was produced by Barry Beckett and was slated for release in 1979 or 1980. CSN played only two dates in 1979, both at Madison Square Garden for Musicians United for Safe Energy.", "CSN played only two dates in 1979, both at Madison Square Garden for Musicians United for Safe Energy. Their performance was released on The Muse Concerts for a Non-Nuclear Future. In 1979, Stills's wife, Veronique Sanson, filed for divorce, which was finalized on July 12, 1980.", "In 1979, Stills's wife, Veronique Sanson, filed for divorce, which was finalized on July 12, 1980. 1980s After playing some European dates in 1980, and with Graham Nash joining him for the German dates supporting Angelo Branduardi, Stills and Nash decided to record a duo album together.", "1980s After playing some European dates in 1980, and with Graham Nash joining him for the German dates supporting Angelo Branduardi, Stills and Nash decided to record a duo album together. The record company refused to release this album without David Crosby, so they added him and CSN's Daylight Again was released in 1982, reaching number 8 in the US and was certified Platinum.", "The record company refused to release this album without David Crosby, so they added him and CSN's Daylight Again was released in 1982, reaching number 8 in the US and was certified Platinum. The album featured the Stills-written top twenty hit \"Southern Cross\".", "The album featured the Stills-written top twenty hit \"Southern Cross\". In 1983, the CSN live album Allies, was released featuring Stills's number 45 hit song \"War Games\". CSN toured yearly from 1982–1989, except during 1986, due to David Crosby's prison sentence.", "CSN toured yearly from 1982–1989, except during 1986, due to David Crosby's prison sentence. In 1984, Stills released his first solo album in 6 years, Right by You on Atlantic Records. This would be the final Stills album to make the Billboard 200 album chart and featured Jimmy Page on guitar.", "This would be the final Stills album to make the Billboard 200 album chart and featured Jimmy Page on guitar. It was his last solo release on a major label. In 1985 CSN and CSNY played Live Aid.", "In 1985 CSN and CSNY played Live Aid. In 1988, CSNY reunited for the album American Dream, which reached number 12 on the US charts and was certified platinum in the US. However no tour was taken in support of the album.", "However no tour was taken in support of the album. In 1988, he married Thai model Pamela Anne Jordan, with whom he had a daughter, Eleanor. 1990s In 1990, CSN released the album Live It Up, their first not to be certified in the US since their debut.", "1990s In 1990, CSN released the album Live It Up, their first not to be certified in the US since their debut. Stills toured with CSN, in 1990, 1994, 1996, 1997 and 1999.", "Stills toured with CSN, in 1990, 1994, 1996, 1997 and 1999. Having spent most of 1990 playing acoustic with CSN and solo he released the solo album Stills Alone in 1991, with the aim of releasing a solo electric album in 1992. However this solo electric album was never released.", "However this solo electric album was never released. In 1994, CSN released the album After The Storm. From 1993 to 1995 part owned a restaurant in New Orleans, called Toucan Du. He married his third wife, Kristen Hathaway, on May 27, 1996.", "He married his third wife, Kristen Hathaway, on May 27, 1996. In 1997, Stills became the first person to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice on the same night for his work with CSN and Buffalo Springfield.", "In 1997, Stills became the first person to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice on the same night for his work with CSN and Buffalo Springfield. Fender Guitars Custom Shop crafted a guitar and presented it to Stills to commemorate the occasion, a Telecaster 1953 reissue guitar serial R2674 bearing an inscription on the neck plate; \"Stephen Stills R & R Hall of Fame May 6, 1997 \" In 1999, CSNY reunited to release the album Looking Forward, it reached number 26 on the US charts.", "Fender Guitars Custom Shop crafted a guitar and presented it to Stills to commemorate the occasion, a Telecaster 1953 reissue guitar serial R2674 bearing an inscription on the neck plate; \"Stephen Stills R & R Hall of Fame May 6, 1997 \" In 1999, CSNY reunited to release the album Looking Forward, it reached number 26 on the US charts. 2000s This CSNY reunion resulted in CSNY reunion tours 2000 CSNY2K, 2002 and 2006 reunion tours, their first since 1974.", "2000s This CSNY reunion resulted in CSNY reunion tours 2000 CSNY2K, 2002 and 2006 reunion tours, their first since 1974. The CSNY2K tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed super quartet earned US$42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000.", "The CSNY2K tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed super quartet earned US$42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000. The 2006 CSNY tour was the Freedom Of Speech tour, which was released on the album Deja Vu Live.. Stills also toured with CSN in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009.", "The 2006 CSNY tour was the Freedom Of Speech tour, which was released on the album Deja Vu Live.. Stills also toured with CSN in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009. The 2005 tour supported their Gold certified album Greatest Hits, their 2009 tour supported the CSN demos album Demos.", "The 2005 tour supported their Gold certified album Greatest Hits, their 2009 tour supported the CSN demos album Demos. 2005 saw Stills release Man Alive!, his first solo offering in 14 years. Man Alive! was released on the small English independent folk rock label Talking Elephant, and was not widely reviewed.", "was released on the small English independent folk rock label Talking Elephant, and was not widely reviewed. The record did not chart on either side of the Atlantic, and was received lukewarmly by the few critics who did review it.", "The record did not chart on either side of the Atlantic, and was received lukewarmly by the few critics who did review it. It featured songs dating from the 70s to the present, including \"Spanish Suite\", originally recorded in the late 70s with Herbie Hancock.", "It featured songs dating from the 70s to the present, including \"Spanish Suite\", originally recorded in the late 70s with Herbie Hancock. Throughout 2006 and 2007, Stills toured regularly as a solo artist with \"the Quartet\", which consisted of drummer Joe Vitale, either Mike Finnigan or session player Todd Caldwell on keyboards, and either Kevin McCormick or Kenny Passarelli on bass.", "Throughout 2006 and 2007, Stills toured regularly as a solo artist with \"the Quartet\", which consisted of drummer Joe Vitale, either Mike Finnigan or session player Todd Caldwell on keyboards, and either Kevin McCormick or Kenny Passarelli on bass. On May 28, 2007, Stills sang the national anthem for Game 1 of the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals between the Anaheim Ducks and Ottawa Senators in Anaheim, California.", "On May 28, 2007, Stills sang the national anthem for Game 1 of the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals between the Anaheim Ducks and Ottawa Senators in Anaheim, California. On December 17, 2007, Graham Nash revealed on Larry King Live that Stills had been diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer and that his operation would take place on January 3, 2008, which is Stills's birthday.", "On December 17, 2007, Graham Nash revealed on Larry King Live that Stills had been diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer and that his operation would take place on January 3, 2008, which is Stills's birthday. Stills said later in January 2008 that he had come through the operation with \"flying colors.\"", "Stills said later in January 2008 that he had come through the operation with \"flying colors.\" In 2007 he released Just Roll Tape, a recently found tape of Stills singing demos of his unreleased songs in 1968 after the breakup of the Buffalo Springfield, during the last hour of a Judy Collins session.", "In 2007 he released Just Roll Tape, a recently found tape of Stills singing demos of his unreleased songs in 1968 after the breakup of the Buffalo Springfield, during the last hour of a Judy Collins session. Stills toured Europe as a solo artist for the first time during October 2008, resulted in the release of the 2009 live album and video Live At Shepherds Bush, recorded in London, England.", "Stills toured Europe as a solo artist for the first time during October 2008, resulted in the release of the 2009 live album and video Live At Shepherds Bush, recorded in London, England. Also in 2009, he released his second archival release Pieces by Manassas, a selection of alternate takes and unreleased songs of Stills band recorded between 1971–1973.", "Also in 2009, he released his second archival release Pieces by Manassas, a selection of alternate takes and unreleased songs of Stills band recorded between 1971–1973. This was supposed to be the start in a series of archival releases, however none have appeared since. 2010s Stills toured with CSN in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015.", "2010s Stills toured with CSN in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015. The 2012 tour resulted in the release CSN 2012. In 2011, Stills contributed a song, \"Low Barefoot Tolerance,\" to the soundtrack of a documentary produced by J. Ralph, Wretches & Jabberers.", "In 2011, Stills contributed a song, \"Low Barefoot Tolerance,\" to the soundtrack of a documentary produced by J. Ralph, Wretches & Jabberers. Also in 2010, Stills reunited with Neil Young and Richie Furay to reform Buffalo Springfield with Young for the Bridge School Benefit 2010.", "Also in 2010, Stills reunited with Neil Young and Richie Furay to reform Buffalo Springfield with Young for the Bridge School Benefit 2010. This was supposed to be followed by a full tour in 2012 but this never materialised.", "This was supposed to be followed by a full tour in 2012 but this never materialised. On August 27, 2013, Stills released the album, Can't Get Enough with Kenny Wayne Shepherd and Barry Goldberg as the blues band the Rides. The band toured to support this release in 2013.", "The band toured to support this release in 2013. They released a follow up album called Pierced Arrow in 2016, this was followed by another tour to support this release in 2016 -2017. On August 12, 2014, Watsky released the album All You Can Do, featuring a song with Stills, \"Cannonball.\"", "On August 12, 2014, Watsky released the album All You Can Do, featuring a song with Stills, \"Cannonball.\" In 2016, CSN split up after over 30 years together, and in December 2016 Stills independently released a song called \"Look Each Other in the Eye\" on Soundcloud.", "In 2016, CSN split up after over 30 years together, and in December 2016 Stills independently released a song called \"Look Each Other in the Eye\" on Soundcloud. On September 22, 2017 Stills and Judy Collins released an album Everybody Knows which entered the \"Billboard 200\" chart at number 195 and peaked at 45, it was their first joint album and was followed by a tour supporting the album.", "On September 22, 2017 Stills and Judy Collins released an album Everybody Knows which entered the \"Billboard 200\" chart at number 195 and peaked at 45, it was their first joint album and was followed by a tour supporting the album. Personal life Stills was involved with musician Judy Collins from 1968 to 1969 and wrote the song \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" for her.", "Personal life Stills was involved with musician Judy Collins from 1968 to 1969 and wrote the song \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" for her. He dated actress and singer-songwriter Nancy Priddy, who was the inspiration for the Buffalo Springfield song \"Pretty Girl Why\".", "He dated actress and singer-songwriter Nancy Priddy, who was the inspiration for the Buffalo Springfield song \"Pretty Girl Why\". Stills also had a short-term relationship with Rita Coolidge, as had Graham Nash, which apparently led to the initial breakup of CSNY, in 1970.", "Stills also had a short-term relationship with Rita Coolidge, as had Graham Nash, which apparently led to the initial breakup of CSNY, in 1970. During a Manassas tour in France, Stills met his first wife, the singer-songwriter Véronique Sanson. They were married on March 14, 1973. Their son Christopher was born in 1974.", "Their son Christopher was born in 1974. They divorced in 1979. In 1976, Stills told Rolling Stone, \"My hearing has gotten to be a terrible problem. If I keep playing and touring the way I have been, I'll go deaf.\"", "If I keep playing and touring the way I have been, I'll go deaf.\" In 1988, he married Thai model Pamela Ann Jordan, with whom he had a daughter, Eleanor. His third wife is Kristen Hathaway, whom he married on May 27, 1996.", "His third wife is Kristen Hathaway, whom he married on May 27, 1996. Stills's son, Justin Stills, was born in 1972 to Harriet Tunis. Justin was critically injured while snowboarding on Mt. Charleston, just outside Las Vegas, in 1997.", "Charleston, just outside Las Vegas, in 1997. An episode of Discovery Health's documentary series Trauma: Life in the ER featured his treatment and recovery. Another son, Henry, has been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and is profiled in the 2007 documentary Autism: The Musical.", "Another son, Henry, has been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and is profiled in the 2007 documentary Autism: The Musical. Stills's daughter Eleanor is a photographer and graduate of Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. Since Eleanor's graduation, she has been responsible for all recent Crosby, Stills & Nash photography.", "Since Eleanor's graduation, she has been responsible for all recent Crosby, Stills & Nash photography. Stills has another daughter, Alex, who attends Emerson College in Boston and currently plays in the rock band Stilljill. His son Chris and daughter Jennifer are both recording artists.", "His son Chris and daughter Jennifer are both recording artists. His youngest son, Oliver Ragland, was born in 2004 and named in honor of Neil Young, whose maternal family name is Ragland. Stills has long been involved in liberal causes and politics.", "Stills has long been involved in liberal causes and politics. In 2000, he served as a member of the Democratic Party credentials committee from Florida during the Democratic National Convention, and was a delegate in previous years.", "In 2000, he served as a member of the Democratic Party credentials committee from Florida during the Democratic National Convention, and was a delegate in previous years. In December 2018, Stills received an Honorary Doctorate in Music from the University of Florida, Gainesville, where he was a speaker at the commencement ceremony.", "In December 2018, Stills received an Honorary Doctorate in Music from the University of Florida, Gainesville, where he was a speaker at the commencement ceremony. Stills performed with Billy Porter during the 2020 Democratic National Convention.", "Stills performed with Billy Porter during the 2020 Democratic National Convention. Style, musicianship, and sound Stills is a guitarist whose music draws from myriad genres that include rock and roll, blues, gospel, country and folk music.", "Style, musicianship, and sound Stills is a guitarist whose music draws from myriad genres that include rock and roll, blues, gospel, country and folk music. In addition, Latin music has played a key role in both his approach to percussion and guitar and he is also a multi-instrumentalist, capable of playing keyboards, bass, percussion, congas, clavinet, electric piano, piano, organ, banjo and drums.", "In addition, Latin music has played a key role in both his approach to percussion and guitar and he is also a multi-instrumentalist, capable of playing keyboards, bass, percussion, congas, clavinet, electric piano, piano, organ, banjo and drums. Stills experimented with the guitar itself, including soaking strings in barbecue sauce or flipping pickups to mimic Hendrix playing a right-handed guitar left-handed.", "Stills experimented with the guitar itself, including soaking strings in barbecue sauce or flipping pickups to mimic Hendrix playing a right-handed guitar left-handed. He is also known for using alternate guitar tunings, particularly when performing acoustically. Often a long acoustic solo section of the show would showcase agile fingerstyle playing in standard and altered tunings.", "Often a long acoustic solo section of the show would showcase agile fingerstyle playing in standard and altered tunings. His primary alternate tuning is usually D A D F♯ A D, or \"Palmer modal tuning which is 'E E E E B E' \", which can be heard in \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes,\" \"Carry On,\" and \"4 + 20.\"", "His primary alternate tuning is usually D A D F♯ A D, or \"Palmer modal tuning which is 'E E E E B E' \", which can be heard in \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes,\" \"Carry On,\" and \"4 + 20.\" For the CSN debut album in 1969, Graham Nash commented that \"Stephen had a vision, and David and I let him run with it.\"", "For the CSN debut album in 1969, Graham Nash commented that \"Stephen had a vision, and David and I let him run with it.\" Stills played every instrumental part on Crosby, Stills and Nash with the exception of some guitar by Crosby and Nash, and drums by Dallas Taylor.", "Stills played every instrumental part on Crosby, Stills and Nash with the exception of some guitar by Crosby and Nash, and drums by Dallas Taylor. Discography See also discographies for The Au Go Go Singers, Buffalo Springfield, Crosby Stills Nash & Young.", "Discography See also discographies for The Au Go Go Singers, Buffalo Springfield, Crosby Stills Nash & Young. Albums Singles Other appearances Guest appearances Filmography and TV appearances Tours Memphis Horns Tour 1971 Manassas World Tour 1972 Manassas North American Tour 1973 1974 Theater Tour 1975 Tour The Stills-Young Band Tour 1976 Tour 1979 California Blues Band Tour References External links Official Site CSN Official Site CSNY Official Site Five audio interview clips with Stephen Stills The Rides American male singers American folk rock musicians American folk guitarists American folk singers American country guitarists American blues guitarists American country rock singers American rock keyboardists American rock drummers American rock percussionists American multi-instrumentalists American rock pianists American male pianists American organists American male organists American rock guitarists American male guitarists 1945 births Living people Lead guitarists Buffalo Springfield members Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young members Atlantic Records artists Columbia Records artists Reprise Records artists Musicians from Dallas Singer-songwriters from Texas Musicians from Tampa, Florida Musicians from Los Angeles County, California Zonians Admiral Farragut Academy alumni Gainesville High School (Florida) alumni Henry B.", "Albums Singles Other appearances Guest appearances Filmography and TV appearances Tours Memphis Horns Tour 1971 Manassas World Tour 1972 Manassas North American Tour 1973 1974 Theater Tour 1975 Tour The Stills-Young Band Tour 1976 Tour 1979 California Blues Band Tour References External links Official Site CSN Official Site CSNY Official Site Five audio interview clips with Stephen Stills The Rides American male singers American folk rock musicians American folk guitarists American folk singers American country guitarists American blues guitarists American country rock singers American rock keyboardists American rock drummers American rock percussionists American multi-instrumentalists American rock pianists American male pianists American organists American male organists American rock guitarists American male guitarists 1945 births Living people Lead guitarists Buffalo Springfield members Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young members Atlantic Records artists Columbia Records artists Reprise Records artists Musicians from Dallas Singer-songwriters from Texas Musicians from Tampa, Florida Musicians from Los Angeles County, California Zonians Admiral Farragut Academy alumni Gainesville High School (Florida) alumni Henry B. Plant High School alumni Saint Leo College Preparatory School alumni Singer-songwriters from Florida University of Florida alumni People from Topanga, California Guitarists from California Guitarists from Florida Guitarists from Texas 20th-century American drummers American male drummers 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American pianists 21st-century American keyboardists 21st-century organists The Rides members Singer-songwriters from California" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov", "Education and career" ]

[ "Bildad ( Bildaḏ), the Shuhite, was one of Job's three friends who visited the patriarch in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Job. He was a descendant of Shuah, son of Abraham and Keturah (Genesis 25:1 - 25:2), whose family lived in the deserts of Arabia, or a resident of the district. In speaking with Job, his intent was consolation, but he became an accuser, asking Job what he has done to deserve God's wrath.\n\nSpeeches\nThe three speeches of Bildad are contained in Job 8, Job 18 and Job 25. In substance, they were largely an echo of what had been maintained by Eliphaz the Temanite, the first of Job's friends to speak, but charged with somewhat increased vehemence because he deemed Job's words so impious and wrathful. Bildad was the first to attribute Job's calamity to actual wickedness, albeit indirectly, by accusing his children (who were destroyed, Job 1:19) of sin to warrant their punishment (Job 8:4). His brief third speech, just five verses in length, marked the silencing of the friends.\n\nSee also \nEliphaz\nZophar\n Elihu\n Bildad is also the name of one of the owners of the Pequod in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nHebrew Bible people\nBook of Job", "Job Carr (July 2, 1813 - August 10, 1887) was the founder of Tacoma, Washington, United States.\n\nA Union veteran of the United States Civil War, Carr came west in 1864 to settle on a 168-acre claim in what is now Tacoma.\n\nCarr was the first permanent European American settler in the area. He built a cabin on his claim, which doubled as the United States Post Office when Carr was appointed Postmaster. He was an early promoter of Tacoma as a potential terminus for the Northern Pacific Railroad, and encouraged settlement in the new town.\n\nA replica of his original cabin stands near the original location, and serves as a museum of both Carr and of early Tacoma.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nJob Carr arrives at future site of Tacoma\nJob Carr Cabin Museum\n\n1813 births\n1887 deaths\nPeople from Tacoma, Washington" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov (; 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the \"Big Three\" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books.", "A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction.", "Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966.", "Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966. His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series.", "His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series.", "The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories.", "Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories. He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America.", "He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.", "Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.", "Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery.", "Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. He wrote on numerous other scientific and non-scientific topics, such as chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, biblical exegesis, and literary criticism. He was president of the American Humanist Association.", "He was president of the American Humanist Association. Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards.", "Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards. Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added.", "Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added. Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet.", "Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet. When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov.", "When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov. This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\".", "This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\". Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career.", "Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career. After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name.", "After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name. Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive.", "Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers.", "Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers. He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman.", "He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman. Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\".", "Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\". In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia.", "In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia. Only Asimov survived.", "Only Asimov survived. Only Asimov survived. He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday.", "He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday. Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old.", "Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old. Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both.", "Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade).", "Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade). His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919.", "His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919. In third grade he learned about the \"error\" and insisted on an official correction of the date to January 2. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight.", "He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight. After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work.", "After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work. The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded.", "The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded. Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered.", "Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered. Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn. Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men.", "Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men. Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas.", "Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas. Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\".", "Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\". After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939.", "After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939. After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948.", "After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948. During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German.", "During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German. In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945.", "In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945. In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible.", "In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible. In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll.", "In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll. He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946.", "He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946. He had been promoted to corporal on July 11.", "He had been promoted to corporal on July 11. After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter.", "After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter. By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students.", "By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students. In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure.", "In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure. In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research.", "In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research. After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry.", "After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry. Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb.", "Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb. In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team.", "In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team. Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information.", "Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information. However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively.", "However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively. Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year.", "Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year. The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein).", "The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein). Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948.", "Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948. They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956.", "They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956. They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955).", "They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955). In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life.", "In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life. He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude.", "He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude. Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces.", "Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces. In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading.", "In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading. Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946.", "Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946. Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances.", "Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances. This phobia influenced several of his fiction works, such as the Wendell Urth mystery stories and the Robot novels featuring Elijah Baley. In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship.", "In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship. On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2.", "On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge.", "He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge. Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science.", "Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science. He was a frequent fixture at science fiction conventions, where he was friendly and approachable. He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs.", "He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs. He was of medium height (), stocky, with—in his later years—\"mutton-chop\" sideburns, and a distinct New York accent. He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties.", "He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties. His physical dexterity was very poor. He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston.", "He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston. In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\".", "In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\". Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout.", "Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout. Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan.", "Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan. He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet.", "He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet. He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.", "He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers.", "He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers. In 1984, the American Humanist Association (AHA) named him the Humanist of the Year. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.", "He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. From 1985 until his death in 1992, he served as president of the AHA, an honorary appointment. His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut.", "His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut. He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production.", "He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production. Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics. In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\"", "In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\" He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes.", "He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes. Asimov described Carl Sagan as one of only two people he ever met whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.", "The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky. Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\".", "Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\". After his father died in 1969, Asimov annually contributed to a Judah Asimov Scholarship Fund at Brandeis University. Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack.", "Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack. In December 1983, he had triple bypass surgery at NYU Medical Center, during which he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members.", "His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members. He died in Manhattan on April 6, 1992, and was cremated. The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure.", "The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure. Ten years following Asimov's death, Janet and Robyn Asimov agreed that the HIV story should be made public; Janet revealed it in her edition of his autobiography, It's Been a Good Life. Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods.", "Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods. His early career, dominated by science fiction, began with short stories in 1939 and novels in 1950. This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957).", "This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957). He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism.", "He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism. Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output.", "Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output. Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books.", "Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books. Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge.", "Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge. From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series.", "From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series. There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories.", "There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories. Doubleday and Houghton Mifflin published about 60% of his work as of 1969, Asimov stating that \"both represent a father image\". Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series.", "Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series. Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations).", "Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots.", "Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition.", "Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\".", "Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\". Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology.", "Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology. Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category.", "Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author.", "According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author. Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store.", "Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store. At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational.", "At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational. At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors.", "At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors. Asimov began writing at the age of 11, imitating The Rover Boys with eight chapters of The Greenville Chums at College. His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16.", "His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16. His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934.", "His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934. In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year.", "In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year. On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications.", "On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications. Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later.", "Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later. Campbell met with Asimov for more than an hour and promised to read the story himself. Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail.", "Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail. This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend.", "This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend. By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\".", "By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\". Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice.", "Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice. On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue.", "On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue. Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word.", "Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word. Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction.", "Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding.", "For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding. His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer.", "His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer. Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\".", "Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\". Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\").", "Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\"). He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\".", "He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\". Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941.", "Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941. In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written.", "In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written. In Nightfall and Other Stories Asimov wrote, \"The writing of 'Nightfall' was a watershed in my professional career ... I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed.", "I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\"", "As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\" \"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition.", "\"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition. After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year.", "After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year. Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years.", "Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years. Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear.", "Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear. In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953).", "In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953). The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor.", "The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor. They also feature his fictional science of psychohistory, in which the future course of the history of large populations can be predicted. The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction.", "The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction. In 1966 they won the Hugo Award for the all-time best series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories.", "Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children.", "By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children. His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time.", "His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject.", "They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators.", "Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators. The robot series has led to film adaptations.", "The robot series has led to film adaptations. With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\".", "With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\". The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994.", "The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994. The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired.", "The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.)", "(The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams.", "Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams. Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury.", "Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury. At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov.", "At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov. In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\".", "In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\". At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that.", "At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that. Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name.", "Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name. Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously.", "Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously. At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\".", "At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\". Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room.", "Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room. After a five-minute wait, he was summoned back into the room and congratulated as \"Dr. Asimov\". Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s. It became possible for a genre author to write full-time.", "It became possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words.", "In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky.", "The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky. Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\".", "Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955.", "Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955. The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy.", "The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy. More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots.", "More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots. Books and the magazines Galaxy, and Fantasy & Science Fiction ended Asimov's dependence on Astounding. He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\".", "He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\". Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story.", "Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story. In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel.", "In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel. In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical.", "In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical. McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials.", "McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials. The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career.", "The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career. Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story.", "Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story. He adhered to McCartney's overall idea, producing a story he felt to be moving and dramatic. However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue.", "However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue. McCartney rejected the story. The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives.", "The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives. Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\".", "Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\". Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue.", "Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue. There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\").", "There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\"). Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel.", "Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel. Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969.", "Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries).", "During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries). He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\".", "He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\". Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted.", "Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted. Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\".", "Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\". Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine.", "Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine. The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness.", "The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness. These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers.", "These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers. The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\".", "The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\". In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\"", "In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\" Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF.", "Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF. The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer.", "The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer. He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\".", "He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\". The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\"", "The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\" Asimov replied that he only knew how it felt to have the 'reputation' of omniscience: \"Uneasy\". Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent.", "Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent. He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\".", "He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\". Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\".", "Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\". He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\".", "He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\". In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\".", "In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\". Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\".", "Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\". Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar!", "Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar! \", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\").", "\", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\"). While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\".", "While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\". In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons).", "In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons). Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire.", "Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology.", "Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology. It was first introduced in the five short stories (1942–1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 fix-up novel Foundation. Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history.", "Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history. Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history.", "Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history. Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991).", "Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991). He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981.", "He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981. Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters.", "Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters. His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980).", "His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980). Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.", "Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries.", "He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries. He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle.", "He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle. He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends.", "He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends. A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen.", "A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen. Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\"", "Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\" Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975.", "Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975. Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi.", "Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi. He even created a slim volume of Sherlockian limericks. Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon.", "Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon. The two main characters, both Jewish, talk over dinner, or lunch, or breakfast, about anecdotes of \"George\" and his friend Azazel. Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory.", "Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory. According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous.", "According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous. Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher.", "Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher. In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972).", "In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972). However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities.", "However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities. Asimov published three volumes of autobiography. In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978.", "In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978. The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off).", "The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off). The epilogue was written by his widow Janet Asimov after his death. The book won a Hugo Award in 1995.", "The book won a Hugo Award in 1995. Janet Asimov edited It's Been a Good Life (2002), a condensed version of his three autobiographies. He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984).", "He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984). In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort.", "In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort. In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors.", "In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors. The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author.", "The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author. Asimov and Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry developed a unique relationship during Star Treks initial launch in the late 1960s. Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine.", "Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine. Roddenberry retorted respectfully with a personal letter explaining the limitations of accuracy when writing a weekly series. Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show.", "Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show. The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects.", "The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects. In 1973, Asimov published a proposal for calendar reform, called the World Season Calendar. It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each.", "It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each. This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter).", "This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter). An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days.", "An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days. Awards and recognition Asimov won more than a dozen annual awards for particular works of science fiction and a half-dozen lifetime awards. He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities.", "He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities. 1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987).", "1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987). 1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells.", "1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells. 2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame.", "2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. 2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent.", "2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent. He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\".", "He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\". (Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".)", "(Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".) After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged.", "After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged. After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure.", "After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure. In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\".", "In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\". He submitted \"failures\" to another editor. One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented.", "One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented. In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\".", "In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\". Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\"", "Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\" and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels.", "and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels. Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output).", "Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output). Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style.", "Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style. Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels.", "Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels. He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\".", "He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\". When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\".", "When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\". Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways.", "Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways. Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story.", "Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story. For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material.", "For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material. (John Campbell advised Asimov to begin his stories as late in the plot as possible. This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories).", "This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories). Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it.", "Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it. In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group.", "In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group. Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans.", "Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans. The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias.", "The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias. Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all.", "Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all. Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex.", "Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex. The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973.", "The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973. Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes.", "Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes. In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation.", "In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation. The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across.", "The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across. Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology.", "Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology. Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\".", "Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\". However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition.", "However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition. Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\".", "Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\". He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction.", "He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction. He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers.", "He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers. The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted.", "The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted. Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work.", "Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work. However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues.", "However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues. In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience.", "In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience. His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience.", "His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience. The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\"", "The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\" Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist.", "Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist. He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science.", "He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science. During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac.", "During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac. Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology.", "Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology. When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah.", "When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah. As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion.", "As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion. For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings.", "For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments.", "This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did.", "For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical.", "Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical. Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah.", "Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah. It doesn't matter. I am Jewish.\"", "I am Jewish.\" I am Jewish.\" When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\"", "When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\" In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term?", "In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment.", "Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\".", "If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\". Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal.", "Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern.", "He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern. He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards.", "He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards. In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman.", "In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman. Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return.", "Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return. Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\".", "Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\". He closely followed Watergate, and was pleased when the president was forced to resign. Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal.", "Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal. To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\"", "To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\" After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him.", "After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him. Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background.", "Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background. Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel.", "Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel. In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist.", "In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist. In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity.", "In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity. Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\".", "Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\". Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\".", "Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\". He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control.", "He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control. Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction.", "Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction. He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.", "He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich. In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested.", "In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested. He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world.", "He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world. Also, the one-to-one model would let students learn at their own pace. Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019.", "Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019. In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent.", "In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent. According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated.", "According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated. In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched.", "In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched. The question is merely where, when, and how she should be touched.\" According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\"", "According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\" He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community.", "He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community. In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes.", "In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes. Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\".", "Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\". Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals.", "Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.", "In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster. In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs.", "In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs. His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer.", "His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer. In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate?", "In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate? \", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder.", "\", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder. In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times.", "In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times. (The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction.", "(The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction. This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.)", "This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.) He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\"", "He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\" Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction.", "Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\".", "And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\". The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York.", "The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York. This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself).", "This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself). Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\"", "Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\" Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction.", "Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction. He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\".", "He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\". Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model.", "Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model. In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen.", "In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen. Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\"", "Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\" He enjoyed Sherlock Holmes, but considered Arthur Conan Doyle to be \"a slapdash and sloppy writer.\" Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse.", "Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse. In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books.", "In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books. On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's.", "On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's. Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist.", "Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist. John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\"", "John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\" Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century.", "Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century. \"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about.", "\"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about. His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\"", "His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\" Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism.", "Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism. For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing.", "For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing. An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler.", "An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler. He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more.", "He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more. An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts.", "An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts. Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room.", "Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room. Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection.", "Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection. Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series.", "Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent stories, set earlier in the same future as Foundation. Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series.", "Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series. All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday.", "All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday. The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe.", "The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe. The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There?", "The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There? (1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol.", "(1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?", "III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed.", "with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, .", "1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, . Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969.", "Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969. Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\"", "Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\" BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth?", "BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth? (1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux.", "(1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux. Asimov wrote the English translation for the film.", "Asimov wrote the English translation for the film. Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\"", "Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\" A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac.", "A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac. In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, .", "In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, . In Joy Still Felt (1980), New York: Avon . I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), (hc), (pb). Yours, Isaac Asimov (1996), edited by Stanley Asimov. New York: Doubleday .", "New York: Doubleday . New York: Doubleday . It's Been a Good Life (2002), edited by Janet Asimov. . Goldman, Stephen H., \"Isaac Asimov\", in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 8, Cowart and Wymer eds. (Gale Research, 1981), pp. 15–29.", "15–29. 15–29. Gunn, James. \"On Variations on a Robot\", IASFM, July 1980, pp. 56–81. Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (1982). . The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). .", ". The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). . . Further reading External links Asimov Online, a vast repository of information about Asimov, maintained by Asimov enthusiast Edward Seiler Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac Asimov, reviews of all of Asimov's books 20th-century births 1992 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers AIDS-related deaths in New York (state) American alternate history writers Jewish American atheists American biochemists American essayists American humanists American humorists American male novelists 20th-century American memoirists United States Army non-commissioned officers American mystery writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American science fiction writers American science writers American skeptics American writers of Russian descent Asimov's Science Fiction people Bible commentators Boston University faculty Columbia University School of General Studies alumni Critics of religions Date of birth unknown Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Futurians Historians of astronomy American historians of science Hugo Award-winning writers Humor researchers Jewish American novelists Jewish American short story writers Jewish feminists Jewish skeptics American male essayists Male feminists American male short story writers American short story writers Mensans Nebula Award winners New York (state) Democrats People from Shumyachsky District Naturalized citizens of the United States United States Navy civilians Science fiction fans Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees SFWA Grand Masters Soviet emigrants to the United States Writers from Brooklyn Yiddish-speaking people Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from New York (state) Scientists from New York City 20th-century essayists 20th-century atheists People from the Upper West Side Pulp fiction writers Writers about religion and science Atheist feminists Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov", "Education and career", "What was his first job", "Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station,", "What was his age of starting school", "New York City public schools from age 5," ]

[ "Fred Lookout (November 1865 – August 28, 1949) was a leader of the Osage Nation of Native Americans.\n\nLookout was born near what's now Independence, Kansas, and raised by his paternal grandmother, as his mother died when he was still an infant. He was selected by the Osage's government agent to attend the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, which he did from 1879 to 1884; in 1884 he returned to the reservation upon the death of his father, and refused to return to the school. He married Julia Pryor and settled as a farmer near Pawhuska.\n\nLookout entered tribal politics in 1908, winning election as assistant principal chief; he didn't run for reelection in 1910. In 1914, he was appointed principal chief by U.S. Secretary of the Interior Walter L. Fisher, replacing Bacon Rind, who was removed amidst a scandal involving oil leases. He lost his reelection attempt later that year, but won a two-year term as principal chief in 1916. Thereafter, he served on the tribal council from 1920 to 1922, and then served a remarkably long third stint as principal chief, from 1926 to his death in 1949.\n\nReferences\n \n\nOsage people\nNative American leaders\n1865 births\n1949 deaths\nCarlisle Indian Industrial School alumni\nPeople from Independence, Kansas", "Allen Hill was an American physician from Dubuque County in the Iowa District of what was first the Michigan Territory, then the Wisconsin Territory, and eventually the Iowa Territory. He was elected to the last legislature of the old Michigan Territory to represent his district; but did not attend.\n\nBackground \nHill is recorded as settling with his family in the region around Dubuque, at that time a primitive but booming mining and smelting settlement, in 1833, and was one of only two physicians in the region when a cholera epidemic swept through that summer.\n\nPublic office \nIn 1835, those parts of Michigan Territory who were not set to become part of the new State of Michigan were invited to elect members to a seventh and last Michigan Territorial Council. The citizens of Dubuque County (the north half of the Iowa District) in October elected Hill and John Parker, but due to concerns about the irregularity of their election they did not attend what came to be called the \"Rump Council\" when it met (briefly) in January 1836. Parker would later publish a statement that his failure to appear \"was very satisfactory, to those who elected me at the time\", since a proclamation had apparently been issued moving up the meeting date to one which neither Hill nor Parker would be able to attend. Parker was a Democrat, but Hill's affiliation is unknown.\n\nReferences \n\nMembers of the Michigan Territorial Legislature\nPhysicians from Iowa\nPeople from Dubuque County, Iowa\n19th-century American politicians\n19th-century American physicians" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov (; 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the \"Big Three\" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books.", "A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction.", "Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966.", "Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966. His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series.", "His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series.", "The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories.", "Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories. He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America.", "He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.", "Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.", "Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery.", "Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. He wrote on numerous other scientific and non-scientific topics, such as chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, biblical exegesis, and literary criticism. He was president of the American Humanist Association.", "He was president of the American Humanist Association. Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards.", "Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards. Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added.", "Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added. Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet.", "Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet. When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov.", "When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov. This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\".", "This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\". Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career.", "Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career. After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name.", "After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name. Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive.", "Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers.", "Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers. He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman.", "He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman. Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\".", "Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\". In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia.", "In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia. Only Asimov survived.", "Only Asimov survived. Only Asimov survived. He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday.", "He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday. Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old.", "Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old. Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both.", "Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade).", "Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade). His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919.", "His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919. In third grade he learned about the \"error\" and insisted on an official correction of the date to January 2. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight.", "He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight. After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work.", "After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work. The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded.", "The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded. Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered.", "Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered. Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn. Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men.", "Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men. Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas.", "Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas. Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\".", "Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\". After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939.", "After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939. After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948.", "After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948. During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German.", "During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German. In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945.", "In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945. In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible.", "In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible. In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll.", "In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll. He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946.", "He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946. He had been promoted to corporal on July 11.", "He had been promoted to corporal on July 11. After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter.", "After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter. By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students.", "By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students. In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure.", "In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure. In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research.", "In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research. After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry.", "After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry. Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb.", "Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb. In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team.", "In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team. Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information.", "Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information. However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively.", "However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively. Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year.", "Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year. The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein).", "The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein). Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948.", "Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948. They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956.", "They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956. They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955).", "They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955). In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life.", "In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life. He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude.", "He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude. Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces.", "Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces. In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading.", "In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading. Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946.", "Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946. Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances.", "Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances. This phobia influenced several of his fiction works, such as the Wendell Urth mystery stories and the Robot novels featuring Elijah Baley. In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship.", "In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship. On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2.", "On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge.", "He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge. Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science.", "Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science. He was a frequent fixture at science fiction conventions, where he was friendly and approachable. He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs.", "He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs. He was of medium height (), stocky, with—in his later years—\"mutton-chop\" sideburns, and a distinct New York accent. He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties.", "He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties. His physical dexterity was very poor. He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston.", "He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston. In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\".", "In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\". Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout.", "Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout. Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan.", "Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan. He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet.", "He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet. He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.", "He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers.", "He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers. In 1984, the American Humanist Association (AHA) named him the Humanist of the Year. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.", "He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. From 1985 until his death in 1992, he served as president of the AHA, an honorary appointment. His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut.", "His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut. He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production.", "He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production. Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics. In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\"", "In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\" He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes.", "He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes. Asimov described Carl Sagan as one of only two people he ever met whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.", "The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky. Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\".", "Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\". After his father died in 1969, Asimov annually contributed to a Judah Asimov Scholarship Fund at Brandeis University. Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack.", "Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack. In December 1983, he had triple bypass surgery at NYU Medical Center, during which he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members.", "His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members. He died in Manhattan on April 6, 1992, and was cremated. The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure.", "The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure. Ten years following Asimov's death, Janet and Robyn Asimov agreed that the HIV story should be made public; Janet revealed it in her edition of his autobiography, It's Been a Good Life. Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods.", "Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods. His early career, dominated by science fiction, began with short stories in 1939 and novels in 1950. This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957).", "This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957). He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism.", "He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism. Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output.", "Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output. Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books.", "Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books. Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge.", "Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge. From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series.", "From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series. There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories.", "There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories. Doubleday and Houghton Mifflin published about 60% of his work as of 1969, Asimov stating that \"both represent a father image\". Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series.", "Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series. Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations).", "Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots.", "Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition.", "Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\".", "Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\". Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology.", "Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology. Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category.", "Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author.", "According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author. Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store.", "Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store. At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational.", "At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational. At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors.", "At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors. Asimov began writing at the age of 11, imitating The Rover Boys with eight chapters of The Greenville Chums at College. His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16.", "His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16. His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934.", "His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934. In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year.", "In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year. On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications.", "On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications. Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later.", "Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later. Campbell met with Asimov for more than an hour and promised to read the story himself. Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail.", "Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail. This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend.", "This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend. By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\".", "By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\". Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice.", "Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice. On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue.", "On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue. Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word.", "Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word. Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction.", "Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding.", "For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding. His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer.", "His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer. Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\".", "Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\". Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\").", "Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\"). He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\".", "He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\". Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941.", "Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941. In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written.", "In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written. In Nightfall and Other Stories Asimov wrote, \"The writing of 'Nightfall' was a watershed in my professional career ... I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed.", "I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\"", "As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\" \"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition.", "\"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition. After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year.", "After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year. Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years.", "Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years. Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear.", "Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear. In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953).", "In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953). The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor.", "The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor. They also feature his fictional science of psychohistory, in which the future course of the history of large populations can be predicted. The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction.", "The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction. In 1966 they won the Hugo Award for the all-time best series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories.", "Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children.", "By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children. His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time.", "His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject.", "They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators.", "Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators. The robot series has led to film adaptations.", "The robot series has led to film adaptations. With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\".", "With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\". The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994.", "The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994. The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired.", "The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.)", "(The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams.", "Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams. Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury.", "Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury. At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov.", "At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov. In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\".", "In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\". At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that.", "At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that. Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name.", "Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name. Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously.", "Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously. At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\".", "At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\". Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room.", "Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room. After a five-minute wait, he was summoned back into the room and congratulated as \"Dr. Asimov\". Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s. It became possible for a genre author to write full-time.", "It became possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words.", "In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky.", "The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky. Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\".", "Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955.", "Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955. The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy.", "The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy. More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots.", "More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots. Books and the magazines Galaxy, and Fantasy & Science Fiction ended Asimov's dependence on Astounding. He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\".", "He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\". Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story.", "Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story. In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel.", "In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel. In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical.", "In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical. McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials.", "McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials. The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career.", "The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career. Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story.", "Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story. He adhered to McCartney's overall idea, producing a story he felt to be moving and dramatic. However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue.", "However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue. McCartney rejected the story. The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives.", "The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives. Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\".", "Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\". Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue.", "Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue. There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\").", "There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\"). Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel.", "Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel. Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969.", "Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries).", "During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries). He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\".", "He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\". Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted.", "Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted. Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\".", "Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\". Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine.", "Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine. The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness.", "The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness. These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers.", "These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers. The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\".", "The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\". In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\"", "In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\" Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF.", "Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF. The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer.", "The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer. He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\".", "He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\". The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\"", "The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\" Asimov replied that he only knew how it felt to have the 'reputation' of omniscience: \"Uneasy\". Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent.", "Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent. He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\".", "He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\". Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\".", "Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\". He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\".", "He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\". In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\".", "In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\". Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\".", "Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\". Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar!", "Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar! \", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\").", "\", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\"). While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\".", "While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\". In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons).", "In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons). Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire.", "Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology.", "Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology. It was first introduced in the five short stories (1942–1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 fix-up novel Foundation. Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history.", "Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history. Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history.", "Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history. Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991).", "Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991). He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981.", "He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981. Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters.", "Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters. His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980).", "His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980). Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.", "Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries.", "He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries. He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle.", "He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle. He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends.", "He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends. A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen.", "A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen. Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\"", "Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\" Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975.", "Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975. Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi.", "Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi. He even created a slim volume of Sherlockian limericks. Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon.", "Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon. The two main characters, both Jewish, talk over dinner, or lunch, or breakfast, about anecdotes of \"George\" and his friend Azazel. Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory.", "Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory. According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous.", "According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous. Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher.", "Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher. In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972).", "In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972). However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities.", "However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities. Asimov published three volumes of autobiography. In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978.", "In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978. The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off).", "The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off). The epilogue was written by his widow Janet Asimov after his death. The book won a Hugo Award in 1995.", "The book won a Hugo Award in 1995. Janet Asimov edited It's Been a Good Life (2002), a condensed version of his three autobiographies. He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984).", "He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984). In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort.", "In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort. In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors.", "In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors. The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author.", "The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author. Asimov and Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry developed a unique relationship during Star Treks initial launch in the late 1960s. Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine.", "Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine. Roddenberry retorted respectfully with a personal letter explaining the limitations of accuracy when writing a weekly series. Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show.", "Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show. The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects.", "The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects. In 1973, Asimov published a proposal for calendar reform, called the World Season Calendar. It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each.", "It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each. This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter).", "This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter). An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days.", "An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days. Awards and recognition Asimov won more than a dozen annual awards for particular works of science fiction and a half-dozen lifetime awards. He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities.", "He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities. 1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987).", "1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987). 1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells.", "1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells. 2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame.", "2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. 2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent.", "2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent. He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\".", "He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\". (Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".)", "(Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".) After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged.", "After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged. After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure.", "After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure. In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\".", "In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\". He submitted \"failures\" to another editor. One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented.", "One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented. In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\".", "In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\". Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\"", "Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\" and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels.", "and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels. Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output).", "Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output). Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style.", "Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style. Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels.", "Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels. He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\".", "He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\". When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\".", "When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\". Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways.", "Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways. Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story.", "Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story. For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material.", "For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material. (John Campbell advised Asimov to begin his stories as late in the plot as possible. This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories).", "This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories). Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it.", "Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it. In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group.", "In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group. Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans.", "Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans. The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias.", "The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias. Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all.", "Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all. Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex.", "Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex. The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973.", "The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973. Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes.", "Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes. In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation.", "In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation. The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across.", "The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across. Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology.", "Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology. Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\".", "Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\". However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition.", "However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition. Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\".", "Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\". He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction.", "He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction. He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers.", "He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers. The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted.", "The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted. Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work.", "Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work. However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues.", "However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues. In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience.", "In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience. His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience.", "His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience. The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\"", "The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\" Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist.", "Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist. He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science.", "He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science. During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac.", "During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac. Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology.", "Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology. When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah.", "When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah. As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion.", "As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion. For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings.", "For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments.", "This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did.", "For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical.", "Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical. Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah.", "Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah. It doesn't matter. I am Jewish.\"", "I am Jewish.\" I am Jewish.\" When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\"", "When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\" In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term?", "In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment.", "Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\".", "If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\". Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal.", "Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern.", "He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern. He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards.", "He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards. In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman.", "In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman. Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return.", "Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return. Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\".", "Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\". He closely followed Watergate, and was pleased when the president was forced to resign. Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal.", "Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal. To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\"", "To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\" After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him.", "After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him. Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background.", "Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background. Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel.", "Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel. In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist.", "In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist. In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity.", "In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity. Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\".", "Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\". Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\".", "Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\". He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control.", "He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control. Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction.", "Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction. He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.", "He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich. In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested.", "In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested. He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world.", "He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world. Also, the one-to-one model would let students learn at their own pace. Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019.", "Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019. In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent.", "In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent. According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated.", "According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated. In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched.", "In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched. The question is merely where, when, and how she should be touched.\" According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\"", "According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\" He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community.", "He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community. In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes.", "In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes. Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\".", "Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\". Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals.", "Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.", "In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster. In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs.", "In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs. His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer.", "His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer. In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate?", "In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate? \", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder.", "\", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder. In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times.", "In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times. (The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction.", "(The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction. This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.)", "This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.) He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\"", "He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\" Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction.", "Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\".", "And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\". The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York.", "The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York. This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself).", "This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself). Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\"", "Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\" Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction.", "Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction. He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\".", "He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\". Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model.", "Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model. In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen.", "In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen. Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\"", "Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\" He enjoyed Sherlock Holmes, but considered Arthur Conan Doyle to be \"a slapdash and sloppy writer.\" Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse.", "Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse. In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books.", "In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books. On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's.", "On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's. Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist.", "Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist. John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\"", "John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\" Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century.", "Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century. \"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about.", "\"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about. His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\"", "His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\" Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism.", "Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism. For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing.", "For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing. An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler.", "An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler. He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more.", "He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more. An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts.", "An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts. Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room.", "Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room. Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection.", "Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection. Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series.", "Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent stories, set earlier in the same future as Foundation. Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series.", "Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series. All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday.", "All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday. The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe.", "The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe. The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There?", "The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There? (1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol.", "(1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?", "III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed.", "with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, .", "1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, . Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969.", "Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969. Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\"", "Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\" BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth?", "BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth? (1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux.", "(1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux. Asimov wrote the English translation for the film.", "Asimov wrote the English translation for the film. Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\"", "Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\" A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac.", "A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac. In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, .", "In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, . In Joy Still Felt (1980), New York: Avon . I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), (hc), (pb). Yours, Isaac Asimov (1996), edited by Stanley Asimov. New York: Doubleday .", "New York: Doubleday . New York: Doubleday . It's Been a Good Life (2002), edited by Janet Asimov. . Goldman, Stephen H., \"Isaac Asimov\", in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 8, Cowart and Wymer eds. (Gale Research, 1981), pp. 15–29.", "15–29. 15–29. Gunn, James. \"On Variations on a Robot\", IASFM, July 1980, pp. 56–81. Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (1982). . The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). .", ". The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). . . Further reading External links Asimov Online, a vast repository of information about Asimov, maintained by Asimov enthusiast Edward Seiler Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac Asimov, reviews of all of Asimov's books 20th-century births 1992 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers AIDS-related deaths in New York (state) American alternate history writers Jewish American atheists American biochemists American essayists American humanists American humorists American male novelists 20th-century American memoirists United States Army non-commissioned officers American mystery writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American science fiction writers American science writers American skeptics American writers of Russian descent Asimov's Science Fiction people Bible commentators Boston University faculty Columbia University School of General Studies alumni Critics of religions Date of birth unknown Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Futurians Historians of astronomy American historians of science Hugo Award-winning writers Humor researchers Jewish American novelists Jewish American short story writers Jewish feminists Jewish skeptics American male essayists Male feminists American male short story writers American short story writers Mensans Nebula Award winners New York (state) Democrats People from Shumyachsky District Naturalized citizens of the United States United States Navy civilians Science fiction fans Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees SFWA Grand Masters Soviet emigrants to the United States Writers from Brooklyn Yiddish-speaking people Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from New York (state) Scientists from New York City 20th-century essayists 20th-century atheists People from the Upper West Side Pulp fiction writers Writers about religion and science Atheist feminists Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov", "Education and career", "What was his first job", "Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station,", "What was his age of starting school", "New York City public schools from age 5,", "What school did he attend", "Boys High School in Brooklyn." ]

[ "The Jet Age (TJA) is an American indie rock band based in the Washington, D.C. area.\n\nTheir sound has been compared to Ted Leo, Dinosaur Jr., The Wedding Present, Hüsker Dü, The Clean, The Feelies, and The Who. When playing live performances The Jet Age is a three-piece consisting of guitar, bass and drums. TJA has released six full-length records to date and has completed two national U.S. tours (both including in-studio performances for Seattle's KEXP) and two tours opening for The Wedding Present (the 2010 East Coast tour and closing the 2010 U.K tour). Chris Dahlen of Pitchfork gave TJA's 2008 release \"What Did You Do During the War, Daddy?\" an 8.0, saying, \"[A]ll the riffs are stellar.\" Mark Jenkins, writing for The Washington Post, described the band's 2009 offering \"In Love\" as having \"an ecstatic roar.\" The Jet Age released their fourth studio album, Domestic Disturbances, on 10 January 2012.\n\nThe Jet Age formed in 2005 after singer/guitarist Eric Tischler's previous indie rock band, The Hurricane Lamps (1995–2004; 5 LPs and a Bus Stop Label 7\", multiple national tours) folded when drummer Jason Merriman decided to attend graduate school and bassist Greg Bennett planned to move overseas. Dave Meyer, a Hurricane Lamps fan, agreed to play bass and introduced Tischler to Pete Nuwayser. Shortly before beginning to record the band's first album, Breathless, Meyer moved to Colorado (his then fiancée, and now spouse, accepted a teaching position with a university there). Bennett's relocation plan had changed by that time, so Tischler quickly asked him to resume playing bass.\n\nMembers\n Eric Tischler: guitars, vocals, keyboards\n Greg Bennett: bass\n Pete Nuwayser: drums, vocals (occasionally during live performances)\n\nPrevious members\nDave Meyer: bass\n\nDiscography\n At the End of the World (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2017)\n The Ice is Cracked (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2016)\n Your Sweet Nothings (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2016)\n Destroy.Rebuild (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2015)\n Jukebox Memoir (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2013)\n Domestic Disturbances (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2012)\n The Jet Age in 'Love''' (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2009)\n What Did You Do During the War, Daddy? (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2008)\n Breathless'' (Sonic Boomerang Records, 2006)\n\nNotable press\n\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/24/AR2010062402210.html/\" (2010)\n\"http://blurt-online.com/reviews/view/1870/\" (2010)\n\"http://www.expressnightout.com/content/2010/01/the-jet-age-in-love.php/\"(2010)\n\"http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/riffs-politics-and-plot/Content?oid=825186/\" (2008)\n\"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11174-what-did-you-do-during-the-war-daddy/\" (2008)\n\"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9685-breathless/\"(2006)\n\"http://expressnightout.com/content/2006/09/tonights_top_stop_jet_age_at_the_black_c.php/\" (2006)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Jet Age official site\n\nIndie rock musical groups from Washington, D.C.\nMusical groups established in 2005", "This is a list of people associated with the New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science.\n\nNotable faculty\n\nAlumni\n(*did not graduate)\n\nNobel laureates\n\nPulitzer Prize winners\n\nOther\n\n(*did not graduate)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNew York University\n\nLists of people by university or college in New York City\n\nNew York University-related lists" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov (; 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the \"Big Three\" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books.", "A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction.", "Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966.", "Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966. His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series.", "His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series.", "The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories.", "Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories. He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America.", "He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.", "Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.", "Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery.", "Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. He wrote on numerous other scientific and non-scientific topics, such as chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, biblical exegesis, and literary criticism. He was president of the American Humanist Association.", "He was president of the American Humanist Association. Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards.", "Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards. Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added.", "Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added. Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet.", "Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet. When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov.", "When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov. This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\".", "This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\". Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career.", "Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career. After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name.", "After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name. Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive.", "Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers.", "Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers. He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman.", "He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman. Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\".", "Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\". In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia.", "In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia. Only Asimov survived.", "Only Asimov survived. Only Asimov survived. He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday.", "He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday. Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old.", "Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old. Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both.", "Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade).", "Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade). His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919.", "His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919. In third grade he learned about the \"error\" and insisted on an official correction of the date to January 2. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight.", "He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight. After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work.", "After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work. The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded.", "The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded. Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered.", "Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered. Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn. Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men.", "Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men. Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas.", "Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas. Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\".", "Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\". After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939.", "After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939. After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948.", "After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948. During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German.", "During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German. In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945.", "In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945. In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible.", "In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible. In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll.", "In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll. He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946.", "He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946. He had been promoted to corporal on July 11.", "He had been promoted to corporal on July 11. After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter.", "After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter. By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students.", "By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students. In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure.", "In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure. In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research.", "In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research. After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry.", "After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry. Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb.", "Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb. In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team.", "In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team. Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information.", "Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information. However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively.", "However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively. Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year.", "Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year. The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein).", "The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein). Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948.", "Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948. They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956.", "They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956. They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955).", "They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955). In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life.", "In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life. He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude.", "He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude. Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces.", "Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces. In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading.", "In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading. Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946.", "Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946. Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances.", "Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances. This phobia influenced several of his fiction works, such as the Wendell Urth mystery stories and the Robot novels featuring Elijah Baley. In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship.", "In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship. On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2.", "On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge.", "He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge. Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science.", "Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science. He was a frequent fixture at science fiction conventions, where he was friendly and approachable. He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs.", "He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs. He was of medium height (), stocky, with—in his later years—\"mutton-chop\" sideburns, and a distinct New York accent. He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties.", "He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties. His physical dexterity was very poor. He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston.", "He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston. In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\".", "In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\". Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout.", "Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout. Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan.", "Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan. He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet.", "He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet. He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.", "He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers.", "He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers. In 1984, the American Humanist Association (AHA) named him the Humanist of the Year. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.", "He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. From 1985 until his death in 1992, he served as president of the AHA, an honorary appointment. His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut.", "His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut. He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production.", "He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production. Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics. In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\"", "In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\" He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes.", "He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes. Asimov described Carl Sagan as one of only two people he ever met whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.", "The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky. Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\".", "Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\". After his father died in 1969, Asimov annually contributed to a Judah Asimov Scholarship Fund at Brandeis University. Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack.", "Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack. In December 1983, he had triple bypass surgery at NYU Medical Center, during which he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members.", "His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members. He died in Manhattan on April 6, 1992, and was cremated. The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure.", "The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure. Ten years following Asimov's death, Janet and Robyn Asimov agreed that the HIV story should be made public; Janet revealed it in her edition of his autobiography, It's Been a Good Life. Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods.", "Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods. His early career, dominated by science fiction, began with short stories in 1939 and novels in 1950. This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957).", "This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957). He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism.", "He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism. Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output.", "Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output. Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books.", "Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books. Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge.", "Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge. From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series.", "From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series. There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories.", "There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories. Doubleday and Houghton Mifflin published about 60% of his work as of 1969, Asimov stating that \"both represent a father image\". Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series.", "Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series. Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations).", "Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots.", "Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition.", "Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\".", "Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\". Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology.", "Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology. Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category.", "Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author.", "According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author. Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store.", "Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store. At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational.", "At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational. At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors.", "At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors. Asimov began writing at the age of 11, imitating The Rover Boys with eight chapters of The Greenville Chums at College. His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16.", "His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16. His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934.", "His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934. In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year.", "In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year. On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications.", "On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications. Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later.", "Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later. Campbell met with Asimov for more than an hour and promised to read the story himself. Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail.", "Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail. This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend.", "This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend. By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\".", "By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\". Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice.", "Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice. On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue.", "On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue. Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word.", "Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word. Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction.", "Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding.", "For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding. His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer.", "His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer. Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\".", "Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\". Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\").", "Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\"). He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\".", "He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\". Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941.", "Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941. In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written.", "In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written. In Nightfall and Other Stories Asimov wrote, \"The writing of 'Nightfall' was a watershed in my professional career ... I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed.", "I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\"", "As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\" \"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition.", "\"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition. After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year.", "After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year. Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years.", "Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years. Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear.", "Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear. In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953).", "In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953). The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor.", "The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor. They also feature his fictional science of psychohistory, in which the future course of the history of large populations can be predicted. The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction.", "The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction. In 1966 they won the Hugo Award for the all-time best series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories.", "Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children.", "By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children. His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time.", "His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject.", "They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators.", "Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators. The robot series has led to film adaptations.", "The robot series has led to film adaptations. With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\".", "With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\". The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994.", "The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994. The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired.", "The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.)", "(The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams.", "Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams. Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury.", "Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury. At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov.", "At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov. In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\".", "In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\". At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that.", "At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that. Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name.", "Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name. Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously.", "Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously. At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\".", "At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\". Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room.", "Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room. After a five-minute wait, he was summoned back into the room and congratulated as \"Dr. Asimov\". Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s. It became possible for a genre author to write full-time.", "It became possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words.", "In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky.", "The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky. Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\".", "Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955.", "Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955. The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy.", "The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy. More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots.", "More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots. Books and the magazines Galaxy, and Fantasy & Science Fiction ended Asimov's dependence on Astounding. He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\".", "He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\". Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story.", "Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story. In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel.", "In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel. In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical.", "In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical. McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials.", "McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials. The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career.", "The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career. Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story.", "Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story. He adhered to McCartney's overall idea, producing a story he felt to be moving and dramatic. However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue.", "However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue. McCartney rejected the story. The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives.", "The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives. Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\".", "Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\". Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue.", "Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue. There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\").", "There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\"). Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel.", "Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel. Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969.", "Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries).", "During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries). He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\".", "He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\". Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted.", "Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted. Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\".", "Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\". Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine.", "Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine. The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness.", "The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness. These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers.", "These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers. The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\".", "The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\". In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\"", "In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\" Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF.", "Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF. The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer.", "The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer. He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\".", "He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\". The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\"", "The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\" Asimov replied that he only knew how it felt to have the 'reputation' of omniscience: \"Uneasy\". Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent.", "Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent. He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\".", "He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\". Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\".", "Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\". He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\".", "He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\". In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\".", "In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\". Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\".", "Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\". Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar!", "Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar! \", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\").", "\", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\"). While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\".", "While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\". In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons).", "In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons). Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire.", "Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology.", "Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology. It was first introduced in the five short stories (1942–1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 fix-up novel Foundation. Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history.", "Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history. Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history.", "Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history. Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991).", "Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991). He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981.", "He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981. Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters.", "Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters. His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980).", "His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980). Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.", "Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries.", "He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries. He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle.", "He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle. He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends.", "He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends. A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen.", "A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen. Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\"", "Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\" Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975.", "Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975. Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi.", "Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi. He even created a slim volume of Sherlockian limericks. Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon.", "Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon. The two main characters, both Jewish, talk over dinner, or lunch, or breakfast, about anecdotes of \"George\" and his friend Azazel. Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory.", "Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory. According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous.", "According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous. Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher.", "Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher. In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972).", "In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972). However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities.", "However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities. Asimov published three volumes of autobiography. In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978.", "In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978. The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off).", "The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off). The epilogue was written by his widow Janet Asimov after his death. The book won a Hugo Award in 1995.", "The book won a Hugo Award in 1995. Janet Asimov edited It's Been a Good Life (2002), a condensed version of his three autobiographies. He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984).", "He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984). In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort.", "In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort. In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors.", "In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors. The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author.", "The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author. Asimov and Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry developed a unique relationship during Star Treks initial launch in the late 1960s. Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine.", "Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine. Roddenberry retorted respectfully with a personal letter explaining the limitations of accuracy when writing a weekly series. Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show.", "Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show. The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects.", "The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects. In 1973, Asimov published a proposal for calendar reform, called the World Season Calendar. It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each.", "It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each. This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter).", "This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter). An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days.", "An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days. Awards and recognition Asimov won more than a dozen annual awards for particular works of science fiction and a half-dozen lifetime awards. He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities.", "He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities. 1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987).", "1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987). 1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells.", "1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells. 2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame.", "2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. 2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent.", "2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent. He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\".", "He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\". (Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".)", "(Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".) After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged.", "After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged. After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure.", "After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure. In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\".", "In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\". He submitted \"failures\" to another editor. One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented.", "One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented. In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\".", "In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\". Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\"", "Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\" and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels.", "and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels. Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output).", "Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output). Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style.", "Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style. Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels.", "Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels. He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\".", "He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\". When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\".", "When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\". Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways.", "Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways. Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story.", "Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story. For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material.", "For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material. (John Campbell advised Asimov to begin his stories as late in the plot as possible. This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories).", "This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories). Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it.", "Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it. In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group.", "In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group. Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans.", "Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans. The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias.", "The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias. Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all.", "Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all. Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex.", "Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex. The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973.", "The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973. Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes.", "Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes. In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation.", "In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation. The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across.", "The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across. Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology.", "Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology. Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\".", "Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\". However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition.", "However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition. Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\".", "Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\". He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction.", "He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction. He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers.", "He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers. The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted.", "The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted. Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work.", "Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work. However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues.", "However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues. In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience.", "In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience. His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience.", "His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience. The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\"", "The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\" Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist.", "Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist. He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science.", "He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science. During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac.", "During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac. Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology.", "Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology. When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah.", "When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah. As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion.", "As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion. For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings.", "For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments.", "This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did.", "For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical.", "Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical. Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah.", "Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah. It doesn't matter. I am Jewish.\"", "I am Jewish.\" I am Jewish.\" When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\"", "When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\" In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term?", "In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment.", "Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\".", "If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\". Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal.", "Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern.", "He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern. He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards.", "He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards. In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman.", "In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman. Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return.", "Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return. Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\".", "Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\". He closely followed Watergate, and was pleased when the president was forced to resign. Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal.", "Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal. To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\"", "To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\" After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him.", "After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him. Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background.", "Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background. Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel.", "Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel. In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist.", "In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist. In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity.", "In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity. Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\".", "Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\". Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\".", "Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\". He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control.", "He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control. Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction.", "Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction. He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.", "He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich. In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested.", "In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested. He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world.", "He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world. Also, the one-to-one model would let students learn at their own pace. Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019.", "Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019. In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent.", "In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent. According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated.", "According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated. In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched.", "In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched. The question is merely where, when, and how she should be touched.\" According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\"", "According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\" He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community.", "He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community. In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes.", "In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes. Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\".", "Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\". Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals.", "Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.", "In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster. In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs.", "In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs. His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer.", "His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer. In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate?", "In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate? \", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder.", "\", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder. In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times.", "In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times. (The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction.", "(The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction. This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.)", "This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.) He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\"", "He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\" Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction.", "Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\".", "And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\". The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York.", "The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York. This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself).", "This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself). Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\"", "Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\" Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction.", "Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction. He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\".", "He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\". Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model.", "Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model. In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen.", "In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen. Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\"", "Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\" He enjoyed Sherlock Holmes, but considered Arthur Conan Doyle to be \"a slapdash and sloppy writer.\" Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse.", "Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse. In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books.", "In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books. On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's.", "On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's. Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist.", "Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist. John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\"", "John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\" Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century.", "Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century. \"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about.", "\"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about. His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\"", "His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\" Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism.", "Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism. For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing.", "For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing. An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler.", "An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler. He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more.", "He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more. An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts.", "An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts. Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room.", "Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room. Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection.", "Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection. Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series.", "Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent stories, set earlier in the same future as Foundation. Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series.", "Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series. All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday.", "All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday. The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe.", "The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe. The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There?", "The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There? (1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol.", "(1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?", "III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed.", "with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, .", "1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, . Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969.", "Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969. Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\"", "Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\" BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth?", "BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth? (1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux.", "(1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux. Asimov wrote the English translation for the film.", "Asimov wrote the English translation for the film. Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\"", "Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\" A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac.", "A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac. In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, .", "In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, . In Joy Still Felt (1980), New York: Avon . I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), (hc), (pb). Yours, Isaac Asimov (1996), edited by Stanley Asimov. New York: Doubleday .", "New York: Doubleday . New York: Doubleday . It's Been a Good Life (2002), edited by Janet Asimov. . Goldman, Stephen H., \"Isaac Asimov\", in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 8, Cowart and Wymer eds. (Gale Research, 1981), pp. 15–29.", "15–29. 15–29. Gunn, James. \"On Variations on a Robot\", IASFM, July 1980, pp. 56–81. Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (1982). . The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). .", ". The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). . . Further reading External links Asimov Online, a vast repository of information about Asimov, maintained by Asimov enthusiast Edward Seiler Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac Asimov, reviews of all of Asimov's books 20th-century births 1992 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers AIDS-related deaths in New York (state) American alternate history writers Jewish American atheists American biochemists American essayists American humanists American humorists American male novelists 20th-century American memoirists United States Army non-commissioned officers American mystery writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American science fiction writers American science writers American skeptics American writers of Russian descent Asimov's Science Fiction people Bible commentators Boston University faculty Columbia University School of General Studies alumni Critics of religions Date of birth unknown Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Futurians Historians of astronomy American historians of science Hugo Award-winning writers Humor researchers Jewish American novelists Jewish American short story writers Jewish feminists Jewish skeptics American male essayists Male feminists American male short story writers American short story writers Mensans Nebula Award winners New York (state) Democrats People from Shumyachsky District Naturalized citizens of the United States United States Navy civilians Science fiction fans Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees SFWA Grand Masters Soviet emigrants to the United States Writers from Brooklyn Yiddish-speaking people Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from New York (state) Scientists from New York City 20th-century essayists 20th-century atheists People from the Upper West Side Pulp fiction writers Writers about religion and science Atheist feminists Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov", "Education and career", "What was his first job", "Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station,", "What was his age of starting school", "New York City public schools from age 5,", "What school did he attend", "Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "What age did he graduate", "15," ]

[ "Samuel Big Bear (December 25, 1889 - December 21, 1959), mainly referred to as simply Big Bear in the record books, was a Native American professional football player during the early years of the National Football League. During his two-year career, Big Bear played in 6 games with the Oorang Indians. He played in 1 game for the 1922 season and in 5 games for the 1923 season. He ended his professional career after the Indians disbanded in 1923. According to NFL records, Big Bear did not attend college or play college football. However, the Pro Football Researchers Association states that he attended the Carlisle Indian School located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.\n\nReferences\nWhat's an Oorang?\nThe Oorang Indians\nOngoing Research Project Uniform Numbers of the NFL Pre-1933\nPro Football Archives, Big Bear\n\nNotes\n\nNative American sportspeople\nOorang Indians players\n1889 births\n1959 deaths\nCarlisle Indians football players\nPlayers of American football from Nebraska\nPeople from Thurston County, Nebraska", "Walter Drumstead (born Dremstadt; September 4, 1898 – May 18, 1946) was an American football guard who played one game in the National Football League (NFL) for the Hammond Pros. He did not attend college, and also played independent ball with the Hammond Scatenas, Boosters, and Colonials.\n\nHe was born Walter Dremstadt on September 4, 1898, in Hammond, Indiana. He did not attend college, and a 1923 article called him, \"from the college of hard knocks.\"\n\nIn 1921, Drumstead started a football career with the independent Hammond Scatenas. He joined the Hammond Boosters in 1924 after three seasons played with the Scatenas, and scored a touchdown in one of his first appearances with the team.\n\nAfter playing most of the 1925 season with the Boosters, Drumstead left the team for one game to play in the National Football League (NFL) with the Hammond Pros. He was a starter in their 0–13 loss against the Chicago Cardinals, and returned to the Boosters afterwards. The Times reported him as a \"fan favorite\". He played for the Boosters again in 1926.\n\nDrumstead played the left guard position for the Hammond Colonials in 1929.\n\nHe died in on May 18, 1946, at the age of 47.\n\nReferences\n\n1898 births\n1946 deaths\nPlayers of American football from Indiana\nPeople from Hammond, Indiana\nAmerican football guards\nHammond Pros players" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov (; 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the \"Big Three\" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books.", "A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction.", "Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966.", "Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966. His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series.", "His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series.", "The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories.", "Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories. He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America.", "He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.", "Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.", "Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery.", "Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. He wrote on numerous other scientific and non-scientific topics, such as chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, biblical exegesis, and literary criticism. He was president of the American Humanist Association.", "He was president of the American Humanist Association. Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards.", "Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards. Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added.", "Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added. Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet.", "Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet. When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov.", "When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov. This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\".", "This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\". Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career.", "Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career. After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name.", "After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name. Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive.", "Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers.", "Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers. He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman.", "He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman. Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\".", "Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\". In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia.", "In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia. Only Asimov survived.", "Only Asimov survived. Only Asimov survived. He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday.", "He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday. Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old.", "Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old. Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both.", "Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade).", "Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade). His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919.", "His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919. In third grade he learned about the \"error\" and insisted on an official correction of the date to January 2. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight.", "He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight. After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work.", "After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work. The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded.", "The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded. Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered.", "Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered. Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn. Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men.", "Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men. Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas.", "Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas. Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\".", "Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\". After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939.", "After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939. After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948.", "After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948. During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German.", "During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German. In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945.", "In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945. In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible.", "In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible. In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll.", "In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll. He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946.", "He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946. He had been promoted to corporal on July 11.", "He had been promoted to corporal on July 11. After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter.", "After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter. By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students.", "By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students. In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure.", "In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure. In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research.", "In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research. After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry.", "After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry. Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb.", "Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb. In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team.", "In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team. Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information.", "Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information. However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively.", "However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively. Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year.", "Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year. The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein).", "The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein). Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948.", "Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948. They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956.", "They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956. They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955).", "They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955). In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life.", "In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life. He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude.", "He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude. Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces.", "Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces. In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading.", "In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading. Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946.", "Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946. Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances.", "Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances. This phobia influenced several of his fiction works, such as the Wendell Urth mystery stories and the Robot novels featuring Elijah Baley. In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship.", "In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship. On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2.", "On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge.", "He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge. Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science.", "Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science. He was a frequent fixture at science fiction conventions, where he was friendly and approachable. He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs.", "He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs. He was of medium height (), stocky, with—in his later years—\"mutton-chop\" sideburns, and a distinct New York accent. He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties.", "He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties. His physical dexterity was very poor. He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston.", "He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston. In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\".", "In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\". Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout.", "Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout. Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan.", "Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan. He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet.", "He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet. He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.", "He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers.", "He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers. In 1984, the American Humanist Association (AHA) named him the Humanist of the Year. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.", "He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. From 1985 until his death in 1992, he served as president of the AHA, an honorary appointment. His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut.", "His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut. He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production.", "He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production. Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics. In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\"", "In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\" He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes.", "He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes. Asimov described Carl Sagan as one of only two people he ever met whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.", "The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky. Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\".", "Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\". After his father died in 1969, Asimov annually contributed to a Judah Asimov Scholarship Fund at Brandeis University. Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack.", "Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack. In December 1983, he had triple bypass surgery at NYU Medical Center, during which he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members.", "His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members. He died in Manhattan on April 6, 1992, and was cremated. The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure.", "The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure. Ten years following Asimov's death, Janet and Robyn Asimov agreed that the HIV story should be made public; Janet revealed it in her edition of his autobiography, It's Been a Good Life. Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods.", "Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods. His early career, dominated by science fiction, began with short stories in 1939 and novels in 1950. This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957).", "This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957). He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism.", "He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism. Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output.", "Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output. Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books.", "Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books. Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge.", "Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge. From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series.", "From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series. There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories.", "There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories. Doubleday and Houghton Mifflin published about 60% of his work as of 1969, Asimov stating that \"both represent a father image\". Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series.", "Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series. Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations).", "Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots.", "Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition.", "Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\".", "Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\". Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology.", "Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology. Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category.", "Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author.", "According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author. Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store.", "Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store. At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational.", "At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational. At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors.", "At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors. Asimov began writing at the age of 11, imitating The Rover Boys with eight chapters of The Greenville Chums at College. His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16.", "His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16. His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934.", "His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934. In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year.", "In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year. On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications.", "On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications. Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later.", "Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later. Campbell met with Asimov for more than an hour and promised to read the story himself. Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail.", "Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail. This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend.", "This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend. By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\".", "By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\". Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice.", "Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice. On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue.", "On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue. Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word.", "Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word. Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction.", "Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding.", "For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding. His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer.", "His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer. Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\".", "Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\". Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\").", "Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\"). He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\".", "He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\". Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941.", "Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941. In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written.", "In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written. In Nightfall and Other Stories Asimov wrote, \"The writing of 'Nightfall' was a watershed in my professional career ... I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed.", "I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\"", "As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\" \"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition.", "\"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition. After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year.", "After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year. Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years.", "Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years. Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear.", "Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear. In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953).", "In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953). The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor.", "The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor. They also feature his fictional science of psychohistory, in which the future course of the history of large populations can be predicted. The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction.", "The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction. In 1966 they won the Hugo Award for the all-time best series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories.", "Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children.", "By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children. His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time.", "His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject.", "They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators.", "Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators. The robot series has led to film adaptations.", "The robot series has led to film adaptations. With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\".", "With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\". The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994.", "The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994. The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired.", "The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.)", "(The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams.", "Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams. Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury.", "Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury. At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov.", "At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov. In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\".", "In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\". At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that.", "At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that. Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name.", "Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name. Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously.", "Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously. At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\".", "At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\". Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room.", "Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room. After a five-minute wait, he was summoned back into the room and congratulated as \"Dr. Asimov\". Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s. It became possible for a genre author to write full-time.", "It became possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words.", "In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky.", "The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky. Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\".", "Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955.", "Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955. The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy.", "The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy. More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots.", "More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots. Books and the magazines Galaxy, and Fantasy & Science Fiction ended Asimov's dependence on Astounding. He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\".", "He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\". Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story.", "Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story. In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel.", "In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel. In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical.", "In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical. McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials.", "McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials. The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career.", "The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career. Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story.", "Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story. He adhered to McCartney's overall idea, producing a story he felt to be moving and dramatic. However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue.", "However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue. McCartney rejected the story. The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives.", "The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives. Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\".", "Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\". Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue.", "Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue. There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\").", "There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\"). Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel.", "Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel. Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969.", "Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries).", "During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries). He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\".", "He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\". Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted.", "Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted. Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\".", "Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\". Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine.", "Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine. The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness.", "The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness. These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers.", "These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers. The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\".", "The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\". In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\"", "In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\" Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF.", "Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF. The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer.", "The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer. He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\".", "He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\". The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\"", "The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\" Asimov replied that he only knew how it felt to have the 'reputation' of omniscience: \"Uneasy\". Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent.", "Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent. He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\".", "He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\". Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\".", "Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\". He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\".", "He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\". In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\".", "In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\". Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\".", "Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\". Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar!", "Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar! \", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\").", "\", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\"). While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\".", "While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\". In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons).", "In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons). Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire.", "Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology.", "Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology. It was first introduced in the five short stories (1942–1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 fix-up novel Foundation. Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history.", "Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history. Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history.", "Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history. Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991).", "Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991). He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981.", "He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981. Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters.", "Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters. His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980).", "His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980). Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.", "Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries.", "He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries. He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle.", "He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle. He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends.", "He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends. A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen.", "A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen. Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\"", "Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\" Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975.", "Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975. Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi.", "Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi. He even created a slim volume of Sherlockian limericks. Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon.", "Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon. The two main characters, both Jewish, talk over dinner, or lunch, or breakfast, about anecdotes of \"George\" and his friend Azazel. Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory.", "Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory. According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous.", "According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous. Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher.", "Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher. In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972).", "In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972). However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities.", "However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities. Asimov published three volumes of autobiography. In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978.", "In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978. The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off).", "The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off). The epilogue was written by his widow Janet Asimov after his death. The book won a Hugo Award in 1995.", "The book won a Hugo Award in 1995. Janet Asimov edited It's Been a Good Life (2002), a condensed version of his three autobiographies. He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984).", "He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984). In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort.", "In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort. In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors.", "In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors. The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author.", "The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author. Asimov and Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry developed a unique relationship during Star Treks initial launch in the late 1960s. Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine.", "Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine. Roddenberry retorted respectfully with a personal letter explaining the limitations of accuracy when writing a weekly series. Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show.", "Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show. The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects.", "The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects. In 1973, Asimov published a proposal for calendar reform, called the World Season Calendar. It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each.", "It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each. This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter).", "This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter). An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days.", "An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days. Awards and recognition Asimov won more than a dozen annual awards for particular works of science fiction and a half-dozen lifetime awards. He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities.", "He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities. 1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987).", "1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987). 1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells.", "1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells. 2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame.", "2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. 2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent.", "2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent. He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\".", "He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\". (Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".)", "(Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".) After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged.", "After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged. After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure.", "After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure. In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\".", "In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\". He submitted \"failures\" to another editor. One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented.", "One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented. In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\".", "In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\". Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\"", "Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\" and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels.", "and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels. Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output).", "Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output). Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style.", "Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style. Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels.", "Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels. He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\".", "He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\". When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\".", "When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\". Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways.", "Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways. Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story.", "Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story. For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material.", "For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material. (John Campbell advised Asimov to begin his stories as late in the plot as possible. This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories).", "This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories). Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it.", "Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it. In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group.", "In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group. Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans.", "Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans. The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias.", "The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias. Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all.", "Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all. Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex.", "Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex. The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973.", "The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973. Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes.", "Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes. In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation.", "In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation. The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across.", "The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across. Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology.", "Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology. Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\".", "Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\". However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition.", "However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition. Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\".", "Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\". He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction.", "He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction. He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers.", "He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers. The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted.", "The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted. Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work.", "Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work. However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues.", "However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues. In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience.", "In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience. His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience.", "His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience. The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\"", "The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\" Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist.", "Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist. He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science.", "He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science. During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac.", "During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac. Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology.", "Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology. When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah.", "When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah. As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion.", "As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion. For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings.", "For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments.", "This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did.", "For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical.", "Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical. Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah.", "Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah. It doesn't matter. I am Jewish.\"", "I am Jewish.\" I am Jewish.\" When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\"", "When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\" In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term?", "In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment.", "Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\".", "If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\". Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal.", "Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern.", "He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern. He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards.", "He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards. In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman.", "In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman. Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return.", "Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return. Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\".", "Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\". He closely followed Watergate, and was pleased when the president was forced to resign. Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal.", "Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal. To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\"", "To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\" After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him.", "After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him. Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background.", "Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background. Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel.", "Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel. In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist.", "In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist. In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity.", "In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity. Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\".", "Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\". Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\".", "Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\". He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control.", "He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control. Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction.", "Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction. He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.", "He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich. In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested.", "In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested. He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world.", "He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world. Also, the one-to-one model would let students learn at their own pace. Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019.", "Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019. In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent.", "In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent. According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated.", "According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated. In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched.", "In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched. The question is merely where, when, and how she should be touched.\" According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\"", "According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\" He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community.", "He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community. In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes.", "In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes. Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\".", "Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\". Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals.", "Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.", "In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster. In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs.", "In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs. His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer.", "His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer. In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate?", "In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate? \", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder.", "\", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder. In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times.", "In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times. (The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction.", "(The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction. This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.)", "This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.) He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\"", "He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\" Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction.", "Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\".", "And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\". The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York.", "The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York. This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself).", "This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself). Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\"", "Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\" Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction.", "Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction. He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\".", "He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\". Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model.", "Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model. In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen.", "In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen. Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\"", "Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\" He enjoyed Sherlock Holmes, but considered Arthur Conan Doyle to be \"a slapdash and sloppy writer.\" Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse.", "Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse. In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books.", "In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books. On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's.", "On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's. Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist.", "Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist. John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\"", "John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\" Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century.", "Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century. \"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about.", "\"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about. His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\"", "His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\" Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism.", "Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism. For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing.", "For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing. An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler.", "An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler. He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more.", "He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more. An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts.", "An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts. Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room.", "Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room. Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection.", "Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection. Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series.", "Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent stories, set earlier in the same future as Foundation. Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series.", "Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series. All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday.", "All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday. The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe.", "The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe. The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There?", "The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There? (1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol.", "(1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?", "III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed.", "with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, .", "1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, . Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969.", "Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969. Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\"", "Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\" BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth?", "BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth? (1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux.", "(1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux. Asimov wrote the English translation for the film.", "Asimov wrote the English translation for the film. Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\"", "Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\" A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac.", "A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac. In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, .", "In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, . In Joy Still Felt (1980), New York: Avon . I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), (hc), (pb). Yours, Isaac Asimov (1996), edited by Stanley Asimov. New York: Doubleday .", "New York: Doubleday . New York: Doubleday . It's Been a Good Life (2002), edited by Janet Asimov. . Goldman, Stephen H., \"Isaac Asimov\", in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 8, Cowart and Wymer eds. (Gale Research, 1981), pp. 15–29.", "15–29. 15–29. Gunn, James. \"On Variations on a Robot\", IASFM, July 1980, pp. 56–81. Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (1982). . The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). .", ". The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). . . Further reading External links Asimov Online, a vast repository of information about Asimov, maintained by Asimov enthusiast Edward Seiler Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac Asimov, reviews of all of Asimov's books 20th-century births 1992 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers AIDS-related deaths in New York (state) American alternate history writers Jewish American atheists American biochemists American essayists American humanists American humorists American male novelists 20th-century American memoirists United States Army non-commissioned officers American mystery writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American science fiction writers American science writers American skeptics American writers of Russian descent Asimov's Science Fiction people Bible commentators Boston University faculty Columbia University School of General Studies alumni Critics of religions Date of birth unknown Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Futurians Historians of astronomy American historians of science Hugo Award-winning writers Humor researchers Jewish American novelists Jewish American short story writers Jewish feminists Jewish skeptics American male essayists Male feminists American male short story writers American short story writers Mensans Nebula Award winners New York (state) Democrats People from Shumyachsky District Naturalized citizens of the United States United States Navy civilians Science fiction fans Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees SFWA Grand Masters Soviet emigrants to the United States Writers from Brooklyn Yiddish-speaking people Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from New York (state) Scientists from New York City 20th-century essayists 20th-century atheists People from the Upper West Side Pulp fiction writers Writers about religion and science Atheist feminists Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov", "Education and career", "What was his first job", "Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station,", "What was his age of starting school", "New York City public schools from age 5,", "What school did he attend", "Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "What age did he graduate", "15,", "What college did he attend", "Seth Low Junior College," ]

[ "\"Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics\" is a journal article by Alexander Wendt published in International Organization in 1992 that outlines a constructivist approach to international relations theory.\n\nWendt argues that anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of international relations theory envision it, but rather it is a construct of the nation-states in the system. At the core of constructivist thought is the idea that many core aspects of international relations are socially constructed (they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction), rather than inherent, contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism. According to Wendt, the two basic tenets of constructivism are:\n The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces.\n The identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature.\n\nThe constructivist sentiment is summed up in the following extract from the article: \"I argue that self-help and power politics do not follow either logically or causally from anarchy and that if today we find ourselves in a self-help world, this is due to process, not structure. There is no 'logic' of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another; structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process. Self-help and power politics are institutions, not essential features, of anarchy. Anarchy is what states make of it\".\n\nSee also\n\nPower politics\nSocial Theory of International Politics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\"Anarchy is What States Make of It\" at JSTOR\n\nInternational relations theory\nConstructivism\n1992 documents\nSocial constructionism", "Six Apart Ltd., sometimes abbreviated 6A, is a software company known for creating the Movable Type blogware, TypePad blog hosting service, and Vox (the blogging platform). The company also is the former owner of LiveJournal. Six Apart is headquartered in Tokyo. The name is a reference to the six-day age difference between its married co-founders, Ben and Mena Trott.\n\nHistory\nThe company was founded in September 2001 after Ben, during a period of unemployment, wrote what became Movable Type to allow Mena to easily produce her weblog. When version 1.0 was put on the web, it was downloaded over 100 times in the first hour.\n\n2003–2006\nIn 2003, Six Apart received initial venture capital funding from a group led by Joi Ito and his Neoteny Co., which allowed the company to hire additional employees, acquire a French weblog publishing company, and unveil plans for what was to become its hosted weblog publishing system, TypePad. In 2004, Six Apart completed a second round of funding with August Capital, which allowed it to make acquisitions of other companies. In January 2005, Six Apart purchased Danga Interactive, parent company of LiveJournal, from owner Brad Fitzpatrick, who was named Six Apart's chief architect. In March 2006, Six Apart announced the acquisition of the SplashBlog camera phone blogging service. June 2006 saw the release of their new Web 2.0 blogging platform, Vox.\n\nIts CEO is Chris Alden. Prominent weblogger Anil Dash joined the company in 2003, as did former head of Wired Digital Andrew Anker. Six Apart's board of directors consists of Barak Berkowitz, Mena Trott, David Marquardt, David Hornik, Reid Hoffman, and Jun Makihara.\n\nOn September 6, 2006, Six Apart bought Rojo.com. President Chris Alden became executive vice president of Six Apart and general manager of Movable Type. CTO Aaron Emigh became executive vice president and general manager of core technologies.\n\n2007\nOn September 15, 2007, chairman and chief executive Barak Berkowitz stepped aside and was replaced by Chris Alden, who had run the company's professional software unit.\n\nOn December 2, 2007, Six Apart announced it was selling LiveJournal to SUP Fabrik, a Russian media company that had licensed the LiveJournal brand and software for use in Russia.\n\n2008\nOn April 21, 2008, Six Apart said it acquired Apperceptive, a New York social media agency, as part of its new strategy. It declined to disclose financial terms of the deal. It is also partnering with advertising agency Adify. Just as in an advertising network, bloggers will be able to sign up and participate in advertising campaigns managed by Six Apart.\n\nOn December 1, 2008, Six Apart announced the acquisition of micro blogging website Pownce. The Pownce website was shut down on December 15. The key developers of Pownce (Leah Culver and Mike Malone) stayed on at Six Apart through early 2010, with Pownce technology being integrated into TypePad and TypePad Conversations.\n\n2010\nOn September 2, 2010 Six Apart announced that they would be shutting down their blogging/social networking site Vox with a final termination date set for September 30, 2010.\n\nBeginning from September 15, 2010 Vox users would not be able to post new blog posts.\n\nOn September 22, Six Apart announced its intention to join forces with VideoEgg to create a modern media company called SAY Media.\n\n2011\n\nOn January 21, 2011, SAY Media announced that it was selling the Six Apart brand and the worldwide Movable Type business to Infocom, a Japanese information technology company. As a result of this transaction, the headquarters of Six Apart is now Tokyo, Japan.\n\nNobuhiro Seki, who was general manager of Six Apart, K.K. prior to this announcement, became president and CEO of Six Apart.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSoftware companies of Japan\n2001 establishments in California\nSoftware companies established in 2001\nLivejournal\nSoftware companies based in Tokyo\nBlog software\nEmployee-owned companies\nInternet technology companies of Japan" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov (; 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the \"Big Three\" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books.", "A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction.", "Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966.", "Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966. His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series.", "His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series.", "The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories.", "Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories. He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America.", "He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.", "Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.", "Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery.", "Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. He wrote on numerous other scientific and non-scientific topics, such as chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, biblical exegesis, and literary criticism. He was president of the American Humanist Association.", "He was president of the American Humanist Association. Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards.", "Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards. Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added.", "Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added. Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet.", "Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet. When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov.", "When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov. This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\".", "This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\". Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career.", "Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career. After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name.", "After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name. Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive.", "Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers.", "Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers. He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman.", "He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman. Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\".", "Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\". In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia.", "In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia. Only Asimov survived.", "Only Asimov survived. Only Asimov survived. He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday.", "He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday. Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old.", "Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old. Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both.", "Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade).", "Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade). His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919.", "His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919. In third grade he learned about the \"error\" and insisted on an official correction of the date to January 2. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight.", "He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight. After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work.", "After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work. The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded.", "The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded. Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered.", "Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered. Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn. Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men.", "Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men. Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas.", "Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas. Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\".", "Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\". After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939.", "After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939. After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948.", "After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948. During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German.", "During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German. In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945.", "In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945. In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible.", "In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible. In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll.", "In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll. He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946.", "He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946. He had been promoted to corporal on July 11.", "He had been promoted to corporal on July 11. After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter.", "After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter. By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students.", "By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students. In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure.", "In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure. In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research.", "In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research. After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry.", "After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry. Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb.", "Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb. In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team.", "In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team. Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information.", "Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information. However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively.", "However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively. Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year.", "Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year. The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein).", "The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein). Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948.", "Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948. They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956.", "They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956. They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955).", "They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955). In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life.", "In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life. He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude.", "He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude. Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces.", "Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces. In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading.", "In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading. Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946.", "Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946. Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances.", "Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances. This phobia influenced several of his fiction works, such as the Wendell Urth mystery stories and the Robot novels featuring Elijah Baley. In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship.", "In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship. On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2.", "On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge.", "He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge. Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science.", "Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science. He was a frequent fixture at science fiction conventions, where he was friendly and approachable. He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs.", "He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs. He was of medium height (), stocky, with—in his later years—\"mutton-chop\" sideburns, and a distinct New York accent. He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties.", "He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties. His physical dexterity was very poor. He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston.", "He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston. In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\".", "In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\". Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout.", "Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout. Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan.", "Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan. He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet.", "He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet. He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.", "He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers.", "He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers. In 1984, the American Humanist Association (AHA) named him the Humanist of the Year. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.", "He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. From 1985 until his death in 1992, he served as president of the AHA, an honorary appointment. His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut.", "His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut. He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production.", "He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production. Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics. In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\"", "In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\" He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes.", "He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes. Asimov described Carl Sagan as one of only two people he ever met whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.", "The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky. Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\".", "Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\". After his father died in 1969, Asimov annually contributed to a Judah Asimov Scholarship Fund at Brandeis University. Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack.", "Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack. In December 1983, he had triple bypass surgery at NYU Medical Center, during which he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members.", "His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members. He died in Manhattan on April 6, 1992, and was cremated. The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure.", "The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure. Ten years following Asimov's death, Janet and Robyn Asimov agreed that the HIV story should be made public; Janet revealed it in her edition of his autobiography, It's Been a Good Life. Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods.", "Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods. His early career, dominated by science fiction, began with short stories in 1939 and novels in 1950. This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957).", "This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957). He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism.", "He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism. Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output.", "Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output. Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books.", "Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books. Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge.", "Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge. From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series.", "From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series. There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories.", "There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories. Doubleday and Houghton Mifflin published about 60% of his work as of 1969, Asimov stating that \"both represent a father image\". Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series.", "Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series. Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations).", "Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots.", "Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition.", "Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\".", "Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\". Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology.", "Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology. Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category.", "Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author.", "According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author. Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store.", "Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store. At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational.", "At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational. At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors.", "At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors. Asimov began writing at the age of 11, imitating The Rover Boys with eight chapters of The Greenville Chums at College. His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16.", "His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16. His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934.", "His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934. In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year.", "In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year. On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications.", "On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications. Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later.", "Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later. Campbell met with Asimov for more than an hour and promised to read the story himself. Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail.", "Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail. This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend.", "This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend. By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\".", "By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\". Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice.", "Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice. On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue.", "On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue. Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word.", "Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word. Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction.", "Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding.", "For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding. His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer.", "His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer. Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\".", "Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\". Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\").", "Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\"). He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\".", "He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\". Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941.", "Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941. In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written.", "In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written. In Nightfall and Other Stories Asimov wrote, \"The writing of 'Nightfall' was a watershed in my professional career ... I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed.", "I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\"", "As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\" \"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition.", "\"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition. After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year.", "After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year. Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years.", "Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years. Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear.", "Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear. In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953).", "In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953). The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor.", "The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor. They also feature his fictional science of psychohistory, in which the future course of the history of large populations can be predicted. The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction.", "The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction. In 1966 they won the Hugo Award for the all-time best series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories.", "Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children.", "By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children. His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time.", "His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject.", "They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators.", "Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators. The robot series has led to film adaptations.", "The robot series has led to film adaptations. With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\".", "With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\". The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994.", "The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994. The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired.", "The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.)", "(The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams.", "Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams. Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury.", "Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury. At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov.", "At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov. In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\".", "In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\". At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that.", "At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that. Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name.", "Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name. Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously.", "Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously. At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\".", "At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\". Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room.", "Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room. After a five-minute wait, he was summoned back into the room and congratulated as \"Dr. Asimov\". Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s. It became possible for a genre author to write full-time.", "It became possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words.", "In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky.", "The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky. Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\".", "Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955.", "Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955. The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy.", "The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy. More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots.", "More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots. Books and the magazines Galaxy, and Fantasy & Science Fiction ended Asimov's dependence on Astounding. He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\".", "He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\". Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story.", "Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story. In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel.", "In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel. In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical.", "In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical. McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials.", "McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials. The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career.", "The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career. Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story.", "Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story. He adhered to McCartney's overall idea, producing a story he felt to be moving and dramatic. However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue.", "However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue. McCartney rejected the story. The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives.", "The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives. Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\".", "Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\". Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue.", "Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue. There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\").", "There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\"). Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel.", "Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel. Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969.", "Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries).", "During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries). He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\".", "He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\". Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted.", "Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted. Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\".", "Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\". Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine.", "Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine. The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness.", "The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness. These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers.", "These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers. The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\".", "The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\". In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\"", "In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\" Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF.", "Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF. The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer.", "The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer. He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\".", "He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\". The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\"", "The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\" Asimov replied that he only knew how it felt to have the 'reputation' of omniscience: \"Uneasy\". Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent.", "Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent. He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\".", "He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\". Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\".", "Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\". He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\".", "He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\". In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\".", "In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\". Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\".", "Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\". Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar!", "Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar! \", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\").", "\", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\"). While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\".", "While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\". In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons).", "In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons). Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire.", "Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology.", "Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology. It was first introduced in the five short stories (1942–1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 fix-up novel Foundation. Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history.", "Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history. Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history.", "Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history. Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991).", "Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991). He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981.", "He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981. Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters.", "Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters. His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980).", "His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980). Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.", "Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries.", "He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries. He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle.", "He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle. He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends.", "He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends. A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen.", "A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen. Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\"", "Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\" Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975.", "Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975. Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi.", "Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi. He even created a slim volume of Sherlockian limericks. Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon.", "Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon. The two main characters, both Jewish, talk over dinner, or lunch, or breakfast, about anecdotes of \"George\" and his friend Azazel. Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory.", "Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory. According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous.", "According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous. Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher.", "Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher. In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972).", "In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972). However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities.", "However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities. Asimov published three volumes of autobiography. In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978.", "In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978. The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off).", "The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off). The epilogue was written by his widow Janet Asimov after his death. The book won a Hugo Award in 1995.", "The book won a Hugo Award in 1995. Janet Asimov edited It's Been a Good Life (2002), a condensed version of his three autobiographies. He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984).", "He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984). In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort.", "In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort. In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors.", "In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors. The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author.", "The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author. Asimov and Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry developed a unique relationship during Star Treks initial launch in the late 1960s. Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine.", "Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine. Roddenberry retorted respectfully with a personal letter explaining the limitations of accuracy when writing a weekly series. Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show.", "Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show. The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects.", "The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects. In 1973, Asimov published a proposal for calendar reform, called the World Season Calendar. It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each.", "It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each. This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter).", "This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter). An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days.", "An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days. Awards and recognition Asimov won more than a dozen annual awards for particular works of science fiction and a half-dozen lifetime awards. He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities.", "He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities. 1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987).", "1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987). 1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells.", "1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells. 2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame.", "2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. 2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent.", "2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent. He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\".", "He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\". (Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".)", "(Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".) After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged.", "After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged. After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure.", "After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure. In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\".", "In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\". He submitted \"failures\" to another editor. One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented.", "One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented. In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\".", "In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\". Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\"", "Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\" and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels.", "and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels. Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output).", "Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output). Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style.", "Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style. Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels.", "Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels. He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\".", "He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\". When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\".", "When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\". Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways.", "Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways. Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story.", "Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story. For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material.", "For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material. (John Campbell advised Asimov to begin his stories as late in the plot as possible. This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories).", "This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories). Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it.", "Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it. In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group.", "In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group. Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans.", "Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans. The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias.", "The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias. Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all.", "Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all. Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex.", "Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex. The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973.", "The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973. Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes.", "Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes. In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation.", "In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation. The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across.", "The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across. Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology.", "Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology. Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\".", "Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\". However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition.", "However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition. Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\".", "Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\". He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction.", "He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction. He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers.", "He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers. The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted.", "The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted. Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work.", "Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work. However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues.", "However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues. In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience.", "In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience. His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience.", "His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience. The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\"", "The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\" Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist.", "Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist. He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science.", "He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science. During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac.", "During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac. Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology.", "Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology. When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah.", "When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah. As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion.", "As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion. For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings.", "For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments.", "This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did.", "For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical.", "Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical. Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah.", "Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah. It doesn't matter. I am Jewish.\"", "I am Jewish.\" I am Jewish.\" When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\"", "When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\" In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term?", "In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment.", "Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\".", "If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\". Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal.", "Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern.", "He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern. He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards.", "He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards. In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman.", "In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman. Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return.", "Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return. Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\".", "Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\". He closely followed Watergate, and was pleased when the president was forced to resign. Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal.", "Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal. To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\"", "To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\" After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him.", "After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him. Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background.", "Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background. Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel.", "Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel. In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist.", "In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist. In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity.", "In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity. Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\".", "Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\". Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\".", "Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\". He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control.", "He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control. Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction.", "Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction. He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.", "He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich. In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested.", "In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested. He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world.", "He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world. Also, the one-to-one model would let students learn at their own pace. Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019.", "Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019. In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent.", "In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent. According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated.", "According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated. In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched.", "In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched. The question is merely where, when, and how she should be touched.\" According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\"", "According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\" He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community.", "He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community. In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes.", "In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes. Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\".", "Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\". Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals.", "Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.", "In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster. In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs.", "In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs. His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer.", "His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer. In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate?", "In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate? \", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder.", "\", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder. In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times.", "In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times. (The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction.", "(The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction. This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.)", "This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.) He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\"", "He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\" Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction.", "Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\".", "And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\". The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York.", "The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York. This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself).", "This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself). Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\"", "Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\" Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction.", "Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction. He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\".", "He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\". Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model.", "Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model. In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen.", "In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen. Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\"", "Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\" He enjoyed Sherlock Holmes, but considered Arthur Conan Doyle to be \"a slapdash and sloppy writer.\" Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse.", "Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse. In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books.", "In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books. On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's.", "On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's. Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist.", "Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist. John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\"", "John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\" Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century.", "Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century. \"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about.", "\"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about. His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\"", "His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\" Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism.", "Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism. For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing.", "For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing. An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler.", "An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler. He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more.", "He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more. An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts.", "An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts. Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room.", "Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room. Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection.", "Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection. Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series.", "Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent stories, set earlier in the same future as Foundation. Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series.", "Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series. All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday.", "All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday. The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe.", "The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe. The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There?", "The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There? (1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol.", "(1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?", "III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed.", "with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, .", "1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, . Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969.", "Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969. Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\"", "Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\" BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth?", "BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth? (1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux.", "(1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux. Asimov wrote the English translation for the film.", "Asimov wrote the English translation for the film. Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\"", "Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\" A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac.", "A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac. In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, .", "In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, . In Joy Still Felt (1980), New York: Avon . I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), (hc), (pb). Yours, Isaac Asimov (1996), edited by Stanley Asimov. New York: Doubleday .", "New York: Doubleday . New York: Doubleday . It's Been a Good Life (2002), edited by Janet Asimov. . Goldman, Stephen H., \"Isaac Asimov\", in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 8, Cowart and Wymer eds. (Gale Research, 1981), pp. 15–29.", "15–29. 15–29. Gunn, James. \"On Variations on a Robot\", IASFM, July 1980, pp. 56–81. Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (1982). . The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). .", ". The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). . . Further reading External links Asimov Online, a vast repository of information about Asimov, maintained by Asimov enthusiast Edward Seiler Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac Asimov, reviews of all of Asimov's books 20th-century births 1992 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers AIDS-related deaths in New York (state) American alternate history writers Jewish American atheists American biochemists American essayists American humanists American humorists American male novelists 20th-century American memoirists United States Army non-commissioned officers American mystery writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American science fiction writers American science writers American skeptics American writers of Russian descent Asimov's Science Fiction people Bible commentators Boston University faculty Columbia University School of General Studies alumni Critics of religions Date of birth unknown Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Futurians Historians of astronomy American historians of science Hugo Award-winning writers Humor researchers Jewish American novelists Jewish American short story writers Jewish feminists Jewish skeptics American male essayists Male feminists American male short story writers American short story writers Mensans Nebula Award winners New York (state) Democrats People from Shumyachsky District Naturalized citizens of the United States United States Navy civilians Science fiction fans Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees SFWA Grand Masters Soviet emigrants to the United States Writers from Brooklyn Yiddish-speaking people Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from New York (state) Scientists from New York City 20th-century essayists 20th-century atheists People from the Upper West Side Pulp fiction writers Writers about religion and science Atheist feminists Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov", "Education and career", "What was his first job", "Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station,", "What was his age of starting school", "New York City public schools from age 5,", "What school did he attend", "Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "What age did he graduate", "15,", "What college did he attend", "Seth Low Junior College,", "What is that apart of", "Columbia University" ]

[ "In law, the situs (pronounced ) (Latin for position or site) of property is where the property is treated as being located for legal purposes. This may be important when determining which laws apply to the property, since the situs of an object determines the lex situs, that is, the law applicable in the jurisdiction where the object is located, which may differ from the lex fori, the law applicable in the jurisdiction where a legal action is brought. For example, real estate in England is subject to English law, real estate in Scotland is subject to Scottish law, and real estate in France is subject to French law. \n\nIt can be essential to determine the situs of an object, and the lex situs, because there are substantial differences between the laws in different jurisdictions governing, for example: whether property has been transferred effectively; what taxes apply (such as inheritance tax, estate tax, wealth tax, income tax and capital gains tax); and whether rules of intestacy or forced heirship apply.\n\nThe rules for determining situs vary between jurisdictions and can depend on the context. The English common law rules, which apply in most common law jurisdictions, are in outline as follows:\nthe situs of real estate (land) is where it is located.\nthe situs of a chattel (tangible moveable item) is the state where the chattel is [or was located] at the time of conveyance. \nthe situs of a bearer instrument is where the document is located, but the situs of a registered instrument is where the register is held.\nthe situs of debts is where the debtor resides, since that is generally where legal action can be taken to enforce the debt.\nthe situs of intangible property, including intellectual property and goodwill, is where the property is registered, or, if not registered, where the rights to the property can be enforced.\nthe situs of a ship within territorial waters is where it is located, but the situs of a ship in international waters is its port of registry.\n\nReferences\nHalsbury's Laws, Conflict of Laws, para. pp. 385–391\n\n§258. Nature of Interest Created by Conveyance of Chattel\n\nSee also\nLex situs\n\nLatin legal terminology", "The following is a list of the 23 stations of the Tbilisi Metro, in Tbilisi, Georgia.\n\nAkhmeteli-Varketili Line (First Line)\n\nVarketili (), literally meaning \"I'm kind\", is a city suburb to which the station serves.\nSamgori (), literally \"three hills\", is a district where the metro station is located.\nIsani (), a district where the metro station is located. The word \"Isani\" is of Arab etymology, meaning \"a stronghold\". \n300 Aragveli (), named in honor to the 300 soldiers from the Aragvi River valley who fell, defending Tbilisi against the Persians in 1795.\nAvlabari (), a historic district where the metro station is situated. Formerly known as 26 Komisari after the 26 Baku Commissars. The Arab-derived place name \"Avlabari\" is literally translated as \"an area beyond the wall\".\nLiberty Square (), the city's central square to which the station serves. Formerly known as Leninis Moedani (Lenin Square) after Vladimir Lenin the first Soviet Leader.\nRustaveli (), named after famous medieval Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli. The Station is located next to the Shota Rustaveli statue, which is located at the end of Rustaveli Avenue, the city's main thoroughfare.\nMarjanishvili (), located on the street and on the square named after Konstantine Marjanishvili, 1872-1933, a prominent Georgian theater director and playwright.\nStation Square 1 (), a square where the Central Railway Station is located, transfer station to Saburtalo Line.\nNadzaladevi (), a district where the station is located. Formerly known as Oktomberi (October) after the October Revolution. \"Nadzaladevi\" (literally, \"taken by force\") was a name given to the area along the railway occupied by the workers, in the 1880s, despite the official ban. This district was also known as Nakhalovka (), a name which has survived in common speech to this day. \nGotsiridze (), named after the engineer Viktor Gotsiridze. Formerly called Elektrodepo () (\"The Electro-Depot\").\nDidube (), is a district to which the station serves. The name Didube itself means \"a large plain\".\nGhrmaghele (), a suburb where the station is located. The name is literally translated as \"a deep spring\".\nGuramishvili (), named so after the poet Davit Guramishvili, 1705-1792). The Station itself is located on the avenue named after Davit Guramishvili.\nSarajishvili (), named after the philanthropist David Sarajishvili, 1848-1911.\nAkhmetelis Theatre (), named so after the theatre director Alexandre Akhmeteli, 1886-1937, who was purged under Joseph Stalin. Formerly known as Gldani after the district to which the station serves.\n\nSaburtalo Line \n\nStation Square 2 (), a square where the Central Railway Station is located, transfer station to Akhmeteli-Varketili Line (First Line).\nTsereteli (), located on the avenue named after the national poet Akaki Tsereteli(1840-1915).\nTechnical University (), named after Georgian Technical University, located nearby. Formerly known as Politeknikuri Instituti.\nMedical University (), named after Tbilisi State Medical University, located nearby. It was formerly known as Komkavshiri, i.e. Komsomol.\nDelisi (), formerly known as Gotsiridze () after a metro engineer, Viktor Gotsiridze. \nVazha-Pshavela (), located on the avenue named after the poet Vazha-Pshavela(1861-1915). The station is almost right under Vazha-Pshavela statue.\nState University (), named after the nearby located campus of the Tbilisi State University.\n\nTbilisi\nTbilisi Metro\nRailway stations in Georgia (country)" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov (; 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the \"Big Three\" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books.", "A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction.", "Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966.", "Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966. His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series.", "His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series.", "The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories.", "Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories. He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America.", "He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.", "Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.", "Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery.", "Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. He wrote on numerous other scientific and non-scientific topics, such as chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, biblical exegesis, and literary criticism. He was president of the American Humanist Association.", "He was president of the American Humanist Association. Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards.", "Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards. Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added.", "Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added. Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet.", "Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet. When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov.", "When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov. This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\".", "This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\". Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career.", "Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career. After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name.", "After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name. Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive.", "Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers.", "Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers. He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman.", "He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman. Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\".", "Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\". In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia.", "In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia. Only Asimov survived.", "Only Asimov survived. Only Asimov survived. He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday.", "He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday. Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old.", "Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old. Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both.", "Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade).", "Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade). His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919.", "His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919. In third grade he learned about the \"error\" and insisted on an official correction of the date to January 2. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight.", "He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight. After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work.", "After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work. The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded.", "The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded. Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered.", "Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered. Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn. Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men.", "Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men. Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas.", "Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas. Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\".", "Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\". After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939.", "After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939. After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948.", "After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948. During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German.", "During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German. In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945.", "In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945. In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible.", "In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible. In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll.", "In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll. He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946.", "He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946. He had been promoted to corporal on July 11.", "He had been promoted to corporal on July 11. After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter.", "After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter. By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students.", "By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students. In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure.", "In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure. In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research.", "In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research. After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry.", "After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry. Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb.", "Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb. In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team.", "In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team. Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information.", "Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information. However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively.", "However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively. Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year.", "Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year. The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein).", "The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein). Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948.", "Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948. They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956.", "They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956. They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955).", "They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955). In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life.", "In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life. He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude.", "He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude. Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces.", "Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces. In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading.", "In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading. Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946.", "Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946. Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances.", "Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances. This phobia influenced several of his fiction works, such as the Wendell Urth mystery stories and the Robot novels featuring Elijah Baley. In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship.", "In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship. On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2.", "On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge.", "He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge. Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science.", "Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science. He was a frequent fixture at science fiction conventions, where he was friendly and approachable. He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs.", "He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs. He was of medium height (), stocky, with—in his later years—\"mutton-chop\" sideburns, and a distinct New York accent. He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties.", "He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties. His physical dexterity was very poor. He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston.", "He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston. In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\".", "In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\". Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout.", "Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout. Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan.", "Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan. He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet.", "He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet. He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.", "He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers.", "He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers. In 1984, the American Humanist Association (AHA) named him the Humanist of the Year. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.", "He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. From 1985 until his death in 1992, he served as president of the AHA, an honorary appointment. His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut.", "His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut. He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production.", "He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production. Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics. In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\"", "In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\" He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes.", "He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes. Asimov described Carl Sagan as one of only two people he ever met whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.", "The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky. Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\".", "Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\". After his father died in 1969, Asimov annually contributed to a Judah Asimov Scholarship Fund at Brandeis University. Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack.", "Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack. In December 1983, he had triple bypass surgery at NYU Medical Center, during which he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members.", "His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members. He died in Manhattan on April 6, 1992, and was cremated. The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure.", "The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure. Ten years following Asimov's death, Janet and Robyn Asimov agreed that the HIV story should be made public; Janet revealed it in her edition of his autobiography, It's Been a Good Life. Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods.", "Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods. His early career, dominated by science fiction, began with short stories in 1939 and novels in 1950. This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957).", "This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957). He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism.", "He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism. Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output.", "Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output. Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books.", "Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books. Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge.", "Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge. From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series.", "From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series. There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories.", "There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories. Doubleday and Houghton Mifflin published about 60% of his work as of 1969, Asimov stating that \"both represent a father image\". Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series.", "Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series. Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations).", "Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots.", "Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition.", "Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\".", "Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\". Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology.", "Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology. Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category.", "Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author.", "According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author. Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store.", "Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store. At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational.", "At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational. At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors.", "At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors. Asimov began writing at the age of 11, imitating The Rover Boys with eight chapters of The Greenville Chums at College. His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16.", "His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16. His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934.", "His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934. In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year.", "In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year. On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications.", "On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications. Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later.", "Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later. Campbell met with Asimov for more than an hour and promised to read the story himself. Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail.", "Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail. This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend.", "This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend. By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\".", "By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\". Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice.", "Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice. On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue.", "On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue. Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word.", "Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word. Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction.", "Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding.", "For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding. His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer.", "His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer. Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\".", "Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\". Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\").", "Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\"). He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\".", "He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\". Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941.", "Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941. In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written.", "In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written. In Nightfall and Other Stories Asimov wrote, \"The writing of 'Nightfall' was a watershed in my professional career ... I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed.", "I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\"", "As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\" \"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition.", "\"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition. After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year.", "After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year. Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years.", "Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years. Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear.", "Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear. In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953).", "In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953). The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor.", "The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor. They also feature his fictional science of psychohistory, in which the future course of the history of large populations can be predicted. The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction.", "The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction. In 1966 they won the Hugo Award for the all-time best series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories.", "Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children.", "By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children. His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time.", "His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject.", "They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators.", "Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators. The robot series has led to film adaptations.", "The robot series has led to film adaptations. With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\".", "With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\". The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994.", "The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994. The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired.", "The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.)", "(The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams.", "Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams. Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury.", "Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury. At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov.", "At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov. In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\".", "In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\". At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that.", "At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that. Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name.", "Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name. Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously.", "Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously. At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\".", "At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\". Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room.", "Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room. After a five-minute wait, he was summoned back into the room and congratulated as \"Dr. Asimov\". Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s. It became possible for a genre author to write full-time.", "It became possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words.", "In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky.", "The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky. Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\".", "Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955.", "Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955. The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy.", "The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy. More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots.", "More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots. Books and the magazines Galaxy, and Fantasy & Science Fiction ended Asimov's dependence on Astounding. He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\".", "He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\". Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story.", "Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story. In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel.", "In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel. In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical.", "In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical. McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials.", "McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials. The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career.", "The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career. Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story.", "Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story. He adhered to McCartney's overall idea, producing a story he felt to be moving and dramatic. However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue.", "However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue. McCartney rejected the story. The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives.", "The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives. Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\".", "Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\". Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue.", "Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue. There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\").", "There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\"). Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel.", "Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel. Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969.", "Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries).", "During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries). He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\".", "He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\". Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted.", "Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted. Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\".", "Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\". Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine.", "Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine. The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness.", "The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness. These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers.", "These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers. The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\".", "The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\". In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\"", "In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\" Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF.", "Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF. The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer.", "The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer. He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\".", "He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\". The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\"", "The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\" Asimov replied that he only knew how it felt to have the 'reputation' of omniscience: \"Uneasy\". Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent.", "Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent. He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\".", "He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\". Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\".", "Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\". He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\".", "He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\". In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\".", "In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\". Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\".", "Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\". Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar!", "Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar! \", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\").", "\", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\"). While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\".", "While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\". In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons).", "In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons). Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire.", "Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology.", "Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology. It was first introduced in the five short stories (1942–1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 fix-up novel Foundation. Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history.", "Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history. Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history.", "Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history. Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991).", "Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991). He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981.", "He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981. Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters.", "Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters. His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980).", "His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980). Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.", "Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries.", "He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries. He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle.", "He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle. He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends.", "He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends. A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen.", "A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen. Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\"", "Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\" Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975.", "Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975. Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi.", "Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi. He even created a slim volume of Sherlockian limericks. Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon.", "Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon. The two main characters, both Jewish, talk over dinner, or lunch, or breakfast, about anecdotes of \"George\" and his friend Azazel. Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory.", "Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory. According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous.", "According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous. Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher.", "Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher. In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972).", "In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972). However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities.", "However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities. Asimov published three volumes of autobiography. In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978.", "In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978. The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off).", "The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off). The epilogue was written by his widow Janet Asimov after his death. The book won a Hugo Award in 1995.", "The book won a Hugo Award in 1995. Janet Asimov edited It's Been a Good Life (2002), a condensed version of his three autobiographies. He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984).", "He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984). In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort.", "In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort. In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors.", "In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors. The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author.", "The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author. Asimov and Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry developed a unique relationship during Star Treks initial launch in the late 1960s. Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine.", "Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine. Roddenberry retorted respectfully with a personal letter explaining the limitations of accuracy when writing a weekly series. Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show.", "Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show. The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects.", "The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects. In 1973, Asimov published a proposal for calendar reform, called the World Season Calendar. It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each.", "It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each. This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter).", "This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter). An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days.", "An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days. Awards and recognition Asimov won more than a dozen annual awards for particular works of science fiction and a half-dozen lifetime awards. He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities.", "He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities. 1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987).", "1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987). 1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells.", "1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells. 2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame.", "2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. 2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent.", "2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent. He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\".", "He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\". (Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".)", "(Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".) After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged.", "After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged. After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure.", "After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure. In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\".", "In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\". He submitted \"failures\" to another editor. One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented.", "One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented. In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\".", "In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\". Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\"", "Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\" and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels.", "and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels. Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output).", "Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output). Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style.", "Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style. Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels.", "Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels. He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\".", "He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\". When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\".", "When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\". Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways.", "Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways. Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story.", "Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story. For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material.", "For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material. (John Campbell advised Asimov to begin his stories as late in the plot as possible. This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories).", "This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories). Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it.", "Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it. In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group.", "In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group. Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans.", "Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans. The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias.", "The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias. Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all.", "Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all. Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex.", "Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex. The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973.", "The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973. Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes.", "Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes. In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation.", "In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation. The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across.", "The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across. Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology.", "Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology. Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\".", "Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\". However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition.", "However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition. Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\".", "Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\". He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction.", "He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction. He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers.", "He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers. The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted.", "The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted. Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work.", "Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work. However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues.", "However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues. In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience.", "In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience. His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience.", "His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience. The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\"", "The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\" Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist.", "Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist. He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science.", "He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science. During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac.", "During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac. Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology.", "Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology. When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah.", "When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah. As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion.", "As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion. For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings.", "For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments.", "This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did.", "For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical.", "Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical. Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah.", "Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah. It doesn't matter. I am Jewish.\"", "I am Jewish.\" I am Jewish.\" When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\"", "When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\" In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term?", "In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment.", "Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\".", "If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\". Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal.", "Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern.", "He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern. He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards.", "He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards. In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman.", "In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman. Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return.", "Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return. Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\".", "Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\". He closely followed Watergate, and was pleased when the president was forced to resign. Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal.", "Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal. To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\"", "To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\" After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him.", "After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him. Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background.", "Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background. Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel.", "Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel. In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist.", "In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist. In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity.", "In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity. Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\".", "Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\". Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\".", "Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\". He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control.", "He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control. Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction.", "Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction. He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.", "He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich. In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested.", "In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested. He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world.", "He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world. Also, the one-to-one model would let students learn at their own pace. Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019.", "Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019. In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent.", "In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent. According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated.", "According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated. In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched.", "In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched. The question is merely where, when, and how she should be touched.\" According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\"", "According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\" He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community.", "He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community. In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes.", "In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes. Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\".", "Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\". Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals.", "Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.", "In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster. In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs.", "In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs. His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer.", "His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer. In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate?", "In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate? \", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder.", "\", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder. In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times.", "In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times. (The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction.", "(The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction. This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.)", "This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.) He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\"", "He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\" Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction.", "Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\".", "And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\". The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York.", "The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York. This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself).", "This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself). Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\"", "Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\" Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction.", "Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction. He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\".", "He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\". Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model.", "Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model. In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen.", "In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen. Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\"", "Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\" He enjoyed Sherlock Holmes, but considered Arthur Conan Doyle to be \"a slapdash and sloppy writer.\" Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse.", "Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse. In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books.", "In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books. On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's.", "On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's. Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist.", "Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist. John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\"", "John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\" Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century.", "Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century. \"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about.", "\"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about. His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\"", "His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\" Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism.", "Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism. For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing.", "For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing. An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler.", "An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler. He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more.", "He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more. An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts.", "An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts. Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room.", "Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room. Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection.", "Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection. Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series.", "Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent stories, set earlier in the same future as Foundation. Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series.", "Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series. All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday.", "All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday. The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe.", "The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe. The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There?", "The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There? (1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol.", "(1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?", "III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed.", "with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, .", "1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, . Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969.", "Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969. Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\"", "Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\" BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth?", "BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth? (1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux.", "(1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux. Asimov wrote the English translation for the film.", "Asimov wrote the English translation for the film. Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\"", "Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\" A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac.", "A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac. In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, .", "In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, . In Joy Still Felt (1980), New York: Avon . I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), (hc), (pb). Yours, Isaac Asimov (1996), edited by Stanley Asimov. New York: Doubleday .", "New York: Doubleday . New York: Doubleday . It's Been a Good Life (2002), edited by Janet Asimov. . Goldman, Stephen H., \"Isaac Asimov\", in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 8, Cowart and Wymer eds. (Gale Research, 1981), pp. 15–29.", "15–29. 15–29. Gunn, James. \"On Variations on a Robot\", IASFM, July 1980, pp. 56–81. Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (1982). . The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). .", ". The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). . . Further reading External links Asimov Online, a vast repository of information about Asimov, maintained by Asimov enthusiast Edward Seiler Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac Asimov, reviews of all of Asimov's books 20th-century births 1992 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers AIDS-related deaths in New York (state) American alternate history writers Jewish American atheists American biochemists American essayists American humanists American humorists American male novelists 20th-century American memoirists United States Army non-commissioned officers American mystery writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American science fiction writers American science writers American skeptics American writers of Russian descent Asimov's Science Fiction people Bible commentators Boston University faculty Columbia University School of General Studies alumni Critics of religions Date of birth unknown Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Futurians Historians of astronomy American historians of science Hugo Award-winning writers Humor researchers Jewish American novelists Jewish American short story writers Jewish feminists Jewish skeptics American male essayists Male feminists American male short story writers American short story writers Mensans Nebula Award winners New York (state) Democrats People from Shumyachsky District Naturalized citizens of the United States United States Navy civilians Science fiction fans Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees SFWA Grand Masters Soviet emigrants to the United States Writers from Brooklyn Yiddish-speaking people Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from New York (state) Scientists from New York City 20th-century essayists 20th-century atheists People from the Upper West Side Pulp fiction writers Writers about religion and science Atheist feminists Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov", "Education and career", "What was his first job", "Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station,", "What was his age of starting school", "New York City public schools from age 5,", "What school did he attend", "Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "What age did he graduate", "15,", "What college did he attend", "Seth Low Junior College,", "What is that apart of", "Columbia University", "Where is this located", "Downtown Brooklyn" ]

[ "\"What I Go to School For\" is the debut single of English pop punk band Busted. It was written by James Bourne, Charlie Simpson, Matt Willis, Steve Robson, and John McLaughlin and produced by Steve Robson. The song was inspired by a teacher that Matt Willis had a crush on at school.\n\nThe song was released on 16 September 2002 and reached number three on the UK Singles Chart. A young Jade Ewen (who would later join girl group Sugababes) appears in the music video.\n\nBackground\nMatt Willis told the Essex Chronicle that the song came about after a night out in TOTs 2000 (now known as Talk nightclub) in James Bourne's hometown of Southend-on-Sea. \"We were too young, we got drunk and went to TOTs,\" Willis said. \"Then we walked home and continued drinking on the way – it took us ages. When we got back to James' house, we went to his bedroom and just picked up the guitar and that’s when we started writing What I Go to School For.\"\n\nIn 2003, the real-life inspiration for the song was revealed to be Willis' former teacher Michelle Blair, who made a surprise appearance on The Frank Skinner Show on ITV during an interview with Willis. Blair, who was 28 and had been married for three years at the time of her appearance on The Frank Skinner Show, was Willis' dance teacher at the Sylvia Young Theatre School when Willis was 15. Speaking about the surprise appearance with Willis on the show, Blair said: \"It was hilarious – he looked like he wanted the ground to swallow him up. I only found out the song was about me after it came out – it's really flattering.\" Blair said that at the time she was not aware of her pupil's crush on her, but that she did remember him from the dance classes: \"He was quite cheeky and charming and always had something to say in class. He used to tell us he was in a band, but I never dreamed they were going to be this big and I certainly hadn't a clue I was going to feature in one of their songs!\"\n\nCommenting on the veracity of these events as portrayed in the song, Blair said: \"I think he's used a bit of artistic licence in the song. It was a dance class so we never used any pencils but I suppose he had ample opportunity to look at my bum. There was never any tree outside my bedroom window though – I think I might have noticed a Peeping Tom.\" Reflecting on his time under the tutelage of Miss Blair, Willis said, \"She was kind of nice and there was always something really sexy about her.\" Being identified as the object of adolescent lust, and the subject of a pop song, hasn't caused any friction with her husband, according to Blair: \"My husband thinks its (sic) hilarious and takes the mickey. I don't think he's really worried I'm going to run off with a pop star. I'm proud of them. Looking back it was obvious Matt had what it takes.\"\n\nOn 29 October 2012, Michelle Blair appeared as the correct answer in the \"line-up\" section of BBC Two panel Never Mind the Buzzcocks.\n\nMusical\nWhat I Go to School For became the title of a musical theatre production produced by Youth Music Theatre UK following the story of Busted from their origins in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, through to their break-up in 2005. The musical was written by Elliot Davis with songs from the Busted albums and new music by James Bourne. It was directed by Steven Dexter and played at the Theatre Royal, Brighton in 2016.\n\nMusic video\nThe video for the song features model Lorna Roberts as Miss McKenzie, the object of the band's desire. Then 14-year-old Jade Ewen, who later joined the Sugababes, appears in the video as a schoolgirl. The filming of the What I Go To School For video was later parodied in the video for the Busted song Nineties.\n\nTrack listings\n\nUK CD1 and Australian CD single\n \"What I Go to School For\" (single version) – 3:30\n \"What I Go to School For\" (acoustic version) – 3:26\n \"What I Go to School For\" (alternative version) – 3:31\n \"What I Go to School For\" (instrumental mix) – 3:28\n \"What I Go to School For\" (CD-ROM video)\n\nUK CD2\n \"What I Go to School For\" (single version)\n \"Brown Eyed Girl\"\n Interactvie interview (CD-ROM video)\n\nUK cassette single\n \"What I Go to School For\"\n \"Dawson's Geek\"\n \"What I Go to School For\" (acoustic version)\n\nUS enhanced CD single\n \"What I Go to School For\" (radio version)\n \"What I Go to School For\" (album version)\n \"What I Go to School For\" (CD-ROM video)\n\nCharts and certifications\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nCover versions\n \"What I Go to School For\" was parodied by the Amateur Transplants on their 2004 album Fitness to Practice.\n The Jonas Brothers covered the song for their 2006 album It's About Time.\n\nReferences\n\n2002 debut singles\n2002 songs\nBusted (band) songs\nIsland Records singles\nSongs about school\nSongs written by Charlie Simpson\nSongs written by James Bourne\nSongs written by Matt Willis\nSongs written by Steve Robson\nUniversal Records singles", "Josh Garrett is a vegan athlete and hiker. In 2013 he set a world record for the overall fastest known time for a thru hike of the Pacific Crest Trail, which traverses the American Cordillera of the United States from Campo, at the Mexican border, to Manning Park in British Columbia.\n\nLife\nGarrett was born in Los Angeles in 1982. He attended and competed for Santa Monica College in 2001, placing in the state's top 10 for the 1500-meter run. He has a Master's Degree in Exercise Science from Long Beach State University and works as an exercise physiology teacher and cross country coach at Santa Monica College.\n\nRecord time\nIn 2013 Garrett broke the record for the overall fastest known time for a thru hike of the Pacific Crest Trail, which traverses the West Coast of the United States from Campo, at the Mexican border, to Manning Park in British Columbia. Garrett started the 2663 mile hike on June 10, 2013, and finished on August 8, achieving the record with a time of 59 days, 8 hours and 14 minutes, averaging 45 miles per day. He was the first person to hike the trail in under 60 days. He held the record for the fastest known time until August 10, 2014.\n\nGarrett hiked to raise money for the charity group Mercy for Animals, his hike being described in the press as a \"mission\" for the animals. In media interviews about his record Garrett spoke mostly about his cause. He told National Public Radio, \"We don’t need to eat meat or any animal products in order to be healthy or in order to be strong, and I just wanted to go out there and prove that -- and I hope I did.” When the Los Angeles radio station, KNX, named Garrett their \"hero of the week,\" Garrett said in the segment, \"I did it to raise awareness that this sort of feat of endurance could be powered by a vegan diet… No matter how hard it was I just kept reminding myself that what I was going through was nothing compared to what animals are going through on factory farms.\"\n\nReferences \n\nLiving people\n1982 births\nHikers\nVeganism activists" ]

[ "Isaac Asimov (; 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the \"Big Three\" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books.", "A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction.", "Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966.", "Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation series, the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966. His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series.", "His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series.", "The Galactic Empire novels are set in the much earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories.", "Later, with Foundation and Earth (1986), he linked this distant future to the Robot stories, creating a unified \"future history\" for his stories. He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America.", "He also wrote over 380 short stories, including the social science fiction novelette \"Nightfall,\" which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.", "Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.", "Most of his popular science books explain concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery.", "Examples include Guide to Science, the three-volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. He wrote on numerous other scientific and non-scientific topics, such as chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, history, biblical exegesis, and literary criticism. He was president of the American Humanist Association.", "He was president of the American Humanist Association. Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards.", "Several entities have been named in his honor, including the asteroid (5020) Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, Honda's humanoid robot, ASIMO, and four literary awards. Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added.", "Surname Asimov's family name derives from the first part of ozímyj khleb (озимый хлеб), meaning the winter grain (specifically rye) in which his great-great-great-grandfather dealt, with the Russian patronymic ending -ov added. Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet.", "Azimov is spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet. When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov.", "When the family arrived in the United States in 1923 and their name had to be spelled in the Latin alphabet, Asimov's father spelled it with an S, believing this letter to be pronounced like Z (as in German), and so it became Asimov. This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\".", "This later inspired one of Asimov's short stories, \"Spell My Name with an S\". Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career.", "Asimov refused early suggestions of using a more common name as a pseudonym, and believed that its recognizability helped his career. After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name.", "After becoming famous, he often met readers who believed that \"Isaac Asimov\" was a distinctive pseudonym created by an author with a common name. Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive.", "Biography Early life Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919, and January 2, 1920, inclusive. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers.", "Asimov's parents were Anna Rachel (née Berman) and Judah Asimov, a family of Russian-Jewish millers. He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman.", "He was named Isaac after his mother's father, Isaac Berman. Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\".", "Asimov wrote of his father, \"My father, for all his education as an Orthodox Jew, was not Orthodox in his heart\", noting that \"he didn't recite the myriad prayers prescribed for every action, and he never made any attempt to teach them to me\". In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia.", "In 1921, Asimov and 16 other children in Petrovichi developed double pneumonia. Only Asimov survived.", "Only Asimov survived. Only Asimov survived. He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday.", "He later had two younger siblings: a sister, Marcia (born Manya; June 17, 1922 – April 2, 2011), and a brother, Stanley (July 25, 1929 – August 16, 1995), who was vice-president of the Long Island Newsday. Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old.", "Asimov's family travelled to the United States via Liverpool on the RMS Baltic, arriving on February 3, 1923 when he was three years old. Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both.", "Since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in both. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade).", "Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five (and later taught his sister to read as well, enabling her to enter school in the second grade). His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919.", "His mother got him into first grade a year early by claiming he was born on September 7, 1919. In third grade he learned about the \"error\" and insisted on an official correction of the date to January 2. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight.", "He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1928 at the age of eight. After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work.", "After becoming established in the U.S., his parents owned a succession of candy stores in which everyone in the family was expected to work. The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded.", "The candy stores sold newspapers and magazines, a fact that Asimov credited as a major influence in his lifelong love of the written word, as it presented him with an unending supply of new reading material (including pulp science fiction magazines) as a child that he could not have otherwise afforded. Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered.", "Asimov began reading science fiction at age nine, at the time when the genre was becoming more science-centered. Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn.", "Education and career Asimov attended New York City public schools from age five, including Boys High School in Brooklyn. Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men.", "Graduating at 15, he attended the City College of New York for several days before accepting a scholarship at Seth Low Junior College, a branch of Columbia University in Downtown Brooklyn designed to absorb some of the Jewish and Italian-American students who applied to Columbia College, then, the institution's primary undergraduate school for men. Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas.", "Jewish and Italian-American students, even of outstanding academic caliber, were often deliberately barred from Columbia College proper because of the then-popular practice of imposing unwritten ethnic admission quotas. Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\".", "Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry after his first semester because he disapproved of \"dissecting an alley cat\". After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939.", "After Seth Low Junior College closed in 1936, Asimov finished his Bachelor of Science degree at Morningside Heights campus (later the Columbia University School of General Studies) in 1939. After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948.", "After two rounds of rejections by medical schools, Asimov applied to the graduate program in chemistry at Columbia in 1939; initially he was rejected and then only accepted on a probationary basis, he completed his Master of Arts degree in chemistry in 1941 and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in chemistry in 1948. During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German.", "During his chemistry studies, he also learned French and German. In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945.", "In between earning these two degrees, Asimov spent three years during World War II working as a civilian chemist at the Philadelphia Navy Yard's Naval Air Experimental Station, living in the Walnut Hill section of West Philadelphia from 1942 to 1945. In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible.", "In September 1945, he was drafted into the U.S. Army; if he had not had his birth date corrected while at school, he would have been officially 26 years old and ineligible. In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll.", "In 1946, a bureaucratic error caused his military allotment to be stopped, and he was removed from a task force days before it sailed to participate in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll. He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946.", "He served for almost nine months before receiving an honorable discharge on July 26, 1946. He had been promoted to corporal on July 11.", "He had been promoted to corporal on July 11. After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter.", "After completing his doctorate and a postdoc year, Asimov joined the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine in 1949, teaching biochemistry with a $5,000 salary (), with which he remained associated thereafter. By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students.", "By 1952, however, he was making more money as a writer than from the university, and he eventually stopped doing research, confining his university role to lecturing students. In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure.", "In 1955, he was promoted to associate professor, which gave him tenure. In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research.", "In December 1957, Asimov was dismissed from his teaching post, with effect from June 30, 1958, because he had stopped doing research. After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry.", "After a struggle which lasted for two years, he kept his title, he gave the opening lecture each year for a biochemistry class, and on October 18, 1979, the university honored his writing by promoting him to full professor of biochemistry. Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb.", "Asimov's personal papers from 1965 onward are archived at the university's Mugar Memorial Library, to which he donated them at the request of curator Howard Gotlieb. In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team.", "In 1959, after a recommendation from Arthur Obermayer, Asimov's friend and a scientist on the U.S. missile protection project, Asimov was approached by DARPA to join Obermayer's team. Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information.", "Asimov declined on the grounds that his ability to write freely would be impaired should he receive classified information. However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively.", "However, he did submit a paper to DARPA titled \"On Creativity\" containing ideas on how government-based science projects could encourage team members to think more creatively. Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year.", "Personal life Asimov met his first wife, Gertrude Blugerman (1917, Toronto, Canada – 1990, Boston, U.S.), on a blind date on February 14, 1942, and married her on July 26 the same year. The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein).", "The couple lived in an apartment in West Philadelphia while Asimov was employed at the Philadelphia Navy Yard (where two of his co-workers were L. Sprague de Camp and Robert A. Heinlein). Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948.", "Gertrude returned to Brooklyn while he was in the army, and they both lived there from July 1946 before moving to Stuyvesant Town, Manhattan, in July 1948. They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956.", "They moved to Boston in May 1949, then to nearby suburbs Somerville in July 1949, Waltham in May 1951, and, finally, West Newton in 1956. They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955).", "They had two children, David (born 1951) and Robyn Joan (born 1955). In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life.", "In 1970, they separated and Asimov moved back to New York, this time to the Upper West Side of Manhattan where he lived for the rest of his life. He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude.", "He immediately began seeing Janet O. Jeppson, a psychiatrist and science-fiction writer, and married her on November 30, 1973, two weeks after his divorce from Gertrude. Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces.", "Asimov was a claustrophile: he enjoyed small, enclosed spaces. In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading.", "In the third volume of his autobiography, he recalls a childhood desire to own a magazine stand in a New York City Subway station, within which he could enclose himself and listen to the rumble of passing trains while reading. Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946.", "Asimov was afraid of flying, doing so only twice: once in the course of his work at the Naval Air Experimental Station and once returning home from Oahu in 1946. Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances.", "Consequently, he seldom traveled great distances. This phobia influenced several of his fiction works, such as the Wendell Urth mystery stories and the Robot novels featuring Elijah Baley. In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship.", "In his later years, Asimov found enjoyment traveling on cruise ships, beginning in 1972 when he viewed the Apollo 17 launch from a cruise ship. On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2.", "On several cruises, he was part of the entertainment program, giving science-themed talks aboard ships such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge.", "He sailed to England in June 1974 on the SS France for a trip mostly devoted to events in London and Birmingham, though he also found time to visit Stonehenge. Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science.", "Asimov was an able public speaker and was regularly paid to give talks about science. He was a frequent fixture at science fiction conventions, where he was friendly and approachable. He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs.", "He patiently answered tens of thousands of questions and other mail with postcards and was pleased to give autographs. He was of medium height (), stocky, with—in his later years—\"mutton-chop\" sideburns, and a distinct New York accent. He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties.", "He took to wearing bolo ties after his wife Janet objected to his clip-on bow ties. His physical dexterity was very poor. He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston.", "He never learned to swim or ride a bicycle; however, he did learn to drive a car after he moved to Boston. In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\".", "In his humor book Asimov Laughs Again, he describes Boston driving as \"anarchy on wheels\". Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout.", "Asimov's wide interests included his participation in his later years in organizations devoted to the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and in The Wolfe Pack, a group of devotees of the Nero Wolfe mysteries written by Rex Stout. Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan.", "Many of his short stories mention or quote Gilbert and Sullivan. He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet.", "He was a prominent member of The Baker Street Irregulars, the leading Sherlock Holmes society, for whom he wrote an essay arguing that Professor Moriarty's work \"The Dynamics of An Asteroid\" involved the willful destruction of an ancient, civilized planet. He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.", "He was also a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his fictional group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers.", "He later used his essay on Moriarty's work as the basis for a Black Widowers story, \"The Ultimate Crime\", which appeared in More Tales of the Black Widowers. In 1984, the American Humanist Association (AHA) named him the Humanist of the Year. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.", "He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. From 1985 until his death in 1992, he served as president of the AHA, an honorary appointment. His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut.", "His successor was his friend and fellow writer Kurt Vonnegut. He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production.", "He was also a close friend of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and earned a screen credit as \"special science consultant\" on Star Trek: The Motion Picture for advice he gave during production. Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics.", "Asimov was a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, CSICOP (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and is listed in its Pantheon of Skeptics. In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\"", "In a discussion with James Randi at CSICon 2016 regarding the founding of CSICOP, Kendrick Frazier said that Asimov was \"a key figure in the Skeptical movement who is less well known and appreciated today, but was very much in the public eye back then.\" He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes.", "He said that Asimov being associated with CSICOP \"gave it immense status and authority\" in his eyes. Asimov described Carl Sagan as one of only two people he ever met whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.", "The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky. Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\".", "Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as \"brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs\". After his father died in 1969, Asimov annually contributed to a Judah Asimov Scholarship Fund at Brandeis University. Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack.", "Illness and death In 1977, Asimov suffered a heart attack. In December 1983, he had triple bypass surgery at NYU Medical Center, during which he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members.", "His HIV status was kept secret out of concern that the anti-AIDS prejudice might extend to his family members. He died in Manhattan on April 6, 1992, and was cremated. The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure.", "The cause of death was reported as heart and kidney failure. Ten years following Asimov's death, Janet and Robyn Asimov agreed that the HIV story should be made public; Janet revealed it in her edition of his autobiography, It's Been a Good Life. Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods.", "Writings Overview Asimov's career can be divided into several periods. His early career, dominated by science fiction, began with short stories in 1939 and novels in 1950. This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957).", "This lasted until about 1958, all but ending after publication of The Naked Sun (1957). He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism.", "He began publishing nonfiction as co-author of a college-level textbook called Biochemistry and Human Metabolism. Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output.", "Following the brief orbit of the first man-made satellite Sputnik I by the USSR in 1957, his production of nonfiction, particularly popular science books, greatly increased, with a consequent drop in his science fiction output. Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books.", "Over the next quarter century, he wrote only four science fiction novels, while writing over 120 nonfiction books. Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge.", "Starting in 1982, the second half of his science fiction career began with the publication of Foundation's Edge. From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series.", "From then until his death, Asimov published several more sequels and prequels to his existing novels, tying them together in a way he had not originally anticipated, making a unified series. There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories.", "There are, however, many inconsistencies in this unification, especially in his earlier stories. Doubleday and Houghton Mifflin published about 60% of his work as of 1969, Asimov stating that \"both represent a father image\". Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series.", "Asimov believed his most enduring contributions would be his \"Three Laws of Robotics\" and the Foundation series. Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations).", "Furthermore, the Oxford English Dictionary credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots.", "Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition.", "Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\".", "Star Trek: The Next Generation featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's dream\". Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology.", "Asimov was so prolific and diverse in his writing that his books span all major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification except for category 100, philosophy and psychology. Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category.", "Although Asimov did write several essays about psychology, and forewords for the books The Humanist Way (1988) and In Pursuit of Truth (1982), which were classified in the 100s category, none of his own books were classified in that category. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author.", "According to UNESCO's Index Translationum database, Asimov is the world's 24th-most-translated author. Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store.", "Science fiction Asimov became a science fiction fan in 1929, when he began reading the pulp magazines sold in his family's candy store. At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational.", "At first his father forbade reading pulps as he considered them to be trash, until Asimov persuaded him that because the science fiction magazines had \"Science\" in the title, they must be educational. At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors.", "At age 18 he joined the Futurians science fiction fan club, where he made friends who went on to become science fiction writers or editors. Asimov began writing at the age of 11, imitating The Rover Boys with eight chapters of The Greenville Chums at College. His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16.", "His father bought Asimov a used typewriter at age 16. His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934.", "His first published work was a humorous item on the birth of his brother for Boys High School's literary journal in 1934. In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year.", "In May 1937 he first thought of writing professionally, and began writing his first science fiction story, \"Cosmic Corkscrew\" (now lost), that year. On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications.", "On May 17, 1938, puzzled by a change in the schedule of Astounding Science Fiction, Asimov visited its publisher Street & Smith Publications. Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later.", "Inspired by the visit, he finished the story on June 19, 1938, and personally submitted it to Astounding editor John W. Campbell two days later. Campbell met with Asimov for more than an hour and promised to read the story himself. Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail.", "Two days later he received a rejection letter explaining why in detail. This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend.", "This was the first of what became almost weekly meetings with the editor while Asimov lived in New York, until moving to Boston in 1949; Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and became a personal friend. By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\".", "By the end of the month, Asimov completed a second story, \"Stowaway\". Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice.", "Campbell rejected it on July 22 but—in \"the nicest possible letter you could imagine\"—encouraged him to continue writing, promising that Asimov might sell his work after another year and a dozen stories of practice. On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue.", "On October 21, 1938, he sold the third story he finished, \"Marooned Off Vesta\", to Amazing Stories, edited by Raymond A. Palmer, and it appeared in the March 1939 issue. Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word.", "Asimov was paid $64 (), or one cent a word. Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction.", "Two more stories appeared that year, \"The Weapon Too Dreadful to Use\" in the May Amazing and \"Trends\" in the July Astounding, the issue fans later selected as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding.", "For 1940, ISFDB catalogs seven stories in four different pulp magazines, including one in Astounding. His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer.", "His earnings became enough to pay for his education, but not yet enough for him to become a full-time writer. Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\".", "Asimov later said that unlike other top Golden Age writers Robert Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt—also first published in 1939, and whose talent and stardom were immediately obvious—he \"(this is not false modesty) came up only gradually\". Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\").", "Through July 29, 1940, Asimov wrote 22 stories in 25 months, of which 13 were published; he wrote in 1972 that from that date he never wrote a science fiction story that was not published (except for two \"special cases\"). He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\".", "He was famous enough that Donald Wollheim told Asimov that he purchased \"The Secret Sense\" for a new magazine only because of his name, and the December 1940 issue of Astonishing—featuring Asimov's name in bold—was the first magazine to base cover art on his work, but Asimov later said that neither he himself nor anyone else—except perhaps Campbell—considered him better than an often published \"third rater\". Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941.", "Based on a conversation with Campbell, Asimov wrote \"Nightfall\", his 32nd story, in March and April 1941, and Astounding published it in September 1941. In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written.", "In 1968 the Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" the best science fiction short story ever written. In Nightfall and Other Stories Asimov wrote, \"The writing of 'Nightfall' was a watershed in my professional career ... I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed.", "I was suddenly taken seriously and the world of science fiction became aware that I existed. As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\"", "As the years passed, in fact, it became evident that I had written a 'classic'.\" \"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition.", "\"Nightfall\" is an archetypal example of social science fiction, a term he created to describe a new trend in the 1940s, led by authors including him and Heinlein, away from gadgets and space opera and toward speculation about the human condition. After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year.", "After writing \"Victory Unintentional\" in January and February 1942, Asimov did not write another story for a year. Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years.", "Asimov expected to make chemistry his career, and was paid $2,600 annually at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, enough to marry his girlfriend; he did not expect to make much more from writing than the $1,788.50 he had earned from 28 stories sold over four years. Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear.", "Asimov left science fiction fandom and no longer read new magazines, and might have left the industry had not Heinlein and de Camp been coworkers and previously sold stories continued to appear. In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953).", "In 1942, Asimov published the first of his Foundation stories—later collected in the Foundation trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation and Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953). The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor.", "The books recount the fall of a vast interstellar empire and the establishment of its eventual successor. They also feature his fictional science of psychohistory, in which the future course of the history of large populations can be predicted. The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction.", "The trilogy and Robot series are his most famous science fiction. In 1966 they won the Hugo Award for the all-time best series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories.", "Campbell raised his rate per word, Orson Welles purchased rights to \"Evidence\", and anthologies reprinted his stories. By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children.", "By the end of the war Asimov was earning as a writer an amount equal to half of his Navy Yard salary, even after a raise, but Asimov still did not believe that writing could support him, his wife, and future children. His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time.", "His \"positronic\" robot stories—many of which were collected in I, Robot (1950)—were begun at about the same time. They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject.", "They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) and intelligent machines that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators.", "Asimov notes in his introduction to the short story collection The Complete Robot (1982) that he was largely inspired by the almost relentless tendency of robots up to that time to fall consistently into a Frankenstein plot in which they destroyed their creators. The robot series has led to film adaptations.", "The robot series has led to film adaptations. With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\".", "With Asimov's collaboration, in about 1977, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay of I, Robot that Asimov hoped would lead to \"the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction film ever made\". The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994.", "The screenplay has never been filmed and was eventually published in book form in 1994. The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired.", "The 2004 movie I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was based on an unrelated script by Jeff Vintar titled Hardwired, with Asimov's ideas incorporated later after the rights to Asimov's title were acquired. (The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.)", "(The title was not original to Asimov but had previously been used for a story by Eando Binder.) Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams.", "Also, one of Asimov's robot short stories, \"The Bicentennial Man\", was expanded into a novel The Positronic Man by Asimov and Robert Silverberg, and this was adapted into the 1999 movie Bicentennial Man, starring Robin Williams. Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury.", "Besides movies, his Foundation and Robot stories have inspired other derivative works of science fiction literature, many by well-known and established authors such as Roger MacBride Allen, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, David Brin, and Donald Kingsbury. At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov.", "At least some of these appear to have been done with the blessing of, or at the request of, Asimov's widow, Janet Asimov. In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\".", "In 1948, he also wrote a spoof chemistry article, \"The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline\". At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that.", "At the time, Asimov was preparing his own doctoral dissertation, and for the oral examination to follow that. Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name.", "Fearing a prejudicial reaction from his graduate school evaluation board at Columbia University, Asimov asked his editor that it be released under a pseudonym, yet it appeared under his own name. Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously.", "Asimov grew concerned at the scrutiny he would receive at his oral examination, in case the examiners thought he wasn't taking science seriously. At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\".", "At the end of the examination, one evaluator turned to him, smiling, and said, \"What can you tell us, Mr. Asimov, about the thermodynamic properties of the compound known as thiotimoline\". Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room.", "Laughing hysterically with relief, Asimov had to be led out of the room. After a five-minute wait, he was summoned back into the room and congratulated as \"Dr. Asimov\". Demand for science fiction greatly increased during the 1950s. It became possible for a genre author to write full-time.", "It became possible for a genre author to write full-time. In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words.", "In 1949, book publisher Doubleday's science fiction editor Walter I. Bradbury accepted Asimov's unpublished \"Grow Old with Me\" (40,000 words), but requested that it be extended to a full novel of 70,000 words. The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky.", "The book appeared under the Doubleday imprint in January 1950 with the title of Pebble in the Sky. Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\".", "Doubleday published five more original science fiction novels by Asimov in the 1950s, along with the six juvenile Lucky Starr novels, the latter under the pseudonym of \"Paul French\". Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955.", "Doubleday also published collections of Asimov's short stories, beginning with The Martian Way and Other Stories in 1955. The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy.", "The early 1950s also saw Gnome Press publish one collection of Asimov's positronic robot stories as I, Robot and his Foundation stories and novelettes as the three books of the Foundation trilogy. More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots.", "More positronic robot stories were republished in book form as The Rest of the Robots. Books and the magazines Galaxy, and Fantasy & Science Fiction ended Asimov's dependence on Astounding. He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\".", "He later described the era as his \"'mature' period\". Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story.", "Asimov's \"The Last Question\" (1956), on the ability of humankind to cope with and potentially reverse the process of entropy, was his personal favorite story. In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel.", "In 1972, his novel The Gods Themselves (which was not part of a series) was published to general acclaim, and it won the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Novel. In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical.", "In December 1974, former Beatle Paul McCartney approached Asimov and asked him if he could write the screenplay for a science-fiction movie musical. McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials.", "McCartney had a vague idea for the plot and a small scrap of dialogue; he wished to make a film about a rock band whose members discover they are being impersonated by a group of extraterrestrials. The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career.", "The band and their impostors would likely be played by McCartney's group Wings, then at the height of their career. Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story.", "Intrigued by the idea, although he was not generally a fan of rock music, Asimov quickly produced a \"treatment\" or brief outline of the story. He adhered to McCartney's overall idea, producing a story he felt to be moving and dramatic. However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue.", "However, he did not make use of McCartney's brief scrap of dialogue. McCartney rejected the story. The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives.", "The treatment now exists only in the Boston University archives. Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\".", "Asimov said in 1969 that he had \"the happiest of all my associations with science fiction magazines\" with Fantasy & Science Fiction; \"I have no complaints about Astounding, Galaxy, or any of the rest, heaven knows, but F&SF has become something special to me\". Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue.", "Beginning in 1977, Asimov lent his name to Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (now Asimov's Science Fiction) and penned an editorial for each issue. There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\").", "There was also a short-lived Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine and a companion Asimov's Science Fiction Anthology reprint series, published as magazines (in the same manner as the stablemates Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazines and Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazines \"anthologies\"). Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel.", "Due to pressure by fans on Asimov to write another book in his Foundation series, he did so with Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and then went back to before the original trilogy with Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1992), his last novel. Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969.", "Popular science Asimov and two colleagues published a textbook in 1949, with two more editions by 1969. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries).", "During the late 1950s and 1960s, Asimov substantially decreased his fiction output (he published only four adult novels between 1957's The Naked Sun and 1982's Foundation's Edge, two of which were mysteries). He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\".", "He greatly increased his nonfiction production, writing mostly on science topics; the launch of Sputnik in 1957 engendered public concern over a \"science gap\". Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted.", "Asimov explained in The Rest of the Robots that he had been unable to write substantial fiction since the summer of 1958, and observers understood him as saying that his fiction career had ended, or was permanently interrupted. Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\".", "Asimov recalled in 1969 that \"the United States went into a kind of tizzy, and so did I. I was overcome by the ardent desire to write popular science for an America that might be in great danger through its neglect of science, and a number of publishers got an equally ardent desire to publish popular science for the same reason\". Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine.", "Fantasy and Science Fiction invited Asimov to continue his regular nonfiction column, begun in the now-folded bimonthly companion magazine Venture Science Fiction Magazine. The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness.", "The first of 399 monthly F&SF columns appeared in November 1958 and they continued until his terminal illness. These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers.", "These columns, periodically collected into books by Doubleday, gave Asimov a reputation as a \"Great Explainer\" of science; he described them as his only popular science writing in which he never had to assume complete ignorance of the subjects on the part of his readers. The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\".", "The column was ostensibly dedicated to popular science but Asimov had complete editorial freedom, and wrote about contemporary social issues in essays such as \"Thinking About Thinking\" and \"Knock Plastic!\". In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\"", "In 1975 he wrote of these essays: \"I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment.\" Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF.", "Asimov's first wide-ranging reference work, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1960), was nominated for a National Book Award, and in 1963 he won a Hugo Award—his first—for his essays for F&SF. The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer.", "The popularity of his science books and the income he derived from them allowed him to give up most academic responsibilities and become a full-time freelance writer. He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\".", "He encouraged other science fiction writers to write popular science, stating in 1967 that \"the knowledgeable, skillful science writer is worth his weight in contracts\", with \"twice as much work as he can possibly handle\". The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\"", "The great variety of information covered in Asimov's writings prompted Kurt Vonnegut to ask, \"How does it feel to know everything?\" Asimov replied that he only knew how it felt to have the 'reputation' of omniscience: \"Uneasy\". Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent.", "Floyd C. Gale said that \"Asimov has a rare talent. He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\".", "He can make your mental mouth water over dry facts\", and \"science fiction's loss has been science popularization's gain\". Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\".", "Asimov said that \"Of all the writing I do, fiction, non-fiction, adult, or juvenile, these F & SF articles are by far the most fun\". He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\".", "He regretted, however, that he had less time for fiction—causing dissatisfied readers to send him letters of complaint—stating in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's nothing\". In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\".", "In his essay \"To Tell a Chemist\" (1965), Asimov proposed a simple shibboleth for distinguishing chemists from non-chemists: ask the person to read the word \"unionized\". Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\".", "Chemists, he noted, will read the word \"unionized\" as un-ion-ized (pronounced \"un-EYE-en-ized\"), meaning \"(a chemical species) being in an electrically neutral state, as opposed to being an ion\", while non-chemists will read the word as union-ized (pronounced \"YOU-nien-ized\"), meaning \"(a worker or organization) belonging to or possessing a trade union\". Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar!", "Coined terms Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar! \", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\").", "\", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in Gold (\"The Robot Chronicles\"). While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\".", "While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one third of the way down the first column of page 100, Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\". In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons).", "In the same story, Asimov also coined the term \"positronic\" (the counterpart to \"electronic\" for positrons). Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire.", "Asimov coined the term \"psychohistory\" in his Foundation stories to name a fictional branch of science which combines history, sociology, and mathematical statistics to make general predictions about the future behavior of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology.", "Asimov said later that he should have called it psychosociology. It was first introduced in the five short stories (1942–1944) which would later be collected as the 1951 fix-up novel Foundation. Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history.", "Somewhat later, the term \"psychohistory\" was applied by others to research of the effects of psychology on history. Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history.", "Other writings In addition to his interest in science, Asimov was interested in history. Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991).", "Starting in the 1960s, he wrote 14 popular history books, including The Greeks: A Great Adventure (1965), The Roman Republic (1966), The Roman Empire (1967), The Egyptians (1967) The Near East: 10,000 Years of History (1968), and Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991). He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981.", "He published Asimov's Guide to the Bible in two volumes—covering the Old Testament in 1967 and the New Testament in 1969—and then combined them into one 1,300-page volume in 1981. Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters.", "Complete with maps and tables, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in order, explaining the history of each one and the political influences that affected it, as well as biographical information about the important characters. His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980).", "His interest in literature manifested itself in several annotations of literary works, including Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare (1970), Asimov's Annotated Don Juan (1972), Asimov's Annotated Paradise Lost (1974), and The Annotated Gulliver's Travels (1980). Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine.", "Asimov was also a noted mystery author and a frequent contributor to Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries.", "He began by writing science fiction mysteries such as his Wendell Urth stories, but soon moved on to writing \"pure\" mysteries. He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle.", "He published two full-length mystery novels, and wrote 66 stories about the Black Widowers, a group of men who met monthly for dinner, conversation, and a puzzle. He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends.", "He got the idea for the Widowers from his own association in a stag group called the Trap Door Spiders, and all of the main characters (with the exception of the waiter, Henry, who he admitted resembled Wodehouse's Jeeves) were modeled after his closest friends. A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen.", "A parody of the Black Widowers, \"An Evening with the White Divorcés,\" was written by author, critic, and librarian Jon L. Breen. Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\"", "Asimov joked, \"all I can do ... is to wait until I catch him in a dark alley, someday.\" Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975.", "Toward the end of his life, Asimov published a series of collections of limericks, mostly written by himself, starting with Lecherous Limericks, which appeared in 1975. Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi.", "Limericks: Too Gross, whose title displays Asimov's love of puns, contains 144 limericks by Asimov and an equal number by John Ciardi. He even created a slim volume of Sherlockian limericks. Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon.", "Asimov featured Yiddish humor in Azazel, The Two Centimeter Demon. The two main characters, both Jewish, talk over dinner, or lunch, or breakfast, about anecdotes of \"George\" and his friend Azazel. Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory.", "Asimov's Treasury of Humor is both a working joke book and a treatise propounding his views on humor theory. According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous.", "According to Asimov, the most essential element of humor is an abrupt change in point of view, one that suddenly shifts focus from the important to the trivial, or from the sublime to the ridiculous. Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher.", "Particularly in his later years, Asimov to some extent cultivated an image of himself as an amiable lecher. In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972).", "In 1971, as a response to the popularity of sexual guidebooks such as The Sensuous Woman (by \"J\") and The Sensuous Man (by \"M\"), Asimov published The Sensuous Dirty Old Man under the byline \"Dr. 'A (although his full name was printed on the paperback edition, first published 1972). However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities.", "However, by 2016, some of Asimov's behavior towards women was described as sexual harassment and cited as an example of historically problematic behavior by men in science fiction communities. Asimov published three volumes of autobiography. In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978.", "In Memory Yet Green (1979) and In Joy Still Felt (1980) cover his life up to 1978. The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off).", "The third volume, I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), covered his whole life (rather than following on from where the second volume left off). The epilogue was written by his widow Janet Asimov after his death. The book won a Hugo Award in 1995.", "The book won a Hugo Award in 1995. Janet Asimov edited It's Been a Good Life (2002), a condensed version of his three autobiographies. He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984).", "He also published three volumes of retrospectives of his writing, Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984). In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort.", "In 1987, the Asimovs co-wrote How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort. In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors.", "In it they offer advice on how to maintain a positive attitude and stay productive when dealing with discouragement, distractions, rejection, and thick-headed editors. The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author.", "The book includes many quotations, essays, anecdotes, and husband-wife dialogues about the ups and downs of being an author. Asimov and Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry developed a unique relationship during Star Treks initial launch in the late 1960s. Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine.", "Asimov wrote a critical essay on Star Treks scientific accuracy for TV Guide magazine. Roddenberry retorted respectfully with a personal letter explaining the limitations of accuracy when writing a weekly series. Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show.", "Asimov corrected himself with a follow-up essay to TV Guide claiming that despite its inaccuracies, Star Trek was a fresh and intellectually challenging science fiction television show. The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects.", "The two remained friends to the point where Asimov even served as an advisor on a number of Star Trek projects. In 1973, Asimov published a proposal for calendar reform, called the World Season Calendar. It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each.", "It divides the year into four seasons (named A–D) of 13 weeks (91 days) each. This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter).", "This allows days to be named, e.g., \"D-73\" instead of December 1 (due to December 1 being the 73rd day of the 4th quarter). An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days.", "An extra 'year day' is added for a total of 365 days. Awards and recognition Asimov won more than a dozen annual awards for particular works of science fiction and a half-dozen lifetime awards. He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities.", "He also received 14 honorary doctorate degrees from universities. 1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987).", "1955 – Guest of Honor at the 13th World Science Fiction Convention 1957 – Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Award for best science book for youth, for Building Blocks of the Universe 1960 – Howard W. Blakeslee Award from the American Heart Association for The Living River 1962 – Boston University's Publication Merit Award 1963 – A special Hugo Award for \"adding science to science fiction,\" for essays published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 1963 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1964 – The Science Fiction Writers of America voted \"Nightfall\" (1941) the all-time best science fiction short story 1965 – James T. Grady Award of the American Chemical Society (now called the James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry) 1966 – Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award for the Foundation trilogy 1967 – Edward E. Smith Memorial Award 1967 – AAAS-Westinghouse Science Writing Award for Magazine Writing, for essay \"Over the Edge of the Universe\" (in the March 1967 Harper's Magazine) 1972 – Nebula Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1973 – Locus Award for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves 1975 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1975 – Klumpke-Roberts Award \"for outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" 1975 – Locus Award for Best Reprint Anthology for Before the Golden Age 1977 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Nebula Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1977 – Locus Award for Best Novelette for The Bicentennial Man 1981 – An asteroid, 5020 Asimov, was named in his honor 1981 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 1983 – Hugo Award for Best Novel for Foundation's Edge 1983 – Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Foundation's Edge 1984 – Humanist of the Year 1986 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 8th SFWA Grand Master (presented in 1987). 1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells.", "1987 – Locus Award for Best Short Story for \"Robot Dreams\" 1992 – Hugo Award for Best Novelette for \"Gold\" 1995 – Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1995 – Locus Award for Best Non-Fiction Book for I. Asimov: A Memoir 1996 – A 1946 Retro-Hugo for Best Novel of 1945 was given at the 1996 WorldCon for \"The Mule\", the 7th Foundation story, published in Astounding Science Fiction 1997 – The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Asimov in its second class of two deceased and two living persons, along with H. G. Wells. 2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame.", "2000 – Asimov was featured on a stamp in Israel 2001 – The Isaac Asimov Memorial Debates at the Hayden Planetarium in New York were inaugurated 2009 – A crater on the planet Mars, Asimov, was named in his honor 2010 – In the US Congress bill about the designation of the National Robotics Week as an annual event, a tribute to Isaac Asimov is as follows: \"Whereas the second week in April each year is designated as 'National Robotics Week', recognizing the accomplishments of Isaac Asimov, who immigrated to America, taught science, wrote science books for children and adults, first used the term robotics, developed the Three Laws of Robotics, and died in April 1992: Now, therefore, be it resolved ...\" 2015 – Selected as a member of the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. 2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent.", "2016 – A 1941 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1940 was given at the 2016 WorldCon for Robbie, his first positronic robot story, published in Super Science Stories, September 1940 2018 – A 1943 Retro-Hugo for Best Short Story of 1942 was given at the 2018 WorldCon for Foundation, published in Astounding Science-Fiction, May 1942 Writing style Asimov was his own secretary, typist, indexer, proofreader, and literary agent. He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\".", "He wrote a typed first draft composed at the keyboard at 90 words per minute; he imagined an ending first, then a beginning, then \"let everything in-between work itself out as I come to it\". (Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".)", "(Asimov only used an outline once, later describing it as \"like trying to play the piano from inside a straitjacket\".) After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged.", "After correcting a draft by hand, he retyped the document as the final copy and only made one revision with minor editor-requested changes; a word processor did not save him much time, Asimov said, because 95% of the first draft was unchanged. After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure.", "After disliking making multiple revisions of \"Black Friar of the Flame\", Asimov refused to make major, second, or non-editorial revisions (\"like chewing used gum\"), stating that \"too large a revision, or too many revisions, indicate that the piece of writing is a failure. In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\".", "In the time it would take to salvage such a failure, I could write a new piece altogether and have infinitely more fun in the process\". He submitted \"failures\" to another editor. One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented.", "One of the most common impressions of Asimov's fiction work is that his writing style is extremely unornamented. In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\".", "In 1980, science fiction scholar James Gunn wrote of I, Robot: Asimov addressed such criticism in 1989 at the beginning of Nemesis: Gunn cited examples of a more complex style, such as the climax of \"Liar!\". Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\"", "Sharply drawn characters occur at key junctures of his storylines: Susan Calvin in \"Liar!\" and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels.", "and \"Evidence\", Arkady Darell in Second Foundation, Elijah Baley in The Caves of Steel, and Hari Seldon in the Foundation prequels. Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output).", "Other than books by Gunn and Joseph Patrouch, a relative dearth of \"literary\" criticism exists on Asimov (particularly when compared to the sheer volume of his output). Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style.", "Cowart and Wymer's Dictionary of Literary Biography (1981) gives a possible reason: Gunn's and Patrouch's respective studies of Asimov both state that a clear, direct prose style is still a style. Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels.", "Gunn's 1982 book comments in detail on each of Asimov's novels. He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\".", "He does not praise all of Asimov's fiction (nor does Patrouch), but calls some passages in The Caves of Steel \"reminiscent of Proust\". When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\".", "When discussing how that novel depicts night falling over futuristic New York City, Gunn says that Asimov's prose \"need not be ashamed anywhere in literary society\". Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways.", "Although he prided himself on his unornamented prose style (for which he credited Clifford D. Simak as an early influence), and said in 1973 that his style had not changed, Asimov also enjoyed giving his longer stories complicated narrative structures, often by arranging chapters in nonchronological ways. Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story.", "Some readers have been put off by this, complaining that the nonlinearity is not worth the trouble and adversely affects the clarity of the story. For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material.", "For example, the first third of The Gods Themselves begins with Chapter 6, then backtracks to fill in earlier material. (John Campbell advised Asimov to begin his stories as late in the plot as possible. This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories).", "This advice helped Asimov create \"Reason\", one of the early Robot stories). Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it.", "Patrouch found that the interwoven and nested flashbacks of The Currents of Space did serious harm to that novel, to such an extent that only a \"dyed-in-the-kyrt Asimov fan\" could enjoy it. In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group.", "In his later novel Nemesis one group of characters lives in the \"present\" and another group starts in the \"past\", beginning 15 years earlier and gradually moving toward the time period of the first group. Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans.", "Alien life Asimov once explained that his reluctance to write about aliens came from an incident early in his career when Astoundings editor John Campbell rejected one of his science fiction stories because the alien characters were portrayed as superior to the humans. The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias.", "The nature of the rejection led him to believe that Campbell may have based his bias towards humans in stories on a real-world racial bias. Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all.", "Unwilling to write only weak alien races, and concerned that a confrontation would jeopardize his and Campbell's friendship, he decided he would not write about aliens at all. Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex.", "Nevertheless, in response to these criticisms, he wrote The Gods Themselves, which contains aliens and alien sex. The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973.", "The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973. Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes.", "Asimov said that of all his writings, he was most proud of the middle section of The Gods Themselves, the part that deals with those themes. In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation.", "In the Hugo Award-winning novelette \"Gold\", Asimov describes an author, clearly based on himself, who has one of his books (The Gods Themselves) adapted into a \"compu-drama\", essentially photo-realistic computer animation. The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across.", "The director criticizes the fictionalized Asimov (\"Gregory Laborian\") for having an extremely nonvisual style, making it difficult to adapt his work, and the author explains that he relies on ideas and dialogue rather than description to get his points across. Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology.", "Romance and women In the early days of science fiction some authors and critics felt that the romantic elements were inappropriate in science fiction stories, which were supposedly to be focused on science and technology. Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\".", "Isaac Asimov was a prominent supporter of this point of view, expressed in his 1938-1939 letters to Astounding, where he described such elements as \"mush\" and \"slop\". However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition.", "However, to his dismay, these letters were met with a strong opposition. Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\".", "Asimov attributed the lack of romance and sex in his fiction to the \"early imprinting\" from starting his writing career when he had never been on a date and \"didn't know anything about girls\". He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction.", "He was sometimes criticized for the general absence of sex (and of extraterrestrial life) in his science fiction. He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers.", "He claimed he wrote The Gods Themselves to respond to these criticisms, which often came from New Wave science fiction (and often British) writers. The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted.", "The second part (of three) of the novel is set on an alien world with three sexes, and the sexual behavior of these creatures is extensively depicted. Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work.", "Asimov was also criticized for a lack of strong female characters in his early work. However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues.", "However, some of his robot stories, including the earliest ones, featured the character Susan Calvin, a forceful and intelligent woman who regularly out-performed her male colleagues. In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience.", "In his autobiographical writings, such as Gold (\"Women and Science Fiction\"), he acknowledges this complaint has merit and responds by pointing to inexperience. His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience.", "His later novels, written with more female characters but in essentially the same prose style as his early science-fiction stories, brought this matter to a wider audience. The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\"", "The Washington Post's \"Book World\" section reports of Robots and Empire opined \"In 1940, Asimov's humans were stripped-down masculine portraits of Americans from 1940, and they still are.\" Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist.", "Views Religion Asimov was an atheist, a humanist, and a rationalist. He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science.", "He did not oppose religious conviction in others, but he frequently railed against superstitious and pseudoscientific beliefs that tried to pass themselves off as genuine science. During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac.", "During his childhood, his father and mother observed the traditions of Orthodox Judaism, though not as stringently as they had in Petrovichi; they did not, however, force their beliefs upon young Isaac. Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology.", "Thus, he grew up without strong religious influences, coming to believe that the Torah represented Hebrew mythology in the same way that the Iliad recorded Greek mythology. When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah.", "When he was 13, he chose not to have a bar mitzvah. As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion.", "As his books Treasury of Humor and Asimov Laughs Again record, Asimov was willing to tell jokes involving God, Satan, the Garden of Eden, Jerusalem, and other religious topics, expressing the viewpoint that a good joke can do more to provoke thought than hours of philosophical discussion. For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings.", "For a brief while, his father worked in the local synagogue to enjoy the familiar surroundings and, as Isaac put it, \"shine as a learned scholar\" versed in the sacred writings. This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments.", "This scholarship was a seed for his later authorship and publication of Asimov's Guide to the Bible, an analysis of the historic foundations for both the Old and New Testaments. For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did.", "For many years, Asimov called himself an atheist; however, he considered the term somewhat inadequate, as it described what he did not believe rather than what he did. Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical.", "Eventually, he described himself as a \"humanist\" and considered that term more practical. Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah.", "Asimov did, however, continue to identify himself as a secular Jew, as stated in his introduction to Jack Dann's anthology of Jewish science fiction, Wandering Stars: \"I attend no services and follow no ritual and have never undergone that curious puberty rite, the Bar Mitzvah. It doesn't matter. I am Jewish.\"", "I am Jewish.\" I am Jewish.\" When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\"", "When asked in an interview in 1982 if he was an atheist, Asimov replied, Likewise, he said about religious education: \"I would not be satisfied to have my kids choose to be religious without trying to argue them out of it, just as I would not be satisfied to have them decide to smoke regularly or engage in any other practice I consider detrimental to mind or body.\" In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term?", "In his last volume of autobiography, Asimov wrote, The same memoir states his belief that Hell is \"the drooling dream of a sadist\" crudely affixed to an all-merciful God; if even human governments were willing to curtail cruel and unusual punishments, wondered Asimov, why would punishment in the afterlife not be restricted to a limited term? Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment.", "Asimov rejected the idea that a human belief or action could merit infinite punishment. If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\".", "If an afterlife existed, he claimed, the longest and most severe punishment would be reserved for those who \"slandered God by inventing Hell\". Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal.", "Asimov said about using religious motifs in his writing: Politics Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern.", "He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern. He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards.", "He was unhappy about what he considered an \"irrationalist\" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards. In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman.", "In his second volume of autobiography, In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recalled meeting the counterculture figure Abbie Hoffman. Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return.", "Asimov's impression was that the 1960s' counterculture heroes had ridden an emotional wave which, in the end, left them stranded in a \"no-man's land of the spirit\" from which he wondered if they would ever return. Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\".", "Asimov vehemently opposed Richard Nixon, considering him \"a crook and a liar\". He closely followed Watergate, and was pleased when the president was forced to resign. Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal.", "Asimov was dismayed over the pardon extended to Nixon by his successor: \"I was not impressed by the argument that it has spared the nation an ordeal. To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\"", "To my way of thinking, the ordeal was necessary to make certain it would never happen again.\" After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him.", "After Asimov's name appeared in the mid-1960s on a list of people the Communist Party USA \"considered amenable\" to its goals, the FBI investigated him. Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background.", "Because of his academic background, the bureau briefly considered Asimov as a possible candidate for known Soviet spy ROBPROF, but found nothing suspicious in his life or background. Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel.", "Asimov appeared to hold an equivocal attitude towards Israel. In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist.", "In his first autobiography, he indicates his support for the safety of Israel, though insisting that he was not a Zionist. In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity.", "In his third autobiography, Asimov stated his opposition to the creation of a Jewish state, on the grounds that he was opposed to having nation-states in general, and supported the notion of a single humanity. Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\".", "Asimov especially worried about the safety of Israel given that it had been created among hostile Muslim neighbors, and said that Jews had merely created for themselves another \"Jewish ghetto\". Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\".", "Social issues Asimov believed that \"science fiction ... serve[s] the good of humanity\". He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control.", "He considered himself a feminist even before women's liberation became a widespread movement; he argued that the issue of women's rights was closely connected to that of population control. Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction.", "Furthermore, he believed that homosexuality must be considered a \"moral right\" on population grounds, as must all consenting adult sexual activity that does not lead to reproduction. He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.", "He issued many appeals for population control, reflecting a perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich. In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested.", "In a 1988 interview by Bill Moyers, Asimov proposed computer-aided learning, where people would use computers to find information on subjects in which they were interested. He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world.", "He thought this would make learning more interesting, since people would have the freedom to choose what to learn, and would help spread knowledge around the world. Also, the one-to-one model would let students learn at their own pace. Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019.", "Asimov thought that people would live in space by the year 2019. In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent.", "In 1983 Asimov wrote: He continues on education: Sexual harassment Asimov would often fondle, kiss and pinch women at conventions and elsewhere without regard for their consent. According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated.", "According to Alec Nevala-Lee, author of an Asimov biography and writer on the history of science fiction, he often defended himself by saying that far from showing objections, these women cooperated. In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched.", "In the 1971 satirical piece, The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, he wrote, \"The question then is not whether or not a girl should be touched. The question is merely where, when, and how she should be touched.\" According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\"", "According to Nevala-Lee, however, \"many of these encounters were clearly nonconsensual.\" He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community.", "He wrote that Asimov's behaviour, as a leading science-fiction author and personality, contributed to an undesirable atmosphere for women in the male-dominated science fiction community. In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes.", "In support of this, he quoted some of Asimov's contemporary fellow-authors such as Judith Merril, Harlan Ellison and Frederik Pohl, as well as editors such as Timothy Seldes. Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\".", "Specific incidents were reported by other people including Edward L. Ferman, long-time editor of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction who wrote \"... instead of shaking my date's hand, he shook her left breast\". Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals.", "Environment and population Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.", "In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in \"no danger whatsoever\" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near \"a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate\", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster. In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs.", "In the closing years of his life, Asimov blamed the deterioration of the quality of life that he perceived in New York City on the shrinking tax base caused by the middle-class flight to the suburbs, though he continued to support high taxes on the middle class to pay for social programs. His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer.", "His last nonfiction book, Our Angry Earth (1991, co-written with his long-time friend, science fiction author Frederik Pohl), deals with elements of the environmental crisis such as overpopulation, oil dependence, war, global warming, and the destruction of the ozone layer. In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate?", "In response to being presented by Bill Moyers with the question \"What do you see happening to the idea of dignity to human species if this population growth continues at its present rate? \", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder.", "\", Asimov responded: Other authors Asimov enjoyed the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and in fact even used The Lord of the Rings as a plot point in a Black Widowers story, titled Nothing like Murder. In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times.", "In the essay All or Nothing (for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Jan 1981), Asimov revealed that he admires Tolkien and that he had read The Lord of the Rings five times. (The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction.", "(The feelings were mutual, with Tolkien himself revealing that he had enjoyed Asimov's science fiction. This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.)", "This would make Asimov an exception to Tolkien's earlier claim that he rarely found \"any modern books\" that were interesting to him.) He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\"", "He acknowledged other writers as superior to himself in talent, saying of Harlan Ellison, \"He is (in my opinion) one of the best writers in the world, far more skilled at the art than I am.\" Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction.", "Asimov disapproved of the New Wave's growing influence, however, stating in 1967 \"I want science fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\".", "And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction\". The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York.", "The feelings of friendship and respect between Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke were demonstrated by the so-called \"Clarke-Asimov Treaty of Park Avenue\", negotiated as they shared a cab in New York. This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself).", "This stated that Asimov was required to insist that Clarke was the best science fiction writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself), while Clarke was required to insist that Asimov was the best science writer in the world (reserving second-best for himself). Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\"", "Thus, the dedication in Clarke's book Report on Planet Three (1972) reads: \"In accordance with the terms of the Clarke-Asimov treaty, the second-best science writer dedicates this book to the second-best science-fiction writer.\" Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction.", "Asimov became a fan of mystery stories at the same time as science fiction. He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\".", "He preferred to read the former to latter because \"I read every [science fiction] story keenly aware that it might be worse than mine, in which case I had no patience with it, or that it might be better, in which case I felt miserable\". Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model.", "Asimov wrote \"I make no secret of the fact that in my mysteries I use Agatha Christie as my model. In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen.", "In my opinion, her mysteries are the best ever written, far better than the Sherlock Holmes stories, and Hercule Poirot is the best detective fiction has seen. Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\"", "Why should I not use as my model what I consider the best?\" He enjoyed Sherlock Holmes, but considered Arthur Conan Doyle to be \"a slapdash and sloppy writer.\" Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse.", "Asimov also enjoyed humorous stories, particularly those of P. G. Wodehouse. In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books.", "In non-fiction writing, Asimov particularly admired the writing style of Martin Gardner, and tried to emulate it in his own science books. On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's.", "On meeting Gardner for the first time in 1965, Asimov told him this, to which Gardner answered that he had based his own style on Asimov's. Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist.", "Influence Paul Krugman, holder of a Nobel Prize in Economics, stated Asimov's concept of psychohistory has inspired him to become an economist. John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\"", "John Jenkins, who has reviewed the vast majority of Asimov's written output, once observed, \"It has been pointed out that most science fiction writers since the 1950s have been affected by Asimov, either modeling their style on his or deliberately avoiding anything like his style.\" Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century.", "Along with such figures as Bertrand Russell and Karl Popper, Asimov left his mark as one of the most distinguished interdisciplinarians of the 20th century. \"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about.", "\"Few individuals\", writes James L. Christian, \"understood better than Isaac Asimov what synoptic thinking is all about. His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\"", "His almost 500 books—which he wrote as a specialist, a knowledgeable authority, or just an excited layman—range over almost all conceivable subjects: the sciences, history, literature, religion, and of course, science fiction.\" Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism.", "Bibliography Depending on the counting convention used, and including all titles, charts, and edited collections, there may be currently over 500 books in Asimov's bibliography—as well as his individual short stories, individual essays, and criticism. For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing.", "For his 100th, 200th, and 300th books (based on his personal count), Asimov published Opus 100 (1969), Opus 200 (1979), and Opus 300 (1984), celebrating his writing. An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler.", "An extensive bibliography of Isaac Asimov's works has been compiled by Ed Seiler. He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more.", "He published enough that his book writing rate could be analysed, showing that the writing became faster as he wrote more. An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts.", "An online exhibit in West Virginia University Libraries' virtually complete Asimov Collection displays features, visuals, and descriptions of some of his over 600 books, games, audio recordings, videos, and wall charts. Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room.", "Many first, rare, and autographed editions are in the Libraries' Rare Book Room. Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection.", "Book jackets and autographs are presented online along with descriptions and images of children's books, science fiction art, multimedia, and other materials in the collection. Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series.", "Science fiction \"Greater Foundation\" series The Robot series was originally separate from the Foundation series. The Galactic Empire novels were published as independent stories, set earlier in the same future as Foundation. Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series.", "Later in life, Asimov synthesized the Robot series into a single coherent \"history\" that appeared in the extension of the Foundation series. All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday.", "All of these books were published by Doubleday & Co, except the original Foundation trilogy which was originally published by Gnome Books before being bought and republished by Doubleday. The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe.", "The Robot series: (first Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (second Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (third Elijah Baley SF-crime novel) (sequel to the Elijah Baley trilogy) Galactic Empire novels: (early Galactic Empire) (long before the Empire) (Republic of Trantor still expanding) Foundation prequels: Original Foundation trilogy: (also published with the title 'The Man Who Upset the Universe' as a 35¢ Ace paperback, D-125, in about 1952) Extended Foundation series: Lucky Starr series (as Paul French) All published by Doubleday & Co David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953) Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus (1954) Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury (1956) Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter (1957) Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn (1958) Norby Chronicles (with Janet Asimov) All published by Walker & Company Norby, the Mixed-Up Robot (1983) Norby's Other Secret (1984) Norby and the Lost Princess (1985) Norby and the Invaders (1985) Norby and the Queen's Necklace (1986) Norby Finds a Villain (1987) Norby Down to Earth (1988) Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure (1989) Norby and the Oldest Dragon (1990) Norby and the Court Jester (1991) Novels not part of a series Novels marked with an asterisk (*) have minor connections to Foundation universe. The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There?", "The End of Eternity (1955), Doubleday (*) Fantastic Voyage (1966), Bantam Books (paperback) and Houghton Mifflin (hardback) (a novelization of the movie) The Gods Themselves (1972), Doubleday Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain (1987), Doubleday (not a sequel to Fantastic Voyage, but a similar, independent story) Nemesis (1989), Bantam Doubleday Dell (*) Nightfall (1990), Doubleday, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"Nightfall\", a 1941 short story written by Asimov) Child of Time (1992), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (based on \"The Ugly Little Boy\", a 1958 short story written by Asimov) The Positronic Man (1993), Bantam Doubleday Dell, with Robert Silverberg (*) (based on The Bicentennial Man, a 1976 novella written by Asimov) Short-story collections Mysteries Novels The Death Dealers (1958), Avon Books, republished as A Whiff of Death by Walker & Company Murder at the ABA (1976), Doubleday, also published as Authorized Murder Short-story collections Black Widowers series Tales of the Black Widowers (1974), Doubleday More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976), Doubleday Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980), Doubleday Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984), Doubleday Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990), Doubleday The Return of the Black Widowers (2003), Carroll & Graf Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968), Doubleday The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977), Walker The Union Club Mysteries (1983), Doubleday The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985), Walker The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986), Doubleday Nonfiction Popular science Collections of Asimov's essays for F&SF The following books collected essays which were originally published as monthly columns in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and collected by Doubleday & Co Fact and Fancy (1962) View from a Height (1963) Adding a Dimension (1964) Of Time and Space and Other Things (1965) From Earth to Heaven (1966) Science, Numbers, and I (1968) The Solar System and Back (1970) The Stars in Their Courses (1971) The Left Hand of the Electron (1972) The Tragedy of the Moon (1973) Asimov On Astronomy (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Asimov On Chemistry (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1974) Of Matters Great and Small (1975) Asimov On Physics (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) The Planet That Wasn't (1976) Asimov On Numbers (updated version of essays in previous collections) (1976) Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright (1977) The Road to Infinity (1979) The Sun Shines Bright (1981) Counting the Eons (1983) X Stands for Unknown (1984) The Subatomic Monster (1985) Far as Human Eye Could See (1987) The Relativity of Wrong (1988) Asimov on Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959–1989 (1989) (features the first essay in the introduction) Out of the Everywhere (1990) The Secret of the Universe (1991) Other general science essay collections Only a Trillion (1957), Abelard-Schuman, Is Anyone There? (1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol.", "(1967), Doubleday, (which includes the article in which he coined the term \"spome\") Today and Tomorrow and— (1973), Doubleday Science Past, Science Future (1975), Doubleday, Please Explain (1975), Houghton Mifflin, Life and Time (1978), Doubleday The Roving Mind (1983), Prometheus Books, new edition 1997, The Dangers of Intelligence (1986), Houghton Mifflin Past, Present and Future (1987), Prometheus Books, The Tyrannosaurus Prescription (1989), Prometheus Books Frontiers (1990), Dutton Frontiers II (1993), Dutton Other science books by Asimov The Chemicals of Life (1954), Abelard-Schuman Inside the Atom (1956), Abelard-Schuman, Building Blocks of the Universe (1957; revised 1974), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Carbon (1958), Abelard-Schuman, The World of Nitrogen (1958), Abelard-Schuman, Words of Science and the History Behind Them (1959), Houghton Mifflin The Clock We Live On (1959), Abelard-Schuman, Breakthroughs in Science (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Numbers (1959), Houghton Mifflin, Realm of Measure (1960), Houghton Mifflin The Wellsprings of Life (1960), Abelard-Schuman, Life and Energy (1962), Doubleday, The Genetic Code (1962), The Orion Press The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation (1963), Houghton Mifflin, , (revised) The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions (1963), Houghton Mifflin, Planets for Man (with Stephen H. Dole) (1964), Random House, reprinted by RAND in 2007 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule (1965), Houghton Mifflin, The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science (1965), Basic Books The title varied with each of the four editions, the last being Asimov's New Guide to Science (1984) The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar (1966), Walker, The Neutrino (1966), Doubleday, ASIN B002JK525W Understanding Physics Vol. I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "I, Motion, Sound, and Heat (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol.", "II, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity (1966), Walker, Understanding Physics Vol. III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?", "III, The Electron, Proton, and Neutron (1966), Walker, Photosynthesis (1969), Basic Books, Our World in Space (1974), New York Graphic, Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope (1976), Andre Deutsch Limited, The Collapsing Universe (1977), Walker, Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Crown, Visions of the Universe with illustrations by Kazuaki Iwasaki (1981), Cosmos Store, Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (1982), Crown, The Measure of the Universe (1983), Harper & Row Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed.", "with co-author Frank White (1989), Walker Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery (1989), Harper & Row, second edition adds content thru 1993, Beginnings: The Story of Origins (1989), Walker Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space (1991), Random House, Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (1991), Dutton, Mysteries of Deep Space: Quasars, Pulsars and Black Holes (1994) Earth's Moon (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Sun (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2003 by Richard Hantula The Earth (1988), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Jupiter (1989), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Venus (1990), Gareth Stevens, revised in 2004 by Richard Hantula Literary works All published by Doubleday Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare, vols I and II (1970), Asimov's Annotated \"Don Juan\" (1972) Asimov's Annotated \"Paradise Lost\" (1974) Familiar Poems, Annotated (1976) Asimov's The Annotated \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1980) Asimov's Annotated \"Gilbert and Sullivan\" (1988) The Bible Words from Genesis (1962), Houghton Mifflin Words from the Exodus (1963), Houghton Mifflin Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vols I and II (1967 and 1969, one-volume ed. 1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, .", "1981), Doubleday, The Story of Ruth (1972), Doubleday, In the Beginning (1981), Crown Autobiography In Memory Yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920–1954 (1979, Doubleday) In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978 (1980, Doubleday) I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994, Doubleday) It's Been a Good Life (2002, Prometheus Books), condensation of Asimov's three volumes of autobiography, edited by his widow, Janet Jeppson Asimov History All published by Houghton Mifflin except where otherwise stated The Kite That Won the Revolution (1963), The Greeks (1965) The Roman Republic (1966) The Roman Empire (1967) The Egyptians (1967) The Near East (1968) The Dark Ages (1968) Words from History (1968) The Shaping of England (1969) Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire (1970) The Land of Canaan (1971) The Shaping of France (1972) The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 (1973) The Birth of the United States: 1763–1816 (1974) Our Federal Union: The United States from 1816 to 1865 (1975), The Golden Door: The United States from 1865 to 1918 (1977) Asimov's Chronology of the World (1991), HarperCollins, The March of the Millennia (1991), with co-author Frank White, Walker & Company, Humor The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971) (As Dr. A), Walker & Company, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor (1971), Houghton Mifflin Lecherous Limericks (1975), Walker, More Lecherous Limericks (1976), Walker, Still More Lecherous Limericks (1977), Walker, Limericks, Two Gross, with John Ciardi (1978), Norton, A Grossery of Limericks, with John Ciardi (1981), Norton, Limericks for Children (1984), Caedmon Asimov Laughs Again (1992), HarperCollins On writing science fiction Asimov on Science Fiction (1981), Doubleday Asimov's Galaxy (1989), Doubleday Other nonfiction Opus 100 (1969), Houghton Mifflin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (1964), Doubleday (revised edition 1972, ) Opus 200 (1979), Houghton Mifflin, Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts (1979), Grosset & Dunlap, Opus 300 (1984), Houghton Mifflin, Our Angry Earth: A Ticking Ecological Bomb (1991), with co-author Frederik Pohl, Tor, . Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969.", "Television, music, and film appearances I Robot, a concept album by the Alan Parsons Project that examined some of Asimov's work The Last Word (1959) The Dick Cavett Show, four appearances 1968–71 The Nature of Things (1969) ABC News coverage of Apollo 11, 1969, with Fred Pohl, interviewed by Rod Serling David Frost interview program, August 1969. Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\"", "Frost asked Asimov if he had ever tried to find God and, after some initial evasion, Asimov answered, \"God is much more intelligent than I am—let him try to find me.\" BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth?", "BBC Horizon \"It's About Time\" (1979), show hosted by Dudley Moore Target ... Earth? (1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux.", "(1980) The David Letterman Show (1980) NBC TV Speaking Freely, interviewed by Edwin Newman (1982) ARTS Network talk show hosted by Studs Terkel and Calvin Trillin, approximately (1982) Oltre New York (1986) Voyage to the Outer Planets and Beyond (1986) Gandahar (1987), a French animated science-fiction film by René Laloux. Asimov wrote the English translation for the film.", "Asimov wrote the English translation for the film. Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\"", "Bill Moyers interview (1988) Stranieri in America (1988) Adaptations El robot embustero (1966), short film directed by Antonio Lara de Gavilán, based on short story \"Liar!\" A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac.", "A halhatatlanság halála (1977), TV movie directed by András Rajnai, based on novel The End of Eternity The Ugly Little Boy (1977), short film directed by Barry Morse and Donald W. Thompson, based on novelette The Ugly Little Boy All the Troubles of the World (1978), short film directed by Dianne Haak-Edson, based on short story \"All the Troubles of the World\" The End of Eternity (1987), film directed by Andrei Yermash, based on novel The End of Eternity Nightfall (1988), film directed by Paul Mayersberg, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" Robots (1988), film directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal, based on the Robot series Feeling 109 (1988), short film directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov Teach 109 (1989), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as The Android Affair) The Android Affair (1995), TV movie directed by Richard Kletter, based on a story of Asimov (the same as Teach 109) Bicentennial Man (1999), film directed by Chris Columbus, based on novelette \"The Bicentennial Man\" and on novel The Positronic Man Nightfall (2000), film directed by Gwyneth Gibby, based on novelette \"Nightfall\" I, Robot (2004), film directed by Alex Proyas, based on ideas of short stories of the Robot series Formula of Death (2012), TV movie directed by Behdad Avand Amini, based on novel The Death Dealers Spell My Name with an S (2014), short film directed by Samuel Ali, based on short story \"Spell My Name with an S\" Foundation (2021), series created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman, based on the Foundation series Novelizations Novel Fantastic Voyage, novelization of film Fantastic Voyage (1966) References Footnotes Notes Sources Asimov, Isaac. In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, .", "In Memory Yet Green (1979), New York: Avon, . In Joy Still Felt (1980), New York: Avon . I. Asimov: A Memoir (1994), (hc), (pb). Yours, Isaac Asimov (1996), edited by Stanley Asimov. New York: Doubleday .", "New York: Doubleday . New York: Doubleday . It's Been a Good Life (2002), edited by Janet Asimov. . Goldman, Stephen H., \"Isaac Asimov\", in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 8, Cowart and Wymer eds. (Gale Research, 1981), pp. 15–29.", "15–29. 15–29. Gunn, James. \"On Variations on a Robot\", IASFM, July 1980, pp. 56–81. Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (1982). . The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). .", ". The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (2000). . . Further reading External links Asimov Online, a vast repository of information about Asimov, maintained by Asimov enthusiast Edward Seiler Jenkins' Spoiler-Laden Guide to Isaac Asimov, reviews of all of Asimov's books 20th-century births 1992 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers AIDS-related deaths in New York (state) American alternate history writers Jewish American atheists American biochemists American essayists American humanists American humorists American male novelists 20th-century American memoirists United States Army non-commissioned officers American mystery writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American science fiction writers American science writers American skeptics American writers of Russian descent Asimov's Science Fiction people Bible commentators Boston University faculty Columbia University School of General Studies alumni Critics of religions Date of birth unknown Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Futurians Historians of astronomy American historians of science Hugo Award-winning writers Humor researchers Jewish American novelists Jewish American short story writers Jewish feminists Jewish skeptics American male essayists Male feminists American male short story writers American short story writers Mensans Nebula Award winners New York (state) Democrats People from Shumyachsky District Naturalized citizens of the United States United States Navy civilians Science fiction fans Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees SFWA Grand Masters Soviet emigrants to the United States Writers from Brooklyn Yiddish-speaking people Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from New York (state) Scientists from New York City 20th-century essayists 20th-century atheists People from the Upper West Side Pulp fiction writers Writers about religion and science Atheist feminists Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni" ]

[ "Thor Heyerdahl", "Kon-Tiki expedition" ]

[ "Kontiki or Kon-Tiki may refer to:\n\nThe raft used by Thor Heyerdahl in his 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition.\nThe Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas, his 1948 book about the expedition\nKon-Tiki (1950 film), the 1950 documentary of his voyage\nKon-Tiki (2012 film), a 2012 Norwegian film\nKon-Tiki Museum, a Norwegian museum devoted to the expedition\nKon-Tiki (Scouting), an annual Scout raft building competition held in South Africa and Australia\n\"Kon-Tiki\" (song) a song by the Shadows\nKontiki (company), a peer-assisted content delivery company\nKontiki (computer), a 1980s Norwegian computer system\nKon Tiki (album) an album by Cotton Mather\n\"Kontiki\", an EDM song by Hardwell and Dannic\n Con-Tici or Kon-Tiki, an old name for the Andean deity Viracocha\n A small craft used to pull a longline fishing line out to sea from the shore\n\nSee also\nContiki (disambiguation)", "The Kon-Tiki2 Expedition built and sailed two balsawood rafts from Peru to Easter Island in 2015. The goal of the expedition was to show that balsawood rafts can be sailed across long distances, and to collect scientific data in the southeast Pacific. The expedition built two rafts in 30 days and went on to sail the rafts more than 2000 nautical miles before reaching Easter Island after 43 days at sea. No other balsa rafts have sailed to Easter Island in modern times.\n\nOn the return journey from Easter Island to South America, the expedition was terminated after 71 days at sea due to difficult weather conditions. By then, the rafts had sailed halfway to South America. All crew members were taken aboard a Japanese freighter, and later transported to shore by the Chilean Armada. Expedition leader Torgeir Higraff chose to terminate the expedition to avoid risking the life of crew members.\n\nThe expedition built and sailed two balsawood rafts: Rahiti Tane and Tupac Yupanqui. The rafts were similar to the Kon-Tiki raft built by Thor Heyerdahl in 1947. Like the Kon-Tiki, Rahiti Tane and Tupac Yupanqui were built from balsawood transported from Ecuador to SIMA, the Peruvian Army's shipyard in Callao, Lima. However, the Kon-Tiki2 rafts were different in several respects: Kon-Tiki had a rudder, while the Kon-Tiki2 rafts were steered by guara boards which allowed the rafts to be sailed in crosswinds. The Kon-Tiki2 rafts had modern satellite equipment on board, in addition to solar panels and scientific equipment.\n\nThe Kon-Tiki2 Expedition had crew from many nations: Norway, Russia, UK, Mexico, New Zealand, Sweden, and Peru. Øyvin Lauten and Kari Skår Dahl were captains on the first leg, while Signe Meling and Ola Borgfjord were captains on the second leg. Cecilie Mauritzen was the chief scientist and Håkon Wium Lie was the CTO. On the return journey, Pedro De La Torre was responsible for the technical equipment and the scientific work.\n\nExternal links\n\nReferences\n\nRafts\nIndividual sailing vessels\nPre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact\nReplica ships\nReplications of ancient voyages\nPacific expeditions\nSailing expeditions\nThor Heyerdahl" ]

[ "Thor Heyerdahl (; 6 October 1914 – 18 April 2002) was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography. Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands.", "Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies.", "The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies. This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development.", "This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development. Heyerdahl made other voyages to demonstrate the possibility of contact between widely separated ancient peoples, notably the Ra II expedition of 1970, when he sailed from the west coast of Africa to Barbados in a papyrus reed boat. He was appointed a government scholar in 1984.", "He was appointed a government scholar in 1984. He died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, while visiting close family members. The Norwegian government gave him a state funeral in Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.", "In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world.", "At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world. The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, original book, and article manuscripts.", "The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, original book, and article manuscripts. The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo.", "The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo. Youth and personal life Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965).", "Youth and personal life Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965). As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.", "As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction.", "He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction. He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo.", "He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo. At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo.", "At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo. (This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien's heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.)", "(This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien's heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.) After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl's zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch.", "After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl's zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch. He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there.", "He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there. On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there.", "On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there. He was 22 years old and she was 20 years old. Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn.", "Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn. The marriage ended in divorce shortly before the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition, which Liv had helped to organize. After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark.", "After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark. In 1949, Heyerdahl married Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen (1924–2006). They had three daughters: Annette, Marian and Helene Elisabeth. They were divorced in 1969.", "They were divorced in 1969. They were divorced in 1969. Heyerdahl blamed their separation on his being away from home and differences in their ideas for bringing up children. In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation.", "In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation. In 1991, Heyerdahl married Jacqueline Beer (born 1932) as his third wife. They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002.", "They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002. He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died.", "He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died. Fatu Hiva In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva.", "Fatu Hiva In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva. They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to \"run away to the South Seas\" and never return home.", "They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to \"run away to the South Seas\" and never return home. Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking \"provisions, weapons or a radio\".", "Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking \"provisions, weapons or a radio\". Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot.", "Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot. They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island's mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island.", "They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island's mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island. There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia.", "There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia. Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens.", "Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens. They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives' oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents.", "They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives' oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents. It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America.", "It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America. Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later.", "Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later. They worked together to write an account of their adventure.", "They worked together to write an account of their adventure. The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten.", "The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten. Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974).", "Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974). The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996).", "The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996). Kon-Tiki expedition In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki.", "Kon-Tiki expedition In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki. The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia.", "The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia. The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km) journey across the Pacific Ocean.", "The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km) journey across the Pacific Ocean. Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life.", "Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life. Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds).", "Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds). The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water.", "The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water. Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki.", "Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki. Heyerdahl's book about The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas has been translated into 70 languages. The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951.", "The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951. A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards.", "A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards. It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe.", "It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe. Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland.", "Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland. There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia.", "There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia. Blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl's hypothesis.", "Blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl's hypothesis. This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands.", "This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands. However, more recent DNA work (after Heyerdahl's death) contradicts the post-European-contact contamination hypothesis, finding the South American DNA sequences to be far older than that.", "However, more recent DNA work (after Heyerdahl's death) contradicts the post-European-contact contamination hypothesis, finding the South American DNA sequences to be far older than that. Heyerdahl had attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that he would prefer to believe that African-Americans came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech.", "Heyerdahl had attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that he would prefer to believe that African-Americans came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech. Theory on Polynesian origins Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru.", "Theory on Polynesian origins Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru. The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki.", "The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki. Kon-Tiki was high priest and sun-king of these legendary \"white men\" who left enormous ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley.", "The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley. They had a battle on an island in Lake Titicaca, and the fair race was massacred. However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast.", "However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast. The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea.", "The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea. When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers.", "When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers. The Incas described these \"white gods\" as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the \"morning of time\" and taught the Incas' primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs.", "The Incas described these \"white gods\" as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the \"morning of time\" and taught the Incas' primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs. They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had \"white skins and long beards\" and were taller than the Incas.", "They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had \"white skins and long beards\" and were taller than the Incas. The Incas said that the \"white gods\" had then left as suddenly as they had come and fled westward across the Pacific. After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country.", "After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country. Heyerdahl said that when the Europeans first came to the Pacific islands, they were astonished that they found some of the natives to have relatively light skins and beards. There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde.", "There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde. In contrast, most of the Polynesians had golden-brown skin, raven-black hair, and rather flat noses. Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned.", "Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned. Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were \"white-skinned\" right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea \"from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun\".", "Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were \"white-skinned\" right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea \"from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun\". The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl's book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.", "The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl's book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Tiki people Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki's neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD.", "Tiki people Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki's neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD. They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage.", "They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage. They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru.", "They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru. They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru.", "They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru. But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki's peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long.", "But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki's peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long. He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki's people.", "He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki's people. The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958).", "The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958). In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an \"oven\" by the \"Long Ears\", which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958).", "In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an \"oven\" by the \"Long Ears\", which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958). Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route.", "Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route. He proposes that Polynesians travelled with the wind along the North Pacific current. These migrants then arrived in British Columbia.", "These migrants then arrived in British Columbia. Heyerdahl called contemporary tribes of British Columbia, such as the Tlingit and Haida, descendants of these migrants. Heyerdahl claimed that cultural and physical similarities existed between these British Columbian tribes, Polynesians, and the Old World source. Controversy Heyerdahl's theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists.", "Controversy Heyerdahl's theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists. Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America.", "Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.", "In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia. Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled \"The Kon-Tiki Myth\" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that \"The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and 'Children of the Sun.'", "Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled \"The Kon-Tiki Myth\" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that \"The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and 'Children of the Sun.' Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.\"", "Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.\" Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl's theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia.", "Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl's theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia. Davis says that Heyerdahl \"ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.\"", "Davis says that Heyerdahl \"ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.\" A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed.", "A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed. Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby's research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact.", "Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby's research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact. However, a 2014 research indicates that the South American component of Easter Island people's genomes pre-dates European contact: a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European.", "However, a 2014 research indicates that the South American component of Easter Island people's genomes pre-dates European contact: a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European. Analysis showed that: \"although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.\"", "Analysis showed that: \"although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.\" Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia.", "Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia. A study based on wider genome analysis published in Nature in July 2020 is suggestive of a contact event, around 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.", "A study based on wider genome analysis published in Nature in July 2020 is suggestive of a contact event, around 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia. Expedition to Easter Island In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island.", "Expedition to Easter Island In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island. The expedition's scientific staff included Arne Skjølsvold, Carlyle Smith, Edwin Ferdon, Gonzalo Figueroa and William Mulloy. Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites.", "Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites. Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike.", "Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike. The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island).", "The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island). Heyerdahl's popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller.", "Heyerdahl's popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller. In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island's history.", "In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island's history. Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe (\"Long Ears\"), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko (\"Short Ears\") arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers.", "Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe (\"Long Ears\"), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko (\"Short Ears\") arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers. According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen's discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook's visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation.", "According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen's discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook's visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation. Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of \"Short Ears\" against the ruling \"Long Ears\".", "Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of \"Short Ears\" against the ruling \"Long Ears\". The \"Long Ears\" dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling.", "The \"Long Ears\" dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling. During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the \"Long Ears\" ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the \"Short Ears\" found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the \"Long Ears\" into the fire.", "During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the \"Long Ears\" ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the \"Short Ears\" found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the \"Long Ears\" into the fire. This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock.", "This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock. Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies.", "Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies. As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America, critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events, but whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know.", "As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America, critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events, but whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know. If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders' story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline.", "If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders' story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline. Boats Ra and Ra II In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa.", "Boats Ra and Ra II In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa. Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco.", "Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco. The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad).", "The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad). Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience.", "Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience. After a number of weeks, Ra took on water. The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility.", "The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility. Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles).", "Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles). The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht.", "The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht. The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of papyrus from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success.", "The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of papyrus from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success. The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco.", "The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco. The boat became lost and was the subject of a United Nations search and rescue mission. The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand.", "The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand. The boat reached Barbados, thus demonstrating that mariners could have dealt with trans-Atlantic voyages by sailing with the Canary Current. The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway.", "The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway. The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages.", "The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages. Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully.", "Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully. Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations.", "Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations. Tigris Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India.", "Tigris Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India. Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea.", "Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea. After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa.", "After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa. In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons: Today we burn our proud ship ... to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 ... Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea.", "In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons: Today we burn our proud ship ... to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 ... Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea. Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world's most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti.", "Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world's most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti. Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium.", "Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium. To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal.", "To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal. We must wake up to the insane reality of our time ... We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned.", "We must wake up to the insane reality of our time ... We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned. Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship.", "Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship. In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment.", "In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment. The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark).", "The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark). \"The Search for Odin\" in Azerbaijan and Russia Background Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981, 1994, 1999 and 2000.", "\"The Search for Odin\" in Azerbaijan and Russia Background Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981, 1994, 1999 and 2000. Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku).", "Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku). He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway.", "He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway. The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars.", "The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars. Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation.", "Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation. He believed that natives migrated north through waterways to present-day Scandinavia using ingeniously constructed vessels made of skins that could be folded like cloth. When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals.", "When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals. Snorri Sturluson On Heyerdahl's visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings.", "Snorri Sturluson On Heyerdahl's visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings. He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that \"Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.\"", "He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that \"Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.\" (see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden).", "(see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden). Heyerdahl accepted Snorri's story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden.", "Heyerdahl accepted Snorri's story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden. Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – \"east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea\".", "Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – \"east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea\". \"We are no longer talking about mythology,\" Heyerdahl said, \"but of the realities of geography and history. Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture.", "Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture. It is just as rich and ancient as that of China and Mesopotamia.\" In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish.", "In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish. Revision of hypothesis One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, 'The Search for Odin', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea.", "Revision of hypothesis One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, 'The Search for Odin', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea. He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier.", "He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier. This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work.", "This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work. His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g.", "His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g. Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey.", "Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey. Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there.", "Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there. The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community.", "The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community. His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public.", "His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public. , Heyerdahl's Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist.", ", Heyerdahl's Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist. Other projects Heyerdahl also investigated the mounds found on the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean. There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes.", "There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes. Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island.", "Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island. His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery.", "His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery. In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids.", "In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids. Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the \"pyramids\" were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers.", "Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the \"pyramids\" were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers. Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean.", "Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean. Heyerdahl was also an active figure in Green politics. He was the recipient of numerous medals and awards. He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe.", "He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe. In subsequent years, Heyerdahl was involved with many other expeditions and archaeological projects. He remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism.", "He remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism. Death Heyerdahl died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, where he had gone to spend the Easter holidays with some of his closest family members. He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour.", "He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour. After receiving the diagnosis, he prepared for death, by refusing to eat or take medication. The Norwegian government honored him with a state funeral in the Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri.", "He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri. He was an atheist. Legacy Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology.", "Legacy Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology. He also showed that long-distance ocean voyages were possible with ancient designs. As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology.", "As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology. The Kon-Tiki Museum on the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo, Norway houses vessels and maps from the Kon-Tiki expedition, as well as a library with about 8,000 books. The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000.", "The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000. Heyerdahl himself agreed to the founding of the institute and it aims to promote and continue to develop Heyerdahl's ideas and principles. The institute is located in Heyerdahl's birth town of Larvik, Norway.", "The institute is located in Heyerdahl's birth town of Larvik, Norway. In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors.", "In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors. Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl's childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre.", "Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl's childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre. Heyerdahl's grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather's Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew.", "Heyerdahl's grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather's Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew. The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition, was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards (\"guara\") as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean's environment.", "The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition, was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards (\"guara\") as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean's environment. A book about the Tangaroa Expedition by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007.", "A book about the Tangaroa Expedition by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007. The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007).", "The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007). \"Tangaroa Expedition\" has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish.", "\"Tangaroa Expedition\" has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish. Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture.", "Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture. However, recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island.", "However, recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island. More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts.", "More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts. Decorations and honorary degrees Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition.", "Decorations and honorary degrees Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition. Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him.", "Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him. Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle.", "Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle. Heyerdahl's numerous awards and honours include the following: Governmental and state honours Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953) Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965) Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971) Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971) Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978) Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980) Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970) Civitan International World Citizenship Award Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000) St. Hallvard's Medal Academic honours Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950) Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951) Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951) Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952) Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954) Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958) Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960) Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962) Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962) Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964) Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966) Member American Anthropological Association (1966) Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972) Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972) Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982) President's Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996) Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999) Honorary degrees Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961) Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998) Publications På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974).", "Heyerdahl's numerous awards and honours include the following: Governmental and state honours Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953) Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965) Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971) Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971) Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978) Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980) Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970) Civitan International World Citizenship Award Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000) St. Hallvard's Medal Academic honours Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950) Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951) Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951) Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952) Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954) Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958) Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960) Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962) Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962) Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964) Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966) Member American Anthropological Association (1966) Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972) Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972) Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982) President's Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996) Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999) Honorary degrees Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961) Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998) Publications På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974). The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948.", "The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948. American Indians in the Pacific: The Theory Behind the Kon-Tiki Expedition (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1952), 821 pages. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957.", "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957. Sea Routes to Polynesia: American Indians and Early Asiatics in the Pacific (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968), 232 pages. The Ra Expeditions .", "The Ra Expeditions . The Ra Expeditions . Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979 The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings The Maldive Mystery, 1986 Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City Skjebnemote vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors.", "Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979 The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings The Maldive Mystery, 1986 Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City Skjebnemote vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999 Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001 See also M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him List of notable brain tumor patients Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian rafts Vital Alsar Kitín Muñoz The Viracocha expedition References Further reading Heyerdahl, Thor.", "In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999 Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001 See also M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him List of notable brain tumor patients Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian rafts Vital Alsar Kitín Muñoz The Viracocha expedition References Further reading Heyerdahl, Thor. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.", "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Rand McNally. 1958. Heyerdahl, Thor. Kon-Tiki. Rand McNally & Company. 1950. Heyerdahl, Thor. Fatu Hiva. Penguin. 1976. Heyerdahl, Thor. Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979.", "Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979. Heyerdahl, Thor. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English) External links a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol.", "In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English) External links a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97.", "7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97. 96–97. Thor Heyerdahl Biography and Bibliography Thor Heyerdahl expeditions The 'Tigris' expedition, with Heyerdahl's war protest Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:1 (Spring 2003), pp. 20–21. Bjornar Storfjell's account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol.", "Bjornar Storfjell's account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol. 10:2 (Summer 2002).", "10:2 (Summer 2002). 10:2 (Summer 2002). Biography on National Geographic Forskning.no Biography from the official Norwegian scientific webportal (in Norwegian) Thor Heyerdahl on Maldives Royal Family website Biography of Thor Heyerdahl Sea Routes to Polynesia Extracts from lectures by Thor Heyerdahl The home of Thor Heyerdahl Useful information on Thor Heyerdahl and his hometown, Larvik Thor Heyerdahl – Daily Telegraph obituary 1914 births 2002 deaths People from Larvik Norwegian Army personnel of World War II Norwegian documentary filmmakers Norwegian explorers Norwegian historians Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Reed boats Replications of ancient voyages Deaths from brain tumor Deaths from cancer in Liguria Neurological disease deaths in Liguria Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Norwegian ethnographers Norwegian atheists Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art Recipients of the Order of Merit (Egypt) Knights of the Order of St John University of Oslo alumni 20th-century historians 20th-century Norwegian scientists 20th-century Norwegian writers Researchers in Rapa Nui archaeology" ]

[ "Thor Heyerdahl", "Kon-Tiki expedition", "When did the Kon-Tiki expedition take place?", "In 1947," ]

[ "Franz Oppurg (17 September 1948 – 9 March 1981) was an Austrian mountain climber. Having climbed from a young age, he became a mountain guide and rescuer, and did a number of first ascents in the winter of mountains in his native Karwendel. He was also the first climber known to achieve a solo ascent of Mount Everest.\n\nBiography\nOppurg was born on 17 September 1948 in Steinach am Brenner, in Tyrol. His father died at 33, when Franz was young, and the family, including a stepfather, moved to Wattens. From a young age, Oppurg was a climber. After working as a butcher, in 1975 he joined the mountain division of the army. He also trained mountaineering guides and for years led the local mountain rescue, from the Wattens section of the Austrian Alpine Club.\n\nHe did his first alpine tour when he was 16, with Toni Eliskases. With Wattens Alpine Club he climbed in the Hindu Kush in 1972, and in 1975 he was on an expedition in the Andes, to Jirishanca. In the 1970s he did first winter ascents of the Lamsenspitze and other mountains in Karwendel.\n\nIn 1978 he made the first solo ascent of Mount Everest as member of an expedition led by Wolfgang Nairz. He started at the South Col and reached the top. In 1980, he had a daughter with his girlfriend.\n\nSolo ascent of Mount Everest\nOppurg was a member of the 1978 Austrian expedition led by Wolfgang Nairz when he climbed to the summit, solo, from the South Col. He shared a tent with Josl Knoll in the last camp before the summit, but they had one oxygen mask suitable for climbing. Knoll, the older of the two, said Oppurg should have the opportunity, so Oppurg ascended, reaching the South Summit after three hours. When he got there he discovered his oxygen was all gone, but found an unused French oxygen bottle in the snow, which allowed him to get to the top, on 14 May 1978. \n\nOppurg summited ten days after Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler, members of the same expedition, reached the summit from the North side without using supplementary oxygen. \n\nIt is possible that Mick Burke, climbing solo, reached the summit of Everest via the Southwest face, as part of the 1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition led by Chris Bonington; Burke did not return from his attempt after a snowstorm hit the mountain. After Oppurg, Reinhold Messner was the next solo summiter; he climbed Everest alone, without oxygen, from the North side. Dr. Peter Hackett (member of the 1981 American Medical Research Expedition led by John B. West), on 24 October 1981, was the third; like Oppurg, he climbed alone, with oxygen, from the South Col to the summit.\n\nDeath\nOn 9 March 1981, Oppurg and his longtime friend Rudi Mayr went climbing on the Hechenberg, in Karwendel. Mayr said that Oppurg, whom he said had always been an elegant climber, climbed VI degree routes as if they were graded IV. They stayed at the top for a long while, and according to Mayr, Oppurg expressed doubts about his abilities, said he had no real friends, and wondered which direction to take in life. Mayr comforted him, but during the descent, while Oppurg was ahead of Mayr, Oppurg fell and died.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAlpenarchiv\n\n1948 births\n1981 deaths\nAustrian summiters of Mount Everest\nMountaineering deaths\nPeople from Innsbruck-Land District", "Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa (c. 1973 – 25 September 1996) was a Nepalese Sherpa mountaineering guide, climber and porter, best known for his work as the climbing Sirdar for Scott Fischer's Mountain Madness expedition to Everest in Spring 1996, when a freak storm led to the deaths of eight climbers from several expeditions, considered one of the worst disasters in the history of Everest mountaineering. Notwithstanding controversy over his actions during that expedition, Lopsang was well-regarded in the mountaineering community, having summited Everest four times. Lopsang was killed in an avalanche in September 1996, while again on an expedition to climb Everest for what would have been a fifth ascent.\n\nMountaineering achievements \n\nBeyond his work in the course of the ill-fated Spring 1996 Everest expedition, Lopsang was a respected porter and guide with extensive Himalayan mountaineering experience, including:\n\nSummit, Mount Everest with Nepali Women's expedition, Spring 1993\nSummit, Cho Oyu with Japanese expedition, Fall 1993\nCamp 4, Mount Everest, Japanese expedition, Winter 1993\nSummit, Mount Everest, Sagarmatha Environmental expedition, Spring 1994\nSummit, Mount Everest, New Zealand expedition, Spring 1995, led by Rob Hall\nSummit, Broad Peak, Scott Fischer party, Summer 1995\nSummit, Mount Everest, Scott Fischer party, Spring 1996 (3 hours on the summit)\n\nLopsang reached the summit of Everest four times in four years, all without supplementary oxygen. During his career, Lopsang had worked as a climber and guide for both Rob Hall and Scott Fischer, two expedition leaders who ultimately died on Everest in the course of the 10 May 1996 tragedy.\n\nSpring 1996 Everest disaster \n\nBy 1996, Lopsang had developed a reputation as a strong climber and capable guide, in part by his experience in helping to guide several successful expeditions with Rob Hall, a significant Himalayan expedition leader. Scott Fischer, another recognised Himalayan expedition leader, had established a new venture, Mountain Madness, and was planning a guided commercial expedition to Everest for spring 1996. Fischer, familiar with Lopsang's work and achievements, hired Lopsang to lead sherpas and assist clients as Sirdar for the Everest expedition.\n\nDuring the spring and fall 1996 Everest climbing seasons, fifteen climbers died on the mountain, making it the deadliest single year in Everest history. Eight of them died on 11 May alone. The disaster gained wide publicity and raised questions about the commercialisation of Everest.\n\nJournalist Jon Krakauer, on assignment from Outside magazine, was a member of one of the affected expeditions, and afterwards published the bestseller Into Thin Air, which related his experience. Anatoli Boukreev, a guide for Fischer's expedition whose actions were criticized somewhat by Krakauer, co-authored a rebuttal book called The Climb. The dispute sparked a debate within the climbing community as to the proper role of climbing guides on Everest, centering on the actions of the climbers and guides from the summit parties from these two expeditions, who climbed together during the final and fateful summit push.\n\nIn the course of this controversy, Lopsang's actions during that summit climb, as that of others, came under some degree of scrutiny. Prior to the summit assault on 10 May, he had carried an especially large load of equipment, including \"30 pounds of other member's personal gear\", and that at times he had closely assisted Sandy Pittman (a journalist member of the expedition reporting for NBC by email dispatches sent via satellite telephone and computer), using a \"short rope\" technique. Lopsang later explained that he himself made such decisions, so as to provide assistance to any team member \"who was having trouble. This was to ensure that all group members would have a good chance of making the summit.\" Lopsang acknowledged that on the day of this fateful summit push, he suffered from vomiting and fatigue, which Krakauer described as symptoms of overexertion; but Lopsang explained \"I have been over 8,000 meters many times, each time I vomit. It is just something I do. It means nothing. I have done it on all successful expeditions, when leading or following. I did it at camp I, II, etc. For me, it has nothing to do with altitude sickness.\"\n\nLate in the day of 10 May, as bad weather closed in, Scott Fischer reached Lopsang, who was waiting for him near the summit. Fischer and Lopsang started their descent in bad weather, as Rob Hall and Doug Hansen ascended toward the summit. Lopsang sent Fischer down the mountain and waited for Hall and Hansen to complete the summit. Lopsang reported that after ensuring that Hall and Hansen had safely summited and started their descent, he quickly descended to reach Fischer, apparently then in some difficulty. Lopsang then \"physically dragged\" an ill Fischer from the South Summit \"until he could go no further\", and waited together with him and Makalu Gau (a climber from another expedition also caught in the storm) for several hours, until Fischer finally urged Lopsang to leave and descend alone. Gau ultimately was rescued by other Sherpas; Fischer apparently moved no further before he died high on Everest.\n\nLopsang's uncle, Ngawang Topche Sherpa, also working on the 1996 Mountain Madness expedition, fell ill and was evacuated by helicopter from Everest just prior to the fateful summit bid, suffering from a severe case of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and tuberculosis complication. Hospitalised, Ngawang remained incapacitated in Kathmandu, never recovered, and eventually died on 6 June.\n\nSeptember 1996 expedition \n\nIn the fall of 1996, Lopsang returned to Everest as a guide, working for a Japanese expedition. On 25 September 1996, a large avalanche erupted during the ascent on the southeast ridge route in the area between Camp III at the top of the Lhotse face, and Camp IV at the South Col, the starting point for the final summit push. The avalanche killed Lopsang, sherpa guide Dawa and a French climber, Yves Bouchon.\n\nPersonal life \n\nLopsang came from Beding, Nepal. He was married, with a child aged five months old, at the time of his death. His daughter Lakpa Yanzi Sherpa is currently residing in Kathmandu with her aunt.\n\nSee also\nList of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit\nList of people who died climbing Mount Everest\nAng Dorje\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\n1971 births\n1996 deaths\nNepalese mountain climbers\nSherpa summiters of Mount Everest\nDeaths in avalanches\nMountaineering deaths on Mount Everest\nNatural disaster deaths in Nepal\nDeceased Everest summiters\nNepalese summiters of Mount Everest" ]

[ "Thor Heyerdahl (; 6 October 1914 – 18 April 2002) was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography. Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands.", "Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies.", "The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies. This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development.", "This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development. Heyerdahl made other voyages to demonstrate the possibility of contact between widely separated ancient peoples, notably the Ra II expedition of 1970, when he sailed from the west coast of Africa to Barbados in a papyrus reed boat. He was appointed a government scholar in 1984.", "He was appointed a government scholar in 1984. He died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, while visiting close family members. The Norwegian government gave him a state funeral in Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.", "In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world.", "At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world. The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, original book, and article manuscripts.", "The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, original book, and article manuscripts. The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo.", "The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo. Youth and personal life Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965).", "Youth and personal life Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965). As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.", "As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction.", "He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction. He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo.", "He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo. At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo.", "At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo. (This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien's heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.)", "(This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien's heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.) After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl's zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch.", "After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl's zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch. He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there.", "He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there. On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there.", "On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there. He was 22 years old and she was 20 years old. Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn.", "Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn. The marriage ended in divorce shortly before the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition, which Liv had helped to organize. After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark.", "After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark. In 1949, Heyerdahl married Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen (1924–2006). They had three daughters: Annette, Marian and Helene Elisabeth. They were divorced in 1969.", "They were divorced in 1969. They were divorced in 1969. Heyerdahl blamed their separation on his being away from home and differences in their ideas for bringing up children. In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation.", "In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation. In 1991, Heyerdahl married Jacqueline Beer (born 1932) as his third wife. They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002.", "They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002. He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died.", "He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died. Fatu Hiva In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva.", "Fatu Hiva In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva. They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to \"run away to the South Seas\" and never return home.", "They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to \"run away to the South Seas\" and never return home. Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking \"provisions, weapons or a radio\".", "Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking \"provisions, weapons or a radio\". Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot.", "Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot. They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island's mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island.", "They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island's mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island. There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia.", "There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia. Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens.", "Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens. They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives' oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents.", "They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives' oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents. It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America.", "It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America. Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later.", "Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later. They worked together to write an account of their adventure.", "They worked together to write an account of their adventure. The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten.", "The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten. Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974).", "Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974). The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996).", "The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996). Kon-Tiki expedition In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki.", "Kon-Tiki expedition In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki. The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia.", "The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia. The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km) journey across the Pacific Ocean.", "The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km) journey across the Pacific Ocean. Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life.", "Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life. Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds).", "Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds). The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water.", "The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water. Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki.", "Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki. Heyerdahl's book about The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas has been translated into 70 languages. The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951.", "The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951. A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards.", "A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards. It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe.", "It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe. Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland.", "Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland. There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia.", "There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia. Blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl's hypothesis.", "Blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl's hypothesis. This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands.", "This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands. However, more recent DNA work (after Heyerdahl's death) contradicts the post-European-contact contamination hypothesis, finding the South American DNA sequences to be far older than that.", "However, more recent DNA work (after Heyerdahl's death) contradicts the post-European-contact contamination hypothesis, finding the South American DNA sequences to be far older than that. Heyerdahl had attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that he would prefer to believe that African-Americans came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech.", "Heyerdahl had attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that he would prefer to believe that African-Americans came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech. Theory on Polynesian origins Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru.", "Theory on Polynesian origins Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru. The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki.", "The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki. Kon-Tiki was high priest and sun-king of these legendary \"white men\" who left enormous ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley.", "The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley. They had a battle on an island in Lake Titicaca, and the fair race was massacred. However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast.", "However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast. The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea.", "The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea. When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers.", "When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers. The Incas described these \"white gods\" as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the \"morning of time\" and taught the Incas' primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs.", "The Incas described these \"white gods\" as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the \"morning of time\" and taught the Incas' primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs. They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had \"white skins and long beards\" and were taller than the Incas.", "They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had \"white skins and long beards\" and were taller than the Incas. The Incas said that the \"white gods\" had then left as suddenly as they had come and fled westward across the Pacific. After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country.", "After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country. Heyerdahl said that when the Europeans first came to the Pacific islands, they were astonished that they found some of the natives to have relatively light skins and beards. There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde.", "There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde. In contrast, most of the Polynesians had golden-brown skin, raven-black hair, and rather flat noses. Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned.", "Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned. Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were \"white-skinned\" right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea \"from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun\".", "Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were \"white-skinned\" right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea \"from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun\". The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl's book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.", "The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl's book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Tiki people Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki's neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD.", "Tiki people Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki's neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD. They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage.", "They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage. They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru.", "They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru. They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru.", "They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru. But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki's peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long.", "But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki's peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long. He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki's people.", "He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki's people. The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958).", "The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958). In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an \"oven\" by the \"Long Ears\", which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958).", "In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an \"oven\" by the \"Long Ears\", which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958). Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route.", "Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route. He proposes that Polynesians travelled with the wind along the North Pacific current. These migrants then arrived in British Columbia.", "These migrants then arrived in British Columbia. Heyerdahl called contemporary tribes of British Columbia, such as the Tlingit and Haida, descendants of these migrants. Heyerdahl claimed that cultural and physical similarities existed between these British Columbian tribes, Polynesians, and the Old World source. Controversy Heyerdahl's theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists.", "Controversy Heyerdahl's theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists. Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America.", "Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.", "In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia. Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled \"The Kon-Tiki Myth\" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that \"The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and 'Children of the Sun.'", "Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled \"The Kon-Tiki Myth\" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that \"The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and 'Children of the Sun.' Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.\"", "Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.\" Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl's theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia.", "Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl's theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia. Davis says that Heyerdahl \"ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.\"", "Davis says that Heyerdahl \"ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.\" A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed.", "A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed. Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby's research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact.", "Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby's research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact. However, a 2014 research indicates that the South American component of Easter Island people's genomes pre-dates European contact: a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European.", "However, a 2014 research indicates that the South American component of Easter Island people's genomes pre-dates European contact: a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European. Analysis showed that: \"although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.\"", "Analysis showed that: \"although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.\" Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia.", "Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia. A study based on wider genome analysis published in Nature in July 2020 is suggestive of a contact event, around 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.", "A study based on wider genome analysis published in Nature in July 2020 is suggestive of a contact event, around 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia. Expedition to Easter Island In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island.", "Expedition to Easter Island In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island. The expedition's scientific staff included Arne Skjølsvold, Carlyle Smith, Edwin Ferdon, Gonzalo Figueroa and William Mulloy. Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites.", "Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites. Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike.", "Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike. The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island).", "The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island). Heyerdahl's popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller.", "Heyerdahl's popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller. In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island's history.", "In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island's history. Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe (\"Long Ears\"), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko (\"Short Ears\") arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers.", "Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe (\"Long Ears\"), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko (\"Short Ears\") arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers. According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen's discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook's visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation.", "According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen's discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook's visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation. Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of \"Short Ears\" against the ruling \"Long Ears\".", "Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of \"Short Ears\" against the ruling \"Long Ears\". The \"Long Ears\" dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling.", "The \"Long Ears\" dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling. During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the \"Long Ears\" ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the \"Short Ears\" found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the \"Long Ears\" into the fire.", "During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the \"Long Ears\" ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the \"Short Ears\" found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the \"Long Ears\" into the fire. This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock.", "This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock. Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies.", "Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies. As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America, critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events, but whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know.", "As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America, critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events, but whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know. If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders' story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline.", "If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders' story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline. Boats Ra and Ra II In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa.", "Boats Ra and Ra II In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa. Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco.", "Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco. The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad).", "The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad). Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience.", "Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience. After a number of weeks, Ra took on water. The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility.", "The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility. Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles).", "Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles). The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht.", "The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht. The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of papyrus from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success.", "The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of papyrus from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success. The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco.", "The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco. The boat became lost and was the subject of a United Nations search and rescue mission. The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand.", "The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand. The boat reached Barbados, thus demonstrating that mariners could have dealt with trans-Atlantic voyages by sailing with the Canary Current. The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway.", "The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway. The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages.", "The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages. Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully.", "Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully. Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations.", "Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations. Tigris Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India.", "Tigris Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India. Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea.", "Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea. After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa.", "After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa. In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons: Today we burn our proud ship ... to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 ... Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea.", "In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons: Today we burn our proud ship ... to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 ... Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea. Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world's most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti.", "Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world's most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti. Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium.", "Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium. To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal.", "To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal. We must wake up to the insane reality of our time ... We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned.", "We must wake up to the insane reality of our time ... We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned. Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship.", "Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship. In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment.", "In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment. The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark).", "The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark). \"The Search for Odin\" in Azerbaijan and Russia Background Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981, 1994, 1999 and 2000.", "\"The Search for Odin\" in Azerbaijan and Russia Background Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981, 1994, 1999 and 2000. Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku).", "Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku). He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway.", "He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway. The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars.", "The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars. Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation.", "Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation. He believed that natives migrated north through waterways to present-day Scandinavia using ingeniously constructed vessels made of skins that could be folded like cloth. When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals.", "When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals. Snorri Sturluson On Heyerdahl's visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings.", "Snorri Sturluson On Heyerdahl's visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings. He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that \"Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.\"", "He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that \"Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.\" (see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden).", "(see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden). Heyerdahl accepted Snorri's story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden.", "Heyerdahl accepted Snorri's story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden. Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – \"east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea\".", "Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – \"east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea\". \"We are no longer talking about mythology,\" Heyerdahl said, \"but of the realities of geography and history. Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture.", "Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture. It is just as rich and ancient as that of China and Mesopotamia.\" In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish.", "In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish. Revision of hypothesis One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, 'The Search for Odin', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea.", "Revision of hypothesis One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, 'The Search for Odin', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea. He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier.", "He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier. This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work.", "This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work. His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g.", "His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g. Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey.", "Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey. Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there.", "Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there. The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community.", "The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community. His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public.", "His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public. , Heyerdahl's Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist.", ", Heyerdahl's Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist. Other projects Heyerdahl also investigated the mounds found on the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean. There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes.", "There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes. Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island.", "Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island. His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery.", "His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery. In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids.", "In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids. Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the \"pyramids\" were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers.", "Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the \"pyramids\" were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers. Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean.", "Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean. Heyerdahl was also an active figure in Green politics. He was the recipient of numerous medals and awards. He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe.", "He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe. In subsequent years, Heyerdahl was involved with many other expeditions and archaeological projects. He remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism.", "He remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism. Death Heyerdahl died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, where he had gone to spend the Easter holidays with some of his closest family members. He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour.", "He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour. After receiving the diagnosis, he prepared for death, by refusing to eat or take medication. The Norwegian government honored him with a state funeral in the Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri.", "He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri. He was an atheist. Legacy Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology.", "Legacy Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology. He also showed that long-distance ocean voyages were possible with ancient designs. As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology.", "As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology. The Kon-Tiki Museum on the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo, Norway houses vessels and maps from the Kon-Tiki expedition, as well as a library with about 8,000 books. The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000.", "The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000. Heyerdahl himself agreed to the founding of the institute and it aims to promote and continue to develop Heyerdahl's ideas and principles. The institute is located in Heyerdahl's birth town of Larvik, Norway.", "The institute is located in Heyerdahl's birth town of Larvik, Norway. In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors.", "In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors. Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl's childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre.", "Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl's childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre. Heyerdahl's grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather's Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew.", "Heyerdahl's grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather's Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew. The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition, was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards (\"guara\") as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean's environment.", "The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition, was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards (\"guara\") as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean's environment. A book about the Tangaroa Expedition by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007.", "A book about the Tangaroa Expedition by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007. The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007).", "The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007). \"Tangaroa Expedition\" has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish.", "\"Tangaroa Expedition\" has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish. Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture.", "Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture. However, recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island.", "However, recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island. More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts.", "More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts. Decorations and honorary degrees Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition.", "Decorations and honorary degrees Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition. Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him.", "Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him. Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle.", "Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle. Heyerdahl's numerous awards and honours include the following: Governmental and state honours Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953) Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965) Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971) Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971) Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978) Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980) Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970) Civitan International World Citizenship Award Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000) St. Hallvard's Medal Academic honours Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950) Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951) Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951) Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952) Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954) Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958) Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960) Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962) Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962) Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964) Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966) Member American Anthropological Association (1966) Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972) Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972) Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982) President's Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996) Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999) Honorary degrees Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961) Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998) Publications På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974).", "Heyerdahl's numerous awards and honours include the following: Governmental and state honours Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953) Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965) Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971) Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971) Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978) Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980) Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970) Civitan International World Citizenship Award Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000) St. Hallvard's Medal Academic honours Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950) Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951) Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951) Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952) Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954) Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958) Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960) Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962) Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962) Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964) Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966) Member American Anthropological Association (1966) Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972) Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972) Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982) President's Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996) Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999) Honorary degrees Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961) Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998) Publications På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974). The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948.", "The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948. American Indians in the Pacific: The Theory Behind the Kon-Tiki Expedition (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1952), 821 pages. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957.", "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957. Sea Routes to Polynesia: American Indians and Early Asiatics in the Pacific (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968), 232 pages. The Ra Expeditions .", "The Ra Expeditions . The Ra Expeditions . Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979 The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings The Maldive Mystery, 1986 Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City Skjebnemote vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors.", "Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979 The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings The Maldive Mystery, 1986 Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City Skjebnemote vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999 Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001 See also M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him List of notable brain tumor patients Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian rafts Vital Alsar Kitín Muñoz The Viracocha expedition References Further reading Heyerdahl, Thor.", "In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999 Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001 See also M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him List of notable brain tumor patients Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian rafts Vital Alsar Kitín Muñoz The Viracocha expedition References Further reading Heyerdahl, Thor. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.", "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Rand McNally. 1958. Heyerdahl, Thor. Kon-Tiki. Rand McNally & Company. 1950. Heyerdahl, Thor. Fatu Hiva. Penguin. 1976. Heyerdahl, Thor. Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979.", "Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979. Heyerdahl, Thor. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English) External links a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol.", "In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English) External links a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97.", "7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97. 96–97. Thor Heyerdahl Biography and Bibliography Thor Heyerdahl expeditions The 'Tigris' expedition, with Heyerdahl's war protest Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:1 (Spring 2003), pp. 20–21. Bjornar Storfjell's account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol.", "Bjornar Storfjell's account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol. 10:2 (Summer 2002).", "10:2 (Summer 2002). 10:2 (Summer 2002). Biography on National Geographic Forskning.no Biography from the official Norwegian scientific webportal (in Norwegian) Thor Heyerdahl on Maldives Royal Family website Biography of Thor Heyerdahl Sea Routes to Polynesia Extracts from lectures by Thor Heyerdahl The home of Thor Heyerdahl Useful information on Thor Heyerdahl and his hometown, Larvik Thor Heyerdahl – Daily Telegraph obituary 1914 births 2002 deaths People from Larvik Norwegian Army personnel of World War II Norwegian documentary filmmakers Norwegian explorers Norwegian historians Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Reed boats Replications of ancient voyages Deaths from brain tumor Deaths from cancer in Liguria Neurological disease deaths in Liguria Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Norwegian ethnographers Norwegian atheists Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art Recipients of the Order of Merit (Egypt) Knights of the Order of St John University of Oslo alumni 20th-century historians 20th-century Norwegian scientists 20th-century Norwegian writers Researchers in Rapa Nui archaeology" ]

[ "Thor Heyerdahl", "Kon-Tiki expedition", "When did the Kon-Tiki expedition take place?", "In 1947,", "Did he go on the expedition alone?", "Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers" ]

[ "\"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" is a single by British pop rock group the Beautiful South from their sixth album, Quench (1998). It was written by Paul Heaton and Dave Rotheray. The lyrics, which take the form of a conversation between two reconciling lovers, are noted for a reference to the TARDIS from Doctor Who. According to the book Last Orders at the Liars Bar: the Official Story of the Beautiful South, \"How Long's a Tear Take To Dry?\" was originally to be called \"She Bangs the Buns\" due to its chord structure reminiscent of Manchester's the Stone Roses. The song reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the band's twelfth and final top-twenty hit.\n\nSingle release\n\"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1999. Although not released on vinyl, it was given a dual-CD release in the UK. B-sides included a remix of \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" as well as acoustic versions of three other songs: \"Perfect 10\", \"Big Coin\", and \"Rotterdam\". On 18 March 1999, the band performed \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" live on the BBC music programme Top of the Pops.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video, available on The Beautiful South's compilation DVD Munch, is a humorous account of The Beautiful South on a world tour in order to pay for drinks at the local bar. The band is portrayed by cartoon versions of themselves, in a style reminiscent of 1960s-era Hanna-Barbera cartoons, and Scooby-Doo in particular. In the commentary track on the Munch DVD, Paul Heaton explains that the video was actually produced by Hanna-Barbera.\n\nTrack listings\n\nUK CD1\n \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\"\n \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" (remix)\n \"Perfect 10\" (acoustic)\n\nUK CD2\n \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\"\n \"Big Coin\" (acoustic)\n \"Rotterdam\" (acoustic)\n\nUK cassette single\n \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\"\n \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" (remix)\n\nEuropean CD single\n \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" (radio edit)\n \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\" (remix)\n \"Perfect 10\" (acoustic)\n \"Rotterdam\" (acoustic)\n\nGerman CD single\n \"How Long's a Tear Take to Dry?\"\n \"Dumb\"\n \"I Sold My Heart to the Junkman\"\n \"Suck Harder\"\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n Pattenden, Mike - Last Orders at the Liars Bar: the Official Story of the Beautiful South ()\n\n1999 singles\n1998 songs\nThe Beautiful South songs\nGo! Discs singles\nHanna-Barbera\nMercury Records singles\nSongs written by David Rotheray\nSongs written by Paul Heaton", "How Did This Get Made? is a comedy podcast on the Earwolf network hosted by Paul Scheer, June Diane Raphael, and Jason Mantzoukas.\n\nGenerally, How Did This Get Made? is released every two weeks. During the show's off-week, a \".5\" episode is uploaded featuring Scheer announcing the next week's movie, as well as challenges for the fans. In addition to the shows and mini-shows, the How Did This Get Made? stream hosted the first three episodes of Bitch Sesh, the podcast of previous guests Casey Wilson and Danielle Schneider, in December 2015. It has also hosted episodes of its own spin-off podcast, the How Did This Get Made? Origin Stories, in which Blake Harris interviews people involved with the films covered by the main show. In December 2017, an episode was recorded for the Pee Cast Blast event, and released exclusively on Stitcher Premium.\n\nEvery episode has featured Paul Scheer as the host of the podcast. The only episode to date in which Scheer hosted remotely was The Smurfs, in which he Skyped in. Raphael has taken extended breaks from the podcast for both filming commitments and maternity leave. Mantzoukas has also missed episodes due to work, but has also Skyped in for various episodes. On the occasions that neither Raphael nor Mantzoukas are available for live appearances, Scheer calls in previous fan-favorite guests for what is known as a How Did This Get Made? All-Stars episode.\n\nList of episodes\n\nMini episodes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n List of How Did This Get Made? episodes\n\nHow Did This Get Made\nHow Did This Get Made" ]

[ "Thor Heyerdahl (; 6 October 1914 – 18 April 2002) was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography. Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands.", "Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies.", "The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies. This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development.", "This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development. Heyerdahl made other voyages to demonstrate the possibility of contact between widely separated ancient peoples, notably the Ra II expedition of 1970, when he sailed from the west coast of Africa to Barbados in a papyrus reed boat. He was appointed a government scholar in 1984.", "He was appointed a government scholar in 1984. He died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, while visiting close family members. The Norwegian government gave him a state funeral in Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.", "In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world.", "At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world. The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, original book, and article manuscripts.", "The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, original book, and article manuscripts. The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo.", "The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo. Youth and personal life Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965).", "Youth and personal life Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965). As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.", "As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction.", "He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction. He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo.", "He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo. At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo.", "At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo. (This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien's heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.)", "(This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien's heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.) After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl's zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch.", "After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl's zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch. He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there.", "He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there. On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there.", "On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there. He was 22 years old and she was 20 years old. Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn.", "Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn. The marriage ended in divorce shortly before the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition, which Liv had helped to organize. After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark.", "After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark. In 1949, Heyerdahl married Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen (1924–2006). They had three daughters: Annette, Marian and Helene Elisabeth. They were divorced in 1969.", "They were divorced in 1969. They were divorced in 1969. Heyerdahl blamed their separation on his being away from home and differences in their ideas for bringing up children. In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation.", "In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation. In 1991, Heyerdahl married Jacqueline Beer (born 1932) as his third wife. They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002.", "They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002. He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died.", "He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died. Fatu Hiva In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva.", "Fatu Hiva In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva. They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to \"run away to the South Seas\" and never return home.", "They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to \"run away to the South Seas\" and never return home. Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking \"provisions, weapons or a radio\".", "Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking \"provisions, weapons or a radio\". Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot.", "Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot. They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island's mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island.", "They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island's mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island. There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia.", "There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia. Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens.", "Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens. They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives' oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents.", "They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives' oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents. It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America.", "It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America. Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later.", "Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later. They worked together to write an account of their adventure.", "They worked together to write an account of their adventure. The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten.", "The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten. Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974).", "Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974). The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996).", "The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996). Kon-Tiki expedition In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki.", "Kon-Tiki expedition In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki. The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia.", "The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia. The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km) journey across the Pacific Ocean.", "The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km) journey across the Pacific Ocean. Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life.", "Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life. Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds).", "Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds). The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water.", "The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water. Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki.", "Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki. Heyerdahl's book about The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas has been translated into 70 languages. The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951.", "The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951. A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards.", "A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards. It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe.", "It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe. Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland.", "Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland. There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia.", "There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia. Blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl's hypothesis.", "Blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl's hypothesis. This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands.", "This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands. However, more recent DNA work (after Heyerdahl's death) contradicts the post-European-contact contamination hypothesis, finding the South American DNA sequences to be far older than that.", "However, more recent DNA work (after Heyerdahl's death) contradicts the post-European-contact contamination hypothesis, finding the South American DNA sequences to be far older than that. Heyerdahl had attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that he would prefer to believe that African-Americans came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech.", "Heyerdahl had attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that he would prefer to believe that African-Americans came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech. Theory on Polynesian origins Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru.", "Theory on Polynesian origins Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru. The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki.", "The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki. Kon-Tiki was high priest and sun-king of these legendary \"white men\" who left enormous ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley.", "The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley. They had a battle on an island in Lake Titicaca, and the fair race was massacred. However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast.", "However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast. The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea.", "The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea. When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers.", "When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers. The Incas described these \"white gods\" as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the \"morning of time\" and taught the Incas' primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs.", "The Incas described these \"white gods\" as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the \"morning of time\" and taught the Incas' primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs. They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had \"white skins and long beards\" and were taller than the Incas.", "They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had \"white skins and long beards\" and were taller than the Incas. The Incas said that the \"white gods\" had then left as suddenly as they had come and fled westward across the Pacific. After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country.", "After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country. Heyerdahl said that when the Europeans first came to the Pacific islands, they were astonished that they found some of the natives to have relatively light skins and beards. There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde.", "There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde. In contrast, most of the Polynesians had golden-brown skin, raven-black hair, and rather flat noses. Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned.", "Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned. Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were \"white-skinned\" right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea \"from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun\".", "Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were \"white-skinned\" right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea \"from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun\". The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl's book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.", "The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl's book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Tiki people Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki's neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD.", "Tiki people Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki's neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD. They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage.", "They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage. They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru.", "They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru. They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru.", "They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru. But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki's peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long.", "But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki's peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long. He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki's people.", "He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki's people. The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958).", "The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958). In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an \"oven\" by the \"Long Ears\", which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958).", "In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an \"oven\" by the \"Long Ears\", which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958). Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route.", "Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route. He proposes that Polynesians travelled with the wind along the North Pacific current. These migrants then arrived in British Columbia.", "These migrants then arrived in British Columbia. Heyerdahl called contemporary tribes of British Columbia, such as the Tlingit and Haida, descendants of these migrants. Heyerdahl claimed that cultural and physical similarities existed between these British Columbian tribes, Polynesians, and the Old World source. Controversy Heyerdahl's theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists.", "Controversy Heyerdahl's theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists. Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America.", "Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.", "In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia. Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled \"The Kon-Tiki Myth\" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that \"The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and 'Children of the Sun.'", "Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled \"The Kon-Tiki Myth\" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that \"The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and 'Children of the Sun.' Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.\"", "Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.\" Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl's theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia.", "Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl's theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia. Davis says that Heyerdahl \"ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.\"", "Davis says that Heyerdahl \"ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.\" A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed.", "A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed. Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby's research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact.", "Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby's research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact. However, a 2014 research indicates that the South American component of Easter Island people's genomes pre-dates European contact: a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European.", "However, a 2014 research indicates that the South American component of Easter Island people's genomes pre-dates European contact: a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European. Analysis showed that: \"although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.\"", "Analysis showed that: \"although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.\" Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia.", "Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia. A study based on wider genome analysis published in Nature in July 2020 is suggestive of a contact event, around 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.", "A study based on wider genome analysis published in Nature in July 2020 is suggestive of a contact event, around 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia. Expedition to Easter Island In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island.", "Expedition to Easter Island In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island. The expedition's scientific staff included Arne Skjølsvold, Carlyle Smith, Edwin Ferdon, Gonzalo Figueroa and William Mulloy. Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites.", "Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites. Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike.", "Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike. The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island).", "The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island). Heyerdahl's popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller.", "Heyerdahl's popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller. In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island's history.", "In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island's history. Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe (\"Long Ears\"), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko (\"Short Ears\") arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers.", "Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe (\"Long Ears\"), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko (\"Short Ears\") arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers. According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen's discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook's visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation.", "According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen's discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook's visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation. Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of \"Short Ears\" against the ruling \"Long Ears\".", "Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of \"Short Ears\" against the ruling \"Long Ears\". The \"Long Ears\" dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling.", "The \"Long Ears\" dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling. During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the \"Long Ears\" ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the \"Short Ears\" found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the \"Long Ears\" into the fire.", "During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the \"Long Ears\" ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the \"Short Ears\" found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the \"Long Ears\" into the fire. This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock.", "This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock. Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies.", "Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies. As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America, critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events, but whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know.", "As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America, critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events, but whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know. If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders' story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline.", "If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders' story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline. Boats Ra and Ra II In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa.", "Boats Ra and Ra II In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa. Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco.", "Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco. The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad).", "The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad). Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience.", "Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience. After a number of weeks, Ra took on water. The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility.", "The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility. Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles).", "Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles). The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht.", "The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht. The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of papyrus from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success.", "The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of papyrus from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success. The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco.", "The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco. The boat became lost and was the subject of a United Nations search and rescue mission. The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand.", "The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand. The boat reached Barbados, thus demonstrating that mariners could have dealt with trans-Atlantic voyages by sailing with the Canary Current. The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway.", "The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway. The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages.", "The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages. Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully.", "Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully. Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations.", "Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations. Tigris Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India.", "Tigris Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India. Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea.", "Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea. After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa.", "After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa. In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons: Today we burn our proud ship ... to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 ... Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea.", "In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons: Today we burn our proud ship ... to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 ... Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea. Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world's most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti.", "Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world's most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti. Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium.", "Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium. To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal.", "To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal. We must wake up to the insane reality of our time ... We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned.", "We must wake up to the insane reality of our time ... We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned. Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship.", "Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship. In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment.", "In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment. The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark).", "The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark). \"The Search for Odin\" in Azerbaijan and Russia Background Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981, 1994, 1999 and 2000.", "\"The Search for Odin\" in Azerbaijan and Russia Background Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981, 1994, 1999 and 2000. Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku).", "Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku). He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway.", "He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway. The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars.", "The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars. Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation.", "Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation. He believed that natives migrated north through waterways to present-day Scandinavia using ingeniously constructed vessels made of skins that could be folded like cloth. When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals.", "When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals. Snorri Sturluson On Heyerdahl's visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings.", "Snorri Sturluson On Heyerdahl's visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings. He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that \"Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.\"", "He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that \"Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.\" (see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden).", "(see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden). Heyerdahl accepted Snorri's story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden.", "Heyerdahl accepted Snorri's story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden. Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – \"east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea\".", "Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – \"east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea\". \"We are no longer talking about mythology,\" Heyerdahl said, \"but of the realities of geography and history. Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture.", "Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture. It is just as rich and ancient as that of China and Mesopotamia.\" In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish.", "In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish. Revision of hypothesis One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, 'The Search for Odin', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea.", "Revision of hypothesis One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, 'The Search for Odin', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea. He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier.", "He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier. This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work.", "This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work. His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g.", "His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g. Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey.", "Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey. Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there.", "Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there. The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community.", "The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community. His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public.", "His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public. , Heyerdahl's Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist.", ", Heyerdahl's Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist. Other projects Heyerdahl also investigated the mounds found on the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean. There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes.", "There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes. Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island.", "Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island. His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery.", "His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery. In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids.", "In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids. Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the \"pyramids\" were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers.", "Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the \"pyramids\" were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers. Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean.", "Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean. Heyerdahl was also an active figure in Green politics. He was the recipient of numerous medals and awards. He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe.", "He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe. In subsequent years, Heyerdahl was involved with many other expeditions and archaeological projects. He remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism.", "He remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism. Death Heyerdahl died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, where he had gone to spend the Easter holidays with some of his closest family members. He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour.", "He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour. After receiving the diagnosis, he prepared for death, by refusing to eat or take medication. The Norwegian government honored him with a state funeral in the Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri.", "He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri. He was an atheist. Legacy Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology.", "Legacy Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology. He also showed that long-distance ocean voyages were possible with ancient designs. As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology.", "As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology. The Kon-Tiki Museum on the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo, Norway houses vessels and maps from the Kon-Tiki expedition, as well as a library with about 8,000 books. The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000.", "The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000. Heyerdahl himself agreed to the founding of the institute and it aims to promote and continue to develop Heyerdahl's ideas and principles. The institute is located in Heyerdahl's birth town of Larvik, Norway.", "The institute is located in Heyerdahl's birth town of Larvik, Norway. In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors.", "In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors. Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl's childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre.", "Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl's childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre. Heyerdahl's grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather's Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew.", "Heyerdahl's grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather's Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew. The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition, was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards (\"guara\") as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean's environment.", "The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition, was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards (\"guara\") as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean's environment. A book about the Tangaroa Expedition by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007.", "A book about the Tangaroa Expedition by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007. The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007).", "The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007). \"Tangaroa Expedition\" has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish.", "\"Tangaroa Expedition\" has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish. Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture.", "Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture. However, recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island.", "However, recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island. More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts.", "More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts. Decorations and honorary degrees Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition.", "Decorations and honorary degrees Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition. Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him.", "Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him. Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle.", "Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle. Heyerdahl's numerous awards and honours include the following: Governmental and state honours Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953) Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965) Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971) Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971) Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978) Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980) Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970) Civitan International World Citizenship Award Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000) St. Hallvard's Medal Academic honours Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950) Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951) Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951) Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952) Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954) Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958) Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960) Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962) Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962) Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964) Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966) Member American Anthropological Association (1966) Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972) Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972) Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982) President's Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996) Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999) Honorary degrees Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961) Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998) Publications På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974).", "Heyerdahl's numerous awards and honours include the following: Governmental and state honours Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953) Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965) Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971) Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971) Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978) Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980) Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970) Civitan International World Citizenship Award Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000) St. Hallvard's Medal Academic honours Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950) Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951) Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951) Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952) Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954) Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958) Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960) Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962) Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962) Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964) Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966) Member American Anthropological Association (1966) Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972) Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972) Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982) President's Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996) Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999) Honorary degrees Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961) Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998) Publications På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974). The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948.", "The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948. American Indians in the Pacific: The Theory Behind the Kon-Tiki Expedition (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1952), 821 pages. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957.", "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957. Sea Routes to Polynesia: American Indians and Early Asiatics in the Pacific (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968), 232 pages. The Ra Expeditions .", "The Ra Expeditions . The Ra Expeditions . Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979 The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings The Maldive Mystery, 1986 Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City Skjebnemote vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors.", "Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979 The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings The Maldive Mystery, 1986 Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City Skjebnemote vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999 Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001 See also M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him List of notable brain tumor patients Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian rafts Vital Alsar Kitín Muñoz The Viracocha expedition References Further reading Heyerdahl, Thor.", "In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999 Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001 See also M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him List of notable brain tumor patients Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian rafts Vital Alsar Kitín Muñoz The Viracocha expedition References Further reading Heyerdahl, Thor. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.", "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Rand McNally. 1958. Heyerdahl, Thor. Kon-Tiki. Rand McNally & Company. 1950. Heyerdahl, Thor. Fatu Hiva. Penguin. 1976. Heyerdahl, Thor. Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979.", "Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979. Heyerdahl, Thor. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English) External links a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol.", "In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English) External links a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97.", "7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97. 96–97. Thor Heyerdahl Biography and Bibliography Thor Heyerdahl expeditions The 'Tigris' expedition, with Heyerdahl's war protest Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:1 (Spring 2003), pp. 20–21. Bjornar Storfjell's account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol.", "Bjornar Storfjell's account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol. 10:2 (Summer 2002).", "10:2 (Summer 2002). 10:2 (Summer 2002). Biography on National Geographic Forskning.no Biography from the official Norwegian scientific webportal (in Norwegian) Thor Heyerdahl on Maldives Royal Family website Biography of Thor Heyerdahl Sea Routes to Polynesia Extracts from lectures by Thor Heyerdahl The home of Thor Heyerdahl Useful information on Thor Heyerdahl and his hometown, Larvik Thor Heyerdahl – Daily Telegraph obituary 1914 births 2002 deaths People from Larvik Norwegian Army personnel of World War II Norwegian documentary filmmakers Norwegian explorers Norwegian historians Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Reed boats Replications of ancient voyages Deaths from brain tumor Deaths from cancer in Liguria Neurological disease deaths in Liguria Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Norwegian ethnographers Norwegian atheists Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art Recipients of the Order of Merit (Egypt) Knights of the Order of St John University of Oslo alumni 20th-century historians 20th-century Norwegian scientists 20th-century Norwegian writers Researchers in Rapa Nui archaeology" ]

[ "Thor Heyerdahl", "Kon-Tiki expedition", "When did the Kon-Tiki expedition take place?", "In 1947,", "Did he go on the expedition alone?", "Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers", "How long did it take to get there?", "101-day,", "How long did they stay once they arrived there?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Say Anything is a board game designed by Dominic Crapuchettes and Satish Pillalamarri. It was released by North Star Games in 2008 as a follow-up to the award-winning Wits & Wagers.\n\nGameplay\nSay Anything is very similar to Wits & Wagers except players answer open-ended subjective questions instead of trivia questions. The goal of Say Anything is to get people talking about interesting things and laughing.\n\nEach round, one player will play the role of 'The Judge'. The Judge draws a card and then asks a question from it. Here are some sample questions:\n What would be the best thing to do on the moon?\n What would be the coolest thing to teach a monkey?\n What's the best action movie of all time?\n What's the most important invention of the past century?\n Who's the most annoying celebrity in show business?\n\nEach of the other players then writes an answer on a dry erase board and places it face-up on the table. Once all of the answers are on the table, the Judge secretly chooses their favorite response. Each other player has two tokens to bet on the answer they think the Judge chose as their favorite. Players receive 1 point for each correct bet. The game ends after a set number of rounds, usually 20 or so.\n\nReception\nSay Anything has won many awards including the BoardGameGeek 2008 Party Game of the Year, and an Origins Award for 2008 Best Children's, Family or Party Game.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSay Anything played on Tabletop (from Geek & Sundry)\n\nBoard games introduced in 2008\nMensa Select winners\nOrigins Award winners\nParty board games", "The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World is a 1984 video game programmed by Shards Software and published by Mosaic Publishing.\n\nGameplay\nThe Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World is a text adventure based on the novel The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World.\n\nReception\nDave Langford reviewed The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World for White Dwarf #61, and stated that \"I borrowed two SF/Adventure buffs and watched in awe as they swiftly solved the first challenge (basically, you have to do the obvious thing quickly or get zapped). [...] The second scene halted my trusty suckers. They complained that the wretched program wouldn't let them go anywhere or do anything interesting. They sat admiring its incredibly slow response time, frustrated by the effort to find a command which didn't give 'Try another object/action' or 'You can't do that, Jim/Slippery Jim/James/diGriz/Rat'. . . Eventually the test crew went home, cursing the name of Shards Software (the programmers) and muttering things like 'Harry Harrison should sue'. Perhaps this experience is not typical.\"\n\nReferences\n\n1984 video games" ]

[ "Thor Heyerdahl (; 6 October 1914 – 18 April 2002) was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography. Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands.", "Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies.", "The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies. This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development.", "This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development. Heyerdahl made other voyages to demonstrate the possibility of contact between widely separated ancient peoples, notably the Ra II expedition of 1970, when he sailed from the west coast of Africa to Barbados in a papyrus reed boat. He was appointed a government scholar in 1984.", "He was appointed a government scholar in 1984. He died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, while visiting close family members. The Norwegian government gave him a state funeral in Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.", "In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world.", "At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world. The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, original book, and article manuscripts.", "The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, original book, and article manuscripts. The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo.", "The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo. Youth and personal life Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965).", "Youth and personal life Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965). As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.", "As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction.", "He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction. He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo.", "He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo. At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo.", "At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world's largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo. (This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien's heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.)", "(This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien's heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.) After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl's zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch.", "After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl's zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch. He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there.", "He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there. On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there.", "On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there. He was 22 years old and she was 20 years old. Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn.", "Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn. The marriage ended in divorce shortly before the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition, which Liv had helped to organize. After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark.", "After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark. In 1949, Heyerdahl married Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen (1924–2006). They had three daughters: Annette, Marian and Helene Elisabeth. They were divorced in 1969.", "They were divorced in 1969. They were divorced in 1969. Heyerdahl blamed their separation on his being away from home and differences in their ideas for bringing up children. In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation.", "In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation. In 1991, Heyerdahl married Jacqueline Beer (born 1932) as his third wife. They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002.", "They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002. He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died.", "He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died. Fatu Hiva In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva.", "Fatu Hiva In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva. They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to \"run away to the South Seas\" and never return home.", "They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to \"run away to the South Seas\" and never return home. Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking \"provisions, weapons or a radio\".", "Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking \"provisions, weapons or a radio\". Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot.", "Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot. They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island's mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island.", "They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island's mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island. There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia.", "There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia. Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens.", "Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens. They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives' oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents.", "They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives' oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents. It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America.", "It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America. Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later.", "Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later. They worked together to write an account of their adventure.", "They worked together to write an account of their adventure. The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten.", "The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten. Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974).", "Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974). The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996).", "The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996). Kon-Tiki expedition In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki.", "Kon-Tiki expedition In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki. The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia.", "The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia. The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km) journey across the Pacific Ocean.", "The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km) journey across the Pacific Ocean. Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life.", "Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life. Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds).", "Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds). The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water.", "The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water. Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki.", "Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki. Heyerdahl's book about The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas has been translated into 70 languages. The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951.", "The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951. A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards.", "A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards. It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe.", "It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe. Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland.", "Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland. There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia.", "There are controversial indications, though, of some sort of South American/Polynesian contact, most notably in the fact that the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia. Blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl's hypothesis.", "Blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl's hypothesis. This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands.", "This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands. However, more recent DNA work (after Heyerdahl's death) contradicts the post-European-contact contamination hypothesis, finding the South American DNA sequences to be far older than that.", "However, more recent DNA work (after Heyerdahl's death) contradicts the post-European-contact contamination hypothesis, finding the South American DNA sequences to be far older than that. Heyerdahl had attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that he would prefer to believe that African-Americans came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech.", "Heyerdahl had attempted to counter the linguistic argument with the analogy that he would prefer to believe that African-Americans came from Africa, judging from their skin colour, and not from England, judging from their speech. Theory on Polynesian origins Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru.", "Theory on Polynesian origins Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru. The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki.", "The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki. Kon-Tiki was high priest and sun-king of these legendary \"white men\" who left enormous ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley.", "The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley. They had a battle on an island in Lake Titicaca, and the fair race was massacred. However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast.", "However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast. The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea.", "The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea. When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers.", "When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers. The Incas described these \"white gods\" as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the \"morning of time\" and taught the Incas' primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs.", "The Incas described these \"white gods\" as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the \"morning of time\" and taught the Incas' primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs. They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had \"white skins and long beards\" and were taller than the Incas.", "They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had \"white skins and long beards\" and were taller than the Incas. The Incas said that the \"white gods\" had then left as suddenly as they had come and fled westward across the Pacific. After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country.", "After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country. Heyerdahl said that when the Europeans first came to the Pacific islands, they were astonished that they found some of the natives to have relatively light skins and beards. There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde.", "There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde. In contrast, most of the Polynesians had golden-brown skin, raven-black hair, and rather flat noses. Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned.", "Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned. Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were \"white-skinned\" right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea \"from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun\".", "Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were \"white-skinned\" right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea \"from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun\". The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl's book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.", "The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl's book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Tiki people Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki's neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD.", "Tiki people Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki's neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD. They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage.", "They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage. They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru.", "They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru. They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru.", "They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru. But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki's peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long.", "But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki's peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long. He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki's people.", "He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki's people. The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958).", "The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958). In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an \"oven\" by the \"Long Ears\", which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958).", "In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an \"oven\" by the \"Long Ears\", which Heyerdahl's Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958). Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route.", "Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route. He proposes that Polynesians travelled with the wind along the North Pacific current. These migrants then arrived in British Columbia.", "These migrants then arrived in British Columbia. Heyerdahl called contemporary tribes of British Columbia, such as the Tlingit and Haida, descendants of these migrants. Heyerdahl claimed that cultural and physical similarities existed between these British Columbian tribes, Polynesians, and the Old World source. Controversy Heyerdahl's theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists.", "Controversy Heyerdahl's theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists. Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America.", "Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.", "In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia. Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled \"The Kon-Tiki Myth\" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that \"The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and 'Children of the Sun.'", "Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled \"The Kon-Tiki Myth\" in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that \"The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and 'Children of the Sun.' Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.\"", "Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.\" Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl's theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia.", "Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl's theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia. Davis says that Heyerdahl \"ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.\"", "Davis says that Heyerdahl \"ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.\" A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed.", "A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed. Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby's research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact.", "Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby's research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact. However, a 2014 research indicates that the South American component of Easter Island people's genomes pre-dates European contact: a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European.", "However, a 2014 research indicates that the South American component of Easter Island people's genomes pre-dates European contact: a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European. Analysis showed that: \"although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.\"", "Analysis showed that: \"although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.\" Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia.", "Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia. A study based on wider genome analysis published in Nature in July 2020 is suggestive of a contact event, around 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.", "A study based on wider genome analysis published in Nature in July 2020 is suggestive of a contact event, around 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia. Expedition to Easter Island In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island.", "Expedition to Easter Island In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island. The expedition's scientific staff included Arne Skjølsvold, Carlyle Smith, Edwin Ferdon, Gonzalo Figueroa and William Mulloy. Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites.", "Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites. Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike.", "Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike. The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island).", "The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island). Heyerdahl's popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller.", "Heyerdahl's popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller. In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island's history.", "In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island's history. Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe (\"Long Ears\"), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko (\"Short Ears\") arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers.", "Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe (\"Long Ears\"), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko (\"Short Ears\") arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers. According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen's discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook's visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation.", "According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen's discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook's visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation. Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of \"Short Ears\" against the ruling \"Long Ears\".", "Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of \"Short Ears\" against the ruling \"Long Ears\". The \"Long Ears\" dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling.", "The \"Long Ears\" dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling. During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the \"Long Ears\" ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the \"Short Ears\" found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the \"Long Ears\" into the fire.", "During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the \"Long Ears\" ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the \"Short Ears\" found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the \"Long Ears\" into the fire. This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock.", "This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock. Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies.", "Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies. As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America, critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events, but whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know.", "As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America, critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events, but whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know. If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders' story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline.", "If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders' story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline. Boats Ra and Ra II In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa.", "Boats Ra and Ra II In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa. Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco.", "Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco. The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad).", "The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt) and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad). Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience.", "Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience. After a number of weeks, Ra took on water. The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility.", "The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility. Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles).", "Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles). The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht.", "The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht. The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of papyrus from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success.", "The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built by Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of papyrus from Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success. The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco.", "The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco. The boat became lost and was the subject of a United Nations search and rescue mission. The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand.", "The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand. The boat reached Barbados, thus demonstrating that mariners could have dealt with trans-Atlantic voyages by sailing with the Canary Current. The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway.", "The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway. The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages.", "The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages. Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully.", "Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully. Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations.", "Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented their report to the United Nations. Tigris Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India.", "Tigris Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India. Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea.", "Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea. After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa.", "After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa. In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons: Today we burn our proud ship ... to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 ... Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea.", "In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons: Today we burn our proud ship ... to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 ... Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea. Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world's most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti.", "Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world's most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti. Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium.", "Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium. To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal.", "To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal. We must wake up to the insane reality of our time ... We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned.", "We must wake up to the insane reality of our time ... We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned. Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship.", "Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship. In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment.", "In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment. The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark).", "The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark). \"The Search for Odin\" in Azerbaijan and Russia Background Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981, 1994, 1999 and 2000.", "\"The Search for Odin\" in Azerbaijan and Russia Background Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981, 1994, 1999 and 2000. Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku).", "Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku). He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway.", "He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway. The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars.", "The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars. Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation.", "Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation. He believed that natives migrated north through waterways to present-day Scandinavia using ingeniously constructed vessels made of skins that could be folded like cloth. When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals.", "When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals. Snorri Sturluson On Heyerdahl's visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings.", "Snorri Sturluson On Heyerdahl's visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings. He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that \"Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.\"", "He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that \"Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.\" (see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden).", "(see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden). Heyerdahl accepted Snorri's story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden.", "Heyerdahl accepted Snorri's story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden. Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – \"east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea\".", "Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – \"east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea\". \"We are no longer talking about mythology,\" Heyerdahl said, \"but of the realities of geography and history. Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture.", "Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture. It is just as rich and ancient as that of China and Mesopotamia.\" In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish.", "In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish. Revision of hypothesis One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, 'The Search for Odin', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea.", "Revision of hypothesis One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, 'The Search for Odin', was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea. He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier.", "He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier. This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work.", "This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work. His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g.", "His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g. Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey.", "Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey. Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there.", "Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there. The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community.", "The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community. His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public.", "His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public. , Heyerdahl's Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist.", ", Heyerdahl's Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist. Other projects Heyerdahl also investigated the mounds found on the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean. There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes.", "There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes. Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island.", "Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island. His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery.", "His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery. In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids.", "In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids. Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the \"pyramids\" were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers.", "Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the \"pyramids\" were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers. Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean.", "Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean. Heyerdahl was also an active figure in Green politics. He was the recipient of numerous medals and awards. He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe.", "He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe. In subsequent years, Heyerdahl was involved with many other expeditions and archaeological projects. He remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism.", "He remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism. Death Heyerdahl died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, where he had gone to spend the Easter holidays with some of his closest family members. He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour.", "He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour. After receiving the diagnosis, he prepared for death, by refusing to eat or take medication. The Norwegian government honored him with a state funeral in the Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri.", "He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri. He was an atheist. Legacy Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology.", "Legacy Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology. He also showed that long-distance ocean voyages were possible with ancient designs. As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology.", "As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology. The Kon-Tiki Museum on the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo, Norway houses vessels and maps from the Kon-Tiki expedition, as well as a library with about 8,000 books. The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000.", "The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000. Heyerdahl himself agreed to the founding of the institute and it aims to promote and continue to develop Heyerdahl's ideas and principles. The institute is located in Heyerdahl's birth town of Larvik, Norway.", "The institute is located in Heyerdahl's birth town of Larvik, Norway. In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors.", "In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors. Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl's childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre.", "Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl's childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre. Heyerdahl's grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather's Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew.", "Heyerdahl's grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather's Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew. The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition, was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards (\"guara\") as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean's environment.", "The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition, was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards (\"guara\") as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean's environment. A book about the Tangaroa Expedition by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007.", "A book about the Tangaroa Expedition by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007. The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007).", "The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007). \"Tangaroa Expedition\" has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish.", "\"Tangaroa Expedition\" has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish. Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture.", "Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture. However, recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island.", "However, recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl's ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island. More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts.", "More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts. Decorations and honorary degrees Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition.", "Decorations and honorary degrees Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition. Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him.", "Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him. Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle.", "Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle. Heyerdahl's numerous awards and honours include the following: Governmental and state honours Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953) Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965) Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971) Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971) Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978) Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980) Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970) Civitan International World Citizenship Award Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000) St. Hallvard's Medal Academic honours Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950) Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951) Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951) Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952) Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954) Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958) Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960) Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962) Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962) Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964) Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966) Member American Anthropological Association (1966) Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972) Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972) Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982) President's Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996) Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999) Honorary degrees Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961) Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998) Publications På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974).", "Heyerdahl's numerous awards and honours include the following: Governmental and state honours Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951) Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953) Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965) Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971) Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971) Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978) Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980) Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970) Civitan International World Citizenship Award Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000) St. Hallvard's Medal Academic honours Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950) Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951) Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951) Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952) Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954) Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958) Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960) Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962) Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962) Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964) Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966) Member American Anthropological Association (1966) Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972) Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972) Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982) President's Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996) Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999) Honorary degrees Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961) Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993) Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998) Publications På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974). The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948.", "The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948. American Indians in the Pacific: The Theory Behind the Kon-Tiki Expedition (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1952), 821 pages. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957.", "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957. Sea Routes to Polynesia: American Indians and Early Asiatics in the Pacific (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968), 232 pages. The Ra Expeditions .", "The Ra Expeditions . The Ra Expeditions . Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979 The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings The Maldive Mystery, 1986 Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City Skjebnemote vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors.", "Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979 The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings The Maldive Mystery, 1986 Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru's Forgotten City Skjebnemote vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999 Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001 See also M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him List of notable brain tumor patients Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian rafts Vital Alsar Kitín Muñoz The Viracocha expedition References Further reading Heyerdahl, Thor.", "In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999 Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001 See also M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him List of notable brain tumor patients Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Pre-Columbian rafts Vital Alsar Kitín Muñoz The Viracocha expedition References Further reading Heyerdahl, Thor. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.", "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Rand McNally. 1958. Heyerdahl, Thor. Kon-Tiki. Rand McNally & Company. 1950. Heyerdahl, Thor. Fatu Hiva. Penguin. 1976. Heyerdahl, Thor. Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979.", "Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979. Heyerdahl, Thor. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English) External links a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol.", "In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English) External links a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97.", "7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97. 96–97. Thor Heyerdahl Biography and Bibliography Thor Heyerdahl expeditions The 'Tigris' expedition, with Heyerdahl's war protest Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:1 (Spring 2003), pp. 20–21. Bjornar Storfjell's account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol.", "Bjornar Storfjell's account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol. 10:2 (Summer 2002).", "10:2 (Summer 2002). 10:2 (Summer 2002). Biography on National Geographic Forskning.no Biography from the official Norwegian scientific webportal (in Norwegian) Thor Heyerdahl on Maldives Royal Family website Biography of Thor Heyerdahl Sea Routes to Polynesia Extracts from lectures by Thor Heyerdahl The home of Thor Heyerdahl Useful information on Thor Heyerdahl and his hometown, Larvik Thor Heyerdahl – Daily Telegraph obituary 1914 births 2002 deaths People from Larvik Norwegian Army personnel of World War II Norwegian documentary filmmakers Norwegian explorers Norwegian historians Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact Reed boats Replications of ancient voyages Deaths from brain tumor Deaths from cancer in Liguria Neurological disease deaths in Liguria Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Norwegian ethnographers Norwegian atheists Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art Recipients of the Order of Merit (Egypt) Knights of the Order of St John University of Oslo alumni 20th-century historians 20th-century Norwegian scientists 20th-century Norwegian writers Researchers in Rapa Nui archaeology" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield", "Management and first recordings", "What did Buffalo Springfield manage?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Broken Arrow\" is a song written by Canadian singer-songwriter Neil Young and recorded by Buffalo Springfield on their 1967 album Buffalo Springfield Again. It was recorded in August and September 1967 at Columbia Recording Studios and Sunset Sound Recorders. It incorporates musical ideas from \"Down Down Down,\" a demo Young recorded with Buffalo Springfield (now available on the box set).\n\n\"Broken Arrow\" was confessional folk rock. It consists of three parts in three different time signatures interspersed with snippets of sounds, featuring organ, a jazz combo with piano, bass, drums, and a clarinet. The song begins with audience applause (taken not from a Buffalo Springfield show, as some expect, but rather from a concert by the Beatles) and the opening of \"Mr. Soul\" (which opens the album) recorded in the studio. The second verse begins with the sound of an audience booing, while the Calliope plays a version of the song \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\", before sound effects bring on the verse. There is also the sound of a military snare drum that plays drum rolls, first quietly, and getting louder and louder, until the fifth time, an unusual sound effect brings the song to the third verse. The Jazz combo plays an improvisation, first taken up by the clarinet, and followed by the piano, until it fades out. The beating of a heart is then heard until it fades out as well.\n\nEach of the three verses uses surreal imagery to deal with emotions (emptiness of fame, teenage angst, hopelessness), and contains self-references to Buffalo Springfield and Young. They all end with the same lines:\n\nAn acoustic solo version of the song appears on the Neil Young live album Sugar Mountain: Live at Canterbury House 1968 which was released on Reprise Records in 2008.\n\nOf the members of the band, only Young was present at the recording. Background vocals from Richie Furay were added on later.\n\nHistorical references\nThe Creek Indians held a ceremony after the Civil War that included a breaking of an arrow to symbolize the war's end.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n[ Allmusic Review]\n\n1967 songs\nBuffalo Springfield songs\nNeil Young songs\nSongs written by Neil Young\nSongs about Native Americans\nSong recordings produced by Jack Nitzsche\nSong recordings produced by Neil Young\nSong recordings produced by Stephen Stills", "Buffalo Springfield is the debut album by the folk rock band Buffalo Springfield, released in December 1966 on Atco Records. It peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart. It is the first album to feature the songwriting of future stars Stephen Stills and Neil Young.\n\nSeeing that the independent single \"For What It's Worth\" was rising on Billboard Hot 100 chart, Atco released the album a second time on March 6, 1967, with a changed track list, featuring \"For What It's Worth\" as the first song on Side 1 and removing \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" from Side 2. \"For What It's Worth\" peaked at number 7 on the Hot 100 on March 24.\n\nBackground and content\nBuffalo Springfield were formed in early 1966, playing their first gig at The Troubadour club in Hollywood in April of that year. An initial single that appeared on this album, Young's \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\" sung by Richie Furay, failed to reach the national charts but made the Top 40 locally in Los Angeles during August. This album was recorded in the summer of 1966 at Gold Star Studios where Phil Spector created his \"Wall of Sound\" and Brian Wilson produced recordings by the Beach Boys. Young sings lead on only two of his five compositions, Furay singing lead on the other three.\n\nThe album was produced by the group's managers, Charles Greene and Brian Stone, both of whom had minimal experience as record producers. The group was reportedly unhappy with the sound of the album, feeling that it did not reflect the intensity of their live shows. The band asked Atco for time to re-record the album, but not wanting to miss the Christmas holiday season the label insisted that the record be released as it was.\n\nBuffalo Springfield was originally released in both mono and stereo versions as Atco SD 33-200. The back cover contained band profiles of each member in the mode of those for Tiger Beat. Recorded the day the LP was released and issued soon after, the band's new single by Stills \"For What It's Worth\" became a national hit, making the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in March 1967. For the second pressing of March 6, 1967, the album was reissued as Atco SD 33-200A with the hit as the lead track, dropping \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" and slightly reconfiguring the running order. \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" has never been reissued in stereo; all compact disc releases feature only the mono mix.\n\nThe album was remastered in HDCD and reissued on June 24, 1997, with two versions on one disc, the mono tracks from Atco 33-200 first with the stereo tracks from SD 33-200A following. Not contained were the stereo mix of \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" from Atco SD 33-200 or the mono mix of \"For What It's Worth\" from Atco 33-200A. Strangely, \"Burned\" has also never been issued in stereo for unknown reasons. It redundantly appears twice on this disc in mono.\n\nRecording sessions took place at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles from July 18 to September 11, 1966, with \"For What It's Worth\" recorded at Columbia Studios in Los Angeles on December 5, 1966.\n\nCash Box said that \"Burned\" has a \"slick, mid-tempo rock arrangement that could catch on big.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nBuffalo Springfield\n Stephen Stills — vocals, guitars, keyboards\n Neil Young — vocals, guitars, harmonica, piano\n Richie Furay — vocals, rhythm guitar\n Bruce Palmer — bass guitar\n Dewey Martin — drums, backing vocals\n\nProduction personnel\n Charles Greene, Brian Stone — producers, stereo mix\n Tom May, Doc Siegel, James Hilton, Stan Ross — engineers\n Sandy Dvore — design\n Henry Diltz, Ivan Nagy — photography\n Tim Mulligan — HDCD digital mastering\n John Nowland, Pflash Pflaumer — analog to digital transfers\n\nCharts\nAlbum - (United States)\n\nSingles - Billboard (United States)\n\nReferences \n\nBuffalo Springfield albums\n1966 debut albums\nAtco Records albums\nAlbums produced by Charles Greene (producer)\nAlbums produced by Brian Stone\nAlbums recorded at Gold Star Studios" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield was a Canadian-American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California by Canadian musicians Neil Young, Bruce Palmer and Dewey Martin and American musicians Stephen Stills and Richie Furay. The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968.", "The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968. Their music combined elements of folk music and country music with British Invasion and psychedelic rock influences. Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock.", "Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock. The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house.", "The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house. Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals).", "Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals). The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles.", "The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles. The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem.", "The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem. Their second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, marked their progression to psychedelia and hard rock and featured other well-known songs such as \"Bluebird\" and \"Mr. Soul\".", "Soul\". Soul\". After several drug-related arrests and line-up changes, the group disbanded in 1968. Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution.", "Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution. Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies.", "Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Neil Young launched his solo career and later joined Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in 1969. Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco.", "Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco. Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, and briefly reunited for a comeback tour in 2011. History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario.", "History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers.", "Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers. When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees.", "When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees. Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California.", "Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California. Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd.", "Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd. While in Toronto in early 1966, Young met Bruce Palmer, a Canadian who was playing bass for The Mynah Birds. In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted.", "In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted. The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL.", "The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL. With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles.", "With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles. Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city.", "Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city. However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills.", "However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills. Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco.", "Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco. While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset.", "While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset. Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited.", "Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited. Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson.", "Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson. The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company.", "The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company. The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard.", "The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard. A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds.", "A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds. Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966.", "Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966. This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels.", "This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels. It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management.", "It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management. In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers.", "In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers. Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager.", "Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager. Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25.", "The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25. Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone.", "Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone. The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966.", "The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966. A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year.", "A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year. In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip.", "In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip. The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards.", "The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards. By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit.", "By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit. Atco took advantage of this momentum by replacing the song \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" with \"For What It's Worth\" and re-releasing the album. \"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc.", "\"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Lineup changes, arrest, and breakup In January 1967, Palmer was deported for possession of marijuana. Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent.", "Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent. (Guitarist Doug Hastings filled in for Young during this period.) The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival.", "The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival. Young returned in August and the band severed ties with Greene and Stone, then divided its time between playing gigs and finalising the second album, ultimately titled Buffalo Springfield Again. Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967.", "Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967. It includes \"Mr. Soul\", \"Rock & Roll Woman\", \"Bluebird\", \"Sad Memory\", and \"Broken Arrow\". The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968.", "The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968. In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass.", "In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass. During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts.", "During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts. Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing.", "Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing. In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement.", "In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement. The band were hosting a small rehearsal party, attended by Eric Clapton among others, in April 1968. Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint.", "Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint. During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window.", "During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window. According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\".", "According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\". Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail.", "Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail. Following a gig at the Long Beach Auditorium on 5 May 1968, the band held a meeting with Ertegun to arrange their breakup. Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers.", "Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers. Later, Furay and Messina compiled various tracks recorded between mid-1967 and early 1968 into the third and final studio album, Last Time Around (1968). New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968.", "New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968. Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others.", "Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name.", "The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name. Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo.", "Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo. He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated.", "He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated. In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller.", "In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller. The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped.", "The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped. Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle.", "Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle. Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records.", "Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records. Martin also released two solo singles, one for Uni and one for RCA, which didn't appear on the album. During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic.", "During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic. In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987).", "In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987). Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name.", "Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name. In July 1986, Palmer, Martin, Furay, Young and Stills gathered at Stills' house, with Buffalo Springfield Revisited keyboardist Harlan Spector, to rehearse for an apparent reunion tour. One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded.", "One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded. It was the last time all five original members performed together. Plans for a subsequent reunion tour were abandoned. By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion.", "By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion. The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar).", "The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar). But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year.", "But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year. 2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\".", "2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\". Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup.", "Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup. Young, Stills and Furay reunited at the annual Bridge School Benefit concerts on October 23 and 24, 2010, in Mountain View, California. Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\".", "Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\". The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.", "The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale.", "The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale. According to Furay and a band spokesman, the group planned a full tour in 2012, but this was delayed because Young was recording two new albums with Crazy Horse. On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus.", "On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus. Legacy In 1968, Stills went on to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of The Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career.", "Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career. In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.", "In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. After Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Stills joined with another former Byrd Chris Hillman (after his stint with The Flying Burrito Brothers) and others to form the group Manassas (1971–1973). Later, Furay joined J.D.", "Later, Furay joined J.D. Later, Furay joined J.D. Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina.", "Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina. In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982.", "In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982. In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. A four-disc box set assembled by Young, Buffalo Springfield, was released in 2001. A further box set What's That Sound? Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records.", "Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records. In popular culture The Buffalo Springfield appear as the house band in an episode of the detective series Mannix. The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7).", "The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7). During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\".", "During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\". Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release.", "Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release. References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004).", "References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004). For What It's Worth: The Story of Buffalo Springfield Lanham: Cooper Square Press. . Long, P. (1996). Ghosts on the Road—Neil Young in Concert London: Old Homestead Press. .", ". . External links Expecting To Fly – The Buffalo Springfield Story Chrome Oxide Buffalo Springfield Gigography – List of Recording Sessions and Performances Atco Records artists Folk rock groups from California Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1966 1966 establishments in California Musical groups disestablished in 1968 1968 disestablishments in California Musical groups reestablished in 2010 Musical groups disestablished in 2012 2012 disestablishments in California Neil Young Stephen Stills" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield", "Management and first recordings", "What did Buffalo Springfield manage?", "I don't know.", "What was a recording from Buffalo Springfield?", "\"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\"," ]

[ "\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2001 as the third and final single from his self-titled album. The song reached number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 2001. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.\n\nContent\nThe song is about man who is giving his woman the option to leave him. He gives her many different options for all the things she can do. At the end he gives her the option to stay with him if she really can’t find anything else to do. He says he will be alright if she leaves, but really it seems he wants her to stay.\n\nChart performance\n\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 3, 2001.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2001 singles\n2000 songs\nGeorge Strait songs\nSongs written by Billy Livsey\nSongs written by Don Schlitz\nSong recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)\nMCA Nashville Records singles", "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Whether a batted ball is fair or foul is determined by the location of the ball at the appropriate reference point, as follows:\n\n if the ball leaves the playing field without touching anything, the point where the ball leaves the field;\n else, if the ball first lands past first or third base without touching anything, the point where the ball lands;\n else, if the ball rolls or bounces past first or third base without touching anything other than the ground, the point where the ball passes the base;\n else, if the ball touches anything other than the ground (such as an umpire, a player, or any equipment left on the field) before any of the above happens, the point of such touching;\n else (the ball comes to a rest before reaching first or third base), the point where the ball comes to a rest.\n\nIf any part of the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; else it is foul. Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. However, certain exceptions exist:\n\n A ball that touches first, second, or third base is always fair.\n Under Rule 5.09(a)(7)-(8), if a batted ball touches the batter or his bat while the batter is in the batter's box and not intentionally interfering with the course of the ball, the ball is foul.\n A ball that hits the foul pole without first having touched anything else off the bat is fair.\n Ground rules may provide whether a ball hitting specific objects (e.g. roof, overhead speaker) is fair or foul.\n\nOn a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method.\n\nReferences\n\nBaseball rules" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield was a Canadian-American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California by Canadian musicians Neil Young, Bruce Palmer and Dewey Martin and American musicians Stephen Stills and Richie Furay. The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968.", "The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968. Their music combined elements of folk music and country music with British Invasion and psychedelic rock influences. Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock.", "Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock. The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house.", "The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house. Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals).", "Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals). The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles.", "The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles. The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem.", "The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem. Their second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, marked their progression to psychedelia and hard rock and featured other well-known songs such as \"Bluebird\" and \"Mr. Soul\".", "Soul\". Soul\". After several drug-related arrests and line-up changes, the group disbanded in 1968. Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution.", "Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution. Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies.", "Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Neil Young launched his solo career and later joined Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in 1969. Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco.", "Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco. Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, and briefly reunited for a comeback tour in 2011. History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario.", "History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers.", "Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers. When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees.", "When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees. Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California.", "Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California. Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd.", "Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd. While in Toronto in early 1966, Young met Bruce Palmer, a Canadian who was playing bass for The Mynah Birds. In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted.", "In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted. The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL.", "The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL. With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles.", "With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles. Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city.", "Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city. However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills.", "However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills. Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco.", "Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco. While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset.", "While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset. Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited.", "Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited. Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson.", "Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson. The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company.", "The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company. The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard.", "The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard. A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds.", "A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds. Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966.", "Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966. This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels.", "This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels. It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management.", "It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management. In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers.", "In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers. Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager.", "Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager. Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25.", "The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25. Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone.", "Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone. The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966.", "The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966. A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year.", "A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year. In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip.", "In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip. The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards.", "The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards. By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit.", "By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit. Atco took advantage of this momentum by replacing the song \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" with \"For What It's Worth\" and re-releasing the album. \"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc.", "\"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Lineup changes, arrest, and breakup In January 1967, Palmer was deported for possession of marijuana. Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent.", "Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent. (Guitarist Doug Hastings filled in for Young during this period.) The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival.", "The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival. Young returned in August and the band severed ties with Greene and Stone, then divided its time between playing gigs and finalising the second album, ultimately titled Buffalo Springfield Again. Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967.", "Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967. It includes \"Mr. Soul\", \"Rock & Roll Woman\", \"Bluebird\", \"Sad Memory\", and \"Broken Arrow\". The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968.", "The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968. In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass.", "In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass. During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts.", "During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts. Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing.", "Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing. In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement.", "In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement. The band were hosting a small rehearsal party, attended by Eric Clapton among others, in April 1968. Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint.", "Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint. During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window.", "During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window. According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\".", "According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\". Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail.", "Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail. Following a gig at the Long Beach Auditorium on 5 May 1968, the band held a meeting with Ertegun to arrange their breakup. Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers.", "Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers. Later, Furay and Messina compiled various tracks recorded between mid-1967 and early 1968 into the third and final studio album, Last Time Around (1968). New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968.", "New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968. Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others.", "Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name.", "The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name. Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo.", "Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo. He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated.", "He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated. In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller.", "In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller. The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped.", "The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped. Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle.", "Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle. Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records.", "Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records. Martin also released two solo singles, one for Uni and one for RCA, which didn't appear on the album. During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic.", "During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic. In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987).", "In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987). Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name.", "Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name. In July 1986, Palmer, Martin, Furay, Young and Stills gathered at Stills' house, with Buffalo Springfield Revisited keyboardist Harlan Spector, to rehearse for an apparent reunion tour. One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded.", "One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded. It was the last time all five original members performed together. Plans for a subsequent reunion tour were abandoned. By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion.", "By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion. The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar).", "The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar). But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year.", "But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year. 2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\".", "2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\". Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup.", "Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup. Young, Stills and Furay reunited at the annual Bridge School Benefit concerts on October 23 and 24, 2010, in Mountain View, California. Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\".", "Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\". The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.", "The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale.", "The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale. According to Furay and a band spokesman, the group planned a full tour in 2012, but this was delayed because Young was recording two new albums with Crazy Horse. On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus.", "On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus. Legacy In 1968, Stills went on to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of The Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career.", "Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career. In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.", "In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. After Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Stills joined with another former Byrd Chris Hillman (after his stint with The Flying Burrito Brothers) and others to form the group Manassas (1971–1973). Later, Furay joined J.D.", "Later, Furay joined J.D. Later, Furay joined J.D. Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina.", "Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina. In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982.", "In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982. In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. A four-disc box set assembled by Young, Buffalo Springfield, was released in 2001. A further box set What's That Sound? Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records.", "Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records. In popular culture The Buffalo Springfield appear as the house band in an episode of the detective series Mannix. The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7).", "The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7). During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\".", "During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\". Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release.", "Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release. References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004).", "References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004). For What It's Worth: The Story of Buffalo Springfield Lanham: Cooper Square Press. . Long, P. (1996). Ghosts on the Road—Neil Young in Concert London: Old Homestead Press. .", ". . External links Expecting To Fly – The Buffalo Springfield Story Chrome Oxide Buffalo Springfield Gigography – List of Recording Sessions and Performances Atco Records artists Folk rock groups from California Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1966 1966 establishments in California Musical groups disestablished in 1968 1968 disestablishments in California Musical groups reestablished in 2010 Musical groups disestablished in 2012 2012 disestablishments in California Neil Young Stephen Stills" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield", "Management and first recordings", "What did Buffalo Springfield manage?", "I don't know.", "What was a recording from Buffalo Springfield?", "\"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\",", "Did they record anything else?", "\"For What It's Worth\"" ]

[ "Any Other Way may refer to:\n\n\"Any Other Way\", song by William Bell (singer), W. Bell, 1962, covered by Jackie Shane and Chuck Jackson\n\"Any Other Way\", song by B.B. King, C. Otis, from Guess Who (album)\n\"Any Other Way\", song by The Zombies from Breathe Out, Breathe In\n\"Any Other Way\", song by We The Kings from Somewhere Somehow (album)\n\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\", a 1990 song by Celine Dion from Unison", "Any Other Day may refer to:\n\nAny Other Day, film from Rainbow Reel Tokyo\n\"Any Other Day\", song by Bon Jovi from Lost Highway (Bon Jovi album)\n\"Any Other Day\", song by Hilary Duff from soundtrack to What Goes Up" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield was a Canadian-American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California by Canadian musicians Neil Young, Bruce Palmer and Dewey Martin and American musicians Stephen Stills and Richie Furay. The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968.", "The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968. Their music combined elements of folk music and country music with British Invasion and psychedelic rock influences. Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock.", "Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock. The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house.", "The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house. Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals).", "Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals). The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles.", "The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles. The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem.", "The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem. Their second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, marked their progression to psychedelia and hard rock and featured other well-known songs such as \"Bluebird\" and \"Mr. Soul\".", "Soul\". Soul\". After several drug-related arrests and line-up changes, the group disbanded in 1968. Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution.", "Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution. Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies.", "Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Neil Young launched his solo career and later joined Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in 1969. Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco.", "Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco. Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, and briefly reunited for a comeback tour in 2011. History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario.", "History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers.", "Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers. When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees.", "When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees. Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California.", "Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California. Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd.", "Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd. While in Toronto in early 1966, Young met Bruce Palmer, a Canadian who was playing bass for The Mynah Birds. In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted.", "In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted. The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL.", "The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL. With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles.", "With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles. Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city.", "Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city. However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills.", "However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills. Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco.", "Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco. While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset.", "While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset. Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited.", "Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited. Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson.", "Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson. The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company.", "The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company. The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard.", "The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard. A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds.", "A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds. Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966.", "Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966. This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels.", "This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels. It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management.", "It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management. In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers.", "In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers. Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager.", "Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager. Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25.", "The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25. Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone.", "Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone. The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966.", "The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966. A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year.", "A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year. In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip.", "In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip. The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards.", "The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards. By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit.", "By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit. Atco took advantage of this momentum by replacing the song \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" with \"For What It's Worth\" and re-releasing the album. \"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc.", "\"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Lineup changes, arrest, and breakup In January 1967, Palmer was deported for possession of marijuana. Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent.", "Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent. (Guitarist Doug Hastings filled in for Young during this period.) The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival.", "The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival. Young returned in August and the band severed ties with Greene and Stone, then divided its time between playing gigs and finalising the second album, ultimately titled Buffalo Springfield Again. Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967.", "Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967. It includes \"Mr. Soul\", \"Rock & Roll Woman\", \"Bluebird\", \"Sad Memory\", and \"Broken Arrow\". The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968.", "The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968. In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass.", "In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass. During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts.", "During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts. Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing.", "Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing. In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement.", "In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement. The band were hosting a small rehearsal party, attended by Eric Clapton among others, in April 1968. Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint.", "Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint. During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window.", "During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window. According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\".", "According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\". Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail.", "Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail. Following a gig at the Long Beach Auditorium on 5 May 1968, the band held a meeting with Ertegun to arrange their breakup. Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers.", "Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers. Later, Furay and Messina compiled various tracks recorded between mid-1967 and early 1968 into the third and final studio album, Last Time Around (1968). New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968.", "New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968. Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others.", "Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name.", "The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name. Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo.", "Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo. He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated.", "He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated. In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller.", "In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller. The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped.", "The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped. Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle.", "Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle. Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records.", "Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records. Martin also released two solo singles, one for Uni and one for RCA, which didn't appear on the album. During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic.", "During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic. In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987).", "In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987). Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name.", "Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name. In July 1986, Palmer, Martin, Furay, Young and Stills gathered at Stills' house, with Buffalo Springfield Revisited keyboardist Harlan Spector, to rehearse for an apparent reunion tour. One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded.", "One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded. It was the last time all five original members performed together. Plans for a subsequent reunion tour were abandoned. By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion.", "By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion. The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar).", "The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar). But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year.", "But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year. 2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\".", "2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\". Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup.", "Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup. Young, Stills and Furay reunited at the annual Bridge School Benefit concerts on October 23 and 24, 2010, in Mountain View, California. Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\".", "Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\". The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.", "The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale.", "The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale. According to Furay and a band spokesman, the group planned a full tour in 2012, but this was delayed because Young was recording two new albums with Crazy Horse. On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus.", "On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus. Legacy In 1968, Stills went on to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of The Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career.", "Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career. In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.", "In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. After Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Stills joined with another former Byrd Chris Hillman (after his stint with The Flying Burrito Brothers) and others to form the group Manassas (1971–1973). Later, Furay joined J.D.", "Later, Furay joined J.D. Later, Furay joined J.D. Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina.", "Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina. In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982.", "In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982. In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. A four-disc box set assembled by Young, Buffalo Springfield, was released in 2001. A further box set What's That Sound? Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records.", "Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records. In popular culture The Buffalo Springfield appear as the house band in an episode of the detective series Mannix. The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7).", "The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7). During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\".", "During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\". Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release.", "Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release. References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004).", "References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004). For What It's Worth: The Story of Buffalo Springfield Lanham: Cooper Square Press. . Long, P. (1996). Ghosts on the Road—Neil Young in Concert London: Old Homestead Press. .", ". . External links Expecting To Fly – The Buffalo Springfield Story Chrome Oxide Buffalo Springfield Gigography – List of Recording Sessions and Performances Atco Records artists Folk rock groups from California Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1966 1966 establishments in California Musical groups disestablished in 1968 1968 disestablishments in California Musical groups reestablished in 2010 Musical groups disestablished in 2012 2012 disestablishments in California Neil Young Stephen Stills" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield", "Management and first recordings", "What did Buffalo Springfield manage?", "I don't know.", "What was a recording from Buffalo Springfield?", "\"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\",", "Did they record anything else?", "\"For What It's Worth\"", "Any other song?", "\"Baby Don't Scold Me\"", "Did they do anything other than songs?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Community manager may refer to:\n\n Community association manager, a person who manages a condominium or homeowners association\n Online community manager, a person who manages an online community\n\nSee also \n Community management.", "MPEG-4 SL, the MPEG-4 synchronization layer manages the identification of access units like video or audio frames, and scene description commands and the time stamping of them independent of the media type within elementary streams to enable synchronization among them.\n\nSee also \n MPEG-4\n\nReferences \n\nMPEG-4" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield was a Canadian-American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California by Canadian musicians Neil Young, Bruce Palmer and Dewey Martin and American musicians Stephen Stills and Richie Furay. The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968.", "The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968. Their music combined elements of folk music and country music with British Invasion and psychedelic rock influences. Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock.", "Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock. The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house.", "The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house. Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals).", "Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals). The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles.", "The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles. The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem.", "The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem. Their second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, marked their progression to psychedelia and hard rock and featured other well-known songs such as \"Bluebird\" and \"Mr. Soul\".", "Soul\". Soul\". After several drug-related arrests and line-up changes, the group disbanded in 1968. Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution.", "Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution. Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies.", "Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Neil Young launched his solo career and later joined Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in 1969. Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco.", "Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco. Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, and briefly reunited for a comeback tour in 2011. History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario.", "History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers.", "Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers. When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees.", "When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees. Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California.", "Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California. Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd.", "Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd. While in Toronto in early 1966, Young met Bruce Palmer, a Canadian who was playing bass for The Mynah Birds. In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted.", "In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted. The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL.", "The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL. With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles.", "With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles. Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city.", "Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city. However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills.", "However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills. Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco.", "Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco. While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset.", "While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset. Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited.", "Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited. Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson.", "Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson. The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company.", "The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company. The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard.", "The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard. A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds.", "A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds. Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966.", "Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966. This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels.", "This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels. It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management.", "It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management. In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers.", "In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers. Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager.", "Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager. Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25.", "The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25. Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone.", "Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone. The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966.", "The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966. A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year.", "A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year. In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip.", "In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip. The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards.", "The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards. By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit.", "By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit. Atco took advantage of this momentum by replacing the song \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" with \"For What It's Worth\" and re-releasing the album. \"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc.", "\"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Lineup changes, arrest, and breakup In January 1967, Palmer was deported for possession of marijuana. Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent.", "Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent. (Guitarist Doug Hastings filled in for Young during this period.) The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival.", "The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival. Young returned in August and the band severed ties with Greene and Stone, then divided its time between playing gigs and finalising the second album, ultimately titled Buffalo Springfield Again. Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967.", "Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967. It includes \"Mr. Soul\", \"Rock & Roll Woman\", \"Bluebird\", \"Sad Memory\", and \"Broken Arrow\". The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968.", "The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968. In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass.", "In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass. During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts.", "During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts. Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing.", "Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing. In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement.", "In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement. The band were hosting a small rehearsal party, attended by Eric Clapton among others, in April 1968. Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint.", "Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint. During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window.", "During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window. According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\".", "According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\". Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail.", "Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail. Following a gig at the Long Beach Auditorium on 5 May 1968, the band held a meeting with Ertegun to arrange their breakup. Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers.", "Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers. Later, Furay and Messina compiled various tracks recorded between mid-1967 and early 1968 into the third and final studio album, Last Time Around (1968). New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968.", "New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968. Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others.", "Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name.", "The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name. Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo.", "Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo. He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated.", "He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated. In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller.", "In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller. The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped.", "The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped. Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle.", "Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle. Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records.", "Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records. Martin also released two solo singles, one for Uni and one for RCA, which didn't appear on the album. During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic.", "During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic. In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987).", "In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987). Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name.", "Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name. In July 1986, Palmer, Martin, Furay, Young and Stills gathered at Stills' house, with Buffalo Springfield Revisited keyboardist Harlan Spector, to rehearse for an apparent reunion tour. One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded.", "One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded. It was the last time all five original members performed together. Plans for a subsequent reunion tour were abandoned. By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion.", "By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion. The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar).", "The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar). But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year.", "But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year. 2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\".", "2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\". Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup.", "Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup. Young, Stills and Furay reunited at the annual Bridge School Benefit concerts on October 23 and 24, 2010, in Mountain View, California. Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\".", "Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\". The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.", "The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale.", "The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale. According to Furay and a band spokesman, the group planned a full tour in 2012, but this was delayed because Young was recording two new albums with Crazy Horse. On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus.", "On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus. Legacy In 1968, Stills went on to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of The Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career.", "Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career. In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.", "In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. After Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Stills joined with another former Byrd Chris Hillman (after his stint with The Flying Burrito Brothers) and others to form the group Manassas (1971–1973). Later, Furay joined J.D.", "Later, Furay joined J.D. Later, Furay joined J.D. Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina.", "Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina. In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982.", "In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982. In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. A four-disc box set assembled by Young, Buffalo Springfield, was released in 2001. A further box set What's That Sound? Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records.", "Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records. In popular culture The Buffalo Springfield appear as the house band in an episode of the detective series Mannix. The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7).", "The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7). During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\".", "During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\". Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release.", "Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release. References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004).", "References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004). For What It's Worth: The Story of Buffalo Springfield Lanham: Cooper Square Press. . Long, P. (1996). Ghosts on the Road—Neil Young in Concert London: Old Homestead Press. .", ". . External links Expecting To Fly – The Buffalo Springfield Story Chrome Oxide Buffalo Springfield Gigography – List of Recording Sessions and Performances Atco Records artists Folk rock groups from California Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1966 1966 establishments in California Musical groups disestablished in 1968 1968 disestablishments in California Musical groups reestablished in 2010 Musical groups disestablished in 2012 2012 disestablishments in California Neil Young Stephen Stills" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield", "Management and first recordings", "What did Buffalo Springfield manage?", "I don't know.", "What was a recording from Buffalo Springfield?", "\"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\",", "Did they record anything else?", "\"For What It's Worth\"", "Any other song?", "\"Baby Don't Scold Me\"", "Did they do anything other than songs?", "I don't know.", "Who manages them?", "Charlie Greene and Brian Stone;" ]

[ "The Millionaires is a 2002 novel written by Brad Meltzer examining the inner workings of private banking. After taking $3,000,000 from an abandoned account, brothers Oliver and Charlie Caruso are forced to escape the Secret Service. According to WorldCat, the book is in 2191 libraries\n\nPlot synopsis \nWhat started as the perfect crime for a pair of employees at the private banking firm of Greene & Greene takes a turn for the worse. Charlie and Oliver Caruso work at Greene & Greene, a private bank that is so exclusive you need at least two million dollars just to be a client. The brothers are denied a promotion. As one opportunity closes, though, another reveals itself. A mysterious benefactor brings to their attention an abandoned bank account. No one knows of the account's existence, it doesn't belong to anyone, and it contains three million dollars. IT is the brothers' for the taking. The brothers see the abandoned account as their way into a new life, debt-free. As soon as they take the money though, things take a turn for the worse. A friend of theirs dies, and then the eyes of the Secret Service, their bank, and a female private investigator turn on them. The brothers must scramble to find out who is pulling the invisible strings of that account, how they will prove their innocence, and what they need to do escape the Secret Service. In the process, their trust and relationship is tested.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n http://bradmeltzer.com/book/the-millionaires/\n\n2002 American novels\nBooks by Brad Meltzer", "Charlie Greene may refer to:\n\n Charlie Greene (baseball) (born 1971), former Major League Baseball backup catcher\n Charlie Greene (soccer) (born 1959), retired American soccer player\n Charlie Greene (athlete) (born 1945), American former track and field sprinter\n\nSee also\n Charles Greene (disambiguation)\n Charlie Green (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield was a Canadian-American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California by Canadian musicians Neil Young, Bruce Palmer and Dewey Martin and American musicians Stephen Stills and Richie Furay. The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968.", "The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968. Their music combined elements of folk music and country music with British Invasion and psychedelic rock influences. Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock.", "Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock. The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house.", "The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house. Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals).", "Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals). The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles.", "The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles. The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem.", "The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem. Their second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, marked their progression to psychedelia and hard rock and featured other well-known songs such as \"Bluebird\" and \"Mr. Soul\".", "Soul\". Soul\". After several drug-related arrests and line-up changes, the group disbanded in 1968. Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution.", "Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution. Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies.", "Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Neil Young launched his solo career and later joined Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in 1969. Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco.", "Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco. Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, and briefly reunited for a comeback tour in 2011. History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario.", "History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers.", "Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers. When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees.", "When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees. Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California.", "Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California. Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd.", "Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd. While in Toronto in early 1966, Young met Bruce Palmer, a Canadian who was playing bass for The Mynah Birds. In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted.", "In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted. The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL.", "The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL. With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles.", "With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles. Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city.", "Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city. However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills.", "However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills. Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco.", "Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco. While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset.", "While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset. Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited.", "Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited. Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson.", "Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson. The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company.", "The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company. The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard.", "The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard. A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds.", "A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds. Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966.", "Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966. This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels.", "This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels. It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management.", "It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management. In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers.", "In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers. Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager.", "Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager. Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25.", "The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25. Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone.", "Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone. The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966.", "The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966. A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year.", "A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year. In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip.", "In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip. The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards.", "The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards. By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit.", "By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit. Atco took advantage of this momentum by replacing the song \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" with \"For What It's Worth\" and re-releasing the album. \"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc.", "\"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Lineup changes, arrest, and breakup In January 1967, Palmer was deported for possession of marijuana. Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent.", "Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent. (Guitarist Doug Hastings filled in for Young during this period.) The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival.", "The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival. Young returned in August and the band severed ties with Greene and Stone, then divided its time between playing gigs and finalising the second album, ultimately titled Buffalo Springfield Again. Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967.", "Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967. It includes \"Mr. Soul\", \"Rock & Roll Woman\", \"Bluebird\", \"Sad Memory\", and \"Broken Arrow\". The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968.", "The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968. In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass.", "In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass. During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts.", "During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts. Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing.", "Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing. In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement.", "In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement. The band were hosting a small rehearsal party, attended by Eric Clapton among others, in April 1968. Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint.", "Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint. During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window.", "During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window. According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\".", "According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\". Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail.", "Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail. Following a gig at the Long Beach Auditorium on 5 May 1968, the band held a meeting with Ertegun to arrange their breakup. Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers.", "Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers. Later, Furay and Messina compiled various tracks recorded between mid-1967 and early 1968 into the third and final studio album, Last Time Around (1968). New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968.", "New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968. Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others.", "Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name.", "The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name. Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo.", "Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo. He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated.", "He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated. In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller.", "In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller. The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped.", "The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped. Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle.", "Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle. Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records.", "Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records. Martin also released two solo singles, one for Uni and one for RCA, which didn't appear on the album. During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic.", "During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic. In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987).", "In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987). Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name.", "Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name. In July 1986, Palmer, Martin, Furay, Young and Stills gathered at Stills' house, with Buffalo Springfield Revisited keyboardist Harlan Spector, to rehearse for an apparent reunion tour. One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded.", "One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded. It was the last time all five original members performed together. Plans for a subsequent reunion tour were abandoned. By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion.", "By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion. The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar).", "The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar). But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year.", "But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year. 2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\".", "2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\". Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup.", "Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup. Young, Stills and Furay reunited at the annual Bridge School Benefit concerts on October 23 and 24, 2010, in Mountain View, California. Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\".", "Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\". The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.", "The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale.", "The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale. According to Furay and a band spokesman, the group planned a full tour in 2012, but this was delayed because Young was recording two new albums with Crazy Horse. On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus.", "On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus. Legacy In 1968, Stills went on to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of The Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career.", "Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career. In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.", "In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. After Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Stills joined with another former Byrd Chris Hillman (after his stint with The Flying Burrito Brothers) and others to form the group Manassas (1971–1973). Later, Furay joined J.D.", "Later, Furay joined J.D. Later, Furay joined J.D. Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina.", "Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina. In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982.", "In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982. In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. A four-disc box set assembled by Young, Buffalo Springfield, was released in 2001. A further box set What's That Sound? Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records.", "Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records. In popular culture The Buffalo Springfield appear as the house band in an episode of the detective series Mannix. The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7).", "The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7). During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\".", "During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\". Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release.", "Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release. References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004).", "References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004). For What It's Worth: The Story of Buffalo Springfield Lanham: Cooper Square Press. . Long, P. (1996). Ghosts on the Road—Neil Young in Concert London: Old Homestead Press. .", ". . External links Expecting To Fly – The Buffalo Springfield Story Chrome Oxide Buffalo Springfield Gigography – List of Recording Sessions and Performances Atco Records artists Folk rock groups from California Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1966 1966 establishments in California Musical groups disestablished in 1968 1968 disestablishments in California Musical groups reestablished in 2010 Musical groups disestablished in 2012 2012 disestablishments in California Neil Young Stephen Stills" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield", "Management and first recordings", "What did Buffalo Springfield manage?", "I don't know.", "What was a recording from Buffalo Springfield?", "\"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\",", "Did they record anything else?", "\"For What It's Worth\"", "Any other song?", "\"Baby Don't Scold Me\"", "Did they do anything other than songs?", "I don't know.", "Who manages them?", "Charlie Greene and Brian Stone;", "How did they find Charlie Greene?", "Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone;" ]

[ "\"Back Street Girl\" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. It first appeared on the UK version of their 1967 album Between the Buttons but was not included on the US version. It was first released in the US on the 1967 album Flowers.\n\nRolling Stone magazine, in their 100 Greatest Rolling Stones Songs article named \"Back Street Girl\" at number 85. Mick Jagger in an interview with Rolling Stone in 1968 was asked how he felt about Between the Buttons. Of the album, he said: \"I don't know, it just isn't any good. \"Back Street Girl\" is about the only [song] I like.\"\n\nThe song is a waltz which showcases Brian Jones playing vibraphone and Rolling Stones contributor Jack Nitzsche on the harpsichord. Accordion was played by Nick de Caro.\n\nPersonnel\n\nAccording to authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon:\n\nThe Rolling Stones\nMick Jagger vocals\nKeith Richards acoustic guitar\nBrian Jones keyboard\nBill Wyman bass\nCharlie Watts bell, castanets\n\nAdditional musicians\nNick de Caro accordion\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n \n\nThe Rolling Stones songs\n1967 songs\nSongs written by Jagger–Richards\nSong recordings produced by Andrew Loog Oldham\nSongs about infidelity", "Wonders of Life is a 2013 television documentary series presented by physicist Brian Cox. The series was produced by the BBC and Chinese state television network CCTV-9 and aired in the United Kingdom from 27 January 2013 at 9:00 pm on BBC Two. An accompanying book with the same title was also published.\n\nEpisodes\n\n1. \"What is Life?\"\nBrian Cox journeys to Southeast Asia to see how life began on Earth and how the flow of energy created and supports life.\n\n2. \"Expanding Universe\"\nIn the second episode, Brian travels to the U.S. to showcase how the laws of science allowed senses to arise.\n\n3. \"Endless Forms Most Beautiful\"\nBrian travels to Africa and Madagascar to analyse why Earth is a fertile place and how it allows complex life to exist.\n\n4. \"Size Matters\"\nThe fourth episode sees Brian in Australia, looking at how the size of each plant and animal affects how long it can survive.\n\n5. \"Home\"\nIn the final episode, Cox travels to Mexico to explain what makes Earth a home for life and ask what ingredients were required for complex life to begin.\n\nMerchandise\nThe Region 2 DVD discs were released on 4 March 2013.\n\nA book related to the series was authored by Andrew Cohen and Brian Cox. The book was published on 24 January 2013.\n\nSee also\nWonders of the Solar System\nWonders of the Universe\nHuman Universe\nForces of Nature (TV series)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n2013 British television series debuts\n2013 British television series endings\nBBC high definition shows\nBBC television documentaries about science\nEnglish-language television shows" ]

[ "Buffalo Springfield was a Canadian-American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California by Canadian musicians Neil Young, Bruce Palmer and Dewey Martin and American musicians Stephen Stills and Richie Furay. The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968.", "The group, widely known for the song \"For What It's Worth\", released three albums and several singles from 1966–1968. Their music combined elements of folk music and country music with British Invasion and psychedelic rock influences. Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock.", "Like contemporary band the Byrds, they were key to the early development of folk rock. The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house.", "The band took their name from a steamroller parked outside their house. Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals).", "Buffalo Springfield formed in Los Angeles in 1966 with Stills (guitar, keyboards, vocals), Martin (drums, vocals), Palmer (bass guitar), Furay (guitar, vocals) and Young (guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals). The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles.", "The band signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", which became a hit in Los Angeles. The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem.", "The following January, they released the protest song \"For What It's Worth\", which became their only US top 10 hit and a counterculture anthem. Their second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, marked their progression to psychedelia and hard rock and featured other well-known songs such as \"Bluebird\" and \"Mr. Soul\".", "Soul\". Soul\". After several drug-related arrests and line-up changes, the group disbanded in 1968. Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution.", "Their third and final album, Last Time Around, was compiled and released shortly after their dissolution. Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies.", "Stephen Stills went on to form the supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Neil Young launched his solo career and later joined Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in 1969. Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco.", "Furay, along with Jim Messina, went on to form the country-rock band Poco. Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, and briefly reunited for a comeback tour in 2011. History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario.", "History Origins Neil Young and Stephen Stills met in 1965, at the Fourth Dimension in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers.", "Young was there with The Squires, a Winnipeg group he had been leading since February 1963, and Stills was on tour with The Company, a spin-off from the Au Go Go Singers. When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees.", "When Stills' band broke up at the end of that tour, he moved to the West Coast, where he worked as a session musician and auditioned unsuccessfully for, among other bands, The Monkees. Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California.", "Told by record producer Barry Friedman there would be work available if he could assemble a band, Stills invited fellow Au Go Go Singers alumnus Richie Furay and former The Squires bass player Ken Koblun to come join him in California. Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd.", "Both agreed, although Koblun chose to leave before very long and joined the group 3's a Crowd. While in Toronto in early 1966, Young met Bruce Palmer, a Canadian who was playing bass for The Mynah Birds. In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted.", "In need of a lead guitarist, Palmer invited Young to join the group, and Young accepted. The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL.", "The Mynah Birds were set to record an album for Motown Records when their singer Ricky James Matthews—James Ambrose Johnson, Jr., later known as Rick James—was tracked down and arrested by the U.S. Navy for being AWOL. With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles.", "With their record deal cancelled, Young and Palmer pawned The Mynah Birds' musical equipment and bought a 1953 Pontiac hearse, which they drove to Los Angeles. Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city.", "Young and Palmer arrived in L.A. hoping to meet Stephen Stills, who, as Young had learned, was living in the city. However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills.", "However, after almost a week of searching clubs and coffeehouses, the pair had been unable to find Stills. Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco.", "Consequently, on April 6, 1966, Young and Palmer decided to leave Los Angeles and drive north to San Francisco. While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset.", "While the two were stuck in traffic on Sunset Boulevard, they were spotted by Stills and Richie Furay, who were heading the other direction down Sunset. Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited.", "Stills and Furay managed to switch lanes and maneuver behind Young's hearse, at which point the musicians pulled off the road and reunited. Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson.", "Drummer Dewey Martin, who had played with garage rock group The Standells and country artists such as Patsy Cline and The Dillards, joined at the suggestion of The Byrds’ manager, Jim Dickson. The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company.", "The group's name was taken from a brand of steamroller made by the Buffalo-Springfield Roller Company. The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard.", "The new group debuted on 11 April 1966, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, five days after the chance encounter on Sunset Boulevard. A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds.", "A few days later, they began a short tour of California as the opening act for The Dillards and The Byrds. Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966.", "Management and first recordings Chris Hillman of The Byrds persuaded the owners of the Whisky a Go Go to give Buffalo Springfield an audition, and they essentially became the house band at the Whisky for seven weeks, from May 2 to June 18, 1966. This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels.", "This series of concerts solidified the band's reputation for live performances and attracted interest from a number of record labels. It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management.", "It also brought an invitation from Friedman to Dickie Davis (who had been the Byrds' lighting manager) to become involved in the group's management. In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers.", "In turn, Davis sought advice from Sonny & Cher's management team, Charlie Greene and Brian Stone; unbeknownst to Davis and Friedman, Greene and Stone then aggressively pitched themselves to the band to be their new managers. Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager.", "Friedman was fired, and Davis was made the group's tour manager. Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Greene and Stone made a deal with Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records for a four-album contract with a $12,000 advance, following a brief bidding war with Elektra Records and Warner Bros. Records, and arranged for the band to start recording at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25.", "The first Buffalo Springfield single, \"Nowadays Clancy Can't Even Sing\", was released in August, but made little impact outside Los Angeles, where it reached the Top 25. Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone.", "Young and Stills have long maintained that their own mono mix was superior to the stereo mix engineered by Greene and Stone. The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966.", "The band's eponymous album was released by the Atlantic subsidiary Atco in mono and in stereo in December 1966. A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year.", "A revamped version issued both in mono and stereo with a different track order was issued in March of the following year. In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip.", "In November 1966, Stills composed \"For What It's Worth\", responding to a protest that had turned violent following the closing of the Pandora's Box nightclub on Sunset Strip. The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards.", "The song was performed on Thanksgiving night at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded within the next few days, and on the air in Los Angeles on radio station KHJ soon afterwards. By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit.", "By March 1967, it was a Top Ten hit. Atco took advantage of this momentum by replacing the song \"Baby Don't Scold Me\" with \"For What It's Worth\" and re-releasing the album. \"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc.", "\"For What It's Worth\" sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Lineup changes, arrest, and breakup In January 1967, Palmer was deported for possession of marijuana. Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent.", "Palmer returned to the group at the beginning of June, while Young was temporarily absent. (Guitarist Doug Hastings filled in for Young during this period.) The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival.", "The band, with David Crosby sitting in for Young, played the Monterey Pop Festival. Young returned in August and the band severed ties with Greene and Stone, then divided its time between playing gigs and finalising the second album, ultimately titled Buffalo Springfield Again. Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967.", "Produced by Ertegun, Buffalo Springfield Again was released in November 1967. It includes \"Mr. Soul\", \"Rock & Roll Woman\", \"Bluebird\", \"Sad Memory\", and \"Broken Arrow\". The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968.", "The band toured as support for the Beach Boys during early 1968. In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass.", "In January of that year, after Palmer was again deported for drug possession, Jim Messina, who had worked as engineer on the band's second album, was hired as a permanent replacement on bass. During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts.", "During this period Young began to appear less and less frequently, and he often left Stills to handle lead-guitar parts at concerts. Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing.", "Recording sessions were booked, and all the songs that appeared on the final album were recorded by the end of March, usually with Messina producing. In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement.", "In the Netflix documentary Echo In The Canyon, Stills related an incident that illustrated the band's problems with law enforcement. The band were hosting a small rehearsal party, attended by Eric Clapton among others, in April 1968. Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint.", "Despite reportedly playing at a comfortable sound level, a police officer arrived after a disturbing the peace complaint. During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window.", "During the encounter, the officer smelled marijuana and Stills ran next door to \"call lawyers,\" but in actuality went next door and escaped out the bathroom window. According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\".", "According to Stills, Young was going to chase the police down the street, to which Stills said \"cause he's Canadian and I guess in Canada you can do that\". Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail.", "Ultimately, Young, Furay and Messina were arrested and sent to the Los Angeles County Jail. Following a gig at the Long Beach Auditorium on 5 May 1968, the band held a meeting with Ertegun to arrange their breakup. Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers.", "Stills and Furay stayed with Atlantic, while Young moved to Warner Brothers. Later, Furay and Messina compiled various tracks recorded between mid-1967 and early 1968 into the third and final studio album, Last Time Around (1968). New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968.", "New Buffalo Springfield and reunion attempts Martin formed a new version of Buffalo Springfield in September 1968. Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others.", "Dubbed New Buffalo Springfield, the lineup consisted of guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones's stand-in with The Monkees), Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles) who later joined Arthur Lee's Love, bass player Bob Apperson, drummer Don Poncher (also later a member of Love), and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for Delaney Bramlett, The Rolling Stones, Joe Cocker and others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name.", "The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicized Holiday Rock Festival in San Francisco on 25–26 December 1968, but soon ran afoul of Stills and Young, who took legal action to prevent Martin from using the band's name. Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo.", "Following an agreement to give up future royalties from Buffalo Springfield's recordings, Martin was allowed to use the name New Buffalo. He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated.", "He attempted to retrieve his rights in 1974 and though the matter was settled out of court, he felt that he had been mistreated. In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller.", "In February 1969, Martin and Dave Price formed a second version of New Buffalo with guitarist Bob \"BJ\" Jones and bass player Randy Fuller, brother of the late Bobby Fuller. The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped.", "The band made some recordings with producer Tom Dowd overseeing, but they were scrapped. Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle.", "Another guitarist, Joey Newman (formerly of Don and The Goodtimes, later of the pioneering prog group Touch), was added in June 1969, but two months later Martin was fired, and the remaining members carried on as Blue Mountain Eagle. Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records.", "Martin then formed a new group called Medicine Ball, which released a lone album in 1970 for Uni Records. Martin also released two solo singles, one for Uni and one for RCA, which didn't appear on the album. During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic.", "During the 1970s, he retired from the music industry and became a car mechanic. In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987).", "In 1984, Bruce Palmer teamed up with Frank Wilks (vocals, guitar), Stan Endersby (guitar) and Alan Prosser (drums) to form The Springfield Band, which became Buffalo Springfield Revisited in 1985 when Dewey Martin was brought up to Toronto to join, and off they went on tour for the next three to four years under this band name (though Martin dropped out by 1987). Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name.", "Neil Young and Stephen Stills gave Buffalo Springfield Revisited permission to tour with that name. In July 1986, Palmer, Martin, Furay, Young and Stills gathered at Stills' house, with Buffalo Springfield Revisited keyboardist Harlan Spector, to rehearse for an apparent reunion tour. One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded.", "One of the 1986 rehearsals was video recorded. It was the last time all five original members performed together. Plans for a subsequent reunion tour were abandoned. By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion.", "By 1990, Bruce Palmer and Frank Wilks had moved to Topanga, California, where Dennis Knicely joined to perform percussion. The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar).", "The following year they started White Buffalo along with Dewey Martin and others, then Martin formed the short lived Buffalo Springfield Again in 1991 with Billy Darnell (guitar), Robin Lambe (bass) and Michael Curtis (vocals, guitar). But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year.", "But Furay issued a cease and desist order on Martin in 1992 and he retired from music again the following year. 2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\".", "2011 reunion tour On his album Silver & Gold (2000), Young sang of his desire to re-form the group and to \"see those guys again and give it a shot\" in \"Buffalo Springfield Again\". Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup.", "Palmer (2004) and Martin (2009) have since died, preventing a reunion of the original lineup. Young, Stills and Furay reunited at the annual Bridge School Benefit concerts on October 23 and 24, 2010, in Mountain View, California. Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\".", "Rolling Stone called the performance \"nostalgic, blissful, and moving\". The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.", "The band reunited for six concerts starting in Oakland on 1 June 2011, followed by dates in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, before moving on to play the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale.", "The band consisted of Furay, Stills, Young, Rick Rosas and Joe Vitale. According to Furay and a band spokesman, the group planned a full tour in 2012, but this was delayed because Young was recording two new albums with Crazy Horse. On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus.", "On 27 February 2012, Furay announced that the band is on indefinite hiatus. Legacy In 1968, Stills went on to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby of The Byrds and Graham Nash of The Hollies. Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career.", "Meanwhile, Furay and Messina formed Poco, and Young launched his solo career. In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.", "In 1969, Young reunited with Stills in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. After Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Stills joined with another former Byrd Chris Hillman (after his stint with The Flying Burrito Brothers) and others to form the group Manassas (1971–1973). Later, Furay joined J.D.", "Later, Furay joined J.D. Later, Furay joined J.D. Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina.", "Souther and Chris Hillman to form the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band, and Messina teamed with Kenny Loggins in Loggins & Messina. In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982.", "In 1982–1983, Palmer was a bassist on Young's album Trans and toured with him in America and Europe, as seen on Neil Young in Berlin, filmed in 1982. In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "In 1997, Buffalo Springfield was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. A four-disc box set assembled by Young, Buffalo Springfield, was released in 2001. A further box set What's That Sound? Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records.", "Complete Albums Collection was released in 2018 by Rhino Records. In popular culture The Buffalo Springfield appear as the house band in an episode of the detective series Mannix. The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7).", "The episode titled Warning: Live Blueberries originally aired October 28, 1967 (Season 1 Episode 7). During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\".", "During the episode they play versions of their hit songs \"Bluebird\" and \"For What It's Worth\". Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release.", "Personnel Jim Fielder – bass guitar (1966, 1967) Ken Forssi – bass guitar (1967) (died 1998) Richie Furay – guitar, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Ken Koblun – bass guitar (1967) Doug Hastings – guitar (1967) Dewey Martin – drums, vocals (1966–1968) (died 2009) Jim Messina – bass guitar, vocals (1968) Bruce Palmer – bass guitar (1966–1968) (died 2004) Stephen Stills – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Neil Young – guitar, harmonica, piano, vocals (1966–1968; 2010–2012) Additional musicians Rick Rosas – bass guitar (2010–2012) (died 2014) Joe Vitale – drums, vocals (2010–2012) Rusty Young – steel guitar on \"Last Time Around\" (died 2021) Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles * \"Bubbling under\" does not qualify as actually \"making\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart.† Track added to second pressing of debut album and subsequent reissues; does not appear on original release. References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004).", "References Further reading Einarson, J. and Furay, R. (2004). For What It's Worth: The Story of Buffalo Springfield Lanham: Cooper Square Press. . Long, P. (1996). Ghosts on the Road—Neil Young in Concert London: Old Homestead Press. .", ". . External links Expecting To Fly – The Buffalo Springfield Story Chrome Oxide Buffalo Springfield Gigography – List of Recording Sessions and Performances Atco Records artists Folk rock groups from California Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1966 1966 establishments in California Musical groups disestablished in 1968 1968 disestablishments in California Musical groups reestablished in 2010 Musical groups disestablished in 2012 2012 disestablishments in California Neil Young Stephen Stills" ]

[ "Henry Hill", "Informant and the witness protection program", "What was Hill an informant for?", "Hill testified against his former associates to avoid a possible execution by his crew or going to prison for his crimes." ]

[ "In S v Mvelase (2004), Mvelase was charged with three counts of rape, committed against the same complainant, and was convicted and referred to a High Court for sentencing.\n\nBefore the Court confirmed the conviction and proceeded to sentencing of the accused, it was contended on his behalf that the proceedings in the court a quo had not been in accordance with justice, because the magistrate made no further enquiries when the accused's legal representative had closed his case without him testifying, although it had been indicated to the complainant that he would testify.\n\nThe court noted that “it would be a sad day indeed” if a presiding officer were to be required to assume the incompetence of legal representatives and was thus required to treat the accused as if he were unrepresented.\n\nThe court held that a judicial officer should be entitled to assume that a legal representative had informed the accused fully of her or his rights and that the decision not to testify was that of the accused himself.\n\nThe mere fact that in cross-examining witnesses the legal representative may have alluded to what the accused would testify did not lead, where the accused then failed to testify, to the inevitable inference that the defense case had been closed against the accused's wishes or that she or he did not know of her or his rights to testify.\n\nNotes \nS v Mvelase 2004 (2) SACR 531 (W)\n\nSouth African case law\n2004 in case law\n2004 in South African law", "To testify, in law or religion, is to provide testimony, a solemn attestation of truth.\n\nTestify may also refer to:\n\nAlbums\n Testify (Caleb Johnson album) or the title song, 2014\n Testify (Dynamic Praise album) or the title song, 2007\n Testify (M People album) or the title song (see below), 1999\n Testify (P.O.D. album), 2006\n Testify (Phil Collins album) or the title song, 2002\n Testify! (album), by Jon Stevens, 2011\n The Simpsons: Testify, a compilation from The Simpsons TV series, or the title song, 2007\n\nEPs\n Testify (The Damned EP) or the title song, 1997\n Testify (The Knocks EP), 2017\n\nSongs\n \"Testify\" (Common song), 2005\n \"Testify\" (Isley Brothers song), 1964\n \"Testify\" (M People song), 1998\n \"Testify\" (Parliament song), 1974\n \"Testify\" (Rage Against the Machine song), 1999\n \"Testify!\" (song), by Hifi Sean, 2016\n \"(I Wanna) Testify\", by the Parliaments, 1967\n \"Testify\", by August Alsina from Testimony, 2014\n \"Testify\", by Ben Haenow from Ben Haenow, 2015\n \"Testify\", by Conrad Sewell from Life, 2019\n \"Testify\", by Future from Hndrxx, 2017\n \"Testify\", by Meat Loaf from Couldn't Have Said It Better, 2003\n \"Testify\", by Melissa Etheridge from Brave and Crazy, 1989\n \"Testify\", by Needtobreathe from Hard Love, 2016\n \"Testify\", by Nick Jonas from Last Year Was Complicated, 2016\n \"Testify\", by Stevie Ray Vaughn and Double Trouble from Texas Flood, 1983" ]

[ "Henry Hill Jr. (June 11, 1943 – June 12, 2012) was an American mobster who was associated with the Lucchese crime family of New York City from 1955 until 1980, when he was arrested on narcotics charges and became an FBI informant. Hill testified against his former Mafia associates, resulting in fifty convictions, including those of caporegime (captain) Paul Vario and fellow associate James Burke on multiple charges.", "Hill testified against his former Mafia associates, resulting in fifty convictions, including those of caporegime (captain) Paul Vario and fellow associate James Burke on multiple charges. He subsequently entered the Witness Protection Program, but was removed from the program in the early 1990s.", "He subsequently entered the Witness Protection Program, but was removed from the program in the early 1990s. Hill's life story was documented in the true crime book Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family by Nicholas Pileggi, which was subsequently adapted by Martin Scorsese into the critically acclaimed 1990 film Goodfellas, in which Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta.", "Hill's life story was documented in the true crime book Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family by Nicholas Pileggi, which was subsequently adapted by Martin Scorsese into the critically acclaimed 1990 film Goodfellas, in which Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta. Early life Henry Hill Jr. was born on June 11, 1940, in the Manhattan borough of New York City, to Henry Hill Sr., an Irish-American electrician and the son of a coal miner, and Carmela Costa, an Italian immigrant of Sicilian descent.", "Early life Henry Hill Jr. was born on June 11, 1940, in the Manhattan borough of New York City, to Henry Hill Sr., an Irish-American electrician and the son of a coal miner, and Carmela Costa, an Italian immigrant of Sicilian descent. Hill claimed in the book Wiseguy that his father emigrated to the United States from Ireland at the age of twelve, after the death of Hill's grandfather.", "Hill claimed in the book Wiseguy that his father emigrated to the United States from Ireland at the age of twelve, after the death of Hill's grandfather. The working-class family, consisting of Henry and his seven other siblings, grew up in Brownsville, a working-class neighborhood of Brooklyn.", "The working-class family, consisting of Henry and his seven other siblings, grew up in Brownsville, a working-class neighborhood of Brooklyn. Hill was dyslexic and as a result performed poorly at school.", "Hill was dyslexic and as a result performed poorly at school. From an early age, Hill admired the local mobsters who socialized at a dispatch cabstand across the street from his home, including Paul Vario, a caporegime in the Lucchese crime family.", "From an early age, Hill admired the local mobsters who socialized at a dispatch cabstand across the street from his home, including Paul Vario, a caporegime in the Lucchese crime family. In 1955, when he was 11 years old, Hill wandered into the cabstand looking for a part-time after-school job.", "In 1955, when he was 11 years old, Hill wandered into the cabstand looking for a part-time after-school job. In his early teens, Hill began running errands for patrons of Vario's storefront shoeshine, pizzeria, and cabstand. He first met the notorious hijacker and Lucchese family associate James \"Jimmy the Gent\" Burke in 1956.", "He first met the notorious hijacker and Lucchese family associate James \"Jimmy the Gent\" Burke in 1956. The 13-year-old Hill served drinks and sandwiches at a card game and was dazzled by Burke's openhanded tipping: \"He was sawbucking me to death. Twenty here. Twenty there.", "Twenty here. Twenty there. Twenty there. He wasn't like anyone else I had ever met.\" The following year, Vario's younger brother, Vito \"Tuddy\" Vario, and Vario's son, Lenny Vario, presented Hill with a highly sought-after union card in the bricklayers' local.", "The following year, Vario's younger brother, Vito \"Tuddy\" Vario, and Vario's son, Lenny Vario, presented Hill with a highly sought-after union card in the bricklayers' local. Hill would be a \"no show\" and put on a building contractor's construction payroll, guaranteeing him a weekly salary of $190 ().", "Hill would be a \"no show\" and put on a building contractor's construction payroll, guaranteeing him a weekly salary of $190 (). This didn't mean Hill would be getting or keeping all that money every week, however; he received a portion of it, and the rest was kept and divided among the Varios.", "This didn't mean Hill would be getting or keeping all that money every week, however; he received a portion of it, and the rest was kept and divided among the Varios. The card also allowed Hill to facilitate the pickup of daily policy bets and loan payments to Vario from local construction sites.", "The card also allowed Hill to facilitate the pickup of daily policy bets and loan payments to Vario from local construction sites. Once Hill had this \"legitimate\" job, he dropped out of high school and began working exclusively for the Vario gangsters.", "Once Hill had this \"legitimate\" job, he dropped out of high school and began working exclusively for the Vario gangsters. Hill's first encounter with arson occurred when a rival cabstand opened just around the corner from Vario's business. The competing company's owner was from Alabama, new to New York City.", "The competing company's owner was from Alabama, new to New York City. Sometime after midnight, Tuddy and Hill drove to the rival cabstand with a drum full of gasoline in the back seat of Tuddy's car. Hill smashed the cab windows and filled them with gasoline-soaked newspapers, then tossed in lit matchbooks.", "Hill smashed the cab windows and filled them with gasoline-soaked newspapers, then tossed in lit matchbooks. Hill was first arrested when he was 16; his arrest record is one of the few official documents that prove his existence.", "Hill was first arrested when he was 16; his arrest record is one of the few official documents that prove his existence. Hill and Lenny, Vario's equally underage son, attempted to use a stolen credit card to buy snow tires for Tuddy's wife's car.", "Hill and Lenny, Vario's equally underage son, attempted to use a stolen credit card to buy snow tires for Tuddy's wife's car. When Hill and Lenny returned to Tuddy's, two police detectives apprehended Hill.", "When Hill and Lenny returned to Tuddy's, two police detectives apprehended Hill. During a rough interrogation, Hill gave his name and nothing else; Vario's attorney later facilitated his release on bail. While a suspended sentence resulted, Hill's refusal to talk earned him the respect of both Vario and Burke.", "While a suspended sentence resulted, Hill's refusal to talk earned him the respect of both Vario and Burke. Burke, in particular, saw great potential in Hill. Like Burke, he was of Irish ancestry and therefore ineligible to become a \"made man\".", "Like Burke, he was of Irish ancestry and therefore ineligible to become a \"made man\". The Vario crew, however, were happy to have associates of any ethnicity, so long as they made money and refused to cooperate with the authorities.", "The Vario crew, however, were happy to have associates of any ethnicity, so long as they made money and refused to cooperate with the authorities. In June 1960, at around 17 years old, Hill joined the United States Army, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg in North Carolina.", "In June 1960, at around 17 years old, Hill joined the United States Army, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg in North Carolina. He claimed the timing was deliberate; the FBI's investigation into the 1957 Apalachin mob summit meeting had prompted a Senate investigation into organized crime, and its links with businesses and unions.", "He claimed the timing was deliberate; the FBI's investigation into the 1957 Apalachin mob summit meeting had prompted a Senate investigation into organized crime, and its links with businesses and unions. This resulted in the publication of a list of nearly 5,000 names of members and associates of the five major crime families.", "This resulted in the publication of a list of nearly 5,000 names of members and associates of the five major crime families. Hill searched through a partial list but could not find Vario listed among the Lucchese family. Throughout his three-year enlistment, Hill maintained his mob contacts.", "Throughout his three-year enlistment, Hill maintained his mob contacts. He also continued to hustle: in charge of kitchen detail, he sold surplus food, loan sharked pay advances to fellow soldiers, and sold tax-free cigarettes.", "He also continued to hustle: in charge of kitchen detail, he sold surplus food, loan sharked pay advances to fellow soldiers, and sold tax-free cigarettes. Before his discharge, Hill spent two months in the stockade for stealing a local sheriff's car and brawling in a bar with Marines and a civilian.", "Before his discharge, Hill spent two months in the stockade for stealing a local sheriff's car and brawling in a bar with Marines and a civilian. In 1963, he returned to New York and began the most notorious phase of his criminal career: arson, intimidation, running an organized stolen car ring, and hijacking trucks.", "In 1963, he returned to New York and began the most notorious phase of his criminal career: arson, intimidation, running an organized stolen car ring, and hijacking trucks. In 1965, Hill met his future wife, Karen Friedman, through Vario, who insisted that Hill accompany his son on a double date at Frank \"Frankie the Wop\" Manzo's restaurant, Villa Capra.", "In 1965, Hill met his future wife, Karen Friedman, through Vario, who insisted that Hill accompany his son on a double date at Frank \"Frankie the Wop\" Manzo's restaurant, Villa Capra. According to Friedman, the date was disastrous, and Hill stood her up at the next dinner date.", "According to Friedman, the date was disastrous, and Hill stood her up at the next dinner date. Afterward, the two began going on dates at the Copacabana and other nightclubs, where Friedman was introduced to Hill's outwardly impressive lifestyle.", "Afterward, the two began going on dates at the Copacabana and other nightclubs, where Friedman was introduced to Hill's outwardly impressive lifestyle. The two later got married in a large North Carolina wedding, attended by most of Hill's gangster friends.", "The two later got married in a large North Carolina wedding, attended by most of Hill's gangster friends. In 1994, Hill, in his book Gangsters and Goodfellas, stated that Tommy DeSimone tried to rape Karen.", "In 1994, Hill, in his book Gangsters and Goodfellas, stated that Tommy DeSimone tried to rape Karen. Air France robbery Shortly before midnight on April 6, 1967, Hill and DeSimone drove to the Air France cargo terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport with an empty suitcase, the largest Hill could find.", "Air France robbery Shortly before midnight on April 6, 1967, Hill and DeSimone drove to the Air France cargo terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport with an empty suitcase, the largest Hill could find. Inside connection Robert McMahon said that the two should just walk in, as people often came to the terminal to pick up lost baggage.", "Inside connection Robert McMahon said that the two should just walk in, as people often came to the terminal to pick up lost baggage. DeSimone and Hill entered the unsecured area unchallenged and unlocked the door with a duplicate key. Using a small flashlight, they loaded seven bags into the suitcase and left; $420,000 was taken.", "Using a small flashlight, they loaded seven bags into the suitcase and left; $420,000 was taken. No alarm was raised, no shots fired, and no one was injured.", "No alarm was raised, no shots fired, and no one was injured. The theft was not discovered until the following Monday, when a Wells Fargo truck arrived to pick up the cash to be delivered to the French American Banking Corporation. Hill believed that it was the Air France robbery that endeared him to the Mafia.", "Hill believed that it was the Air France robbery that endeared him to the Mafia. Restaurant ownership and murder of William \"Billy Batts\" Bentvena Hill used his share of the robbery proceeds to purchase a restaurant on Queens Boulevard, The Suite, initially aiming to run it as a legitimate business and provide \"distance\" between himself and his mob associates.", "Restaurant ownership and murder of William \"Billy Batts\" Bentvena Hill used his share of the robbery proceeds to purchase a restaurant on Queens Boulevard, The Suite, initially aiming to run it as a legitimate business and provide \"distance\" between himself and his mob associates. However, within several months, the nightclub had become another mob hangout.", "However, within several months, the nightclub had become another mob hangout. Hill later said that members of Lucchese and Gambino crews moved into the club en masse, including high-ranking Gambino family members who \"were always there\".", "Hill later said that members of Lucchese and Gambino crews moved into the club en masse, including high-ranking Gambino family members who \"were always there\". According to the book Wiseguy, after William \"Billy Batts\" Bentvena was released from prison in 1970, a \"welcome home\" party was thrown for him at Robert's Lounge, which was owned by Burke.", "According to the book Wiseguy, after William \"Billy Batts\" Bentvena was released from prison in 1970, a \"welcome home\" party was thrown for him at Robert's Lounge, which was owned by Burke. Hill stated that Bentvena saw DeSimone and jokingly asked him if he still shined shoes, which DeSimone perceived as an insult.", "Hill stated that Bentvena saw DeSimone and jokingly asked him if he still shined shoes, which DeSimone perceived as an insult. DeSimone leaned over to Hill and Burke and said, \"I'm gonna kill that fuck.\"", "DeSimone leaned over to Hill and Burke and said, \"I'm gonna kill that fuck.\" Two weeks later, on June 11, 1970, Bentvena was at The Suite near closing time when he was pistol-whipped by DeSimone.", "Two weeks later, on June 11, 1970, Bentvena was at The Suite near closing time when he was pistol-whipped by DeSimone. Hill said that before DeSimone started to beat Bentvena, DeSimone yelled, \"Shine these fucking shoes!\"", "Hill said that before DeSimone started to beat Bentvena, DeSimone yelled, \"Shine these fucking shoes!\" After Bentvena was beaten and presumed killed, DeSimone, Burke, and Hill placed his body in the trunk of Hill's car for transport. They stopped at DeSimone's mother's house to fetch a shovel and lime.", "They stopped at DeSimone's mother's house to fetch a shovel and lime. They started to hear sounds from the trunk, and when they realized that Bentvena was still alive, DeSimone and Burke stopped the car and beat him to death with the shovel and a tire iron.", "They started to hear sounds from the trunk, and when they realized that Bentvena was still alive, DeSimone and Burke stopped the car and beat him to death with the shovel and a tire iron. Burke had a friend who owned a dog kennel in Upstate New York, and Bentvena was buried there.", "Burke had a friend who owned a dog kennel in Upstate New York, and Bentvena was buried there. About three months after Bentvena's murder, Burke's friend sold the dog kennel to housing developers, and Burke ordered Hill and DeSimone to exhume Bentvena's corpse and dispose of it elsewhere.", "About three months after Bentvena's murder, Burke's friend sold the dog kennel to housing developers, and Burke ordered Hill and DeSimone to exhume Bentvena's corpse and dispose of it elsewhere. In Wiseguy, Hill said the body was eventually crushed in a car crusher at a New Jersey junkyard, which was owned by Clyde Brooks.", "In Wiseguy, Hill said the body was eventually crushed in a car crusher at a New Jersey junkyard, which was owned by Clyde Brooks. However, on the commentary for the film Goodfellas, he states that Bentvena's body was buried in the basement of Robert's Lounge, a bar and restaurant owned by Burke, and only later was put into the car crusher.", "However, on the commentary for the film Goodfellas, he states that Bentvena's body was buried in the basement of Robert's Lounge, a bar and restaurant owned by Burke, and only later was put into the car crusher. Drug business In November 1972, Burke and Hill were arrested for beating Gaspar Ciaccio in Tampa, Florida.", "Drug business In November 1972, Burke and Hill were arrested for beating Gaspar Ciaccio in Tampa, Florida. Ciaccio allegedly owed a large gambling debt to their friend, union boss Casey Rosado. They were convicted of extortion and sentenced to ten years at the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg.", "They were convicted of extortion and sentenced to ten years at the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg. Hill was imprisoned with Vario, who was serving a sentence for tax evasion, and several members of John Gotti's Gambino crew.", "Hill was imprisoned with Vario, who was serving a sentence for tax evasion, and several members of John Gotti's Gambino crew. In Lewisburg, Hill met a man from Pittsburgh who, for a fee, taught Hill how to smuggle drugs into the prison.", "In Lewisburg, Hill met a man from Pittsburgh who, for a fee, taught Hill how to smuggle drugs into the prison. On July 12, 1978, Hill was paroled after four years and resumed his criminal career.", "On July 12, 1978, Hill was paroled after four years and resumed his criminal career. He began trafficking in drugs, which Burke eventually became involved with, even though the Lucchese crime family, with whom they were associated, did not authorize any of its members to deal drugs.", "He began trafficking in drugs, which Burke eventually became involved with, even though the Lucchese crime family, with whom they were associated, did not authorize any of its members to deal drugs. This Lucchese ban was enacted because the prison sentences imposed on anyone convicted of drug trafficking were so lengthy that the accused would often become informants in exchange for a lesser sentence.", "This Lucchese ban was enacted because the prison sentences imposed on anyone convicted of drug trafficking were so lengthy that the accused would often become informants in exchange for a lesser sentence. Hill began wholesaling marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and quaaludes based on connections he made in prison; he earned enormous amounts of money.", "Hill began wholesaling marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and quaaludes based on connections he made in prison; he earned enormous amounts of money. A young kid who was a mule of Hill's \"ratted\" him out to Narcotics Detectives Daniel Mann and William Broder.", "A young kid who was a mule of Hill's \"ratted\" him out to Narcotics Detectives Daniel Mann and William Broder. \"The Youngster\" (so named by the detectives) informed them that Hill was connected to the Lucchese family and was a close friend to Vario and to Burke and \"had probably been in on the Lufthansa robbery.\"", "\"The Youngster\" (so named by the detectives) informed them that Hill was connected to the Lucchese family and was a close friend to Vario and to Burke and \"had probably been in on the Lufthansa robbery.\" Knowing of Hill's exploits, the detectives put surveillance on him.", "Knowing of Hill's exploits, the detectives put surveillance on him. They found out that Hill's old prison friend from Pittsburgh ran a dog-grooming salon as a front. Mann and Broder had \"thousands\" of wiretaps of Hill, but Hill and his crew used coded language in the conversations.", "Mann and Broder had \"thousands\" of wiretaps of Hill, but Hill and his crew used coded language in the conversations. Hill's wiretap on March 29 is an example of the bizarre vocabulary: Lufthansa heist On December 11, 1978, an estimated $5.875 million (equivalent to $ million in ) was stolen from the Lufthansa cargo terminal at Kennedy airport, with $5 million in cash and $875,000 in jewelry, making it the largest cash robbery committed on American soil at the time.", "Hill's wiretap on March 29 is an example of the bizarre vocabulary: Lufthansa heist On December 11, 1978, an estimated $5.875 million (equivalent to $ million in ) was stolen from the Lufthansa cargo terminal at Kennedy airport, with $5 million in cash and $875,000 in jewelry, making it the largest cash robbery committed on American soil at the time. The plot had begun when bookmaker Martin Krugman told Hill that Lufthansa flew in currency to its cargo terminal at the airport; Burke set the plan in motion.", "The plot had begun when bookmaker Martin Krugman told Hill that Lufthansa flew in currency to its cargo terminal at the airport; Burke set the plan in motion. Hill did not directly take part in the heist.", "Hill did not directly take part in the heist. Basketball fixing Hill and two Pittsburgh gamblers set up the 1978–79 Boston College basketball point-shaving scheme by convincing Boston College center Rick Kuhn to participate. Kuhn, who was a high school friend of one of the gamblers, encouraged teammates to participate in the scheme.", "Kuhn, who was a high school friend of one of the gamblers, encouraged teammates to participate in the scheme. Hill also claimed to have an NBA referee in his pocket who worked games at Madison Square Garden during the 1970s. The referee had incurred gambling debts on horse races.", "The referee had incurred gambling debts on horse races. 1980 arrest In 1980, Hill was arrested on a narcotics-trafficking charge. He became convinced that his former associates planned to have him killed: Vario, for dealing drugs; and Burke, to prevent Hill from implicating him in the Lufthansa heist.", "He became convinced that his former associates planned to have him killed: Vario, for dealing drugs; and Burke, to prevent Hill from implicating him in the Lufthansa heist. Hill heard on a wiretap that his associates Angelo Sepe and Anthony Stabile were anxious to have him killed, and that they were telling Burke that Hill \"is no good\" and \"is a junkie.\"", "Hill heard on a wiretap that his associates Angelo Sepe and Anthony Stabile were anxious to have him killed, and that they were telling Burke that Hill \"is no good\" and \"is a junkie.\" Burke told them \"not to worry about it.\"", "Burke told them \"not to worry about it.\" Hill was more convinced by a surveillance tape played to him by federal investigators, in which Burke tells Vario of their need to have Hill \"whacked.\"", "Hill was more convinced by a surveillance tape played to him by federal investigators, in which Burke tells Vario of their need to have Hill \"whacked.\" When Hill was finally released on bail, Burke told him they should meet at a bar, which Hill had never heard of or seen before, owned by \"Charlie the Jap.” However, Hill never met Burke there; instead they met at Burke's sweatshop with Karen and asked for the address in Florida where Hill was to kill Bobby Germaine's son with Anthony Stabile.", "When Hill was finally released on bail, Burke told him they should meet at a bar, which Hill had never heard of or seen before, owned by \"Charlie the Jap.” However, Hill never met Burke there; instead they met at Burke's sweatshop with Karen and asked for the address in Florida where Hill was to kill Bobby Germaine's son with Anthony Stabile. Hill knew he would be murdered if he went to Florida.", "Hill knew he would be murdered if he went to Florida. Edward McDonald, the head of the Brooklyn Organized Crime Strike Force, arrested Hill as a material witness in the Lufthansa robbery. With a long sentence hanging over him, Hill agreed to become an informant and signed an agreement with the Strike Force on May 27, 1980.", "With a long sentence hanging over him, Hill agreed to become an informant and signed an agreement with the Strike Force on May 27, 1980. Informant and the witness protection program Hill testified against his former associates to avoid impending prosecution and being murdered by his crew. His testimony led to 50 convictions.", "His testimony led to 50 convictions. Hill, his wife Karen, and their two children (Gregg and Gina) entered the U.S.", "Hill, his wife Karen, and their two children (Gregg and Gina) entered the U.S. Marshals' Witness Protection Program in 1980, changed their names, and moved around to several undisclosed locations including Seattle, Washington; Cincinnati, Ohio; Omaha, Nebraska; Butte, Montana; and Independence, Kentucky.", "Marshals' Witness Protection Program in 1980, changed their names, and moved around to several undisclosed locations including Seattle, Washington; Cincinnati, Ohio; Omaha, Nebraska; Butte, Montana; and Independence, Kentucky. Jimmy Burke was given 12 years in prison for the 1978–79 Boston College point-shaving scandal, involving fixing Boston College basketball games.", "Jimmy Burke was given 12 years in prison for the 1978–79 Boston College point-shaving scandal, involving fixing Boston College basketball games. Burke was also later sentenced to life in prison for the murder of scam artist Richard Eaton. Burke died of cancer while serving his life sentence, on April 13, 1996, at the age of 64.", "Burke died of cancer while serving his life sentence, on April 13, 1996, at the age of 64. Paul Vario received four years for helping Henry Hill obtain a no-show job to get him paroled from prison. Vario was also later sentenced to ten years in prison for the extortion of air freight companies at JFK Airport.", "Vario was also later sentenced to ten years in prison for the extortion of air freight companies at JFK Airport. He died of respiratory failure on November 22, 1988, at age 73 while incarcerated in the FCI Federal Prison in Fort Worth.", "He died of respiratory failure on November 22, 1988, at age 73 while incarcerated in the FCI Federal Prison in Fort Worth. Hill's bigamy, subsequent arrests, and divorce In the fall of 1981, Hill (now Martin Lewis) met a woman named Sherry Anders.", "Hill's bigamy, subsequent arrests, and divorce In the fall of 1981, Hill (now Martin Lewis) met a woman named Sherry Anders. After a whirlwind romance, the two got married in Virginia City, NV despite Hill already being married. This led to a breakdown in many areas of Hill's life.", "This led to a breakdown in many areas of Hill's life. In 1987, Hill was convicted of cocaine trafficking in a federal court in Seattle and expelled from the witness protection program. In 1990, his wife Karen filed for divorce after 23 years of marriage. The divorce was finalized in 2002.", "The divorce was finalized in 2002. In August 2004, Hill was arrested in North Platte, Nebraska at North Platte Regional Airport after he had left his luggage containing drug paraphernalia. On September 26, 2005, he was sentenced to 180 days' imprisonment for attempted methamphetamine possession.", "On September 26, 2005, he was sentenced to 180 days' imprisonment for attempted methamphetamine possession. Hill was sentenced to two years of probation on March 26, 2009, after he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of public intoxication.", "Hill was sentenced to two years of probation on March 26, 2009, after he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of public intoxication. On December 14, 2009, he was arrested in Fairview Heights, Illinois, for disorderly conduct and resisting arrest, which Hill attributed to his drinking problems.", "On December 14, 2009, he was arrested in Fairview Heights, Illinois, for disorderly conduct and resisting arrest, which Hill attributed to his drinking problems. Later years In his later years, after his first divorce, he married Kelly Alor, and then Lisa Caserta. They lived in Topanga Canyon, near Malibu, California.", "They lived in Topanga Canyon, near Malibu, California. Both appeared in several documentaries and made public appearances on various media programs including The Howard Stern Show. Hill fathered a third child during this time.", "Hill fathered a third child during this time. Goodfellas film Goodfellas, the 1990 Martin Scorsese-directed crime film adaptation of the 1985 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi, follows the 1955 to 1980 rise and fall of Hill and his Lucchese crime family associates. Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta.", "Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta. Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy but subsequently, with Pileggi's agreement, changed the name to Goodfellas to avoid confusion with the unrelated television crime drama Wiseguy. Two weeks in advance of the filming, Hill was paid $480,000.", "Two weeks in advance of the filming, Hill was paid $480,000. Robert De Niro, who portrayed Jimmy Burke, often called Hill several times a day to ask how Burke walked, held his cigarette, and so on.", "Robert De Niro, who portrayed Jimmy Burke, often called Hill several times a day to ask how Burke walked, held his cigarette, and so on. Driving to and from the set, Liotta listened to FBI audio cassette tapes of Hill, so he could practice speaking like his real-life counterpart.", "Driving to and from the set, Liotta listened to FBI audio cassette tapes of Hill, so he could practice speaking like his real-life counterpart. The cast did not meet Hill until a few weeks before the film's premiere.", "The cast did not meet Hill until a few weeks before the film's premiere. Liotta met him in an undisclosed city; Hill had seen the film and told the actor that he loved it.", "Liotta met him in an undisclosed city; Hill had seen the film and told the actor that he loved it. Other media appearances and activity The 1990 film My Blue Heaven was based on Hill's life, with the screenplay written by Pileggi's wife Nora Ephron.", "Other media appearances and activity The 1990 film My Blue Heaven was based on Hill's life, with the screenplay written by Pileggi's wife Nora Ephron. The 2001 TV film The Big Heist was based on the Lufthansa heist, and Hill was portrayed by Nick Sandow. In 2004, Hill was interviewed by Charlie Rose for 60 Minutes.", "In 2004, Hill was interviewed by Charlie Rose for 60 Minutes. July 24, 2010 marked the twentieth anniversary of the release of Goodfellas. This milestone was celebrated with a private screening hosted by Hill for a select group of invitees at the Museum of the American Gangster.", "This milestone was celebrated with a private screening hosted by Hill for a select group of invitees at the Museum of the American Gangster. On June 8, 2011, a show about Hill's life aired on the National Geographic Channel's Locked Up Abroad. In 2006, Hill and Ray Liotta appeared in a photo shoot for Entertainment Weekly.", "In 2006, Hill and Ray Liotta appeared in a photo shoot for Entertainment Weekly. At Liotta's urging, Hill entered alcohol rehabilitation two days after the session shoot.", "At Liotta's urging, Hill entered alcohol rehabilitation two days after the session shoot. In reference to his many victims, Hill stated in an interview in March 2008, with the BBC's Heather Alexander: \"I don't give a heck what those people think; I'm doing the right thing now,\" addressing the reporter's question about how his victims might think of his commercialization of his story through self-written books and advising on Goodfellas.", "In reference to his many victims, Hill stated in an interview in March 2008, with the BBC's Heather Alexander: \"I don't give a heck what those people think; I'm doing the right thing now,\" addressing the reporter's question about how his victims might think of his commercialization of his story through self-written books and advising on Goodfellas. In 2008, Hill was featured in episode three of the crime documentary series The Irish Mob.", "In 2008, Hill was featured in episode three of the crime documentary series The Irish Mob. In the episode, Hill recounts his life of crime, as well as his close relationship with Jimmy Burke and the illegal activity the two engaged in together.", "In the episode, Hill recounts his life of crime, as well as his close relationship with Jimmy Burke and the illegal activity the two engaged in together. A large portion of the segment focuses on Burke's and Hill's involvements in the famous Lufthansa heist.", "A large portion of the segment focuses on Burke's and Hill's involvements in the famous Lufthansa heist. In August 2011, Hill appeared in the special \"Mob Week\" on AMC; he and other former mob members talked about The Godfather, Goodfellas, and other such mob films.", "In August 2011, Hill appeared in the special \"Mob Week\" on AMC; he and other former mob members talked about The Godfather, Goodfellas, and other such mob films. In 2014, the ESPN-produced 30 for 30 series debuted Playing for the Mob, the story about how Hill and his Pittsburgh associates, and several Boston College basketball players, committed the point-shaving scandal during the 1978–79 season, an episode briefly mentioned in the movie.", "In 2014, the ESPN-produced 30 for 30 series debuted Playing for the Mob, the story about how Hill and his Pittsburgh associates, and several Boston College basketball players, committed the point-shaving scandal during the 1978–79 season, an episode briefly mentioned in the movie. The documentary, narrated by Liotta, was set up so that the viewer needed to watch the film beforehand, to understand many of the references in the story.", "The documentary, narrated by Liotta, was set up so that the viewer needed to watch the film beforehand, to understand many of the references in the story. Books In October 2002, Hill published The Wiseguy Cookbook: My Favorite Recipes From My Life As a Goodfella To Cooking On the Run.", "Books In October 2002, Hill published The Wiseguy Cookbook: My Favorite Recipes From My Life As a Goodfella To Cooking On the Run. In it, Hill shared some stories throughout his childhood, life in the mob, and running from the law.", "In it, Hill shared some stories throughout his childhood, life in the mob, and running from the law. He also presents recipes he learned from his family, during his years in the mob, and some that he came up with himself.", "He also presents recipes he learned from his family, during his years in the mob, and some that he came up with himself. For example, Hill claimed his last meal the day he was busted for drugs consisted of rolled veal cutlets, sauce with pork butt, veal shanks, ziti, and green beans with olive oil and garlic.", "For example, Hill claimed his last meal the day he was busted for drugs consisted of rolled veal cutlets, sauce with pork butt, veal shanks, ziti, and green beans with olive oil and garlic. In 2012, Henry Hill collaborated with the author, Daniel Simone, in writing and developing a non-fiction book titled, The Lufthansa Heist, a portrayal of the famous 1978 Lufthansa Airline robbery at Kennedy Airport.", "In 2012, Henry Hill collaborated with the author, Daniel Simone, in writing and developing a non-fiction book titled, The Lufthansa Heist, a portrayal of the famous 1978 Lufthansa Airline robbery at Kennedy Airport. The book was published in August 2015.", "The book was published in August 2015. Other books by Hill include: Restaurants Hill worked for a time as a chef at an Italian restaurant in North Platte, Nebraska, and his spaghetti sauce, Sunday Gravy, was marketed over the internet.", "Other books by Hill include: Restaurants Hill worked for a time as a chef at an Italian restaurant in North Platte, Nebraska, and his spaghetti sauce, Sunday Gravy, was marketed over the internet. Hill opened another restaurant, Wiseguys, in West Haven, Connecticut, in October 2007, which closed the following month after a fire.", "Hill opened another restaurant, Wiseguys, in West Haven, Connecticut, in October 2007, which closed the following month after a fire. Death Hill died of complications related to heart disease in a Los Angeles hospital, on June 12, 2012, after a long battle with his illness, a day after his 69th birthday.", "Death Hill died of complications related to heart disease in a Los Angeles hospital, on June 12, 2012, after a long battle with his illness, a day after his 69th birthday. His girlfriend for the last six years of his life, Lisa Caserta, said, \"He had been sick for a long time.", "His girlfriend for the last six years of his life, Lisa Caserta, said, \"He had been sick for a long time. ... his heart gave out.\" CBS News aired Caserta's report of Hill's death, during which she stated: \"he went out pretty peacefully, for a goodfella.\"", "CBS News aired Caserta's report of Hill's death, during which she stated: \"he went out pretty peacefully, for a goodfella.\" She said Hill had recently suffered a heart attack before his death and died of complications after a long history of heart problems associated with smoking. Hill's family was present when he died.", "Hill's family was present when he died. Hill was cremated the day after his death.", "Hill was cremated the day after his death. References Further reading 1943 births 2012 deaths 20th-century American criminals 21st-century American criminals American drug traffickers American gangsters American gangsters of Irish descent American gangsters of Sicilian descent American Mafia cooperating witnesses American restaurateurs American robbers Criminals from Brooklyn Criminals from Manhattan Federal Bureau of Investigation informants Gangsters from New York City Lucchese crime family Lufthansa heist Military personnel from New York City People from Brownsville, Brooklyn People from Topanga, California People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program People with dyslexia United States Army soldiers Vario Crew" ]

[ "Henry Hill", "Informant and the witness protection program", "What was Hill an informant for?", "Hill testified against his former associates to avoid a possible execution by his crew or going to prison for his crimes.", "Did he testify?", "His testimony led to 50 convictions." ]

[ "Witness protection is security provided to a threatened person providing testimonial evidence to the justice system, including defendants and other clients, before, during, and after a trial, usually by police. While a witness may only require protection until the conclusion of a trial, some witnesses are provided with a new identity and may live out the rest of their lives under government protection.\n\nWitness protection is usually required in trials against organized crime, where law enforcement sees a risk for witnesses to be intimidated by colleagues of defendants. It is also used at war crime, espionage and national security issues trials.\n\nWitness protection by country\nNot all countries have formal witness protection programs; instead, local police may implement informal protection as the need arises in specific cases.\n\nCanada\nCanada's Witness Protection Program Act received Royal Assent on June 20, 1996. The program is run by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), with support by all levels of government and police forces.\n\nHong Kong \n\nSeveral departments of the Security Bureau of Hong Kong have specialized units to provide protection for witnesses and their families who face threats to their life. Notable units include the Witness Protection Unit (WPU) of the Hong Kong Police Force, the Witness Protection and Firearms Section (R4) of the ICAC, and the WPU of the Hong Kong Customs.\n\nThe members of these units undergo training in protection, firearms, self-defence, physical and tactical training. They are mostly trained in the use of, and issued, the Glock 19 compact handgun as sidearm. The standard Glock 17 or the long arms such as the Heckler & Koch MP5 sub-machine gun or the Remington Model 870 shotgun may be issued if the witness faces bigger threats. A new identity could be given to a witness, and the government may relocate them far from Hong Kong if the witness is still being threatened after the end of the trial.\n\nIndonesia\nIn 2006, Indonesia enacted the Law n. 13 on Witness and Victim Protection, which introduced for the first time the legal qualifications of witness, (crimes) victim, complainant and justice collaborator within the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). In Indonesia, justice collaborators play an important role especially for the activities of the Corruption Eradication Commission, since \"corruption in Indonesia is committed collectively\".\n\nIreland\n\nThe Witness Security Programme in the Republic of Ireland is administered by the Attorney General of Ireland, and is operated by the elite Special Detective Unit (SDU) of the Garda Síochána, the national police force. The programme was officially established in 1997, following the assassination of journalist Veronica Guerin by a drugs gang she was reporting on. Witnesses in the program are given a new identity, address and armed police protection either in Ireland or abroad (generally in Anglophone countries). They are usually provided with financial assistance, as witnesses regularly must leave their previous employment. Witness protection is used in cases of serious, organised crime and terrorism. The Irish Government will only grant protection to those who cooperate with investigations conducted by the Garda Síochána. Court appearances by witnesses in protection are carried out under the security of the Emergency Response Unit (ERU), the highest-tier special weapons and tactical operations group in Irish law enforcement. There has never been a reported breach of security in which a protectee was harmed.\n\nIsrael\nThe Israeli Witness Protection Authority, a unit within the Ministry of Public Security is in charge of witness protection in Israel. The unit was created by law with the passing of the Witness Protection Law, 2008.\n\nItaly\nThe witness protection program in Italy was officially established in 1991, managed by the Central Protection Department (Servizio centrale di protezione) of the Polizia di Stato. Previously, witnesses were usually protected in exceptional cases by the police, but this often proved insufficient. In particular the witness protection program was focused on protecting the so-called pentiti, former members of criminal or terrorist organizations who, breaking the code of silence, decided to cooperate with the authorities.\n\nDuring the 1980s, at the Maxi Trial against Cosa Nostra, informants Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno were protected by the FBI due to the lack of a witness protection program in Italy. Although pentiti (usually from politically motivated terrorist organizations) had come forward since the 1970s during the so-called Years of Lead, it was not until the early 1990s that the program was officially established to efficiently manage the stream of pentiti which had defected from the major criminal organizations in Italy at the time, such as Cosa Nostra, the Camorra, the 'Ndrangheta, the Sacra Corona Unita, the Banda della Magliana and several others. Most of the witnesses are given new identities and live under government protection for several years, or sometimes their entire life.\n\nThe witness protection program in Italy has sometimes come under criticism for failing to properly protect certain witnesses, as was the case with the murders of high-profile pentiti Claudio Sicilia and Luigi Ilardo.\n\nNew Zealand\nThe New Zealand Police provide protection for witnesses against members of criminal gangs and serious criminals who feel threatened or intimidated. They run a Witness Protection Programme that monitors the welfare of witnesses and if necessary, helps create new identities. There is an agreement between the police and the Department of Corrections to ensure that protected witnesses receive appropriate protection from that department. In 2007 the programme became the subject of public controversy when a protected witness's previous conviction for drunk driving was withheld from police and he continued driving, eventually killing another motorist in a road accident while drunk.\n\nTaiwan\nThe Republic of China promulgated the Witness Protection Act on February 9, 2000 in Taiwan.\n\nSwitzerland\nSwiss law provides for a witness protection program coordinated by the witness protection unit of the Federal Office of Police.\n\nThailand\nThailand maintains a witness protection office under the jurisdiction of the country's Ministry of Justice. Between 1996 and 1997 provisions were drafted for inclusion of a section covering witness protection in the kingdom's 16th constitution, and finally, the witness protection provision was included in the constitution and took effect in the middle of 2003. Thailand's Office of Witness Protection maintains a website.\n\nUkraine\nIn Ukraine, depending on the nature of the case and the location of the trial, the safety of witnesses is the responsibility of different agencies, such as the special judicial police unit Gryphon (part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), the Security Service of Ukraine and, formerly, the special police unit Berkut.\n\nUnited Kingdom\nThe UK has a nationwide witness protection system managed by the UK Protected Persons Service (UKPPS), responsible for the safety of around 3,000 people. The UKPPS is part of the National Crime Agency. The service is delivered regionally by local police forces. Prior to the formation of the UKPPS in 2013, witness protection was solely the responsibility of local police forces.. One does not need to be a witness to be granted the protection of UKPPS (for example, targets of \"honour-based violence\") .\n\nUnited States\n\nThe United States established a formal program of witness protection, run by the U.S. Marshals Service, under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. Before that, witness protection had been instituted under the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 to protect people testifying against members of the Ku Klux Klan. Earlier in the 20th century, the Federal Bureau of Investigation also occasionally crafted new identities to protect witnesses.\n\nMany states, including California, Connecticut, Illinois, New York and Texas, as well as Washington, D.C., have their own witness protection programs for crimes not covered by the federal program. The state-run programs provide less extensive protections than the federal program. They also cannot hold or have as many people involved as the federal program.\n\nBefore witness protection funds can be sought, law enforcement must conduct an assessment of the threat or potential for danger. This assessment includes an analysis of the extent the person or persons making the threats appear to have the resources, intent, and motivation to carry out the threats and how credible and serious the threats appear to be. When threats are deemed credible and witnesses request law enforcement assistance, witness protection funds can be used to provide assistance to witnesses which helps law enforcement keep witnesses safe and help ensure witnesses appear in court and provide testimony.\n\nSpecial arrangements, known as S-5 and S-6 visas, also exist to bring key alien witnesses into the US from overseas. T visas may be used to admit into the United States victims of human trafficking willing to assist in prosecuting the traffickers.\n\nSee also\n Witness immunity\n Whistleblower protection\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Legislationline: Fair Trial (Right to a) (in English)\n\n \nOrganized crime terminology\nLaw enforcement techniques\nTestimony\nCrime prevention", "In Germany, a crown witness is a witness in a criminal trial who testifies against accomplices in order to receive a lower sentence from the prosecution. Crown witnesses came to prominence during the Red Army Faction (RAF) trials in the 1970s. The German Bar Association has criticized the system, claiming that testimony by crown witnesses often obstructs trials.\n\nBackground \nDuring the 1970s, a left-wing well organized wave of violence went through Germany and Diether Posser, the Justice minister of North Rhine-Westphalia at the time, wanted to enable that witnesses were allowed to testify in return for a lenient sentence or even a remuneration, if there was little to no chance to capture a prosecuted criminal without a crown witnesses testimony. Posser wanted to enable the prosecutor to release the crown witness, which was denied by the Bundesrat and also the Justice minister Johann Vogel, who presented a different draft law, which kept the authority at the court, and demanded at least a three year sentence for a murder. Four different attempts were presented, but in 1976, a crown witness rule was not included in the new anti terror legislation.\n\nEarly crown witnesses \nThere was no witness protection program in Germany as there was in the United States of America, which encouraged the murder of Ulrich Schmücker, a witness who testified against his accomplices. The crown witness Karl-Heinz Ruhland was sentenced only to 4 years, and pardoned after two years in prison. He later repented his testimony as he initially didn't receive a protection from the state. Only after he publicly announced that he was unsatisfied with the situation, he received protection and a monthly allowance. Per law, he would have deserved at least a verdict over 5 years imprisonment, as he confessed to having been involved in a back robbery. Dierk Hoff, a crown witness who testified against Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe and Gudrun Ensslin enabling their life sentences, was sentenced to 4 years and 8 months imprisonment, instead of receiving a life sentence for building the bombs for the RAF. The crown witness was also spared from a life sentence with his testimonies. By law he would have deserved a life sentence for his involvement in several bombings, murders and attempted murders. But he only received 10 years imprisonment, and was released after 7 years. Because a witness would be able to be spared of a life imprisonment if he incriminated others, and other crown witnesses did not receive any protection, the treatment these crown witnesses received, was viewed as illegal by the media, but necessary by the prosecution.\n\nSmall crown witness rule \nIn 1981, there was issued a first so-called \"small crown witness rule\", which enabled witnesses in drug related trials, to achieve a lower sentence. From 2000 onwards there was also a law that lowered the sentence of a witness who came to an agreement with the prosecution in trials concerning money-laundering. Both laws was later criticized by the German Bar Association.\n\nCrown witness rule \nA law called \"crown witness rule\" (German:Kronzeugenregelung) concerning the testimony of a witness in terror related cases was introduced with the support of State Prosecutor Kurt Rebmann in 1989 during the Government of Helmut Kohl. Initially only valid until 1992, it was prolonged several times. The crown witness rule of 1989 was abolished in 1999. In 2009 a new crown witness rule came into force and since then, witnesses in cases of a wider range were allowed to become a crown witness.\n\nCrown witnesses \nThe first witness who gave his testimony with this law, was Ali Cetiner. He was a crown witness in the Kurdish Trial in Düsseldorf, but his testimony was not very effective and of the initially 20 defendants only four were sentenced and two of the sentenced were released. The crown witness who testified against Kani Yılmaz, the PKK representative in Europe, committed suicide by self-immolation in 1997.\n\nReferences \n\nGerman law\nCriminal law\nProsecution" ]

[ "Henry Hill Jr. (June 11, 1943 – June 12, 2012) was an American mobster who was associated with the Lucchese crime family of New York City from 1955 until 1980, when he was arrested on narcotics charges and became an FBI informant. Hill testified against his former Mafia associates, resulting in fifty convictions, including those of caporegime (captain) Paul Vario and fellow associate James Burke on multiple charges.", "Hill testified against his former Mafia associates, resulting in fifty convictions, including those of caporegime (captain) Paul Vario and fellow associate James Burke on multiple charges. He subsequently entered the Witness Protection Program, but was removed from the program in the early 1990s.", "He subsequently entered the Witness Protection Program, but was removed from the program in the early 1990s. Hill's life story was documented in the true crime book Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family by Nicholas Pileggi, which was subsequently adapted by Martin Scorsese into the critically acclaimed 1990 film Goodfellas, in which Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta.", "Hill's life story was documented in the true crime book Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family by Nicholas Pileggi, which was subsequently adapted by Martin Scorsese into the critically acclaimed 1990 film Goodfellas, in which Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta. Early life Henry Hill Jr. was born on June 11, 1940, in the Manhattan borough of New York City, to Henry Hill Sr., an Irish-American electrician and the son of a coal miner, and Carmela Costa, an Italian immigrant of Sicilian descent.", "Early life Henry Hill Jr. was born on June 11, 1940, in the Manhattan borough of New York City, to Henry Hill Sr., an Irish-American electrician and the son of a coal miner, and Carmela Costa, an Italian immigrant of Sicilian descent. Hill claimed in the book Wiseguy that his father emigrated to the United States from Ireland at the age of twelve, after the death of Hill's grandfather.", "Hill claimed in the book Wiseguy that his father emigrated to the United States from Ireland at the age of twelve, after the death of Hill's grandfather. The working-class family, consisting of Henry and his seven other siblings, grew up in Brownsville, a working-class neighborhood of Brooklyn.", "The working-class family, consisting of Henry and his seven other siblings, grew up in Brownsville, a working-class neighborhood of Brooklyn. Hill was dyslexic and as a result performed poorly at school.", "Hill was dyslexic and as a result performed poorly at school. From an early age, Hill admired the local mobsters who socialized at a dispatch cabstand across the street from his home, including Paul Vario, a caporegime in the Lucchese crime family.", "From an early age, Hill admired the local mobsters who socialized at a dispatch cabstand across the street from his home, including Paul Vario, a caporegime in the Lucchese crime family. In 1955, when he was 11 years old, Hill wandered into the cabstand looking for a part-time after-school job.", "In 1955, when he was 11 years old, Hill wandered into the cabstand looking for a part-time after-school job. In his early teens, Hill began running errands for patrons of Vario's storefront shoeshine, pizzeria, and cabstand. He first met the notorious hijacker and Lucchese family associate James \"Jimmy the Gent\" Burke in 1956.", "He first met the notorious hijacker and Lucchese family associate James \"Jimmy the Gent\" Burke in 1956. The 13-year-old Hill served drinks and sandwiches at a card game and was dazzled by Burke's openhanded tipping: \"He was sawbucking me to death. Twenty here. Twenty there.", "Twenty here. Twenty there. Twenty there. He wasn't like anyone else I had ever met.\" The following year, Vario's younger brother, Vito \"Tuddy\" Vario, and Vario's son, Lenny Vario, presented Hill with a highly sought-after union card in the bricklayers' local.", "The following year, Vario's younger brother, Vito \"Tuddy\" Vario, and Vario's son, Lenny Vario, presented Hill with a highly sought-after union card in the bricklayers' local. Hill would be a \"no show\" and put on a building contractor's construction payroll, guaranteeing him a weekly salary of $190 ().", "Hill would be a \"no show\" and put on a building contractor's construction payroll, guaranteeing him a weekly salary of $190 (). This didn't mean Hill would be getting or keeping all that money every week, however; he received a portion of it, and the rest was kept and divided among the Varios.", "This didn't mean Hill would be getting or keeping all that money every week, however; he received a portion of it, and the rest was kept and divided among the Varios. The card also allowed Hill to facilitate the pickup of daily policy bets and loan payments to Vario from local construction sites.", "The card also allowed Hill to facilitate the pickup of daily policy bets and loan payments to Vario from local construction sites. Once Hill had this \"legitimate\" job, he dropped out of high school and began working exclusively for the Vario gangsters.", "Once Hill had this \"legitimate\" job, he dropped out of high school and began working exclusively for the Vario gangsters. Hill's first encounter with arson occurred when a rival cabstand opened just around the corner from Vario's business. The competing company's owner was from Alabama, new to New York City.", "The competing company's owner was from Alabama, new to New York City. Sometime after midnight, Tuddy and Hill drove to the rival cabstand with a drum full of gasoline in the back seat of Tuddy's car. Hill smashed the cab windows and filled them with gasoline-soaked newspapers, then tossed in lit matchbooks.", "Hill smashed the cab windows and filled them with gasoline-soaked newspapers, then tossed in lit matchbooks. Hill was first arrested when he was 16; his arrest record is one of the few official documents that prove his existence.", "Hill was first arrested when he was 16; his arrest record is one of the few official documents that prove his existence. Hill and Lenny, Vario's equally underage son, attempted to use a stolen credit card to buy snow tires for Tuddy's wife's car.", "Hill and Lenny, Vario's equally underage son, attempted to use a stolen credit card to buy snow tires for Tuddy's wife's car. When Hill and Lenny returned to Tuddy's, two police detectives apprehended Hill.", "When Hill and Lenny returned to Tuddy's, two police detectives apprehended Hill. During a rough interrogation, Hill gave his name and nothing else; Vario's attorney later facilitated his release on bail. While a suspended sentence resulted, Hill's refusal to talk earned him the respect of both Vario and Burke.", "While a suspended sentence resulted, Hill's refusal to talk earned him the respect of both Vario and Burke. Burke, in particular, saw great potential in Hill. Like Burke, he was of Irish ancestry and therefore ineligible to become a \"made man\".", "Like Burke, he was of Irish ancestry and therefore ineligible to become a \"made man\". The Vario crew, however, were happy to have associates of any ethnicity, so long as they made money and refused to cooperate with the authorities.", "The Vario crew, however, were happy to have associates of any ethnicity, so long as they made money and refused to cooperate with the authorities. In June 1960, at around 17 years old, Hill joined the United States Army, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg in North Carolina.", "In June 1960, at around 17 years old, Hill joined the United States Army, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg in North Carolina. He claimed the timing was deliberate; the FBI's investigation into the 1957 Apalachin mob summit meeting had prompted a Senate investigation into organized crime, and its links with businesses and unions.", "He claimed the timing was deliberate; the FBI's investigation into the 1957 Apalachin mob summit meeting had prompted a Senate investigation into organized crime, and its links with businesses and unions. This resulted in the publication of a list of nearly 5,000 names of members and associates of the five major crime families.", "This resulted in the publication of a list of nearly 5,000 names of members and associates of the five major crime families. Hill searched through a partial list but could not find Vario listed among the Lucchese family. Throughout his three-year enlistment, Hill maintained his mob contacts.", "Throughout his three-year enlistment, Hill maintained his mob contacts. He also continued to hustle: in charge of kitchen detail, he sold surplus food, loan sharked pay advances to fellow soldiers, and sold tax-free cigarettes.", "He also continued to hustle: in charge of kitchen detail, he sold surplus food, loan sharked pay advances to fellow soldiers, and sold tax-free cigarettes. Before his discharge, Hill spent two months in the stockade for stealing a local sheriff's car and brawling in a bar with Marines and a civilian.", "Before his discharge, Hill spent two months in the stockade for stealing a local sheriff's car and brawling in a bar with Marines and a civilian. In 1963, he returned to New York and began the most notorious phase of his criminal career: arson, intimidation, running an organized stolen car ring, and hijacking trucks.", "In 1963, he returned to New York and began the most notorious phase of his criminal career: arson, intimidation, running an organized stolen car ring, and hijacking trucks. In 1965, Hill met his future wife, Karen Friedman, through Vario, who insisted that Hill accompany his son on a double date at Frank \"Frankie the Wop\" Manzo's restaurant, Villa Capra.", "In 1965, Hill met his future wife, Karen Friedman, through Vario, who insisted that Hill accompany his son on a double date at Frank \"Frankie the Wop\" Manzo's restaurant, Villa Capra. According to Friedman, the date was disastrous, and Hill stood her up at the next dinner date.", "According to Friedman, the date was disastrous, and Hill stood her up at the next dinner date. Afterward, the two began going on dates at the Copacabana and other nightclubs, where Friedman was introduced to Hill's outwardly impressive lifestyle.", "Afterward, the two began going on dates at the Copacabana and other nightclubs, where Friedman was introduced to Hill's outwardly impressive lifestyle. The two later got married in a large North Carolina wedding, attended by most of Hill's gangster friends.", "The two later got married in a large North Carolina wedding, attended by most of Hill's gangster friends. In 1994, Hill, in his book Gangsters and Goodfellas, stated that Tommy DeSimone tried to rape Karen.", "In 1994, Hill, in his book Gangsters and Goodfellas, stated that Tommy DeSimone tried to rape Karen. Air France robbery Shortly before midnight on April 6, 1967, Hill and DeSimone drove to the Air France cargo terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport with an empty suitcase, the largest Hill could find.", "Air France robbery Shortly before midnight on April 6, 1967, Hill and DeSimone drove to the Air France cargo terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport with an empty suitcase, the largest Hill could find. Inside connection Robert McMahon said that the two should just walk in, as people often came to the terminal to pick up lost baggage.", "Inside connection Robert McMahon said that the two should just walk in, as people often came to the terminal to pick up lost baggage. DeSimone and Hill entered the unsecured area unchallenged and unlocked the door with a duplicate key. Using a small flashlight, they loaded seven bags into the suitcase and left; $420,000 was taken.", "Using a small flashlight, they loaded seven bags into the suitcase and left; $420,000 was taken. No alarm was raised, no shots fired, and no one was injured.", "No alarm was raised, no shots fired, and no one was injured. The theft was not discovered until the following Monday, when a Wells Fargo truck arrived to pick up the cash to be delivered to the French American Banking Corporation. Hill believed that it was the Air France robbery that endeared him to the Mafia.", "Hill believed that it was the Air France robbery that endeared him to the Mafia. Restaurant ownership and murder of William \"Billy Batts\" Bentvena Hill used his share of the robbery proceeds to purchase a restaurant on Queens Boulevard, The Suite, initially aiming to run it as a legitimate business and provide \"distance\" between himself and his mob associates.", "Restaurant ownership and murder of William \"Billy Batts\" Bentvena Hill used his share of the robbery proceeds to purchase a restaurant on Queens Boulevard, The Suite, initially aiming to run it as a legitimate business and provide \"distance\" between himself and his mob associates. However, within several months, the nightclub had become another mob hangout.", "However, within several months, the nightclub had become another mob hangout. Hill later said that members of Lucchese and Gambino crews moved into the club en masse, including high-ranking Gambino family members who \"were always there\".", "Hill later said that members of Lucchese and Gambino crews moved into the club en masse, including high-ranking Gambino family members who \"were always there\". According to the book Wiseguy, after William \"Billy Batts\" Bentvena was released from prison in 1970, a \"welcome home\" party was thrown for him at Robert's Lounge, which was owned by Burke.", "According to the book Wiseguy, after William \"Billy Batts\" Bentvena was released from prison in 1970, a \"welcome home\" party was thrown for him at Robert's Lounge, which was owned by Burke. Hill stated that Bentvena saw DeSimone and jokingly asked him if he still shined shoes, which DeSimone perceived as an insult.", "Hill stated that Bentvena saw DeSimone and jokingly asked him if he still shined shoes, which DeSimone perceived as an insult. DeSimone leaned over to Hill and Burke and said, \"I'm gonna kill that fuck.\"", "DeSimone leaned over to Hill and Burke and said, \"I'm gonna kill that fuck.\" Two weeks later, on June 11, 1970, Bentvena was at The Suite near closing time when he was pistol-whipped by DeSimone.", "Two weeks later, on June 11, 1970, Bentvena was at The Suite near closing time when he was pistol-whipped by DeSimone. Hill said that before DeSimone started to beat Bentvena, DeSimone yelled, \"Shine these fucking shoes!\"", "Hill said that before DeSimone started to beat Bentvena, DeSimone yelled, \"Shine these fucking shoes!\" After Bentvena was beaten and presumed killed, DeSimone, Burke, and Hill placed his body in the trunk of Hill's car for transport. They stopped at DeSimone's mother's house to fetch a shovel and lime.", "They stopped at DeSimone's mother's house to fetch a shovel and lime. They started to hear sounds from the trunk, and when they realized that Bentvena was still alive, DeSimone and Burke stopped the car and beat him to death with the shovel and a tire iron.", "They started to hear sounds from the trunk, and when they realized that Bentvena was still alive, DeSimone and Burke stopped the car and beat him to death with the shovel and a tire iron. Burke had a friend who owned a dog kennel in Upstate New York, and Bentvena was buried there.", "Burke had a friend who owned a dog kennel in Upstate New York, and Bentvena was buried there. About three months after Bentvena's murder, Burke's friend sold the dog kennel to housing developers, and Burke ordered Hill and DeSimone to exhume Bentvena's corpse and dispose of it elsewhere.", "About three months after Bentvena's murder, Burke's friend sold the dog kennel to housing developers, and Burke ordered Hill and DeSimone to exhume Bentvena's corpse and dispose of it elsewhere. In Wiseguy, Hill said the body was eventually crushed in a car crusher at a New Jersey junkyard, which was owned by Clyde Brooks.", "In Wiseguy, Hill said the body was eventually crushed in a car crusher at a New Jersey junkyard, which was owned by Clyde Brooks. However, on the commentary for the film Goodfellas, he states that Bentvena's body was buried in the basement of Robert's Lounge, a bar and restaurant owned by Burke, and only later was put into the car crusher.", "However, on the commentary for the film Goodfellas, he states that Bentvena's body was buried in the basement of Robert's Lounge, a bar and restaurant owned by Burke, and only later was put into the car crusher. Drug business In November 1972, Burke and Hill were arrested for beating Gaspar Ciaccio in Tampa, Florida.", "Drug business In November 1972, Burke and Hill were arrested for beating Gaspar Ciaccio in Tampa, Florida. Ciaccio allegedly owed a large gambling debt to their friend, union boss Casey Rosado. They were convicted of extortion and sentenced to ten years at the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg.", "They were convicted of extortion and sentenced to ten years at the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg. Hill was imprisoned with Vario, who was serving a sentence for tax evasion, and several members of John Gotti's Gambino crew.", "Hill was imprisoned with Vario, who was serving a sentence for tax evasion, and several members of John Gotti's Gambino crew. In Lewisburg, Hill met a man from Pittsburgh who, for a fee, taught Hill how to smuggle drugs into the prison.", "In Lewisburg, Hill met a man from Pittsburgh who, for a fee, taught Hill how to smuggle drugs into the prison. On July 12, 1978, Hill was paroled after four years and resumed his criminal career.", "On July 12, 1978, Hill was paroled after four years and resumed his criminal career. He began trafficking in drugs, which Burke eventually became involved with, even though the Lucchese crime family, with whom they were associated, did not authorize any of its members to deal drugs.", "He began trafficking in drugs, which Burke eventually became involved with, even though the Lucchese crime family, with whom they were associated, did not authorize any of its members to deal drugs. This Lucchese ban was enacted because the prison sentences imposed on anyone convicted of drug trafficking were so lengthy that the accused would often become informants in exchange for a lesser sentence.", "This Lucchese ban was enacted because the prison sentences imposed on anyone convicted of drug trafficking were so lengthy that the accused would often become informants in exchange for a lesser sentence. Hill began wholesaling marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and quaaludes based on connections he made in prison; he earned enormous amounts of money.", "Hill began wholesaling marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and quaaludes based on connections he made in prison; he earned enormous amounts of money. A young kid who was a mule of Hill's \"ratted\" him out to Narcotics Detectives Daniel Mann and William Broder.", "A young kid who was a mule of Hill's \"ratted\" him out to Narcotics Detectives Daniel Mann and William Broder. \"The Youngster\" (so named by the detectives) informed them that Hill was connected to the Lucchese family and was a close friend to Vario and to Burke and \"had probably been in on the Lufthansa robbery.\"", "\"The Youngster\" (so named by the detectives) informed them that Hill was connected to the Lucchese family and was a close friend to Vario and to Burke and \"had probably been in on the Lufthansa robbery.\" Knowing of Hill's exploits, the detectives put surveillance on him.", "Knowing of Hill's exploits, the detectives put surveillance on him. They found out that Hill's old prison friend from Pittsburgh ran a dog-grooming salon as a front. Mann and Broder had \"thousands\" of wiretaps of Hill, but Hill and his crew used coded language in the conversations.", "Mann and Broder had \"thousands\" of wiretaps of Hill, but Hill and his crew used coded language in the conversations. Hill's wiretap on March 29 is an example of the bizarre vocabulary: Lufthansa heist On December 11, 1978, an estimated $5.875 million (equivalent to $ million in ) was stolen from the Lufthansa cargo terminal at Kennedy airport, with $5 million in cash and $875,000 in jewelry, making it the largest cash robbery committed on American soil at the time.", "Hill's wiretap on March 29 is an example of the bizarre vocabulary: Lufthansa heist On December 11, 1978, an estimated $5.875 million (equivalent to $ million in ) was stolen from the Lufthansa cargo terminal at Kennedy airport, with $5 million in cash and $875,000 in jewelry, making it the largest cash robbery committed on American soil at the time. The plot had begun when bookmaker Martin Krugman told Hill that Lufthansa flew in currency to its cargo terminal at the airport; Burke set the plan in motion.", "The plot had begun when bookmaker Martin Krugman told Hill that Lufthansa flew in currency to its cargo terminal at the airport; Burke set the plan in motion. Hill did not directly take part in the heist.", "Hill did not directly take part in the heist. Basketball fixing Hill and two Pittsburgh gamblers set up the 1978–79 Boston College basketball point-shaving scheme by convincing Boston College center Rick Kuhn to participate. Kuhn, who was a high school friend of one of the gamblers, encouraged teammates to participate in the scheme.", "Kuhn, who was a high school friend of one of the gamblers, encouraged teammates to participate in the scheme. Hill also claimed to have an NBA referee in his pocket who worked games at Madison Square Garden during the 1970s. The referee had incurred gambling debts on horse races.", "The referee had incurred gambling debts on horse races. 1980 arrest In 1980, Hill was arrested on a narcotics-trafficking charge. He became convinced that his former associates planned to have him killed: Vario, for dealing drugs; and Burke, to prevent Hill from implicating him in the Lufthansa heist.", "He became convinced that his former associates planned to have him killed: Vario, for dealing drugs; and Burke, to prevent Hill from implicating him in the Lufthansa heist. Hill heard on a wiretap that his associates Angelo Sepe and Anthony Stabile were anxious to have him killed, and that they were telling Burke that Hill \"is no good\" and \"is a junkie.\"", "Hill heard on a wiretap that his associates Angelo Sepe and Anthony Stabile were anxious to have him killed, and that they were telling Burke that Hill \"is no good\" and \"is a junkie.\" Burke told them \"not to worry about it.\"", "Burke told them \"not to worry about it.\" Hill was more convinced by a surveillance tape played to him by federal investigators, in which Burke tells Vario of their need to have Hill \"whacked.\"", "Hill was more convinced by a surveillance tape played to him by federal investigators, in which Burke tells Vario of their need to have Hill \"whacked.\" When Hill was finally released on bail, Burke told him they should meet at a bar, which Hill had never heard of or seen before, owned by \"Charlie the Jap.” However, Hill never met Burke there; instead they met at Burke's sweatshop with Karen and asked for the address in Florida where Hill was to kill Bobby Germaine's son with Anthony Stabile.", "When Hill was finally released on bail, Burke told him they should meet at a bar, which Hill had never heard of or seen before, owned by \"Charlie the Jap.” However, Hill never met Burke there; instead they met at Burke's sweatshop with Karen and asked for the address in Florida where Hill was to kill Bobby Germaine's son with Anthony Stabile. Hill knew he would be murdered if he went to Florida.", "Hill knew he would be murdered if he went to Florida. Edward McDonald, the head of the Brooklyn Organized Crime Strike Force, arrested Hill as a material witness in the Lufthansa robbery. With a long sentence hanging over him, Hill agreed to become an informant and signed an agreement with the Strike Force on May 27, 1980.", "With a long sentence hanging over him, Hill agreed to become an informant and signed an agreement with the Strike Force on May 27, 1980. Informant and the witness protection program Hill testified against his former associates to avoid impending prosecution and being murdered by his crew. His testimony led to 50 convictions.", "His testimony led to 50 convictions. Hill, his wife Karen, and their two children (Gregg and Gina) entered the U.S.", "Hill, his wife Karen, and their two children (Gregg and Gina) entered the U.S. Marshals' Witness Protection Program in 1980, changed their names, and moved around to several undisclosed locations including Seattle, Washington; Cincinnati, Ohio; Omaha, Nebraska; Butte, Montana; and Independence, Kentucky.", "Marshals' Witness Protection Program in 1980, changed their names, and moved around to several undisclosed locations including Seattle, Washington; Cincinnati, Ohio; Omaha, Nebraska; Butte, Montana; and Independence, Kentucky. Jimmy Burke was given 12 years in prison for the 1978–79 Boston College point-shaving scandal, involving fixing Boston College basketball games.", "Jimmy Burke was given 12 years in prison for the 1978–79 Boston College point-shaving scandal, involving fixing Boston College basketball games. Burke was also later sentenced to life in prison for the murder of scam artist Richard Eaton. Burke died of cancer while serving his life sentence, on April 13, 1996, at the age of 64.", "Burke died of cancer while serving his life sentence, on April 13, 1996, at the age of 64. Paul Vario received four years for helping Henry Hill obtain a no-show job to get him paroled from prison. Vario was also later sentenced to ten years in prison for the extortion of air freight companies at JFK Airport.", "Vario was also later sentenced to ten years in prison for the extortion of air freight companies at JFK Airport. He died of respiratory failure on November 22, 1988, at age 73 while incarcerated in the FCI Federal Prison in Fort Worth.", "He died of respiratory failure on November 22, 1988, at age 73 while incarcerated in the FCI Federal Prison in Fort Worth. Hill's bigamy, subsequent arrests, and divorce In the fall of 1981, Hill (now Martin Lewis) met a woman named Sherry Anders.", "Hill's bigamy, subsequent arrests, and divorce In the fall of 1981, Hill (now Martin Lewis) met a woman named Sherry Anders. After a whirlwind romance, the two got married in Virginia City, NV despite Hill already being married. This led to a breakdown in many areas of Hill's life.", "This led to a breakdown in many areas of Hill's life. In 1987, Hill was convicted of cocaine trafficking in a federal court in Seattle and expelled from the witness protection program. In 1990, his wife Karen filed for divorce after 23 years of marriage. The divorce was finalized in 2002.", "The divorce was finalized in 2002. In August 2004, Hill was arrested in North Platte, Nebraska at North Platte Regional Airport after he had left his luggage containing drug paraphernalia. On September 26, 2005, he was sentenced to 180 days' imprisonment for attempted methamphetamine possession.", "On September 26, 2005, he was sentenced to 180 days' imprisonment for attempted methamphetamine possession. Hill was sentenced to two years of probation on March 26, 2009, after he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of public intoxication.", "Hill was sentenced to two years of probation on March 26, 2009, after he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of public intoxication. On December 14, 2009, he was arrested in Fairview Heights, Illinois, for disorderly conduct and resisting arrest, which Hill attributed to his drinking problems.", "On December 14, 2009, he was arrested in Fairview Heights, Illinois, for disorderly conduct and resisting arrest, which Hill attributed to his drinking problems. Later years In his later years, after his first divorce, he married Kelly Alor, and then Lisa Caserta. They lived in Topanga Canyon, near Malibu, California.", "They lived in Topanga Canyon, near Malibu, California. Both appeared in several documentaries and made public appearances on various media programs including The Howard Stern Show. Hill fathered a third child during this time.", "Hill fathered a third child during this time. Goodfellas film Goodfellas, the 1990 Martin Scorsese-directed crime film adaptation of the 1985 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi, follows the 1955 to 1980 rise and fall of Hill and his Lucchese crime family associates. Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta.", "Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta. Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy but subsequently, with Pileggi's agreement, changed the name to Goodfellas to avoid confusion with the unrelated television crime drama Wiseguy. Two weeks in advance of the filming, Hill was paid $480,000.", "Two weeks in advance of the filming, Hill was paid $480,000. Robert De Niro, who portrayed Jimmy Burke, often called Hill several times a day to ask how Burke walked, held his cigarette, and so on.", "Robert De Niro, who portrayed Jimmy Burke, often called Hill several times a day to ask how Burke walked, held his cigarette, and so on. Driving to and from the set, Liotta listened to FBI audio cassette tapes of Hill, so he could practice speaking like his real-life counterpart.", "Driving to and from the set, Liotta listened to FBI audio cassette tapes of Hill, so he could practice speaking like his real-life counterpart. The cast did not meet Hill until a few weeks before the film's premiere.", "The cast did not meet Hill until a few weeks before the film's premiere. Liotta met him in an undisclosed city; Hill had seen the film and told the actor that he loved it.", "Liotta met him in an undisclosed city; Hill had seen the film and told the actor that he loved it. Other media appearances and activity The 1990 film My Blue Heaven was based on Hill's life, with the screenplay written by Pileggi's wife Nora Ephron.", "Other media appearances and activity The 1990 film My Blue Heaven was based on Hill's life, with the screenplay written by Pileggi's wife Nora Ephron. The 2001 TV film The Big Heist was based on the Lufthansa heist, and Hill was portrayed by Nick Sandow. In 2004, Hill was interviewed by Charlie Rose for 60 Minutes.", "In 2004, Hill was interviewed by Charlie Rose for 60 Minutes. July 24, 2010 marked the twentieth anniversary of the release of Goodfellas. This milestone was celebrated with a private screening hosted by Hill for a select group of invitees at the Museum of the American Gangster.", "This milestone was celebrated with a private screening hosted by Hill for a select group of invitees at the Museum of the American Gangster. On June 8, 2011, a show about Hill's life aired on the National Geographic Channel's Locked Up Abroad. In 2006, Hill and Ray Liotta appeared in a photo shoot for Entertainment Weekly.", "In 2006, Hill and Ray Liotta appeared in a photo shoot for Entertainment Weekly. At Liotta's urging, Hill entered alcohol rehabilitation two days after the session shoot.", "At Liotta's urging, Hill entered alcohol rehabilitation two days after the session shoot. In reference to his many victims, Hill stated in an interview in March 2008, with the BBC's Heather Alexander: \"I don't give a heck what those people think; I'm doing the right thing now,\" addressing the reporter's question about how his victims might think of his commercialization of his story through self-written books and advising on Goodfellas.", "In reference to his many victims, Hill stated in an interview in March 2008, with the BBC's Heather Alexander: \"I don't give a heck what those people think; I'm doing the right thing now,\" addressing the reporter's question about how his victims might think of his commercialization of his story through self-written books and advising on Goodfellas. In 2008, Hill was featured in episode three of the crime documentary series The Irish Mob.", "In 2008, Hill was featured in episode three of the crime documentary series The Irish Mob. In the episode, Hill recounts his life of crime, as well as his close relationship with Jimmy Burke and the illegal activity the two engaged in together.", "In the episode, Hill recounts his life of crime, as well as his close relationship with Jimmy Burke and the illegal activity the two engaged in together. A large portion of the segment focuses on Burke's and Hill's involvements in the famous Lufthansa heist.", "A large portion of the segment focuses on Burke's and Hill's involvements in the famous Lufthansa heist. In August 2011, Hill appeared in the special \"Mob Week\" on AMC; he and other former mob members talked about The Godfather, Goodfellas, and other such mob films.", "In August 2011, Hill appeared in the special \"Mob Week\" on AMC; he and other former mob members talked about The Godfather, Goodfellas, and other such mob films. In 2014, the ESPN-produced 30 for 30 series debuted Playing for the Mob, the story about how Hill and his Pittsburgh associates, and several Boston College basketball players, committed the point-shaving scandal during the 1978–79 season, an episode briefly mentioned in the movie.", "In 2014, the ESPN-produced 30 for 30 series debuted Playing for the Mob, the story about how Hill and his Pittsburgh associates, and several Boston College basketball players, committed the point-shaving scandal during the 1978–79 season, an episode briefly mentioned in the movie. The documentary, narrated by Liotta, was set up so that the viewer needed to watch the film beforehand, to understand many of the references in the story.", "The documentary, narrated by Liotta, was set up so that the viewer needed to watch the film beforehand, to understand many of the references in the story. Books In October 2002, Hill published The Wiseguy Cookbook: My Favorite Recipes From My Life As a Goodfella To Cooking On the Run.", "Books In October 2002, Hill published The Wiseguy Cookbook: My Favorite Recipes From My Life As a Goodfella To Cooking On the Run. In it, Hill shared some stories throughout his childhood, life in the mob, and running from the law.", "In it, Hill shared some stories throughout his childhood, life in the mob, and running from the law. He also presents recipes he learned from his family, during his years in the mob, and some that he came up with himself.", "He also presents recipes he learned from his family, during his years in the mob, and some that he came up with himself. For example, Hill claimed his last meal the day he was busted for drugs consisted of rolled veal cutlets, sauce with pork butt, veal shanks, ziti, and green beans with olive oil and garlic.", "For example, Hill claimed his last meal the day he was busted for drugs consisted of rolled veal cutlets, sauce with pork butt, veal shanks, ziti, and green beans with olive oil and garlic. In 2012, Henry Hill collaborated with the author, Daniel Simone, in writing and developing a non-fiction book titled, The Lufthansa Heist, a portrayal of the famous 1978 Lufthansa Airline robbery at Kennedy Airport.", "In 2012, Henry Hill collaborated with the author, Daniel Simone, in writing and developing a non-fiction book titled, The Lufthansa Heist, a portrayal of the famous 1978 Lufthansa Airline robbery at Kennedy Airport. The book was published in August 2015.", "The book was published in August 2015. Other books by Hill include: Restaurants Hill worked for a time as a chef at an Italian restaurant in North Platte, Nebraska, and his spaghetti sauce, Sunday Gravy, was marketed over the internet.", "Other books by Hill include: Restaurants Hill worked for a time as a chef at an Italian restaurant in North Platte, Nebraska, and his spaghetti sauce, Sunday Gravy, was marketed over the internet. Hill opened another restaurant, Wiseguys, in West Haven, Connecticut, in October 2007, which closed the following month after a fire.", "Hill opened another restaurant, Wiseguys, in West Haven, Connecticut, in October 2007, which closed the following month after a fire. Death Hill died of complications related to heart disease in a Los Angeles hospital, on June 12, 2012, after a long battle with his illness, a day after his 69th birthday.", "Death Hill died of complications related to heart disease in a Los Angeles hospital, on June 12, 2012, after a long battle with his illness, a day after his 69th birthday. His girlfriend for the last six years of his life, Lisa Caserta, said, \"He had been sick for a long time.", "His girlfriend for the last six years of his life, Lisa Caserta, said, \"He had been sick for a long time. ... his heart gave out.\" CBS News aired Caserta's report of Hill's death, during which she stated: \"he went out pretty peacefully, for a goodfella.\"", "CBS News aired Caserta's report of Hill's death, during which she stated: \"he went out pretty peacefully, for a goodfella.\" She said Hill had recently suffered a heart attack before his death and died of complications after a long history of heart problems associated with smoking. Hill's family was present when he died.", "Hill's family was present when he died. Hill was cremated the day after his death.", "Hill was cremated the day after his death. References Further reading 1943 births 2012 deaths 20th-century American criminals 21st-century American criminals American drug traffickers American gangsters American gangsters of Irish descent American gangsters of Sicilian descent American Mafia cooperating witnesses American restaurateurs American robbers Criminals from Brooklyn Criminals from Manhattan Federal Bureau of Investigation informants Gangsters from New York City Lucchese crime family Lufthansa heist Military personnel from New York City People from Brownsville, Brooklyn People from Topanga, California People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program People with dyslexia United States Army soldiers Vario Crew" ]

[ "Jason Mraz", "Mr. A-Z (2005-08)", "What is Mr A-Z?", "Mraz began a long-running tour in support of Mr. A-Z at the San Diego Music Awards on September 12, 2005." ]

[ "This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things may refer to:\n\nMusic\n This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things, an album by Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band, 2003\n This is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things, an album by Alter Der Ruine, 2010\n \"I Don't Care (This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things)\", a song by The Blackout from the album The Best in Town\n \"This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things\", a song by Taylor Swift from the album Reputation, 2017\n\nOther\nThis is Why We Can't Have Nice Things, a book by David Carol (2011)", "Obinkita is one of 19 villages of Arochukwu. It was the capital of the Ibibio kingdom of Obong Okon Ita before its conquest by Igbo and Akpa invaders in 1690–1720. This town is significant in Aro History because Obinkita became the center where defeated Ibibio warriors were judged. This is why all Aro villages assemble at Obinkita during the Ikeji festival.\n\nExternal links \nhttp://www.aro-okigbo.com/history_of_the_aros.htm\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080828190518/http://www.aronetwork.org/others/confederancy.html\nhttp://www.aronewsonline.com/origincivilization.html\n\nTowns in Abia State" ]

[ "Jason Thomas Mraz (; born June 23, 1977) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. He rose to prominence with the release of his debut studio album, Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002), which spawned the single \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\", that reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "He rose to prominence with the release of his debut studio album, Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002), which spawned the single \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\", that reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. His next two studio albums, Mr. A-Z (2005), and We Sing.", "His next two studio albums, Mr. A-Z (2005), and We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. (2008), peaked in the top five on the Billboard 200; with the latter album spawning the Grammy Award winning singles \"Make It Mine\", and \"Lucky\" with Colbie Caillat.", "(2008), peaked in the top five on the Billboard 200; with the latter album spawning the Grammy Award winning singles \"Make It Mine\", and \"Lucky\" with Colbie Caillat. The album's lead single \"I'm Yours\", reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, while spending a then-record 76 weeks on the Hot 100, and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "The album's lead single \"I'm Yours\", reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, while spending a then-record 76 weeks on the Hot 100, and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). His fourth album, Love Is a Four Letter Word (2012), peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, becoming his highest-charting album to date, and spawned the single \"I Won't Give Up\", which became his second top ten on the Hot 100.", "His fourth album, Love Is a Four Letter Word (2012), peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, becoming his highest-charting album to date, and spawned the single \"I Won't Give Up\", which became his second top ten on the Hot 100. Along with receiving two Grammy Award wins, Mraz is also the recipient of two Teen Choice Awards, a People's Choice Award and the Hal David Songwriters Hall of Fame Award.", "Along with receiving two Grammy Award wins, Mraz is also the recipient of two Teen Choice Awards, a People's Choice Award and the Hal David Songwriters Hall of Fame Award. As of July 2014, Mraz has sold over seven million albums, and over 11.5 million in digital singles.", "As of July 2014, Mraz has sold over seven million albums, and over 11.5 million in digital singles. His musical style, from rhythmic feeling to his use of nylon string guitars, has been heavily influenced by Brazilian music. Early life Mraz was born and raised in Mechanicsville, Virginia.", "Early life Mraz was born and raised in Mechanicsville, Virginia. He is of Czech and Slovak descent through his grandfather, who moved to the United States from Austria-Hungary in 1915. His surname is (, ).", "His surname is (, ). His parents, Tom (Tomáš) Mraz and June Tomes, divorced when he was five years old, leaving Mraz to live with his father while his sister lived with his mother. His father is a postal worker, and his mother is vice president at a branch of Bank of America.", "His father is a postal worker, and his mother is vice president at a branch of Bank of America. Mraz's first concert was Young MC, the rapper known for \"Bust a Move.\" While attending Lee-Davis High School, Mraz was a member of the cheerleading squad, school chorus, and drama club.", "While attending Lee-Davis High School, Mraz was a member of the cheerleading squad, school chorus, and drama club. He starred as Joseph in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and as Snoopy in a play about the Peanuts characters. Mraz graduated in 1995.", "Mraz graduated in 1995. Mraz graduated in 1995. During this period of his life, he struggled with his sexuality at times, wondering if he was gay. Mraz credits an early girlfriend as being one of the influences that drove him to songwriting.", "Mraz credits an early girlfriend as being one of the influences that drove him to songwriting. She encouraged him to write his thoughts on paper which helped him get \"all of the voices in my head to shut up\" and \"become something I could follow.\"", "She encouraged him to write his thoughts on paper which helped him get \"all of the voices in my head to shut up\" and \"become something I could follow.\" After high school, Mraz attended the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York City for about a year and a half, originally to work in musical theater.", "After high school, Mraz attended the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York City for about a year and a half, originally to work in musical theater. When his roommates played guitar he would provide the vocals.", "When his roommates played guitar he would provide the vocals. Eventually, a friend gave him a guitar that was about to be thrown away and Mraz learned to play and write his own music.", "Eventually, a friend gave him a guitar that was about to be thrown away and Mraz learned to play and write his own music. Mraz moved to the Shockoe Bottom neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia, where he took a series of odd jobs, including elementary-school janitor, and joined the Ashland Stage Company.", "Mraz moved to the Shockoe Bottom neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia, where he took a series of odd jobs, including elementary-school janitor, and joined the Ashland Stage Company. Mraz then enrolled at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia, on a scholarship.", "Mraz then enrolled at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia, on a scholarship. Instead of attending classes, he headed west on a road trip that ultimately brought him to San Diego, where he decided to stay.", "Instead of attending classes, he headed west on a road trip that ultimately brought him to San Diego, where he decided to stay. Music career Coffee house beginnings (2000–01) Soon after moving to San Diego in 1999, Mraz became a roadie for the band Elgin Park.", "Music career Coffee house beginnings (2000–01) Soon after moving to San Diego in 1999, Mraz became a roadie for the band Elgin Park. He met future band member Toca Rivera at Java Joe's, a coffee house in the Ocean Beach neighborhood of San Diego known for being formative in the careers of Jewel and Steve Poltz.", "He met future band member Toca Rivera at Java Joe's, a coffee house in the Ocean Beach neighborhood of San Diego known for being formative in the careers of Jewel and Steve Poltz. Mraz performed once a week for nearly three years, building a following in San Diego and online.", "Mraz performed once a week for nearly three years, building a following in San Diego and online. Mraz released A Jason Mraz Demonstration in 1999, From the Cutting Room Floor and Oh Love, In Sadness (The E Minor EP in F) in 2001, which were self-released and pressed in a limited number of copies.", "Mraz released A Jason Mraz Demonstration in 1999, From the Cutting Room Floor and Oh Love, In Sadness (The E Minor EP in F) in 2001, which were self-released and pressed in a limited number of copies. In 2001, Mraz released the live acoustic album Live at Java Joe's, performing with percussionist Rivera and bassist Ian Sheridan.", "In 2001, Mraz released the live acoustic album Live at Java Joe's, performing with percussionist Rivera and bassist Ian Sheridan. The album featured Mraz's freelancing vocal style and several songs he would later re-release, including \"1000 Things\", \"You and I Both\" and \"Halfway Home.\"", "The album featured Mraz's freelancing vocal style and several songs he would later re-release, including \"1000 Things\", \"You and I Both\" and \"Halfway Home.\" The album was made available to download on iTunes on March 11, 2008, under the title Jason Mraz: Live & Acoustic 2001.", "The album was made available to download on iTunes on March 11, 2008, under the title Jason Mraz: Live & Acoustic 2001. Mraz returned to perform at Java Joe's for the 15th anniversary of the album on September 21, 2002.", "Mraz returned to perform at Java Joe's for the 15th anniversary of the album on September 21, 2002. Mraz' last self-released album was Sold Out (In Stereo) in March 21, 2002.", "Mraz' last self-released album was Sold Out (In Stereo) in March 21, 2002. Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002–04) In late 2001, Mraz signed a recording contract with Elektra Records and moved to Los Angeles. In 2002, he opened for Jewel on her tour.", "In 2002, he opened for Jewel on her tour. On October 15, 2002, Mraz released his first major label debut album, Waiting for My Rocket to Come, which peaked at number 55 on the Billboard 200.", "On October 15, 2002, Mraz released his first major label debut album, Waiting for My Rocket to Come, which peaked at number 55 on the Billboard 200. The first single, \"You & I Both,\" was sent to radio stations time for the album's release, but received minimal airplay, which led Elektra to reconsider whether a mid-tempo song was the right way to introduce Mraz.", "The first single, \"You & I Both,\" was sent to radio stations time for the album's release, but received minimal airplay, which led Elektra to reconsider whether a mid-tempo song was the right way to introduce Mraz. In early 2003, the label took a new approach with the more upbeat \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry).\"", "In early 2003, the label took a new approach with the more upbeat \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry).\" The track was co-written by music production team The Matrix, and became Mraz's first top-40 single on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 15, becoming one of the biggest songs of 2003.", "The track was co-written by music production team The Matrix, and became Mraz's first top-40 single on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 15, becoming one of the biggest songs of 2003. The song was inspired by a high school friend who was diagnosed with cancer.", "The song was inspired by a high school friend who was diagnosed with cancer. At the time of the album's release, Mraz said that he did not like \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\" and had not wanted it on the album because it had started as a special and experimental song and the record label had \"chalked up this chorus\".", "At the time of the album's release, Mraz said that he did not like \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\" and had not wanted it on the album because it had started as a special and experimental song and the record label had \"chalked up this chorus\". The day after the album's release, Mraz played on \"The Late Late Show With Craig Kilborn\".", "The day after the album's release, Mraz played on \"The Late Late Show With Craig Kilborn\". Elektra would return to \"You & I Both\" a second time, shooting a music video and re-releasing it as the second official single.", "Elektra would return to \"You & I Both\" a second time, shooting a music video and re-releasing it as the second official single. On May 19, 2005, Waiting for My Rocket to Come was certified Platinum, for selling 1 million units. Mraz opened for Tracy Chapman in 2003 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.", "Mraz opened for Tracy Chapman in 2003 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In 2004, while on tour, Mraz released a live album with an accompanying DVD, Tonight, Not Again: Jason Mraz Live at the Eagles Ballroom.", "In 2004, while on tour, Mraz released a live album with an accompanying DVD, Tonight, Not Again: Jason Mraz Live at the Eagles Ballroom. He performed with his touring band, including drummer Adam King, Rivera, Sheridan and keyboardist Eric Hinojosa, along with a guest appearance from Blues Traveler frontman John Popper.", "He performed with his touring band, including drummer Adam King, Rivera, Sheridan and keyboardist Eric Hinojosa, along with a guest appearance from Blues Traveler frontman John Popper. Mr. A–Z (2005–08) On July 26, 2005, Mraz released his second major label album, Mr. A–Z, produced by Steve Lillywhite for Atlantic Records.", "Mr. A–Z (2005–08) On July 26, 2005, Mraz released his second major label album, Mr. A–Z, produced by Steve Lillywhite for Atlantic Records. The album's lead single, \"Wordplay\", was produced by Kevin Kadish, and entered the Billboard 200 at number 5.", "The album's lead single, \"Wordplay\", was produced by Kevin Kadish, and entered the Billboard 200 at number 5. The album earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, while Lillywhite received a nomination for Producer of the Year.", "The album earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, while Lillywhite received a nomination for Producer of the Year. Mraz began a long-running tour in support of Mr. A–Z at the San Diego Music Awards on September 12, 2005.", "Mraz began a long-running tour in support of Mr. A–Z at the San Diego Music Awards on September 12, 2005. The tour featured several opening acts, including Bushwalla and Tristan Prettyman, with whom he had written the duet \"Shy That Way\" in 2002.", "The tour featured several opening acts, including Bushwalla and Tristan Prettyman, with whom he had written the duet \"Shy That Way\" in 2002. Mraz opened for Alanis Morissette during her 2005 Jagged Little Pill Acoustic tour, and for the Rolling Stones on five dates during their 2005–06 world tour.", "Mraz opened for Alanis Morissette during her 2005 Jagged Little Pill Acoustic tour, and for the Rolling Stones on five dates during their 2005–06 world tour. In March 2006, he performed in Singapore as part of the annual Mosaic Music Festival.", "In March 2006, he performed in Singapore as part of the annual Mosaic Music Festival. That May, he toured mostly small venues and music festivals in the U.S., along with a few shows in the United Kingdom and Ireland where he supported James Blunt The tour included a May 6, 2006 acoustic show with P.O.D., Better Than Ezra, Live, and The Presidents of the United States of America.", "That May, he toured mostly small venues and music festivals in the U.S., along with a few shows in the United Kingdom and Ireland where he supported James Blunt The tour included a May 6, 2006 acoustic show with P.O.D., Better Than Ezra, Live, and The Presidents of the United States of America. Mraz was featured as a headlining guest of St. Louis's annual Fair St. Louis and performed a free concert at the base of the Gateway Arch on July 1, 2006.", "Mraz was featured as a headlining guest of St. Louis's annual Fair St. Louis and performed a free concert at the base of the Gateway Arch on July 1, 2006. During this time, Mraz was also the opening act at several dates for Rob Thomas' Something to Be Tour.", "During this time, Mraz was also the opening act at several dates for Rob Thomas' Something to Be Tour. In 2005, Mraz was one of many singers featured in the fall advertisement campaign for The Gap entitled \"Favorites\", singing a cover of Bob Marley's \"One Love\".", "In 2005, Mraz was one of many singers featured in the fall advertisement campaign for The Gap entitled \"Favorites\", singing a cover of Bob Marley's \"One Love\". 2006 saw the release of Selections for Friends, the live, online-only album recorded during the Songs for Friends Tour.", "2006 saw the release of Selections for Friends, the live, online-only album recorded during the Songs for Friends Tour. In 2007, \"The Beauty in Ugly\", an earlier track penned by Mraz originally titled \"Plain Jane\", was rewritten for the ABC television show Ugly Betty.", "In 2007, \"The Beauty in Ugly\", an earlier track penned by Mraz originally titled \"Plain Jane\", was rewritten for the ABC television show Ugly Betty. The song was featured as a part of ABC's \"Be Ugly in '07\" campaign.", "The song was featured as a part of ABC's \"Be Ugly in '07\" campaign. Also that year, on American Idol, contestant Chris Richardson performed a cover of Mraz's \"Geek in the Pink\". We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.", "We Dance. We Steal Things. We Steal Things. (2008–09) On May 13, 2008, Mraz released his third studio album, We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. The album debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200.", "The album debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200. It broke into the top 10 of many international music charts, and reached number 3 in the US and Australia. In March 2009, it was certified Platinum for selling 1 million units.", "In March 2009, it was certified Platinum for selling 1 million units. Mraz has said that the album title was taken from the work of Scottish artist David Shrigley. Prior to its release, Mraz released three EPs, each with acoustic versions of songs from the album.", "Prior to its release, Mraz released three EPs, each with acoustic versions of songs from the album. The lead single, \"I'm Yours\", was written in August 2004 and originally released as a free acoustic B-side when Mr. A-Z came out.", "The lead single, \"I'm Yours\", was written in August 2004 and originally released as a free acoustic B-side when Mr. A-Z came out. Through Mraz's live performances of the song, it gained in popularity with fans.", "Through Mraz's live performances of the song, it gained in popularity with fans. When he played it at a festival in Sweden in 2007, the fans were ecstatic and singing along, after which Mraz realized the song's popularity and decided to make it the centerpiece of his next album.", "When he played it at a festival in Sweden in 2007, the fans were ecstatic and singing along, after which Mraz realized the song's popularity and decided to make it the centerpiece of his next album. \"I'm Yours\" became Mraz's first Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #6 on September 20, 2008.", "\"I'm Yours\" became Mraz's first Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #6 on September 20, 2008. It ultimately spent 76 weeks on the Hot 100, longer than any other song in the magazine's 51-year history (a record since broken by Imagine Dragons with \"Radioactive\" in 2014).", "It ultimately spent 76 weeks on the Hot 100, longer than any other song in the magazine's 51-year history (a record since broken by Imagine Dragons with \"Radioactive\" in 2014). It was a major commercial success in the US, receiving a 7x multi-Platinum certification from the RIAA for digital sales of over seven million.", "It was a major commercial success in the US, receiving a 7x multi-Platinum certification from the RIAA for digital sales of over seven million. The song was also successful internationally, topping the charts in New Zealand, Norway, Portugal and Sweden, and peaking in the top ten on the charts in 11 other countries.", "The song was also successful internationally, topping the charts in New Zealand, Norway, Portugal and Sweden, and peaking in the top ten on the charts in 11 other countries. By May 2012, it had gained over 125,000,000 hits on YouTube.", "By May 2012, it had gained over 125,000,000 hits on YouTube. It was the first song to top the charts in four different radio formats: Mainstream Top 40, Adult Contemporary, Adult Top 40 and Triple A. It also made the Latin Pop and Smooth Jazz charts.", "It also made the Latin Pop and Smooth Jazz charts. Mraz won his first two Grammy Awards in 2010, for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance (\"Make It Mine\") and Best Pop Collaboration (\"Lucky\" with Colbie Caillat).", "Mraz won his first two Grammy Awards in 2010, for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance (\"Make It Mine\") and Best Pop Collaboration (\"Lucky\" with Colbie Caillat). At the 2009 Grammy Awards, \"I'm Yours\" was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, and We Sing.", "At the 2009 Grammy Awards, \"I'm Yours\" was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, and We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. was nominated for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. \"I'm Yours\" was also named ASCAP's 2010 Song of the Year.", "\"I'm Yours\" was also named ASCAP's 2010 Song of the Year. Mraz's 2008 world tour took him all over the United States, Europe, Asia and Australia. His personal photo travelogue from the world tour was published as a book, titled A Thousand Things (2008).", "His personal photo travelogue from the world tour was published as a book, titled A Thousand Things (2008). The book contains Polaroids from his time touring and backpacking around Europe, and was launched with a photo exhibition at Charles Cowles Gallery in New York City at the end of 2008.", "The book contains Polaroids from his time touring and backpacking around Europe, and was launched with a photo exhibition at Charles Cowles Gallery in New York City at the end of 2008. Also in 2008, Mraz played with Eric Clapton to a crowd of 45,000 in Hyde Park, London, sold out London's Royal Albert Hall and performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo.", "Also in 2008, Mraz played with Eric Clapton to a crowd of 45,000 in Hyde Park, London, sold out London's Royal Albert Hall and performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. That year also marked his Music, Magic & Make Peace Tour with Bushwalla, The Makepeace Brothers, and magician Justin Willman.", "That year also marked his Music, Magic & Make Peace Tour with Bushwalla, The Makepeace Brothers, and magician Justin Willman. Mraz brought along the magician after picking up magic as a hobby during recording sessions for We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.", "We Dance. We Steal Things. We Steal Things. On January 31, 2009, Mraz was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live, performing \"I'm Yours\" and \"Lucky\", which peaked on the Hot 100 at number 82.", "On January 31, 2009, Mraz was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live, performing \"I'm Yours\" and \"Lucky\", which peaked on the Hot 100 at number 82. In 2009, Mraz was awarded the Hal David Starlight Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 2009, Mraz was awarded the Hal David Starlight Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Love Is a Four Letter Word (2010–13) In 2009, while preparing for his new album, Mraz recorded \"The Way Is Love\", an unreleased Roy Orbison song, as a duet with Willie Nelson.", "Love Is a Four Letter Word (2010–13) In 2009, while preparing for his new album, Mraz recorded \"The Way Is Love\", an unreleased Roy Orbison song, as a duet with Willie Nelson. In November 2009, he released the live CD/DVD Jason Mraz's Beautiful Mess: Live on Earth, recorded in Chicago during the Gratitude Café tour.", "In November 2009, he released the live CD/DVD Jason Mraz's Beautiful Mess: Live on Earth, recorded in Chicago during the Gratitude Café tour. The following year, he went to Brazil to record \"Simplesmente Todo\" with Milton Nascimento, who sings in Portuguese while Mraz sings in English.", "The following year, he went to Brazil to record \"Simplesmente Todo\" with Milton Nascimento, who sings in Portuguese while Mraz sings in English. He also did some writing with Dido, and recorded new material with producer Martin Terefe.", "He also did some writing with Dido, and recorded new material with producer Martin Terefe. Mraz then released two live EPs: the Life Is Good EP on October 5, 2010, and the Live Is A Four Letter Word EP on February 28, 2012. Love Is a Four Letter Word was released on April 13, 2012.", "Love Is a Four Letter Word was released on April 13, 2012. It reached number 2 on the Billboard 200, and the top 20 in 10 other countries. The lead single, \"I Won't Give Up\", debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 1 on the Digital Songs chart.", "The lead single, \"I Won't Give Up\", debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 1 on the Digital Songs chart. It charted in 15 countries in total, and in October 2013 was certified 4x multi-platinum, for selling in excess of 4 million units.", "It charted in 15 countries in total, and in October 2013 was certified 4x multi-platinum, for selling in excess of 4 million units. Mraz premiered the track live during his 2011 tour, before an official version had been released. It began to receive a lot of attention through live performances, as well as online.", "It began to receive a lot of attention through live performances, as well as online. The official lyric video gained over 2.5 million views in its first 10 days on YouTube. Love Is a Four Letter Word was nominated for a 2012 Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "Love Is a Four Letter Word was nominated for a 2012 Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Mraz won a 2013 People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Artist. He performed at Farm Aid 2011 in Kansas City.", "He performed at Farm Aid 2011 in Kansas City. In 2012 he played sold-out shows at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, Madison Square Garden in New York and the O2 Arena in London, and performed at President Barack Obama and family's lighting of the national Christmas tree at the White House; a noted Obama supporter, he has also performed at numerous other events involving Obama and Vice President Joe Biden.", "In 2012 he played sold-out shows at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, Madison Square Garden in New York and the O2 Arena in London, and performed at President Barack Obama and family's lighting of the national Christmas tree at the White House; a noted Obama supporter, he has also performed at numerous other events involving Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. Also in 2012, he performed \"You Did It\" at the presentation ceremony for the Kennedy Center's Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, won that year by Ellen DeGeneres.", "Also in 2012, he performed \"You Did It\" at the presentation ceremony for the Kennedy Center's Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, won that year by Ellen DeGeneres. Yes! (2014) Mraz's fifth studio album, Yes!, was released on July 15, 2014.", "(2014) Mraz's fifth studio album, Yes!, was released on July 15, 2014. It is his first acoustic album, and was recorded with all-female folk rock band Raining Jane. They had previously co-written \"A Beautiful Mess\" for Mraz's 2008 album We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.", "We Dance. We Steal Things. We Steal Things. Aside from a cover of the Boyz II Men song \"It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday\", every song on Yes! was written by Mraz and Raining Jane.", "was written by Mraz and Raining Jane. The lead single, \"Love Someone\", was released on May 19, 2014, with Mraz performing an acoustic version of the song for Time. On June 20, 2014, he released We Can Take the Long Way, a music video trilogy for the first three songs on Yes!", "On June 20, 2014, he released We Can Take the Long Way, a music video trilogy for the first three songs on Yes! – \"Love Someone\", \"Hello, You Beautiful Thing\" and \"Long Drive\". It premiered on the USA Today website.", "It premiered on the USA Today website. Waitress (2017–18) On September 27, 2017, it was announced that Mraz would make his Broadway debut in the musical Waitress. He took on the role of Dr. Pomatter on November 3, 2017 for a 10-week run.", "He took on the role of Dr. Pomatter on November 3, 2017 for a 10-week run. Sara Bareilles re-joined the cast during his run and he extended his time as Dr. Pomatter playing his final show on February 11, 2018.", "Sara Bareilles re-joined the cast during his run and he extended his time as Dr. Pomatter playing his final show on February 11, 2018. He had previously sung \"Bad Idea\" and \"You Matter to Me\" on Sara Bareilles' 2015 album (based on the show's music) What's Inside: Songs From Waitress.", "He had previously sung \"Bad Idea\" and \"You Matter to Me\" on Sara Bareilles' 2015 album (based on the show's music) What's Inside: Songs From Waitress. Know.", "Know. Know. and Look for the Good (2018–present) Prior to and following his involvement in Waitress, Mraz began work on a follow-up album to Yes!. In June 2018, he announced his sixth studio album, Know.—a play on the previous album's title— it was released on August 10, 2018.", "In June 2018, he announced his sixth studio album, Know.—a play on the previous album's title— it was released on August 10, 2018. He referred to the new album as \"bright and shiny\" and a \"classic-sounding pop acoustic, vocally driven record with positive lyrics and love songs.\"", "He referred to the new album as \"bright and shiny\" and a \"classic-sounding pop acoustic, vocally driven record with positive lyrics and love songs.\" Inspired by a blessing he received from a Buddhist monk during a trip to Myanmar in 2012, Mraz wrote the song \"Have It All\" with Raining Jane and producers David Hodges, JKash, and Andrew Wells.", "Inspired by a blessing he received from a Buddhist monk during a trip to Myanmar in 2012, Mraz wrote the song \"Have It All\" with Raining Jane and producers David Hodges, JKash, and Andrew Wells. The song was released as the lead single to the new album on April 27, 2018, and accompanied by a video filmed with performing arts students from his hometown of Richmond.", "The song was released as the lead single to the new album on April 27, 2018, and accompanied by a video filmed with performing arts students from his hometown of Richmond. With the announcement of the album in June 2018, Mraz released a second track off of Know. called \"Unlonely\".", "called \"Unlonely\". called \"Unlonely\". In July 2018, Mraz shared the lyric video for the song \"More Than Friends\", a duet with Meghan Trainor.", "In July 2018, Mraz shared the lyric video for the song \"More Than Friends\", a duet with Meghan Trainor. On August 7, 2018, he partnered with Fathom Events on the one-night-only release of Jason Mraz - Have It All The Movie, a concert film and behind the scenes footage of the making of the \"Have It All\" video, in 600 movie theaters throughout North America.", "On August 7, 2018, he partnered with Fathom Events on the one-night-only release of Jason Mraz - Have It All The Movie, a concert film and behind the scenes footage of the making of the \"Have It All\" video, in 600 movie theaters throughout North America. On August 10, 2018, his sixth album, Know., was released.", "On August 10, 2018, his sixth album, Know., was released. In 2019, he was featured on the album The Secret by Alan Parsons as lead vocalist of the song \"Miracle\". On August 13, 2019, Mraz was named the first-ever District Advocate Ambassador to continue the fight for music creators' rights.", "On August 13, 2019, Mraz was named the first-ever District Advocate Ambassador to continue the fight for music creators' rights. In June 2020, Jason Mraz signed a three multi-album agreement with BMG led by Vice President of A&R Jaime Neely, Executive Vice President of Repertoire & Marketing Thomas Scherer, Vice President of Marketing and Recorded Music Cyndi Lynott, and Vice President of Creative Synch Jonathan Palmer.", "In June 2020, Jason Mraz signed a three multi-album agreement with BMG led by Vice President of A&R Jaime Neely, Executive Vice President of Repertoire & Marketing Thomas Scherer, Vice President of Marketing and Recorded Music Cyndi Lynott, and Vice President of Creative Synch Jonathan Palmer. Personal life Relationships and sexuality Mraz married Sheridan Edley in 2001.", "Personal life Relationships and sexuality Mraz married Sheridan Edley in 2001. They divorced the following year. Mraz was engaged to singer-songwriter and long-time close friend Tristan Prettyman on Christmas Eve 2010; they broke off the engagement six months later. Mraz lives a health-conscious lifestyle and has said that he eats mostly raw vegan foods.", "Mraz lives a health-conscious lifestyle and has said that he eats mostly raw vegan foods. His vegan diet has also influenced his music. He owns a five-and-a-half acre avocado farm in Oceanside, California. He is an investor at Café Gratitude, a vegan restaurant in Los Angeles, and named his 2011 tour Gratitude Café in its honor.", "He is an investor at Café Gratitude, a vegan restaurant in Los Angeles, and named his 2011 tour Gratitude Café in its honor. His hobbies include surfing, yoga and photography. On October 25, 2015, Mraz married his girlfriend, Christina Carano, in a private ceremony in his hometown of Mechanicsville, Virginia.", "On October 25, 2015, Mraz married his girlfriend, Christina Carano, in a private ceremony in his hometown of Mechanicsville, Virginia. In June 2018, Mraz penned a \"love letter\" to the LGBT community, as part of a Billboard feature during gay pride month.", "In June 2018, Mraz penned a \"love letter\" to the LGBT community, as part of a Billboard feature during gay pride month. A line in the poem, \"I am bi your side. / All ways\" led some media reports to state that the poem represented Mraz's coming out as bisexual.", "/ All ways\" led some media reports to state that the poem represented Mraz's coming out as bisexual. In an article published on July 19, 2018, by Billboard, Mraz said he has had previous experiences with men, even while dating Carano.", "In an article published on July 19, 2018, by Billboard, Mraz said he has had previous experiences with men, even while dating Carano. Mraz said Carano defined him as a \"two-spirit\", a description that was criticized by some as misappropriating a word originally designed solely for the native population, and for distorting the term's meaning.", "Mraz said Carano defined him as a \"two-spirit\", a description that was criticized by some as misappropriating a word originally designed solely for the native population, and for distorting the term's meaning. In August 2018, Mraz confirmed in an interview with the New York Post that he now identifies as bisexual, speaking of the burden of being closeted (\"I honestly didn’t know how to come out and sing these happy love songs...\"; \"It was tough, 'cause not even my mom knew it, you know?", "In August 2018, Mraz confirmed in an interview with the New York Post that he now identifies as bisexual, speaking of the burden of being closeted (\"I honestly didn’t know how to come out and sing these happy love songs...\"; \"It was tough, 'cause not even my mom knew it, you know? [...] And I realized that’s the struggle that people in the LGBT community have.", "[...] And I realized that’s the struggle that people in the LGBT community have. It can be a very stressful secret that we carry\") and the lack of backlash once he came out (\"And I think that’s the cosmic joke.", "It can be a very stressful secret that we carry\") and the lack of backlash once he came out (\"And I think that’s the cosmic joke. We carry around these secrets, and then once you say something, nobody cares\").", "We carry around these secrets, and then once you say something, nobody cares\"). Social activism and philanthropy Mraz is a social activist whose philanthropic efforts span wide-ranging issues, including the environment, human rights and LGBT equality.", "Social activism and philanthropy Mraz is a social activist whose philanthropic efforts span wide-ranging issues, including the environment, human rights and LGBT equality. In 2003, after learning one of his beer bottles was listed for sale on eBay, Mraz was inspired to auction off items of his wardrobe online, raising money for the Make a Wish Foundation.", "In 2003, after learning one of his beer bottles was listed for sale on eBay, Mraz was inspired to auction off items of his wardrobe online, raising money for the Make a Wish Foundation. During early tours, he encouraged his fans to drop off food items as they arrived at the venue, an effort to support local food banks.", "During early tours, he encouraged his fans to drop off food items as they arrived at the venue, an effort to support local food banks. In 2009, he participated in a rescue mission to Ghana with members of Free the Slaves, a global nonprofit working to liberate children sold into slavery.", "In 2009, he participated in a rescue mission to Ghana with members of Free the Slaves, a global nonprofit working to liberate children sold into slavery. In 2012, he was featured as the first-ever straight man on the cover of Instinct magazine in recognition of his efforts in support of LGBT rights.", "In 2012, he was featured as the first-ever straight man on the cover of Instinct magazine in recognition of his efforts in support of LGBT rights. The Jason Mraz Foundation was established in 2011, with a mission to support charities in the areas of human equality, environment preservation and education.", "The Jason Mraz Foundation was established in 2011, with a mission to support charities in the areas of human equality, environment preservation and education. Organizations supported by the foundation include VH1's Save The Music Foundation, MusiCares, Surfrider Foundation, Free the Children, Life Rolls On, the School of the Performing Arts in the Richmond Community, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the True Colors Fund, which promotes LGBT equality.", "Organizations supported by the foundation include VH1's Save The Music Foundation, MusiCares, Surfrider Foundation, Free the Children, Life Rolls On, the School of the Performing Arts in the Richmond Community, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the True Colors Fund, which promotes LGBT equality. Mraz was named the 2010 Surf Industry Manufacturers Association (SIMA) Humanitarian of the Year.", "Mraz was named the 2010 Surf Industry Manufacturers Association (SIMA) Humanitarian of the Year. He also received the Clean Water Award in 2010 from the Surfrider Foundation, for helping to preserve the world's oceans and beaches.", "He also received the Clean Water Award in 2010 from the Surfrider Foundation, for helping to preserve the world's oceans and beaches. That same year, he teamed up with The Nature Conservancy and created a PSA using his song \"I'm Yours\" to raise awareness about the nonprofit organization's efforts to protect the earth.", "That same year, he teamed up with The Nature Conservancy and created a PSA using his song \"I'm Yours\" to raise awareness about the nonprofit organization's efforts to protect the earth. On December 16, 2012, Mraz headlined the Milestone Concert in Myanmar to raise awareness about human trafficking, making him the first foreign artist to play an open-air concert in Myanmar.", "On December 16, 2012, Mraz headlined the Milestone Concert in Myanmar to raise awareness about human trafficking, making him the first foreign artist to play an open-air concert in Myanmar. The concert was organized by MTV EXIT and held in the People's Square in Yangon, with over 70,000 people in attendance, as part of an initiative to raise awareness about human trafficking in Myanmar.", "The concert was organized by MTV EXIT and held in the People's Square in Yangon, with over 70,000 people in attendance, as part of an initiative to raise awareness about human trafficking in Myanmar. Also in 2012, Mraz spent a week in Antarctica with a group of environmentalists, scientists and researchers on a mission led by Al Gore, to learn about the effects of climate change.", "Also in 2012, Mraz spent a week in Antarctica with a group of environmentalists, scientists and researchers on a mission led by Al Gore, to learn about the effects of climate change. Mraz is a continued supporter of WhyHunger, a grassroots support organization dedicated to fighting hunger and poverty in the United States.", "Mraz is a continued supporter of WhyHunger, a grassroots support organization dedicated to fighting hunger and poverty in the United States. The organization was founded by late musician Harry Chapin and Radio DJ Bill Ayres in 1975.", "The organization was founded by late musician Harry Chapin and Radio DJ Bill Ayres in 1975. On June 19, 2020, Mraz announced he would be donating all profits from his album \"Look for the Good\" to Black Lives Matter and other organizations working toward equality and justice.", "On June 19, 2020, Mraz announced he would be donating all profits from his album \"Look for the Good\" to Black Lives Matter and other organizations working toward equality and justice. Politics On October 24, 2019, Mraz endorsed Bernie Sanders for President in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries stating, \"Bernie is the perfect candidate to follow Trump & continue to shake up the system for the benefit of true American values: Life, Liberty & The Pursuit of Happiness\".", "Politics On October 24, 2019, Mraz endorsed Bernie Sanders for President in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries stating, \"Bernie is the perfect candidate to follow Trump & continue to shake up the system for the benefit of true American values: Life, Liberty & The Pursuit of Happiness\". Discography Studio albums Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002) Mr. A–Z (2005) We Sing.", "Discography Studio albums Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002) Mr. A–Z (2005) We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. (2008) Love Is a Four Letter Word (2012) Yes! (2014) Know.", "(2014) Know. (2014) Know. (2018) Look for the Good (2020) Awards and nominations {| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" |- ! scope=\"col\" | Award ! scope=\"col\" | Year ! scope=\"col\" | Nominee(s) ! scope=\"col\" | Category !", "scope=\"col\" | Category ! scope=\"col\" | Result ! scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\"| |- !", "scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\"| |- ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=4|Grammy Awards | rowspan=\"2\"|2009 | rowspan=\"2\"|\"I'm Yours\" | Song of the Year | | rowspan=4| |- | rowspan=2|Best Male Pop Vocal Performance | |- | rowspan=\"2\"|2010 | \"Make It Mine\" | |- | \"Lucky\" (with Colbie Caillat) | Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals | |- !", "scope=\"row\" rowspan=4|Grammy Awards | rowspan=\"2\"|2009 | rowspan=\"2\"|\"I'm Yours\" | Song of the Year | | rowspan=4| |- | rowspan=2|Best Male Pop Vocal Performance | |- | rowspan=\"2\"|2010 | \"Make It Mine\" | |- | \"Lucky\" (with Colbie Caillat) | Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals | |- ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=2|Pop Awards | rowspan=2|2021 | Himself | Icon of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | Look for the Good | Album of the Year | |- !", "scope=\"row\" rowspan=2|Pop Awards | rowspan=2|2021 | Himself | Icon of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | Look for the Good | Album of the Year | |- ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=15|San Diego Music Awards | rowspan=2|2002 | rowspan=3|Himself | Best Acoustic | | rowspan=2| |- | rowspan=2|Artist of the Year | |- | rowspan=2|2003 | | rowspan=2| |- | \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\" | Song of the Year | |- | 2004 | rowspan=2|Himself | rowspan=2|Artist of the Year | | |- | rowspan=3|2009 | | rowspan=2| |- | \"Lucky\" (with Colbie Caillat) | Song of the Year | |- | We Sing.", "scope=\"row\" rowspan=15|San Diego Music Awards | rowspan=2|2002 | rowspan=3|Himself | Best Acoustic | | rowspan=2| |- | rowspan=2|Artist of the Year | |- | rowspan=2|2003 | | rowspan=2| |- | \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\" | Song of the Year | |- | 2004 | rowspan=2|Himself | rowspan=2|Artist of the Year | | |- | rowspan=3|2009 | | rowspan=2| |- | \"Lucky\" (with Colbie Caillat) | Song of the Year | |- | We Sing. We Dance.", "We Dance. We Dance. We Steal Things. | Album of the Year | | |- | rowspan=4|2014 | Himself | Artist of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | rowspan=2|\"Love Someone\" | Best Music Video | |- | Song of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | Yes!", "| Album of the Year | | |- | rowspan=4|2014 | Himself | Artist of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | rowspan=2|\"Love Someone\" | Best Music Video | |- | Song of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | Yes! | Album of the Year | |- | rowspan=3|2019 | Himself | Artist of the Year | | rowspan=3| |- | \"Have It All\" | Song of the Year | |- | Know.", "| Album of the Year | |- | rowspan=3|2019 | Himself | Artist of the Year | | rowspan=3| |- | \"Have It All\" | Song of the Year | |- | Know. | Album of the Year | Other awards |- | 2004 | rowspan=2|Jason Mraz | Pollstar Concert Industry Awards for Best New Touring Artist | |- | rowspan=4|2009 | Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Male Artist | |- | We Sing.", "| Album of the Year | Other awards |- | 2004 | rowspan=2|Jason Mraz | Pollstar Concert Industry Awards for Best New Touring Artist | |- | rowspan=4|2009 | Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Male Artist | |- | We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.", "We Dance. We Steal Things. We Steal Things. | Teen Choice Award for Choice Album (Male Artist) | |- | rowspan=3|Jason Mraz | American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist | |- | Songwriters Hall of Fame Hal David Starlight Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Artist | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | \"I'm Yours\" | ASCAP Song of the Year | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | Jason Mraz | Surf Industry Manufacturers Association Humanitarian of the Year | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | Jason Mraz | Surfrider Foundation Clean Water Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | rowspan=\"2\" | \"I Won't Give Up\" | Best Love Song | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | MVPA Awards for Best Adult Contemporary Video | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | Jason Mraz | ASCAP Foundation Champion Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2013 | Jason Mraz | People's Choice Award for Pop Male Artist | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2013 | Jason Mraz | MTV Europe Music Award For Best World Stage | |- Bibliography A Thousand Things (2008, I Love Books) Film Television appearances (selected) American Music Awards (2003) Late Night with Conan O'Brien (2003) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2003, 2005, 2008) New Year's Rockin' Eve (2004) The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2014) Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "| Teen Choice Award for Choice Album (Male Artist) | |- | rowspan=3|Jason Mraz | American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist | |- | Songwriters Hall of Fame Hal David Starlight Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Artist | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | \"I'm Yours\" | ASCAP Song of the Year | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | Jason Mraz | Surf Industry Manufacturers Association Humanitarian of the Year | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | Jason Mraz | Surfrider Foundation Clean Water Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | rowspan=\"2\" | \"I Won't Give Up\" | Best Love Song | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | MVPA Awards for Best Adult Contemporary Video | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | Jason Mraz | ASCAP Foundation Champion Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2013 | Jason Mraz | People's Choice Award for Pop Male Artist | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2013 | Jason Mraz | MTV Europe Music Award For Best World Stage | |- Bibliography A Thousand Things (2008, I Love Books) Film Television appearances (selected) American Music Awards (2003) Late Night with Conan O'Brien (2003) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2003, 2005, 2008) New Year's Rockin' Eve (2004) The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2014) Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2004, 2005, 2009, 2012) EBS Space Gonggam (EBS 스페이스 공감) (2006) Late Show with David Letterman (2008, 2009, 2012) Nobel Peace Prize Concert (2008) Rachael Ray (2008) American Idol (2009, 2019) Saturday Night Live (2009, 2019) Spicks and Specks (TV series) (2009) The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009) Grammy Awards (2009, 2010) Family Guy (2010) The Jay Leno Show (2010) Sesame Street (2010) Chelsea Lately (2012) Conan (2012) Dancing With the Stars (2012) The Fresh Beat Band (2012) Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2012) Opening Act (2012) Today (2012) VH1 Storytellers (2012) Watch What Happens: Live (2012) Live from Daryl's House (2012) American Restoration (2015) Live from the Artists Den (2014) K-pop Star 4 (케이팝 스타 4) (2015) Today Show with Hoda and Jena (2019) Celebrity Show-Off (2020) Celebrity Wheel of Fortune'' (2021) References External links Jason Mraz collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive Playlist: Jason Mraz – Nightline 07/17/09 – Reggae to rock, Mraz reveals his musical influences.", "(2004, 2005, 2009, 2012) EBS Space Gonggam (EBS 스페이스 공감) (2006) Late Show with David Letterman (2008, 2009, 2012) Nobel Peace Prize Concert (2008) Rachael Ray (2008) American Idol (2009, 2019) Saturday Night Live (2009, 2019) Spicks and Specks (TV series) (2009) The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009) Grammy Awards (2009, 2010) Family Guy (2010) The Jay Leno Show (2010) Sesame Street (2010) Chelsea Lately (2012) Conan (2012) Dancing With the Stars (2012) The Fresh Beat Band (2012) Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2012) Opening Act (2012) Today (2012) VH1 Storytellers (2012) Watch What Happens: Live (2012) Live from Daryl's House (2012) American Restoration (2015) Live from the Artists Den (2014) K-pop Star 4 (케이팝 스타 4) (2015) Today Show with Hoda and Jena (2019) Celebrity Show-Off (2020) Celebrity Wheel of Fortune'' (2021) References External links Jason Mraz collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive Playlist: Jason Mraz – Nightline 07/17/09 – Reggae to rock, Mraz reveals his musical influences. 1977 births American male singer-songwriters American people of Czech descent American people of Slovak descent Atlantic Records artists Bisexual male actors Bisexual musicians Elektra Records artists Grammy Award winners LGBT people from Virginia LGBT producers LGBT rights activists from the United States LGBT singers from the United States LGBT songwriters Living people Musicians from Richmond, Virginia Musical groups from San Diego Singer-songwriters from Virginia American folk-pop singers Guitarists from Virginia American male guitarists People from Mechanicsville, Virginia 21st-century American singers 20th-century LGBT people 21st-century LGBT people Singer-songwriters from California" ]

[ "Jason Mraz", "Mr. A-Z (2005-08)", "What is Mr A-Z?", "Mraz began a long-running tour in support of Mr. A-Z at the San Diego Music Awards on September 12, 2005.", "Why is this significant?", "The tour featured several opening acts, including Bushwalla and Tristan Prettyman, with whom he had written the duet \"Shy That Way\" in 2002.", "Where was the tour?", "Mraz opened for Alanis Morissette during her 2005 Jagged Little Pill Acoustic tour, and for the Rolling Stones on five dates during their 2005-06 world tour." ]

[ "\"The Beauty in Ugly\" is a song recorded by Jason Mraz in support of the \"Be Ugly '07\" campaign that was created for the television show Ugly Betty. The music video was made to promote the show and the campaign. Mraz also did a Spanish version called \"La Nueva Belleza\".\n\nTrack listing\nDigital download\n \"The Beauty in Ugly\" – 2:30\n\nMusic video\nThe video starts with Jason Mraz singing with his guitar in a vacant office level while showing different shots of the television show Ugly Betty. The video then progresses to show \"normal\" people auditioning to be a model. Also seen is writing on the screen telling the audience what needs to be \"fixed\" with their image and style. The video then continues to show clips from the show and Mraz singing in the vacant office level. Toward the end of the video we get to see the before and after pictures of the people auditioning to be a model, until the people revert to what they really look like. The video continues to show the clips of the show and Mraz singing until the video fades to black.\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nJason Mraz songs\nSong recordings produced by Jason Mraz\nSongs written by Jason Mraz\n2007 songs\nAtlantic Records singles", "\"Rough Water\" is a song by Travie McCoy featuring Jason Mraz. It was released digitally as a single on September 13, 2013 through Fueled by Ramen.\n\nLyrics\n\nThe song is based on two lovers in a long distance relationship, where McCoy says they're on the same sphere despite 3 months apart, while Mraz sings the lines 'Never let go of me, Hold tight, It's gonna get hard to breathe\" in an emotional hook. The song also features many references to the 1998 film Titanic, i.e. \"loose lips sink ships, that's what someone told me, but this boat can stay afloat as long as you hold me\".\n\nMusic Video\nThe music video was premiered on October 11, 2013. The video was filmed in New York City.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2013 singles\n2013 songs\nTravie McCoy songs\nJason Mraz songs" ]

[ "Jason Thomas Mraz (; born June 23, 1977) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. He rose to prominence with the release of his debut studio album, Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002), which spawned the single \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\", that reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "He rose to prominence with the release of his debut studio album, Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002), which spawned the single \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\", that reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. His next two studio albums, Mr. A-Z (2005), and We Sing.", "His next two studio albums, Mr. A-Z (2005), and We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. (2008), peaked in the top five on the Billboard 200; with the latter album spawning the Grammy Award winning singles \"Make It Mine\", and \"Lucky\" with Colbie Caillat.", "(2008), peaked in the top five on the Billboard 200; with the latter album spawning the Grammy Award winning singles \"Make It Mine\", and \"Lucky\" with Colbie Caillat. The album's lead single \"I'm Yours\", reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, while spending a then-record 76 weeks on the Hot 100, and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "The album's lead single \"I'm Yours\", reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, while spending a then-record 76 weeks on the Hot 100, and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). His fourth album, Love Is a Four Letter Word (2012), peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, becoming his highest-charting album to date, and spawned the single \"I Won't Give Up\", which became his second top ten on the Hot 100.", "His fourth album, Love Is a Four Letter Word (2012), peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, becoming his highest-charting album to date, and spawned the single \"I Won't Give Up\", which became his second top ten on the Hot 100. Along with receiving two Grammy Award wins, Mraz is also the recipient of two Teen Choice Awards, a People's Choice Award and the Hal David Songwriters Hall of Fame Award.", "Along with receiving two Grammy Award wins, Mraz is also the recipient of two Teen Choice Awards, a People's Choice Award and the Hal David Songwriters Hall of Fame Award. As of July 2014, Mraz has sold over seven million albums, and over 11.5 million in digital singles.", "As of July 2014, Mraz has sold over seven million albums, and over 11.5 million in digital singles. His musical style, from rhythmic feeling to his use of nylon string guitars, has been heavily influenced by Brazilian music. Early life Mraz was born and raised in Mechanicsville, Virginia.", "Early life Mraz was born and raised in Mechanicsville, Virginia. He is of Czech and Slovak descent through his grandfather, who moved to the United States from Austria-Hungary in 1915. His surname is (, ).", "His surname is (, ). His parents, Tom (Tomáš) Mraz and June Tomes, divorced when he was five years old, leaving Mraz to live with his father while his sister lived with his mother. His father is a postal worker, and his mother is vice president at a branch of Bank of America.", "His father is a postal worker, and his mother is vice president at a branch of Bank of America. Mraz's first concert was Young MC, the rapper known for \"Bust a Move.\" While attending Lee-Davis High School, Mraz was a member of the cheerleading squad, school chorus, and drama club.", "While attending Lee-Davis High School, Mraz was a member of the cheerleading squad, school chorus, and drama club. He starred as Joseph in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and as Snoopy in a play about the Peanuts characters. Mraz graduated in 1995.", "Mraz graduated in 1995. Mraz graduated in 1995. During this period of his life, he struggled with his sexuality at times, wondering if he was gay. Mraz credits an early girlfriend as being one of the influences that drove him to songwriting.", "Mraz credits an early girlfriend as being one of the influences that drove him to songwriting. She encouraged him to write his thoughts on paper which helped him get \"all of the voices in my head to shut up\" and \"become something I could follow.\"", "She encouraged him to write his thoughts on paper which helped him get \"all of the voices in my head to shut up\" and \"become something I could follow.\" After high school, Mraz attended the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York City for about a year and a half, originally to work in musical theater.", "After high school, Mraz attended the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in New York City for about a year and a half, originally to work in musical theater. When his roommates played guitar he would provide the vocals.", "When his roommates played guitar he would provide the vocals. Eventually, a friend gave him a guitar that was about to be thrown away and Mraz learned to play and write his own music.", "Eventually, a friend gave him a guitar that was about to be thrown away and Mraz learned to play and write his own music. Mraz moved to the Shockoe Bottom neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia, where he took a series of odd jobs, including elementary-school janitor, and joined the Ashland Stage Company.", "Mraz moved to the Shockoe Bottom neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia, where he took a series of odd jobs, including elementary-school janitor, and joined the Ashland Stage Company. Mraz then enrolled at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia, on a scholarship.", "Mraz then enrolled at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia, on a scholarship. Instead of attending classes, he headed west on a road trip that ultimately brought him to San Diego, where he decided to stay.", "Instead of attending classes, he headed west on a road trip that ultimately brought him to San Diego, where he decided to stay. Music career Coffee house beginnings (2000–01) Soon after moving to San Diego in 1999, Mraz became a roadie for the band Elgin Park.", "Music career Coffee house beginnings (2000–01) Soon after moving to San Diego in 1999, Mraz became a roadie for the band Elgin Park. He met future band member Toca Rivera at Java Joe's, a coffee house in the Ocean Beach neighborhood of San Diego known for being formative in the careers of Jewel and Steve Poltz.", "He met future band member Toca Rivera at Java Joe's, a coffee house in the Ocean Beach neighborhood of San Diego known for being formative in the careers of Jewel and Steve Poltz. Mraz performed once a week for nearly three years, building a following in San Diego and online.", "Mraz performed once a week for nearly three years, building a following in San Diego and online. Mraz released A Jason Mraz Demonstration in 1999, From the Cutting Room Floor and Oh Love, In Sadness (The E Minor EP in F) in 2001, which were self-released and pressed in a limited number of copies.", "Mraz released A Jason Mraz Demonstration in 1999, From the Cutting Room Floor and Oh Love, In Sadness (The E Minor EP in F) in 2001, which were self-released and pressed in a limited number of copies. In 2001, Mraz released the live acoustic album Live at Java Joe's, performing with percussionist Rivera and bassist Ian Sheridan.", "In 2001, Mraz released the live acoustic album Live at Java Joe's, performing with percussionist Rivera and bassist Ian Sheridan. The album featured Mraz's freelancing vocal style and several songs he would later re-release, including \"1000 Things\", \"You and I Both\" and \"Halfway Home.\"", "The album featured Mraz's freelancing vocal style and several songs he would later re-release, including \"1000 Things\", \"You and I Both\" and \"Halfway Home.\" The album was made available to download on iTunes on March 11, 2008, under the title Jason Mraz: Live & Acoustic 2001.", "The album was made available to download on iTunes on March 11, 2008, under the title Jason Mraz: Live & Acoustic 2001. Mraz returned to perform at Java Joe's for the 15th anniversary of the album on September 21, 2002.", "Mraz returned to perform at Java Joe's for the 15th anniversary of the album on September 21, 2002. Mraz' last self-released album was Sold Out (In Stereo) in March 21, 2002.", "Mraz' last self-released album was Sold Out (In Stereo) in March 21, 2002. Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002–04) In late 2001, Mraz signed a recording contract with Elektra Records and moved to Los Angeles. In 2002, he opened for Jewel on her tour.", "In 2002, he opened for Jewel on her tour. On October 15, 2002, Mraz released his first major label debut album, Waiting for My Rocket to Come, which peaked at number 55 on the Billboard 200.", "On October 15, 2002, Mraz released his first major label debut album, Waiting for My Rocket to Come, which peaked at number 55 on the Billboard 200. The first single, \"You & I Both,\" was sent to radio stations time for the album's release, but received minimal airplay, which led Elektra to reconsider whether a mid-tempo song was the right way to introduce Mraz.", "The first single, \"You & I Both,\" was sent to radio stations time for the album's release, but received minimal airplay, which led Elektra to reconsider whether a mid-tempo song was the right way to introduce Mraz. In early 2003, the label took a new approach with the more upbeat \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry).\"", "In early 2003, the label took a new approach with the more upbeat \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry).\" The track was co-written by music production team The Matrix, and became Mraz's first top-40 single on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 15, becoming one of the biggest songs of 2003.", "The track was co-written by music production team The Matrix, and became Mraz's first top-40 single on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 15, becoming one of the biggest songs of 2003. The song was inspired by a high school friend who was diagnosed with cancer.", "The song was inspired by a high school friend who was diagnosed with cancer. At the time of the album's release, Mraz said that he did not like \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\" and had not wanted it on the album because it had started as a special and experimental song and the record label had \"chalked up this chorus\".", "At the time of the album's release, Mraz said that he did not like \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\" and had not wanted it on the album because it had started as a special and experimental song and the record label had \"chalked up this chorus\". The day after the album's release, Mraz played on \"The Late Late Show With Craig Kilborn\".", "The day after the album's release, Mraz played on \"The Late Late Show With Craig Kilborn\". Elektra would return to \"You & I Both\" a second time, shooting a music video and re-releasing it as the second official single.", "Elektra would return to \"You & I Both\" a second time, shooting a music video and re-releasing it as the second official single. On May 19, 2005, Waiting for My Rocket to Come was certified Platinum, for selling 1 million units. Mraz opened for Tracy Chapman in 2003 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.", "Mraz opened for Tracy Chapman in 2003 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In 2004, while on tour, Mraz released a live album with an accompanying DVD, Tonight, Not Again: Jason Mraz Live at the Eagles Ballroom.", "In 2004, while on tour, Mraz released a live album with an accompanying DVD, Tonight, Not Again: Jason Mraz Live at the Eagles Ballroom. He performed with his touring band, including drummer Adam King, Rivera, Sheridan and keyboardist Eric Hinojosa, along with a guest appearance from Blues Traveler frontman John Popper.", "He performed with his touring band, including drummer Adam King, Rivera, Sheridan and keyboardist Eric Hinojosa, along with a guest appearance from Blues Traveler frontman John Popper. Mr. A–Z (2005–08) On July 26, 2005, Mraz released his second major label album, Mr. A–Z, produced by Steve Lillywhite for Atlantic Records.", "Mr. A–Z (2005–08) On July 26, 2005, Mraz released his second major label album, Mr. A–Z, produced by Steve Lillywhite for Atlantic Records. The album's lead single, \"Wordplay\", was produced by Kevin Kadish, and entered the Billboard 200 at number 5.", "The album's lead single, \"Wordplay\", was produced by Kevin Kadish, and entered the Billboard 200 at number 5. The album earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, while Lillywhite received a nomination for Producer of the Year.", "The album earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, while Lillywhite received a nomination for Producer of the Year. Mraz began a long-running tour in support of Mr. A–Z at the San Diego Music Awards on September 12, 2005.", "Mraz began a long-running tour in support of Mr. A–Z at the San Diego Music Awards on September 12, 2005. The tour featured several opening acts, including Bushwalla and Tristan Prettyman, with whom he had written the duet \"Shy That Way\" in 2002.", "The tour featured several opening acts, including Bushwalla and Tristan Prettyman, with whom he had written the duet \"Shy That Way\" in 2002. Mraz opened for Alanis Morissette during her 2005 Jagged Little Pill Acoustic tour, and for the Rolling Stones on five dates during their 2005–06 world tour.", "Mraz opened for Alanis Morissette during her 2005 Jagged Little Pill Acoustic tour, and for the Rolling Stones on five dates during their 2005–06 world tour. In March 2006, he performed in Singapore as part of the annual Mosaic Music Festival.", "In March 2006, he performed in Singapore as part of the annual Mosaic Music Festival. That May, he toured mostly small venues and music festivals in the U.S., along with a few shows in the United Kingdom and Ireland where he supported James Blunt The tour included a May 6, 2006 acoustic show with P.O.D., Better Than Ezra, Live, and The Presidents of the United States of America.", "That May, he toured mostly small venues and music festivals in the U.S., along with a few shows in the United Kingdom and Ireland where he supported James Blunt The tour included a May 6, 2006 acoustic show with P.O.D., Better Than Ezra, Live, and The Presidents of the United States of America. Mraz was featured as a headlining guest of St. Louis's annual Fair St. Louis and performed a free concert at the base of the Gateway Arch on July 1, 2006.", "Mraz was featured as a headlining guest of St. Louis's annual Fair St. Louis and performed a free concert at the base of the Gateway Arch on July 1, 2006. During this time, Mraz was also the opening act at several dates for Rob Thomas' Something to Be Tour.", "During this time, Mraz was also the opening act at several dates for Rob Thomas' Something to Be Tour. In 2005, Mraz was one of many singers featured in the fall advertisement campaign for The Gap entitled \"Favorites\", singing a cover of Bob Marley's \"One Love\".", "In 2005, Mraz was one of many singers featured in the fall advertisement campaign for The Gap entitled \"Favorites\", singing a cover of Bob Marley's \"One Love\". 2006 saw the release of Selections for Friends, the live, online-only album recorded during the Songs for Friends Tour.", "2006 saw the release of Selections for Friends, the live, online-only album recorded during the Songs for Friends Tour. In 2007, \"The Beauty in Ugly\", an earlier track penned by Mraz originally titled \"Plain Jane\", was rewritten for the ABC television show Ugly Betty.", "In 2007, \"The Beauty in Ugly\", an earlier track penned by Mraz originally titled \"Plain Jane\", was rewritten for the ABC television show Ugly Betty. The song was featured as a part of ABC's \"Be Ugly in '07\" campaign.", "The song was featured as a part of ABC's \"Be Ugly in '07\" campaign. Also that year, on American Idol, contestant Chris Richardson performed a cover of Mraz's \"Geek in the Pink\". We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.", "We Dance. We Steal Things. We Steal Things. (2008–09) On May 13, 2008, Mraz released his third studio album, We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. The album debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200.", "The album debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200. It broke into the top 10 of many international music charts, and reached number 3 in the US and Australia. In March 2009, it was certified Platinum for selling 1 million units.", "In March 2009, it was certified Platinum for selling 1 million units. Mraz has said that the album title was taken from the work of Scottish artist David Shrigley. Prior to its release, Mraz released three EPs, each with acoustic versions of songs from the album.", "Prior to its release, Mraz released three EPs, each with acoustic versions of songs from the album. The lead single, \"I'm Yours\", was written in August 2004 and originally released as a free acoustic B-side when Mr. A-Z came out.", "The lead single, \"I'm Yours\", was written in August 2004 and originally released as a free acoustic B-side when Mr. A-Z came out. Through Mraz's live performances of the song, it gained in popularity with fans.", "Through Mraz's live performances of the song, it gained in popularity with fans. When he played it at a festival in Sweden in 2007, the fans were ecstatic and singing along, after which Mraz realized the song's popularity and decided to make it the centerpiece of his next album.", "When he played it at a festival in Sweden in 2007, the fans were ecstatic and singing along, after which Mraz realized the song's popularity and decided to make it the centerpiece of his next album. \"I'm Yours\" became Mraz's first Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #6 on September 20, 2008.", "\"I'm Yours\" became Mraz's first Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #6 on September 20, 2008. It ultimately spent 76 weeks on the Hot 100, longer than any other song in the magazine's 51-year history (a record since broken by Imagine Dragons with \"Radioactive\" in 2014).", "It ultimately spent 76 weeks on the Hot 100, longer than any other song in the magazine's 51-year history (a record since broken by Imagine Dragons with \"Radioactive\" in 2014). It was a major commercial success in the US, receiving a 7x multi-Platinum certification from the RIAA for digital sales of over seven million.", "It was a major commercial success in the US, receiving a 7x multi-Platinum certification from the RIAA for digital sales of over seven million. The song was also successful internationally, topping the charts in New Zealand, Norway, Portugal and Sweden, and peaking in the top ten on the charts in 11 other countries.", "The song was also successful internationally, topping the charts in New Zealand, Norway, Portugal and Sweden, and peaking in the top ten on the charts in 11 other countries. By May 2012, it had gained over 125,000,000 hits on YouTube.", "By May 2012, it had gained over 125,000,000 hits on YouTube. It was the first song to top the charts in four different radio formats: Mainstream Top 40, Adult Contemporary, Adult Top 40 and Triple A. It also made the Latin Pop and Smooth Jazz charts.", "It also made the Latin Pop and Smooth Jazz charts. Mraz won his first two Grammy Awards in 2010, for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance (\"Make It Mine\") and Best Pop Collaboration (\"Lucky\" with Colbie Caillat).", "Mraz won his first two Grammy Awards in 2010, for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance (\"Make It Mine\") and Best Pop Collaboration (\"Lucky\" with Colbie Caillat). At the 2009 Grammy Awards, \"I'm Yours\" was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, and We Sing.", "At the 2009 Grammy Awards, \"I'm Yours\" was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, and We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. was nominated for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. \"I'm Yours\" was also named ASCAP's 2010 Song of the Year.", "\"I'm Yours\" was also named ASCAP's 2010 Song of the Year. Mraz's 2008 world tour took him all over the United States, Europe, Asia and Australia. His personal photo travelogue from the world tour was published as a book, titled A Thousand Things (2008).", "His personal photo travelogue from the world tour was published as a book, titled A Thousand Things (2008). The book contains Polaroids from his time touring and backpacking around Europe, and was launched with a photo exhibition at Charles Cowles Gallery in New York City at the end of 2008.", "The book contains Polaroids from his time touring and backpacking around Europe, and was launched with a photo exhibition at Charles Cowles Gallery in New York City at the end of 2008. Also in 2008, Mraz played with Eric Clapton to a crowd of 45,000 in Hyde Park, London, sold out London's Royal Albert Hall and performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo.", "Also in 2008, Mraz played with Eric Clapton to a crowd of 45,000 in Hyde Park, London, sold out London's Royal Albert Hall and performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. That year also marked his Music, Magic & Make Peace Tour with Bushwalla, The Makepeace Brothers, and magician Justin Willman.", "That year also marked his Music, Magic & Make Peace Tour with Bushwalla, The Makepeace Brothers, and magician Justin Willman. Mraz brought along the magician after picking up magic as a hobby during recording sessions for We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.", "We Dance. We Steal Things. We Steal Things. On January 31, 2009, Mraz was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live, performing \"I'm Yours\" and \"Lucky\", which peaked on the Hot 100 at number 82.", "On January 31, 2009, Mraz was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live, performing \"I'm Yours\" and \"Lucky\", which peaked on the Hot 100 at number 82. In 2009, Mraz was awarded the Hal David Starlight Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 2009, Mraz was awarded the Hal David Starlight Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Love Is a Four Letter Word (2010–13) In 2009, while preparing for his new album, Mraz recorded \"The Way Is Love\", an unreleased Roy Orbison song, as a duet with Willie Nelson.", "Love Is a Four Letter Word (2010–13) In 2009, while preparing for his new album, Mraz recorded \"The Way Is Love\", an unreleased Roy Orbison song, as a duet with Willie Nelson. In November 2009, he released the live CD/DVD Jason Mraz's Beautiful Mess: Live on Earth, recorded in Chicago during the Gratitude Café tour.", "In November 2009, he released the live CD/DVD Jason Mraz's Beautiful Mess: Live on Earth, recorded in Chicago during the Gratitude Café tour. The following year, he went to Brazil to record \"Simplesmente Todo\" with Milton Nascimento, who sings in Portuguese while Mraz sings in English.", "The following year, he went to Brazil to record \"Simplesmente Todo\" with Milton Nascimento, who sings in Portuguese while Mraz sings in English. He also did some writing with Dido, and recorded new material with producer Martin Terefe.", "He also did some writing with Dido, and recorded new material with producer Martin Terefe. Mraz then released two live EPs: the Life Is Good EP on October 5, 2010, and the Live Is A Four Letter Word EP on February 28, 2012. Love Is a Four Letter Word was released on April 13, 2012.", "Love Is a Four Letter Word was released on April 13, 2012. It reached number 2 on the Billboard 200, and the top 20 in 10 other countries. The lead single, \"I Won't Give Up\", debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 1 on the Digital Songs chart.", "The lead single, \"I Won't Give Up\", debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 1 on the Digital Songs chart. It charted in 15 countries in total, and in October 2013 was certified 4x multi-platinum, for selling in excess of 4 million units.", "It charted in 15 countries in total, and in October 2013 was certified 4x multi-platinum, for selling in excess of 4 million units. Mraz premiered the track live during his 2011 tour, before an official version had been released. It began to receive a lot of attention through live performances, as well as online.", "It began to receive a lot of attention through live performances, as well as online. The official lyric video gained over 2.5 million views in its first 10 days on YouTube. Love Is a Four Letter Word was nominated for a 2012 Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "Love Is a Four Letter Word was nominated for a 2012 Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Mraz won a 2013 People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Artist. He performed at Farm Aid 2011 in Kansas City.", "He performed at Farm Aid 2011 in Kansas City. In 2012 he played sold-out shows at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, Madison Square Garden in New York and the O2 Arena in London, and performed at President Barack Obama and family's lighting of the national Christmas tree at the White House; a noted Obama supporter, he has also performed at numerous other events involving Obama and Vice President Joe Biden.", "In 2012 he played sold-out shows at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, Madison Square Garden in New York and the O2 Arena in London, and performed at President Barack Obama and family's lighting of the national Christmas tree at the White House; a noted Obama supporter, he has also performed at numerous other events involving Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. Also in 2012, he performed \"You Did It\" at the presentation ceremony for the Kennedy Center's Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, won that year by Ellen DeGeneres.", "Also in 2012, he performed \"You Did It\" at the presentation ceremony for the Kennedy Center's Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, won that year by Ellen DeGeneres. Yes! (2014) Mraz's fifth studio album, Yes!, was released on July 15, 2014.", "(2014) Mraz's fifth studio album, Yes!, was released on July 15, 2014. It is his first acoustic album, and was recorded with all-female folk rock band Raining Jane. They had previously co-written \"A Beautiful Mess\" for Mraz's 2008 album We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.", "We Dance. We Steal Things. We Steal Things. Aside from a cover of the Boyz II Men song \"It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday\", every song on Yes! was written by Mraz and Raining Jane.", "was written by Mraz and Raining Jane. The lead single, \"Love Someone\", was released on May 19, 2014, with Mraz performing an acoustic version of the song for Time. On June 20, 2014, he released We Can Take the Long Way, a music video trilogy for the first three songs on Yes!", "On June 20, 2014, he released We Can Take the Long Way, a music video trilogy for the first three songs on Yes! – \"Love Someone\", \"Hello, You Beautiful Thing\" and \"Long Drive\". It premiered on the USA Today website.", "It premiered on the USA Today website. Waitress (2017–18) On September 27, 2017, it was announced that Mraz would make his Broadway debut in the musical Waitress. He took on the role of Dr. Pomatter on November 3, 2017 for a 10-week run.", "He took on the role of Dr. Pomatter on November 3, 2017 for a 10-week run. Sara Bareilles re-joined the cast during his run and he extended his time as Dr. Pomatter playing his final show on February 11, 2018.", "Sara Bareilles re-joined the cast during his run and he extended his time as Dr. Pomatter playing his final show on February 11, 2018. He had previously sung \"Bad Idea\" and \"You Matter to Me\" on Sara Bareilles' 2015 album (based on the show's music) What's Inside: Songs From Waitress.", "He had previously sung \"Bad Idea\" and \"You Matter to Me\" on Sara Bareilles' 2015 album (based on the show's music) What's Inside: Songs From Waitress. Know.", "Know. Know. and Look for the Good (2018–present) Prior to and following his involvement in Waitress, Mraz began work on a follow-up album to Yes!. In June 2018, he announced his sixth studio album, Know.—a play on the previous album's title— it was released on August 10, 2018.", "In June 2018, he announced his sixth studio album, Know.—a play on the previous album's title— it was released on August 10, 2018. He referred to the new album as \"bright and shiny\" and a \"classic-sounding pop acoustic, vocally driven record with positive lyrics and love songs.\"", "He referred to the new album as \"bright and shiny\" and a \"classic-sounding pop acoustic, vocally driven record with positive lyrics and love songs.\" Inspired by a blessing he received from a Buddhist monk during a trip to Myanmar in 2012, Mraz wrote the song \"Have It All\" with Raining Jane and producers David Hodges, JKash, and Andrew Wells.", "Inspired by a blessing he received from a Buddhist monk during a trip to Myanmar in 2012, Mraz wrote the song \"Have It All\" with Raining Jane and producers David Hodges, JKash, and Andrew Wells. The song was released as the lead single to the new album on April 27, 2018, and accompanied by a video filmed with performing arts students from his hometown of Richmond.", "The song was released as the lead single to the new album on April 27, 2018, and accompanied by a video filmed with performing arts students from his hometown of Richmond. With the announcement of the album in June 2018, Mraz released a second track off of Know. called \"Unlonely\".", "called \"Unlonely\". called \"Unlonely\". In July 2018, Mraz shared the lyric video for the song \"More Than Friends\", a duet with Meghan Trainor.", "In July 2018, Mraz shared the lyric video for the song \"More Than Friends\", a duet with Meghan Trainor. On August 7, 2018, he partnered with Fathom Events on the one-night-only release of Jason Mraz - Have It All The Movie, a concert film and behind the scenes footage of the making of the \"Have It All\" video, in 600 movie theaters throughout North America.", "On August 7, 2018, he partnered with Fathom Events on the one-night-only release of Jason Mraz - Have It All The Movie, a concert film and behind the scenes footage of the making of the \"Have It All\" video, in 600 movie theaters throughout North America. On August 10, 2018, his sixth album, Know., was released.", "On August 10, 2018, his sixth album, Know., was released. In 2019, he was featured on the album The Secret by Alan Parsons as lead vocalist of the song \"Miracle\". On August 13, 2019, Mraz was named the first-ever District Advocate Ambassador to continue the fight for music creators' rights.", "On August 13, 2019, Mraz was named the first-ever District Advocate Ambassador to continue the fight for music creators' rights. In June 2020, Jason Mraz signed a three multi-album agreement with BMG led by Vice President of A&R Jaime Neely, Executive Vice President of Repertoire & Marketing Thomas Scherer, Vice President of Marketing and Recorded Music Cyndi Lynott, and Vice President of Creative Synch Jonathan Palmer.", "In June 2020, Jason Mraz signed a three multi-album agreement with BMG led by Vice President of A&R Jaime Neely, Executive Vice President of Repertoire & Marketing Thomas Scherer, Vice President of Marketing and Recorded Music Cyndi Lynott, and Vice President of Creative Synch Jonathan Palmer. Personal life Relationships and sexuality Mraz married Sheridan Edley in 2001.", "Personal life Relationships and sexuality Mraz married Sheridan Edley in 2001. They divorced the following year. Mraz was engaged to singer-songwriter and long-time close friend Tristan Prettyman on Christmas Eve 2010; they broke off the engagement six months later. Mraz lives a health-conscious lifestyle and has said that he eats mostly raw vegan foods.", "Mraz lives a health-conscious lifestyle and has said that he eats mostly raw vegan foods. His vegan diet has also influenced his music. He owns a five-and-a-half acre avocado farm in Oceanside, California. He is an investor at Café Gratitude, a vegan restaurant in Los Angeles, and named his 2011 tour Gratitude Café in its honor.", "He is an investor at Café Gratitude, a vegan restaurant in Los Angeles, and named his 2011 tour Gratitude Café in its honor. His hobbies include surfing, yoga and photography. On October 25, 2015, Mraz married his girlfriend, Christina Carano, in a private ceremony in his hometown of Mechanicsville, Virginia.", "On October 25, 2015, Mraz married his girlfriend, Christina Carano, in a private ceremony in his hometown of Mechanicsville, Virginia. In June 2018, Mraz penned a \"love letter\" to the LGBT community, as part of a Billboard feature during gay pride month.", "In June 2018, Mraz penned a \"love letter\" to the LGBT community, as part of a Billboard feature during gay pride month. A line in the poem, \"I am bi your side. / All ways\" led some media reports to state that the poem represented Mraz's coming out as bisexual.", "/ All ways\" led some media reports to state that the poem represented Mraz's coming out as bisexual. In an article published on July 19, 2018, by Billboard, Mraz said he has had previous experiences with men, even while dating Carano.", "In an article published on July 19, 2018, by Billboard, Mraz said he has had previous experiences with men, even while dating Carano. Mraz said Carano defined him as a \"two-spirit\", a description that was criticized by some as misappropriating a word originally designed solely for the native population, and for distorting the term's meaning.", "Mraz said Carano defined him as a \"two-spirit\", a description that was criticized by some as misappropriating a word originally designed solely for the native population, and for distorting the term's meaning. In August 2018, Mraz confirmed in an interview with the New York Post that he now identifies as bisexual, speaking of the burden of being closeted (\"I honestly didn’t know how to come out and sing these happy love songs...\"; \"It was tough, 'cause not even my mom knew it, you know?", "In August 2018, Mraz confirmed in an interview with the New York Post that he now identifies as bisexual, speaking of the burden of being closeted (\"I honestly didn’t know how to come out and sing these happy love songs...\"; \"It was tough, 'cause not even my mom knew it, you know? [...] And I realized that’s the struggle that people in the LGBT community have.", "[...] And I realized that’s the struggle that people in the LGBT community have. It can be a very stressful secret that we carry\") and the lack of backlash once he came out (\"And I think that’s the cosmic joke.", "It can be a very stressful secret that we carry\") and the lack of backlash once he came out (\"And I think that’s the cosmic joke. We carry around these secrets, and then once you say something, nobody cares\").", "We carry around these secrets, and then once you say something, nobody cares\"). Social activism and philanthropy Mraz is a social activist whose philanthropic efforts span wide-ranging issues, including the environment, human rights and LGBT equality.", "Social activism and philanthropy Mraz is a social activist whose philanthropic efforts span wide-ranging issues, including the environment, human rights and LGBT equality. In 2003, after learning one of his beer bottles was listed for sale on eBay, Mraz was inspired to auction off items of his wardrobe online, raising money for the Make a Wish Foundation.", "In 2003, after learning one of his beer bottles was listed for sale on eBay, Mraz was inspired to auction off items of his wardrobe online, raising money for the Make a Wish Foundation. During early tours, he encouraged his fans to drop off food items as they arrived at the venue, an effort to support local food banks.", "During early tours, he encouraged his fans to drop off food items as they arrived at the venue, an effort to support local food banks. In 2009, he participated in a rescue mission to Ghana with members of Free the Slaves, a global nonprofit working to liberate children sold into slavery.", "In 2009, he participated in a rescue mission to Ghana with members of Free the Slaves, a global nonprofit working to liberate children sold into slavery. In 2012, he was featured as the first-ever straight man on the cover of Instinct magazine in recognition of his efforts in support of LGBT rights.", "In 2012, he was featured as the first-ever straight man on the cover of Instinct magazine in recognition of his efforts in support of LGBT rights. The Jason Mraz Foundation was established in 2011, with a mission to support charities in the areas of human equality, environment preservation and education.", "The Jason Mraz Foundation was established in 2011, with a mission to support charities in the areas of human equality, environment preservation and education. Organizations supported by the foundation include VH1's Save The Music Foundation, MusiCares, Surfrider Foundation, Free the Children, Life Rolls On, the School of the Performing Arts in the Richmond Community, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the True Colors Fund, which promotes LGBT equality.", "Organizations supported by the foundation include VH1's Save The Music Foundation, MusiCares, Surfrider Foundation, Free the Children, Life Rolls On, the School of the Performing Arts in the Richmond Community, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the True Colors Fund, which promotes LGBT equality. Mraz was named the 2010 Surf Industry Manufacturers Association (SIMA) Humanitarian of the Year.", "Mraz was named the 2010 Surf Industry Manufacturers Association (SIMA) Humanitarian of the Year. He also received the Clean Water Award in 2010 from the Surfrider Foundation, for helping to preserve the world's oceans and beaches.", "He also received the Clean Water Award in 2010 from the Surfrider Foundation, for helping to preserve the world's oceans and beaches. That same year, he teamed up with The Nature Conservancy and created a PSA using his song \"I'm Yours\" to raise awareness about the nonprofit organization's efforts to protect the earth.", "That same year, he teamed up with The Nature Conservancy and created a PSA using his song \"I'm Yours\" to raise awareness about the nonprofit organization's efforts to protect the earth. On December 16, 2012, Mraz headlined the Milestone Concert in Myanmar to raise awareness about human trafficking, making him the first foreign artist to play an open-air concert in Myanmar.", "On December 16, 2012, Mraz headlined the Milestone Concert in Myanmar to raise awareness about human trafficking, making him the first foreign artist to play an open-air concert in Myanmar. The concert was organized by MTV EXIT and held in the People's Square in Yangon, with over 70,000 people in attendance, as part of an initiative to raise awareness about human trafficking in Myanmar.", "The concert was organized by MTV EXIT and held in the People's Square in Yangon, with over 70,000 people in attendance, as part of an initiative to raise awareness about human trafficking in Myanmar. Also in 2012, Mraz spent a week in Antarctica with a group of environmentalists, scientists and researchers on a mission led by Al Gore, to learn about the effects of climate change.", "Also in 2012, Mraz spent a week in Antarctica with a group of environmentalists, scientists and researchers on a mission led by Al Gore, to learn about the effects of climate change. Mraz is a continued supporter of WhyHunger, a grassroots support organization dedicated to fighting hunger and poverty in the United States.", "Mraz is a continued supporter of WhyHunger, a grassroots support organization dedicated to fighting hunger and poverty in the United States. The organization was founded by late musician Harry Chapin and Radio DJ Bill Ayres in 1975.", "The organization was founded by late musician Harry Chapin and Radio DJ Bill Ayres in 1975. On June 19, 2020, Mraz announced he would be donating all profits from his album \"Look for the Good\" to Black Lives Matter and other organizations working toward equality and justice.", "On June 19, 2020, Mraz announced he would be donating all profits from his album \"Look for the Good\" to Black Lives Matter and other organizations working toward equality and justice. Politics On October 24, 2019, Mraz endorsed Bernie Sanders for President in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries stating, \"Bernie is the perfect candidate to follow Trump & continue to shake up the system for the benefit of true American values: Life, Liberty & The Pursuit of Happiness\".", "Politics On October 24, 2019, Mraz endorsed Bernie Sanders for President in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries stating, \"Bernie is the perfect candidate to follow Trump & continue to shake up the system for the benefit of true American values: Life, Liberty & The Pursuit of Happiness\". Discography Studio albums Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002) Mr. A–Z (2005) We Sing.", "Discography Studio albums Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002) Mr. A–Z (2005) We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. (2008) Love Is a Four Letter Word (2012) Yes! (2014) Know.", "(2014) Know. (2014) Know. (2018) Look for the Good (2020) Awards and nominations {| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" |- ! scope=\"col\" | Award ! scope=\"col\" | Year ! scope=\"col\" | Nominee(s) ! scope=\"col\" | Category !", "scope=\"col\" | Category ! scope=\"col\" | Result ! scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\"| |- !", "scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\"| |- ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=4|Grammy Awards | rowspan=\"2\"|2009 | rowspan=\"2\"|\"I'm Yours\" | Song of the Year | | rowspan=4| |- | rowspan=2|Best Male Pop Vocal Performance | |- | rowspan=\"2\"|2010 | \"Make It Mine\" | |- | \"Lucky\" (with Colbie Caillat) | Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals | |- !", "scope=\"row\" rowspan=4|Grammy Awards | rowspan=\"2\"|2009 | rowspan=\"2\"|\"I'm Yours\" | Song of the Year | | rowspan=4| |- | rowspan=2|Best Male Pop Vocal Performance | |- | rowspan=\"2\"|2010 | \"Make It Mine\" | |- | \"Lucky\" (with Colbie Caillat) | Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals | |- ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=2|Pop Awards | rowspan=2|2021 | Himself | Icon of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | Look for the Good | Album of the Year | |- !", "scope=\"row\" rowspan=2|Pop Awards | rowspan=2|2021 | Himself | Icon of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | Look for the Good | Album of the Year | |- ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=15|San Diego Music Awards | rowspan=2|2002 | rowspan=3|Himself | Best Acoustic | | rowspan=2| |- | rowspan=2|Artist of the Year | |- | rowspan=2|2003 | | rowspan=2| |- | \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\" | Song of the Year | |- | 2004 | rowspan=2|Himself | rowspan=2|Artist of the Year | | |- | rowspan=3|2009 | | rowspan=2| |- | \"Lucky\" (with Colbie Caillat) | Song of the Year | |- | We Sing.", "scope=\"row\" rowspan=15|San Diego Music Awards | rowspan=2|2002 | rowspan=3|Himself | Best Acoustic | | rowspan=2| |- | rowspan=2|Artist of the Year | |- | rowspan=2|2003 | | rowspan=2| |- | \"The Remedy (I Won't Worry)\" | Song of the Year | |- | 2004 | rowspan=2|Himself | rowspan=2|Artist of the Year | | |- | rowspan=3|2009 | | rowspan=2| |- | \"Lucky\" (with Colbie Caillat) | Song of the Year | |- | We Sing. We Dance.", "We Dance. We Dance. We Steal Things. | Album of the Year | | |- | rowspan=4|2014 | Himself | Artist of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | rowspan=2|\"Love Someone\" | Best Music Video | |- | Song of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | Yes!", "| Album of the Year | | |- | rowspan=4|2014 | Himself | Artist of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | rowspan=2|\"Love Someone\" | Best Music Video | |- | Song of the Year | | rowspan=2| |- | Yes! | Album of the Year | |- | rowspan=3|2019 | Himself | Artist of the Year | | rowspan=3| |- | \"Have It All\" | Song of the Year | |- | Know.", "| Album of the Year | |- | rowspan=3|2019 | Himself | Artist of the Year | | rowspan=3| |- | \"Have It All\" | Song of the Year | |- | Know. | Album of the Year | Other awards |- | 2004 | rowspan=2|Jason Mraz | Pollstar Concert Industry Awards for Best New Touring Artist | |- | rowspan=4|2009 | Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Male Artist | |- | We Sing.", "| Album of the Year | Other awards |- | 2004 | rowspan=2|Jason Mraz | Pollstar Concert Industry Awards for Best New Touring Artist | |- | rowspan=4|2009 | Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Male Artist | |- | We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.", "We Dance. We Steal Things. We Steal Things. | Teen Choice Award for Choice Album (Male Artist) | |- | rowspan=3|Jason Mraz | American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist | |- | Songwriters Hall of Fame Hal David Starlight Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Artist | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | \"I'm Yours\" | ASCAP Song of the Year | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | Jason Mraz | Surf Industry Manufacturers Association Humanitarian of the Year | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | Jason Mraz | Surfrider Foundation Clean Water Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | rowspan=\"2\" | \"I Won't Give Up\" | Best Love Song | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | MVPA Awards for Best Adult Contemporary Video | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | Jason Mraz | ASCAP Foundation Champion Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2013 | Jason Mraz | People's Choice Award for Pop Male Artist | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2013 | Jason Mraz | MTV Europe Music Award For Best World Stage | |- Bibliography A Thousand Things (2008, I Love Books) Film Television appearances (selected) American Music Awards (2003) Late Night with Conan O'Brien (2003) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2003, 2005, 2008) New Year's Rockin' Eve (2004) The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2014) Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "| Teen Choice Award for Choice Album (Male Artist) | |- | rowspan=3|Jason Mraz | American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist | |- | Songwriters Hall of Fame Hal David Starlight Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Artist | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | \"I'm Yours\" | ASCAP Song of the Year | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | Jason Mraz | Surf Industry Manufacturers Association Humanitarian of the Year | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2010 | Jason Mraz | Surfrider Foundation Clean Water Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | rowspan=\"2\" | \"I Won't Give Up\" | Best Love Song | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | MVPA Awards for Best Adult Contemporary Video | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2012 | Jason Mraz | ASCAP Foundation Champion Award | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2013 | Jason Mraz | People's Choice Award for Pop Male Artist | |- | style=\"text-align:center;\" | 2013 | Jason Mraz | MTV Europe Music Award For Best World Stage | |- Bibliography A Thousand Things (2008, I Love Books) Film Television appearances (selected) American Music Awards (2003) Late Night with Conan O'Brien (2003) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2003, 2005, 2008) New Year's Rockin' Eve (2004) The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2014) Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2004, 2005, 2009, 2012) EBS Space Gonggam (EBS 스페이스 공감) (2006) Late Show with David Letterman (2008, 2009, 2012) Nobel Peace Prize Concert (2008) Rachael Ray (2008) American Idol (2009, 2019) Saturday Night Live (2009, 2019) Spicks and Specks (TV series) (2009) The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009) Grammy Awards (2009, 2010) Family Guy (2010) The Jay Leno Show (2010) Sesame Street (2010) Chelsea Lately (2012) Conan (2012) Dancing With the Stars (2012) The Fresh Beat Band (2012) Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2012) Opening Act (2012) Today (2012) VH1 Storytellers (2012) Watch What Happens: Live (2012) Live from Daryl's House (2012) American Restoration (2015) Live from the Artists Den (2014) K-pop Star 4 (케이팝 스타 4) (2015) Today Show with Hoda and Jena (2019) Celebrity Show-Off (2020) Celebrity Wheel of Fortune'' (2021) References External links Jason Mraz collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive Playlist: Jason Mraz – Nightline 07/17/09 – Reggae to rock, Mraz reveals his musical influences.", "(2004, 2005, 2009, 2012) EBS Space Gonggam (EBS 스페이스 공감) (2006) Late Show with David Letterman (2008, 2009, 2012) Nobel Peace Prize Concert (2008) Rachael Ray (2008) American Idol (2009, 2019) Saturday Night Live (2009, 2019) Spicks and Specks (TV series) (2009) The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009) Grammy Awards (2009, 2010) Family Guy (2010) The Jay Leno Show (2010) Sesame Street (2010) Chelsea Lately (2012) Conan (2012) Dancing With the Stars (2012) The Fresh Beat Band (2012) Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2012) Opening Act (2012) Today (2012) VH1 Storytellers (2012) Watch What Happens: Live (2012) Live from Daryl's House (2012) American Restoration (2015) Live from the Artists Den (2014) K-pop Star 4 (케이팝 스타 4) (2015) Today Show with Hoda and Jena (2019) Celebrity Show-Off (2020) Celebrity Wheel of Fortune'' (2021) References External links Jason Mraz collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive Playlist: Jason Mraz – Nightline 07/17/09 – Reggae to rock, Mraz reveals his musical influences. 1977 births American male singer-songwriters American people of Czech descent American people of Slovak descent Atlantic Records artists Bisexual male actors Bisexual musicians Elektra Records artists Grammy Award winners LGBT people from Virginia LGBT producers LGBT rights activists from the United States LGBT singers from the United States LGBT songwriters Living people Musicians from Richmond, Virginia Musical groups from San Diego Singer-songwriters from Virginia American folk-pop singers Guitarists from Virginia American male guitarists People from Mechanicsville, Virginia 21st-century American singers 20th-century LGBT people 21st-century LGBT people Singer-songwriters from California" ]

[ "Robert F. Kennedy", "Relationship with parents" ]

[ "Michael Peter Anthony Sellers (2 April 1954 – 24 July 2006) was a British builder, car restorer, author and the son of actor Peter Sellers. He also had small parts in a couple of his father's films. He was often interviewed by the media about his relation with his father. Despite a tenuous and troubled relationship with his father he frequently defended him and his legacy.\n\nLife\nMichael Sellers was Peter Sellers' son from his first marriage to actress Anne Howe. His close friend at prep school (Hall School, Hampstead) was actor Donald Sinden's son Marc Sinden. When Michael was seven his parents divorced and in an interview Marc Sinden said that Peter Sellers always behaved badly towards Michael. He also recalled seeing some of the letters Michael received from his father and concluded that he was a \"really, really nasty man\".\n\nDuring the school year he stayed with his mother and stepfather, while he spent the school holidays with Peter Sellers. Sellers was insecure about his relationship with his son and became vindictive; despite this, Michael remained close to his father up until his death. They had spent some quality time together just before Peter's death.\n\nIn his will Peter Sellers left Michael about £800 from his multi-million pound estate. Michael Sellers also claimed that the £800 he received was a calculated act to prevent him from contesting the will, since under English law only complete disinheritance provided the legal grounds for a challenge of the will.\n\nCareer\nMichael Sellers' film career started early when at age seven he played the role of Gaston in the film Mr. Topaze, directed by his father. As an adult he became a builder and property dealer.\n\nHe went on to star in I Told You I Was Ill: The Life and Legacy of Spike Milligan (2005), a film he did in collaboration with the children of Spike Milligan. He also wrote three biographical books about his father.\n\nDespite his turbulent relationship with his father, he often defended his father's legacy. Upon the release of the 2004 film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers, based on the book of the same name by Roger Lewis, Sellers railed against Lewis and Stephen Hopkins, the film's director. Sellers was incensed at the portrayal of his father as clinically insane. Sellers, at the time, called Roger Lewis' book \"400 pages of rubbish\". Hopkins responded to Sellers’ comments when he appeared at the film festival to promote the film, stating that the film was not disrespectful to Peter Sellers.\n\nIn 2000 he produced his last book, Sellers On Sellers, where he wrote:\n\nIn the 2020 BBC Two documentary ‘’A State of Comic Ecstacy’’, Michael’s son Will said that the strained relationship between Peter and Michael, and particularly the situation with the will (greatly favouring Fredericks, which Will claimed was “the price he [Peter] paid” to get her back after a separation), “ate [Michael] up. It played upon him throughout his life... I don’t think he ever really got over how things were left with him and Peter.”\n\nDeath\nMichael Sellers died of a heart attack, like his father. His death occurred on the 26th anniversary of his father's death.\n\nFilms\n Mr. Topaze (1961) (aka I Like Money (USA)) as Gaston\n I Told You I Was Ill: The Life and Legacy of Spike Milligan (2005) (aka The Life and Legacy of Spike Milligan), as Himself\n This Morning (one episode, 29 September 2004), as Himself\n Somebody's Daughter, Somebody's Son (Episode #1.2 (2004) TV) as Himself\n Kelly (one episode, 20 October 2000) as Himself\n\nBooks published\n P.S. I Love You (1981)\n A Hard Act to Follow (with Gary Morecambe; 1996)\n Sellers on Sellers (with Gary Morecambe; 2000)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1954 births\n2006 deaths\nCar restorers\nEnglish male film actors\nEnglish people of Portuguese-Jewish descent\nEnglish writers\nPeople educated at The Hall School, Hampstead\nPeople educated at Ibstock Place School\nMichael", "Ryan and Tatum: The O'Neals is an American reality television show aired between June and August 2011 on the OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. The series focused on actors Ryan and Tatum O'Neal and a reconciliation process the two began in an effort to redevelop their father/daughter relationship after twenty-five years.\n\nSynopsis\nDescribed by OWN as a \"docu-series\", the eight-episode series began with Tatum moving back to Los Angeles after twenty-five years of living in New York City with the desire to reconcile her estranged relationship with her father, Ryan. Ryan, who has lived in the same home for forty years, is trying to rebuild his life after the death of his longtime partner Farrah Fawcett.\n\nThe show also includes Fawcett and Ryan's son, Redmond O'Neal, who lives with his father. Ryan's other sons, Patrick and Griffin O'Neal, are not featured in the show because of an estranged relationship with their father prior to and during filming, although Griffin is heard speaking to Tatum on the telephone in the first episode. Additionally, there is very little mention of Tatum's ex-husband, John McEnroe; however, one of their three children, Sean, lives in Los Angeles and has a relationship with Ryan. John McEnroe stated on The Wendy Williams Show that he hoped his adult children do not participate in the series. He stated, “two of them won’t and I think that none of them agreed to be on it.” McEnroe felt, “I think this (the show) is an accident waiting to happen”.\n\nTo coincide with the series, Tatum also released a memoir, Found: A Daughter's Journey Home. The memoir chronicles her family, her childhood, her struggles with substance abuse, and her reconciliation with her father.\n\nIn September 2011, it was reported that the reconciliation did not take and it was only for show and not in life. Ryan blamed Oprah Winfrey for further distancing him from Tatum, alluding to Oprah's lack of support by stating, \"we're further apart now than we were when we started the show. So thanks, Oprah, for all your help.\" Representatives of Ryan stated the quotes were taken out of context and he and Tatum were still working on strengthening their relationship. However, Ryan told Access Hollywood that he did not foresee a second season, adding, \"did I open up? I tried. Does Tatum like me any better? No. So what's the point?\"\n\nEpisodes\n\nProduction\nThe show was produced by the OWN network, and aired on Sundays at 10/9c. Eight episodes were produced to begin season one and the series was not renewed.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2011 American television series debuts\n2010s American reality television series\nEnglish-language television shows\nOprah Winfrey Network original programming\n2011 American television series endings" ]

[ "Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK or by the nickname Bobby, was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968.", "Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was, like his brothers John and Edward, a prominent member of the Democratic Party and has come to be viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism. Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts. After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, and later received his law degree from the University of Virginia.", "Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, and later received his law degree from the University of Virginia. He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952.", "He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952. The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy.", "The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy. He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union's corrupt practices.", "He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union's corrupt practices. Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the 1960 presidential election.", "Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed United States Attorney General at the age of 36, becoming the youngest Cabinet member in U.S. history since Alexander Hamilton in 1789. He served as his brother's closest advisor until the latter's 1963 assassination.", "He served as his brother's closest advisor until the latter's 1963 assassination. His tenure is known for advocating for the civil rights movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to Cuba. He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days.", "He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days. As attorney general, he authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on a limited basis.", "As attorney general, he authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on a limited basis. After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson for several months.", "After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson for several months. He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating.", "He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating. In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project).", "In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project). He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther.", "He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther. In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic, and young voters.", "In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic, and young voters. His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy.", "His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was mortally wounded when shot with a pistol by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy died 25 hours later.", "Kennedy died 25 hours later. Kennedy died 25 hours later. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories.", "Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories. Early life and education Robert Francis Kennedy was born outside Boston in Brookline, Massachusetts, on November 20, 1925.", "Early life and education Robert Francis Kennedy was born outside Boston in Brookline, Massachusetts, on November 20, 1925. He was the seventh of nine children to businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and philanthropist/socialite Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. His parents were members of two prominent Irish-American families in Boston.", "His parents were members of two prominent Irish-American families in Boston. His eight siblings were Joseph Jr., John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Jean, and Ted. All four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. His father was a wealthy businessman and a leading figure in the Democratic Party.", "His father was a wealthy businessman and a leading figure in the Democratic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr., expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president.", "After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr., expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also urged the younger children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service.", "He also urged the younger children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedy's hopes fell on his second son, John, to become president.", "After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedy's hopes fell on his second son, John, to become president. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a central role in the family's political ambitions.", "Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a central role in the family's political ambitions. Kennedy's older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, became a voracious reader.", "Kennedy's older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, became a voracious reader. Although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John took him on walks and regaled him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read.", "Although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John took him on walks and regaled him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read. One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which influenced both Robert and John.", "One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which influenced both Robert and John. John sometimes called Robert \"Black Robert\" due to his prudishness and disposition.", "John sometimes called Robert \"Black Robert\" due to his prudishness and disposition. Unlike his older brothers, Kennedy took to heart their mother Rose's agenda for everything to have \"a purpose,\" which included visiting historic sites during family outings, visits to the church during morning walks, and games used to expand vocabulary and math skills.", "Unlike his older brothers, Kennedy took to heart their mother Rose's agenda for everything to have \"a purpose,\" which included visiting historic sites during family outings, visits to the church during morning walks, and games used to expand vocabulary and math skills. He described his position in the family hierarchy by saying, \"When you come from that far down, you have to struggle to survive.\"", "He described his position in the family hierarchy by saying, \"When you come from that far down, you have to struggle to survive.\" As the boys were growing up, he tried frequently to get his older brothers' attention, but was seldom successful.", "As the boys were growing up, he tried frequently to get his older brothers' attention, but was seldom successful. As his father's business success expanded, the family kept homes around Boston and New York City; the Cape Cod peninsula; and Palm Beach.", "As his father's business success expanded, the family kept homes around Boston and New York City; the Cape Cod peninsula; and Palm Beach. Kennedy later said that during childhood he was \"going to different schools, always having to make new friends, and that I was very awkward ... [a]nd I was pretty quiet most of the time.", "Kennedy later said that during childhood he was \"going to different schools, always having to make new friends, and that I was very awkward ... [a]nd I was pretty quiet most of the time. And I didn't mind being alone.\" He had to repeat third grade.", "He had to repeat third grade. A teacher at Bronxville public school reflected that he was \"a regular boy\", adding, \"It seemed hard for him to finish his work sometimes. But he was only ten after all.\"", "But he was only ten after all.\" He developed an interest in American history, decorating his bedroom with pictures of U.S. presidents and filling his bookshelves with volumes on the American Civil War. He became an avid stamp collector and once received a handwritten letter from Franklin Roosevelt, also a philatelist.", "He became an avid stamp collector and once received a handwritten letter from Franklin Roosevelt, also a philatelist. In March 1938, Kennedy sailed to London with his mother and four youngest siblings to join his father, who had begun serving as Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He attended the private Gibbs School for Boys for seventh grade.", "He attended the private Gibbs School for Boys for seventh grade. In April 1939, he gave his first public speech at the placing of a cornerstone for a youth club in England. According to embassy and newspaper reports, his statements were penciled in his own hand and delivered in a \"calm and confident\" manner.", "According to embassy and newspaper reports, his statements were penciled in his own hand and delivered in a \"calm and confident\" manner. Bobby returned to the United States just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe.", "Bobby returned to the United States just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe. St. Paul's and Portsmouth Priory In September 1939, Kennedy began eighth grade at St. Paul's School, an elite Protestant private preparatory school for boys in Concord, New Hampshire, that his father favored.", "St. Paul's and Portsmouth Priory In September 1939, Kennedy began eighth grade at St. Paul's School, an elite Protestant private preparatory school for boys in Concord, New Hampshire, that his father favored. Rose Kennedy was unhappy with the school's use of the Protestant Bible.", "Rose Kennedy was unhappy with the school's use of the Protestant Bible. After two months, she took advantage of her ambassador husband's absence from Boston and withdrew Kennedy from St. Paul's.", "After two months, she took advantage of her ambassador husband's absence from Boston and withdrew Kennedy from St. Paul's. She enrolled him in Portsmouth Priory School, a Benedictine Catholic boarding school for boys in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, which held daily morning and evening prayers and Mass three times a week, with a High Mass on Sundays.", "She enrolled him in Portsmouth Priory School, a Benedictine Catholic boarding school for boys in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, which held daily morning and evening prayers and Mass three times a week, with a High Mass on Sundays. Kennedy attended Portsmouth for eighth through tenth grade.", "Kennedy attended Portsmouth for eighth through tenth grade. At Portsmouth Priory School, Kennedy was known as \"Mrs. Kennedy's little boy Bobby\" after he introduced his mother to classmates, who made fun of them.", "At Portsmouth Priory School, Kennedy was known as \"Mrs. Kennedy's little boy Bobby\" after he introduced his mother to classmates, who made fun of them. He was defensive of his mother, and on one occasion chased a student out of the dormitory after the boy had commented on her appearance.", "He was defensive of his mother, and on one occasion chased a student out of the dormitory after the boy had commented on her appearance. He befriended Peter MacLellan and wrote to him, when his brother John was serving in the U.S. Navy, that he would be visiting his brother \"because he might be killed any minute\".", "He befriended Peter MacLellan and wrote to him, when his brother John was serving in the U.S. Navy, that he would be visiting his brother \"because he might be killed any minute\". Kennedy blamed himself when his grades failed to improve.", "Kennedy blamed himself when his grades failed to improve. In letters to her son, Rose urged him to read more and to strengthen his vocabulary. Rose also expressed disappointment and wrote that she did not expect him to let her down.", "Rose also expressed disappointment and wrote that she did not expect him to let her down. He began developing in other ways, and his brother John noticed his increased physical strength, predicting that the younger Kennedy \"would be bouncing me around plenty in two more years\".", "He began developing in other ways, and his brother John noticed his increased physical strength, predicting that the younger Kennedy \"would be bouncing me around plenty in two more years\". Monks at Portsmouth Priory School regarded him as a moody and indifferent student.", "Monks at Portsmouth Priory School regarded him as a moody and indifferent student. Father Damian Kearney, who was two classes behind Kennedy, reflected that he \"didn't look happy\" and that he did not \"smile much\".", "Father Damian Kearney, who was two classes behind Kennedy, reflected that he \"didn't look happy\" and that he did not \"smile much\". According to Kearney's review of school records, Kennedy was a \"poor-to-mediocre student, except for history\".", "According to Kearney's review of school records, Kennedy was a \"poor-to-mediocre student, except for history\". Milton Academy In September 1942, Kennedy transferred to his third boarding school, Milton Academy, in Milton, Massachusetts, for 11th and 12th grades.", "Milton Academy In September 1942, Kennedy transferred to his third boarding school, Milton Academy, in Milton, Massachusetts, for 11th and 12th grades. His father wanted him to transfer to Milton, believing it would better prepare him for Harvard. At Milton, he met and became friends with David Hackett.", "At Milton, he met and became friends with David Hackett. He invited Hackett to join him for Sunday Mass. Hackett started accompanying him, and was impressed when Kennedy took it upon himself to fill in for a missing altar boy one Sunday.", "Hackett started accompanying him, and was impressed when Kennedy took it upon himself to fill in for a missing altar boy one Sunday. Hackett admired Kennedy's determination to bypass his shortcomings, and remembered him redoubling his efforts whenever something did not come easy to him, which included athletics, studies, success with girls, and popularity.", "Hackett admired Kennedy's determination to bypass his shortcomings, and remembered him redoubling his efforts whenever something did not come easy to him, which included athletics, studies, success with girls, and popularity. Hackett remembered the two of them as \"misfits\", a commonality that drew him to Kennedy, along with an unwillingness to conform to how others acted even if doing so meant not being accepted.", "Hackett remembered the two of them as \"misfits\", a commonality that drew him to Kennedy, along with an unwillingness to conform to how others acted even if doing so meant not being accepted. Kennedy's grades improved. One of his first relationships was with a girl named Piedy Bailey.", "One of his first relationships was with a girl named Piedy Bailey. The pair was photographed together when he walked her home after chapel on a Sunday night. Bailey was fond of him and remembered him as being \"very appealing\".", "Bailey was fond of him and remembered him as being \"very appealing\". She recalled him being funny, \"separate, larky; outside the cliques; private all the time\".", "She recalled him being funny, \"separate, larky; outside the cliques; private all the time\". Soon after he transferred to Milton, he pressed his father to allow him to enlist, as he wanted to catch up to his brothers who were both serving in the military.", "Soon after he transferred to Milton, he pressed his father to allow him to enlist, as he wanted to catch up to his brothers who were both serving in the military. Kennedy had arrived at Milton unfamiliar with his peers and made little attempt to know the names of his classmates; he called most of the other boys \"fella\" instead.", "Kennedy had arrived at Milton unfamiliar with his peers and made little attempt to know the names of his classmates; he called most of the other boys \"fella\" instead. For this, he was nicknamed \"Fella\". Most of the school's students had come in eighth or ninth grade and cliques had already been formed.", "Most of the school's students had come in eighth or ninth grade and cliques had already been formed. Despite this, his schoolmates would later say the school had no prejudice. He had an early sense of virtue; he disliked dirty jokes and bullying, once stepping in when an upperclassman tried bothering a younger student.", "He had an early sense of virtue; he disliked dirty jokes and bullying, once stepping in when an upperclassman tried bothering a younger student. The headmaster at Milton would later summarize that he was a \"very intelligent boy, quiet and shy, but not outstanding, and he left no special mark on Milton\".", "The headmaster at Milton would later summarize that he was a \"very intelligent boy, quiet and shy, but not outstanding, and he left no special mark on Milton\". Relationship with parents In Kennedy's younger years, his father dubbed him the \"runt\" of the family and wrote him off.", "Relationship with parents In Kennedy's younger years, his father dubbed him the \"runt\" of the family and wrote him off. Close family friend Lem Billings once remarked to Joe Sr. that he was \"the most generous little boy\", and Joe Sr. replied that he did not know where his son \"got that\".", "Close family friend Lem Billings once remarked to Joe Sr. that he was \"the most generous little boy\", and Joe Sr. replied that he did not know where his son \"got that\". Billings commented that the only similarity between Robert and Joe Sr. was their eye color.", "Billings commented that the only similarity between Robert and Joe Sr. was their eye color. As Kennedy grew, his father worried that he was soft on others, conflicting with his ideology. In response, Kennedy developed a tough persona that masked his gentle personality, attempting to appease his father.", "In response, Kennedy developed a tough persona that masked his gentle personality, attempting to appease his father. Biographer Judie Mills wrote that Joe Sr.'s lack of interest in Robert was evident by the length of time it took for him to decide to transfer him to Milton Academy.", "Biographer Judie Mills wrote that Joe Sr.'s lack of interest in Robert was evident by the length of time it took for him to decide to transfer him to Milton Academy. Both Joe Jr. and John attended the exclusive Protestant prep school Choate from their first year, while Robert was already a junior by the time he was enrolled at Milton.", "Both Joe Jr. and John attended the exclusive Protestant prep school Choate from their first year, while Robert was already a junior by the time he was enrolled at Milton. Despite his father's disdain, Kennedy continued to seek his approval, requesting that Joe Sr. write him a letter about his opinions on different political events and World War II.", "Despite his father's disdain, Kennedy continued to seek his approval, requesting that Joe Sr. write him a letter about his opinions on different political events and World War II. As a child, Kennedy also strove to meet his mother's expectations to become the most dutiful, religious, affectionate, and obedient of the Kennedy children, but the father and son grew distant.", "As a child, Kennedy also strove to meet his mother's expectations to become the most dutiful, religious, affectionate, and obedient of the Kennedy children, but the father and son grew distant. Rose found his gentle personality endearing, though this was noted as having made him \"invisible to his father\".", "Rose found his gentle personality endearing, though this was noted as having made him \"invisible to his father\". She influenced him heavily and, like her, he became a devout Catholic, throughout his lifetime practicing his religion more seriously than the other boys in the family.", "She influenced him heavily and, like her, he became a devout Catholic, throughout his lifetime practicing his religion more seriously than the other boys in the family. He impressed his parents as a child by taking on a newspaper route, seeking their approval and wishing to distinguish himself.", "He impressed his parents as a child by taking on a newspaper route, seeking their approval and wishing to distinguish himself. However, he had the family chauffeur driving him in a Rolls-Royce so that he could make his deliveries. His mother discovered this and the deliveries ceased.", "His mother discovered this and the deliveries ceased. Joe Sr. was satisfied with Kennedy as an adult, believing him to have become \"hard as nails\", more like him than any of the other children, while his mother believed he exemplified all she had wanted in a child.", "Joe Sr. was satisfied with Kennedy as an adult, believing him to have become \"hard as nails\", more like him than any of the other children, while his mother believed he exemplified all she had wanted in a child. Mills wrote, \"His parents' conflicting views would be echoed in the opinions of millions of people throughout Bobby's life.", "Mills wrote, \"His parents' conflicting views would be echoed in the opinions of millions of people throughout Bobby's life. Robert Kennedy was a ruthless opportunist who would stop at nothing to attain his ambitions. Robert Kennedy was America's most compassionate public figure, the only person who could save a divided country.\"", "Robert Kennedy was America's most compassionate public figure, the only person who could save a divided country.\" Naval service (1944–1946) Six weeks before his 18th birthday in 1943, Kennedy enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve as a seaman apprentice.", "Naval service (1944–1946) Six weeks before his 18th birthday in 1943, Kennedy enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve as a seaman apprentice. He was released from active duty in March 1944, when he left Milton Academy early to report to the V-12 Navy College Training Program at Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "He was released from active duty in March 1944, when he left Milton Academy early to report to the V-12 Navy College Training Program at Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His V-12 training began at Harvard (March–November 1944) before he was relocated to Bates College in Lewiston, Maine (November 1944 – June 1945).", "His V-12 training began at Harvard (March–November 1944) before he was relocated to Bates College in Lewiston, Maine (November 1944 – June 1945). He returned to Harvard once again in June 1945 completing his post-training requirements in January 1946.", "He returned to Harvard once again in June 1945 completing his post-training requirements in January 1946. At Bates he received a specialized V-12-degree along with 15 others, and during its Winter Carnival built a snow replica of a Navy boat.", "At Bates he received a specialized V-12-degree along with 15 others, and during its Winter Carnival built a snow replica of a Navy boat. While in Maine, he wrote a letter to David Hackett in which he expressed feelings of inadequacy and frustration at being isolated from the action.", "While in Maine, he wrote a letter to David Hackett in which he expressed feelings of inadequacy and frustration at being isolated from the action. He talked of filling his free time by taking classes with other sailors and remarked that \"things are the same as usual up here, and me being my usual moody self I get very sad at times.\"", "He talked of filling his free time by taking classes with other sailors and remarked that \"things are the same as usual up here, and me being my usual moody self I get very sad at times.\" He added, \"If I don't get the hell out of here soon I'll die.\"", "He added, \"If I don't get the hell out of here soon I'll die.\" In addition to Hackett, who was serving as a paratrooper, more of his Parker Hall dorm mates went overseas and left him behind.", "In addition to Hackett, who was serving as a paratrooper, more of his Parker Hall dorm mates went overseas and left him behind. With others entering combat before him, Kennedy said this made him \"feel more and more like a Draft Dodger or something\".", "With others entering combat before him, Kennedy said this made him \"feel more and more like a Draft Dodger or something\". He was also frustrated with the apparent desire to shirk military responsibility by some of the other V-12 students.", "He was also frustrated with the apparent desire to shirk military responsibility by some of the other V-12 students. Kennedy's brother Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. died in August 1944, when his bomber exploded during a volunteer mission known as Operation Aphrodite. Robert was most affected by his father's reaction to his eldest son's passing.", "Robert was most affected by his father's reaction to his eldest son's passing. He appeared completely heartbroken and his peer Fred Garfield commented that Kennedy developed depression and questioned his faith for a short time. After his brother's death, Robert gained more attention, moving higher up the family patriarchy.", "After his brother's death, Robert gained more attention, moving higher up the family patriarchy. On December 15, 1945, the U.S. Navy commissioned the destroyer , and shortly thereafter granted Kennedy's request to be released from naval-officer training to serve aboard Kennedy starting on February 1, 1946, as a seaman apprentice on the ship's shakedown cruise in the Caribbean.", "On December 15, 1945, the U.S. Navy commissioned the destroyer , and shortly thereafter granted Kennedy's request to be released from naval-officer training to serve aboard Kennedy starting on February 1, 1946, as a seaman apprentice on the ship's shakedown cruise in the Caribbean. On May 30, 1946, he received his honorable discharge from the Navy.", "On May 30, 1946, he received his honorable discharge from the Navy. For his service in the Navy, Kennedy was eligible for the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal.", "For his service in the Navy, Kennedy was eligible for the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. Further study, journalism, and marriage (1946–1951) In September 1946, Kennedy entered Harvard as a junior, having received credit for his time in the V-12 program.", "Further study, journalism, and marriage (1946–1951) In September 1946, Kennedy entered Harvard as a junior, having received credit for his time in the V-12 program. He worked hard to make the varsity football team as an end; he was a starter and scored a touchdown in the first game of his senior year before breaking his leg in practice.", "He worked hard to make the varsity football team as an end; he was a starter and scored a touchdown in the first game of his senior year before breaking his leg in practice. He earned his varsity letter when his coach sent him in wearing a cast during the last minutes of a game against Yale.", "He earned his varsity letter when his coach sent him in wearing a cast during the last minutes of a game against Yale. His father spoke positively of him when he served as a blocking back and sometime receiver for the faster Dave Hackett.", "His father spoke positively of him when he served as a blocking back and sometime receiver for the faster Dave Hackett. Joseph Sr. attended some of Kennedy's practices and saw his son catch a touchdown pass in an early-season rout of Western Maryland. His teammates admired his physical courage.", "His teammates admired his physical courage. He stood tall and weighed , which made him too small for college football. Despite this, he was a fearless hitter and once tackled a 230-pound fullback head-on. Wally Flynn, another player, looked up in the huddle after one play to see him crying after he broke his leg.", "Wally Flynn, another player, looked up in the huddle after one play to see him crying after he broke his leg. He disregarded the injury and kept playing. Kennedy earned two varsity letters over the course of the 1946 and 1947 seasons.", "Kennedy earned two varsity letters over the course of the 1946 and 1947 seasons. Throughout 1946, Kennedy became active in his brother John's campaign for the U.S. Representative seat that was vacated by James Curley; he joined the campaign full-time after his naval discharge.", "Throughout 1946, Kennedy became active in his brother John's campaign for the U.S. Representative seat that was vacated by James Curley; he joined the campaign full-time after his naval discharge. Biographer Schlesinger wrote that the election served as an entry into politics for both Robert and John.", "Biographer Schlesinger wrote that the election served as an entry into politics for both Robert and John. Robert graduated from Harvard in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in political science.", "Robert graduated from Harvard in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in political science. Upon graduating, he sailed immediately on the with a college friend for a six-month tour of Europe and the Middle East, accredited as a correspondent for the Boston Post, filing six stories.", "Upon graduating, he sailed immediately on the with a college friend for a six-month tour of Europe and the Middle East, accredited as a correspondent for the Boston Post, filing six stories. Four of these stories, submitted from Palestine shortly before the end of the British Mandate, provided a first-hand view of the tensions in the land.", "Four of these stories, submitted from Palestine shortly before the end of the British Mandate, provided a first-hand view of the tensions in the land. He was critical of British policy on Palestine and praised the Jewish people he met there calling them \"hardy and tough\".", "He was critical of British policy on Palestine and praised the Jewish people he met there calling them \"hardy and tough\". He held out some hope after seeing Arabs and Jews working side by side but, in the end, feared that the hatred between the groups was too strong and would lead to a war.", "He held out some hope after seeing Arabs and Jews working side by side but, in the end, feared that the hatred between the groups was too strong and would lead to a war. In September 1948, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville.", "In September 1948, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville. Kennedy adapted to this new environment, being elected president of the Student Legal Forum, where he successfully produced outside speakers including James M. Landis, William O. Douglas, Arthur Krock, and Joseph McCarthy and his family members Joe Sr. and John F. Kennedy.", "Kennedy adapted to this new environment, being elected president of the Student Legal Forum, where he successfully produced outside speakers including James M. Landis, William O. Douglas, Arthur Krock, and Joseph McCarthy and his family members Joe Sr. and John F. Kennedy. Kennedy's paper on Yalta, written during his senior year, is deposited in the Law Library's Treasure Trove.", "Kennedy's paper on Yalta, written during his senior year, is deposited in the Law Library's Treasure Trove. On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married Ethel Skakel at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married Ethel Skakel at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut. He graduated from law school in June 1951 and flew with Ethel to Greenwich to stay in his father-in-law's guest house. The couple's first child, Kathleen, was born on July 4, 1951.", "The couple's first child, Kathleen, was born on July 4, 1951. During this time, his brother John tried to keep Joe Sr. \"at arm's length\". The brothers rarely interacted until Kenny O'Donnell contacted Robert to repair the relationship between John and their father during John's Senate campaign.", "The brothers rarely interacted until Kenny O'Donnell contacted Robert to repair the relationship between John and their father during John's Senate campaign. As a result of this, Joe Sr. came to view Robert favorably as reliable and \"willing to sacrifice himself\" for the family.", "As a result of this, Joe Sr. came to view Robert favorably as reliable and \"willing to sacrifice himself\" for the family. In September 1951, he went to San Francisco as a correspondent for the Boston Post to cover the convention that concluded the Treaty of Peace with Japan.", "In September 1951, he went to San Francisco as a correspondent for the Boston Post to cover the convention that concluded the Treaty of Peace with Japan. In October 1951, he embarked on a seven-week Asian trip with his brother John (then a U.S.", "In October 1951, he embarked on a seven-week Asian trip with his brother John (then a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts' 11th district) and their sister Patricia to Israel, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Japan.", "Congressman from Massachusetts' 11th district) and their sister Patricia to Israel, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Japan. Because of their age gap, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other—this trip came at their father's behest and was the first extended time they had spent together, serving to deepen their relationship.", "Because of their age gap, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other—this trip came at their father's behest and was the first extended time they had spent together, serving to deepen their relationship. On this trip, the brothers met Liaquat Ali Khan just before his assassination, and India's prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.", "On this trip, the brothers met Liaquat Ali Khan just before his assassination, and India's prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960) JFK Senate campaign and Joseph McCarthy (1952–1955) In November 1951, Kennedy moved with his wife and daughter to a townhouse in the Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice.", "Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960) JFK Senate campaign and Joseph McCarthy (1952–1955) In November 1951, Kennedy moved with his wife and daughter to a townhouse in the Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. He prosecuted a series of graft and income tax evasion cases.", "He prosecuted a series of graft and income tax evasion cases. In February 1952, Kennedy was transferred to Brooklyn, and worked as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of New York to help prepare fraud cases against former officials of the Truman administration.", "In February 1952, Kennedy was transferred to Brooklyn, and worked as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of New York to help prepare fraud cases against former officials of the Truman administration. On June 6, 1952, he resigned to manage his brother John's U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts.", "On June 6, 1952, he resigned to manage his brother John's U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts. JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedys, elevating him to national prominence and turning him into a serious potential presidential candidate.", "JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedys, elevating him to national prominence and turning him into a serious potential presidential candidate. John's victory was also equally important to Robert, who felt he had succeeded in eliminating his father's negative perceptions of him.", "John's victory was also equally important to Robert, who felt he had succeeded in eliminating his father's negative perceptions of him. In December 1952, at his father's behest, Kennedy was appointed by family friend Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy as assistant counsel of the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.", "In December 1952, at his father's behest, Kennedy was appointed by family friend Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy as assistant counsel of the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Kennedy disapproved of McCarthy's aggressive methods of garnering intelligence on suspected communists. This was a highly visible job for him.", "This was a highly visible job for him. He resigned in July 1953, but \"retained a fondness for McCarthy\". The period of July 1953 to January 1954 saw him at \"a professional and personal nadir\", feeling that he was adrift while trying to prove himself to his family.", "The period of July 1953 to January 1954 saw him at \"a professional and personal nadir\", feeling that he was adrift while trying to prove himself to his family. Kenneth O'Donnell and Larry O'Brien (who worked on John's congressional campaigns) urged Kennedy to consider running for Massachusetts Attorney General in 1954, but he declined.", "Kenneth O'Donnell and Larry O'Brien (who worked on John's congressional campaigns) urged Kennedy to consider running for Massachusetts Attorney General in 1954, but he declined. After a period as an assistant to his father on the Hoover Commission, Kennedy rejoined the Senate committee staff as chief counsel for the Democratic minority in February 1954.", "After a period as an assistant to his father on the Hoover Commission, Kennedy rejoined the Senate committee staff as chief counsel for the Democratic minority in February 1954. That month, McCarthy's chief counsel Roy Cohn subpoenaed Annie Lee Moss, accusing her of membership in the Communist Party.", "That month, McCarthy's chief counsel Roy Cohn subpoenaed Annie Lee Moss, accusing her of membership in the Communist Party. Kennedy revealed that Cohn had called the wrong Annie Lee Moss and he requested the file on Moss from the FBI.", "Kennedy revealed that Cohn had called the wrong Annie Lee Moss and he requested the file on Moss from the FBI. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover had been forewarned by Cohn and denied him access, calling RFK \"an arrogant whippersnapper\".", "FBI director J. Edgar Hoover had been forewarned by Cohn and denied him access, calling RFK \"an arrogant whippersnapper\". When Democrats gained a Senate majority in January 1955, Kennedy became chief counsel and was a background figure in the televised Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954 into McCarthy's conduct.", "When Democrats gained a Senate majority in January 1955, Kennedy became chief counsel and was a background figure in the televised Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954 into McCarthy's conduct. The Moss incident turned Cohn into an enemy, which led to Kennedy assisting Democratic senators in ridiculing Cohn during the hearings.", "The Moss incident turned Cohn into an enemy, which led to Kennedy assisting Democratic senators in ridiculing Cohn during the hearings. The animosity grew to the point where Cohn had to be restrained after asking RFK if he wanted to fight him.", "The animosity grew to the point where Cohn had to be restrained after asking RFK if he wanted to fight him. For his work on the McCarthy committee, Kennedy was included in a list of Ten Outstanding Young Men of 1954, created by the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce.", "Junior Chamber of Commerce. Junior Chamber of Commerce. His father had arranged the nomination, his first national award. In 1955 Kennedy was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court.", "In 1955 Kennedy was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court. Stevenson aide and focus on organized labor (1956–1960) In 1956, Kennedy moved his growing family outside Washington to a house called Hickory Hill, which he purchased from his brother John. This enormous 13-bedroom, 13-bath home was situated on in McLean, Virginia.", "This enormous 13-bedroom, 13-bath home was situated on in McLean, Virginia. Kennedy went on to work as an aide to Adlai Stevenson during the 1956 presidential election which helped him learn how national campaigns worked, in preparation for a future run by his brother, Jack. Unimpressed with Stevenson, he reportedly voted for incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "Unimpressed with Stevenson, he reportedly voted for incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower. Kennedy was also a delegate at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, having replaced Tip O'Neil at the request of his brother John, joining in what was ultimately an unsuccessful effort to help JFK get the vice-presidential nomination.", "Kennedy was also a delegate at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, having replaced Tip O'Neil at the request of his brother John, joining in what was ultimately an unsuccessful effort to help JFK get the vice-presidential nomination. Shortly after this, following instructions by his father, Kennedy tried making amends with J. Edgar Hoover.", "Shortly after this, following instructions by his father, Kennedy tried making amends with J. Edgar Hoover. There seemed to be some improvement in their interactions, which came to be seen as \"elemental political necessity\" by Kennedy. This later changed after Kennedy was appointed attorney general, where Hoover saw him as an \"unprecedented threat\".", "This later changed after Kennedy was appointed attorney general, where Hoover saw him as an \"unprecedented threat\". From 1957 to 1959, he made a name for himself while serving as the chief counsel to the Senate's McClellan Committee under chairman John L. McClellan.", "From 1957 to 1959, he made a name for himself while serving as the chief counsel to the Senate's McClellan Committee under chairman John L. McClellan. Kennedy was given authority over testimony scheduling, areas of investigation, and witness questioning by McClellan, a move that was made by the chairman to limit attention to himself and allow outrage by organized labor to be directed toward Kennedy.", "Kennedy was given authority over testimony scheduling, areas of investigation, and witness questioning by McClellan, a move that was made by the chairman to limit attention to himself and allow outrage by organized labor to be directed toward Kennedy. In a famous scene, Kennedy squared off with Teamsters Union President Jimmy Hoffa during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony.", "In a famous scene, Kennedy squared off with Teamsters Union President Jimmy Hoffa during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony. Kennedy, who was instructed to collect information, discovered several financial irregularities, such as that Hoffa had misappropriated $9.5 million in union funds and made corrupt deals with employers.", "Kennedy, who was instructed to collect information, discovered several financial irregularities, such as that Hoffa had misappropriated $9.5 million in union funds and made corrupt deals with employers. During the hearings, Kennedy received criticism from liberal critics and other commentators both for his outburst of impassioned anger and doubts about the innocence of those who invoked the Fifth Amendment.", "During the hearings, Kennedy received criticism from liberal critics and other commentators both for his outburst of impassioned anger and doubts about the innocence of those who invoked the Fifth Amendment. Senators Barry Goldwater and Karl Mundt wrote to each other and complained about \"the Kennedy boys\" having hijacked the McClellan Committee by their focus on Hoffa and the Teamsters.", "Senators Barry Goldwater and Karl Mundt wrote to each other and complained about \"the Kennedy boys\" having hijacked the McClellan Committee by their focus on Hoffa and the Teamsters. They believed Kennedy covered for Walter Reuther and the United Automobile Workers, a union which typically would back Democratic office seekers.", "They believed Kennedy covered for Walter Reuther and the United Automobile Workers, a union which typically would back Democratic office seekers. Amidst the allegations, Kennedy wrote in his journal that the two senators had \"no guts\" as they never addressed him directly, only through the press.", "Amidst the allegations, Kennedy wrote in his journal that the two senators had \"no guts\" as they never addressed him directly, only through the press. He left the committee in late 1959 in order to run his brother's presidential campaign.", "He left the committee in late 1959 in order to run his brother's presidential campaign. JFK presidential campaign (1960) In 1960 Kennedy published The Enemy Within, a book which described the corrupt practices within the Teamsters and other unions that he had helped investigate. John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy.", "John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy. John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy. Kennedy went to work on the presidential campaign of his brother, John. In contrast to his role in his brother's previous campaign eight years prior, Kennedy gave stump speeches throughout the primary season, gaining confidence as time went on.", "In contrast to his role in his brother's previous campaign eight years prior, Kennedy gave stump speeches throughout the primary season, gaining confidence as time went on. His strategy \"to win at any cost\" led him to call on Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. to attack Hubert Humphrey as a draft dodger; Roosevelt eventually did make the statement that Humphrey avoided service.", "His strategy \"to win at any cost\" led him to call on Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. to attack Hubert Humphrey as a draft dodger; Roosevelt eventually did make the statement that Humphrey avoided service. Concerned that John Kennedy was going to receive the Democratic Party's nomination, some supporters of Lyndon Johnson, who was also running for the nomination, revealed to the press that JFK had Addison's disease, saying that he required life-sustaining cortisone treatments.", "Concerned that John Kennedy was going to receive the Democratic Party's nomination, some supporters of Lyndon Johnson, who was also running for the nomination, revealed to the press that JFK had Addison's disease, saying that he required life-sustaining cortisone treatments. Though in fact a diagnosis had been made, Kennedy tried to protect his brother by denying the allegation, saying that JFK had never had \"an ailment described classically as Addison's disease\".", "Though in fact a diagnosis had been made, Kennedy tried to protect his brother by denying the allegation, saying that JFK had never had \"an ailment described classically as Addison's disease\". After securing the nomination, John Kennedy nonetheless decided to offer Lyndon Johnson the vice presidency.", "After securing the nomination, John Kennedy nonetheless decided to offer Lyndon Johnson the vice presidency. This did not sit well with some Kennedy supporters, and Robert tried unsuccessfully to convince Johnson to turn down the offer, leading him to view Robert with contempt afterward.", "This did not sit well with some Kennedy supporters, and Robert tried unsuccessfully to convince Johnson to turn down the offer, leading him to view Robert with contempt afterward. RFK had already disliked Johnson prior to the presidential campaign, seeing him as a threat to his brother's ambitions.", "RFK had already disliked Johnson prior to the presidential campaign, seeing him as a threat to his brother's ambitions. RFK wanted his brother to choose labor leader Walter Reuther. Despite Kennedy's attempts, Johnson became his brother's running mate.", "Despite Kennedy's attempts, Johnson became his brother's running mate. Kennedy worked toward downplaying his brother's Catholic faith during the primary but took a more aggressive and supportive stance during the general election.", "Kennedy worked toward downplaying his brother's Catholic faith during the primary but took a more aggressive and supportive stance during the general election. These concerns were mostly calmed after JFK delivered a speech in September in Houston where he said that he was in favor of the separation of church and state.", "These concerns were mostly calmed after JFK delivered a speech in September in Houston where he said that he was in favor of the separation of church and state. The following month, Kennedy was involved in securing the release of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. from a jail in Atlanta.", "The following month, Kennedy was involved in securing the release of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. from a jail in Atlanta. Kennedy spoke with Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver and later Judge Oscar Mitchell, after the judge had sentenced King for violating his probation when he protested at a whites-only snack bar.", "Kennedy spoke with Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver and later Judge Oscar Mitchell, after the judge had sentenced King for violating his probation when he protested at a whites-only snack bar. Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964) After winning the 1960 presidential election, President-elect John F. Kennedy appointed his younger brother attorney general.", "Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964) After winning the 1960 presidential election, President-elect John F. Kennedy appointed his younger brother attorney general. The choice was controversial, with publications including The New York Times and The New Republic calling him inexperienced and unqualified.", "The choice was controversial, with publications including The New York Times and The New Republic calling him inexperienced and unqualified. He had no experience in any state or federal court, causing the president to joke, \"I can't see that it's wrong to give him a little legal experience before he goes out to practice law.\"", "He had no experience in any state or federal court, causing the president to joke, \"I can't see that it's wrong to give him a little legal experience before he goes out to practice law.\" But Kennedy was hardly a novice as a lawyer, having gained significant experience conducting investigations and questioning witnesses as a Justice Department attorney and Senate committee counsel and staff director.", "But Kennedy was hardly a novice as a lawyer, having gained significant experience conducting investigations and questioning witnesses as a Justice Department attorney and Senate committee counsel and staff director. According to Bobby Baker, the Senate majority secretary and a protégé of Lyndon Johnson, President-elect Kennedy did not want to name his brother attorney general, but their father overruled him.", "According to Bobby Baker, the Senate majority secretary and a protégé of Lyndon Johnson, President-elect Kennedy did not want to name his brother attorney general, but their father overruled him. At the behest of Vice President-elect Johnson, Baker persuaded the influential Southern senator Richard Russell to allow a voice vote to confirm the president's brother in January 1961, as Kennedy \"would have been lucky to get 40 votes\" on a roll-call vote.", "At the behest of Vice President-elect Johnson, Baker persuaded the influential Southern senator Richard Russell to allow a voice vote to confirm the president's brother in January 1961, as Kennedy \"would have been lucky to get 40 votes\" on a roll-call vote. The deputy and assistant attorneys general Kennedy chose included Byron White and Nicholas Katzenbach.", "The deputy and assistant attorneys general Kennedy chose included Byron White and Nicholas Katzenbach. Kennedy also played a major role in helping his brother form his cabinet. John Kennedy wanted to name Senator J. William Fulbright, whom he knew and liked, as his secretary of state.", "John Kennedy wanted to name Senator J. William Fulbright, whom he knew and liked, as his secretary of state. Fulbright was generally regarded as the Senate's resident foreign policy expert, but he also supported segregation and white supremacy in the South.", "Fulbright was generally regarded as the Senate's resident foreign policy expert, but he also supported segregation and white supremacy in the South. Robert Kennedy persuaded his brother that having Fulbright as secretary of state would cost the Democrats Afro-American votes, leading to Dean Rusk being nominated instead after John Kennedy decided that his next choice, McGeorge Bundy, was too young.", "Robert Kennedy persuaded his brother that having Fulbright as secretary of state would cost the Democrats Afro-American votes, leading to Dean Rusk being nominated instead after John Kennedy decided that his next choice, McGeorge Bundy, was too young. Kennedy was also present at the job interview when the CEO of the Ford Motor Company, Robert McNamara, was interviewed by John Kennedy about becoming defense secretary.", "Kennedy was also present at the job interview when the CEO of the Ford Motor Company, Robert McNamara, was interviewed by John Kennedy about becoming defense secretary. McNamara's self-confidence and belief that he could \"scientifically\" solve any problem via his \"Systems Analysis\" style of management impressed the Kennedy brothers, though John was rattled for a moment when McNamara asked if his bestselling book Profiles in Courage was written by a ghost writer.", "McNamara's self-confidence and belief that he could \"scientifically\" solve any problem via his \"Systems Analysis\" style of management impressed the Kennedy brothers, though John was rattled for a moment when McNamara asked if his bestselling book Profiles in Courage was written by a ghost writer. Author James W. Hilty concludes that Kennedy \"played an unusual combination of roles—campaign director, attorney general, executive overseer, controller of patronage, chief adviser, and brother protector\" and that nobody before him had had such power.", "Author James W. Hilty concludes that Kennedy \"played an unusual combination of roles—campaign director, attorney general, executive overseer, controller of patronage, chief adviser, and brother protector\" and that nobody before him had had such power. His tenure as attorney general was easily the period of greatest power for the office—no previous United States attorney general had enjoyed such clear influence on all areas of policy during an administration.", "His tenure as attorney general was easily the period of greatest power for the office—no previous United States attorney general had enjoyed such clear influence on all areas of policy during an administration. To a great extent, President Kennedy sought the advice and counsel of his younger brother, with Robert being the president's closest political adviser.", "To a great extent, President Kennedy sought the advice and counsel of his younger brother, with Robert being the president's closest political adviser. He was relied upon as both the president's primary source of administrative information and as a general counsel with whom trust was implicit.", "He was relied upon as both the president's primary source of administrative information and as a general counsel with whom trust was implicit. He exercised widespread authority over every cabinet department, leading the Associated Press to dub him \"Bobby—Washington's No. 2-man\".", "2-man\". 2-man\". The president once remarked about his brother, \"If I want something done and done immediately I rely on the Attorney General. He is very much the doer in this administration, and has an organizational gift I have rarely if ever seen surpassed.\"", "He is very much the doer in this administration, and has an organizational gift I have rarely if ever seen surpassed.\" Berlin As one of the president's closest White House advisers, Kennedy played a crucial role in the events surrounding the Berlin Crisis of 1961.", "Berlin As one of the president's closest White House advisers, Kennedy played a crucial role in the events surrounding the Berlin Crisis of 1961. Operating mainly through a private, backchannel connection to Soviet spy Georgi Bolshakov, he relayed important diplomatic communications between the American and Soviet governments.", "Operating mainly through a private, backchannel connection to Soviet spy Georgi Bolshakov, he relayed important diplomatic communications between the American and Soviet governments. Most significantly, this connection helped the U.S. set up the Vienna Summit in June 1961, and later to defuse the tank standoff with the Soviets at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie in October.", "Most significantly, this connection helped the U.S. set up the Vienna Summit in June 1961, and later to defuse the tank standoff with the Soviets at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie in October. Kennedy's visit with his wife to West Berlin in February 1962 demonstrated U.S. support for the city and helped repair the strained relationship between the administration and its special envoy in Berlin, Lucius D. Clay.", "Kennedy's visit with his wife to West Berlin in February 1962 demonstrated U.S. support for the city and helped repair the strained relationship between the administration and its special envoy in Berlin, Lucius D. Clay. Organized crime and the Teamsters As attorney general, Kennedy pursued a relentless crusade against organized crime and the Mafia, sometimes disagreeing on strategy with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover.", "Organized crime and the Teamsters As attorney general, Kennedy pursued a relentless crusade against organized crime and the Mafia, sometimes disagreeing on strategy with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Convictions against organized crime figures rose by 800 percent during his term.", "Convictions against organized crime figures rose by 800 percent during his term. Kennedy worked to shift Hoover's focus away from communism, which Hoover saw as a more serious threat, to organized crime. According to James Neff, Kennedy's success in this endeavor was due to his brother's position, giving the attorney general leverage over Hoover.", "According to James Neff, Kennedy's success in this endeavor was due to his brother's position, giving the attorney general leverage over Hoover. Biographer Richard Hack concluded that Hoover's dislike for Kennedy came from his being unable to control him.", "Biographer Richard Hack concluded that Hoover's dislike for Kennedy came from his being unable to control him. He was relentless in his pursuit of Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa, due to Hoffa's known corruption in financial and electoral matters, both personally and organizationally, creating a so-called \"Get Hoffa\" squad of prosecutors and investigators.", "He was relentless in his pursuit of Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa, due to Hoffa's known corruption in financial and electoral matters, both personally and organizationally, creating a so-called \"Get Hoffa\" squad of prosecutors and investigators. The enmity between the two men was intense, with accusations of a personal vendetta—what Hoffa called a \"blood feud\"—exchanged between them.", "The enmity between the two men was intense, with accusations of a personal vendetta—what Hoffa called a \"blood feud\"—exchanged between them. On July 7, 1961, after Hoffa was reelected to the Teamsters presidency, RFK told reporters the government's case against Hoffa had not been changed by what he called \"a small group of teamsters\" supporting him.", "On July 7, 1961, after Hoffa was reelected to the Teamsters presidency, RFK told reporters the government's case against Hoffa had not been changed by what he called \"a small group of teamsters\" supporting him. The following year, it was leaked that Hoffa had claimed to a Teamster local that Kennedy had been \"bodily\" removed from his office, the statement being confirmed by a Teamster press agent and Hoffa saying Kennedy had only been ejected.", "The following year, it was leaked that Hoffa had claimed to a Teamster local that Kennedy had been \"bodily\" removed from his office, the statement being confirmed by a Teamster press agent and Hoffa saying Kennedy had only been ejected. On March 4, 1964, Hoffa was convicted in Chattanooga, Tennessee, of attempted bribery of a grand juror during his 1962 conspiracy trial in Nashville, Tennessee, and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $10,000 fine.", "On March 4, 1964, Hoffa was convicted in Chattanooga, Tennessee, of attempted bribery of a grand juror during his 1962 conspiracy trial in Nashville, Tennessee, and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $10,000 fine. After learning of Hoffa's conviction by telephone, Kennedy issued congratulatory messages to the three prosecutors.", "After learning of Hoffa's conviction by telephone, Kennedy issued congratulatory messages to the three prosecutors. While on bail during his appeal, Hoffa was convicted in a second trial held in Chicago, on July 26, 1964, on one count of conspiracy and three counts of mail and wire fraud for improper use of the Teamsters' pension fund, and sentenced to five years in prison.", "While on bail during his appeal, Hoffa was convicted in a second trial held in Chicago, on July 26, 1964, on one count of conspiracy and three counts of mail and wire fraud for improper use of the Teamsters' pension fund, and sentenced to five years in prison. Hoffa spent the next three years unsuccessfully appealing his 1964 convictions, and began serving his aggregate prison sentence of 13 years (eight years for bribery, five years for fraud) on March 7, 1967, at the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary in Pennsylvania.", "Hoffa spent the next three years unsuccessfully appealing his 1964 convictions, and began serving his aggregate prison sentence of 13 years (eight years for bribery, five years for fraud) on March 7, 1967, at the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary in Pennsylvania. Civil rights Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a 1961 speech at the University of Georgia Law School: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover viewed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. as an upstart troublemaker, calling him an \"enemy of the state\".", "Civil rights Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a 1961 speech at the University of Georgia Law School: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover viewed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. as an upstart troublemaker, calling him an \"enemy of the state\". In February 1962 Hoover presented Kennedy with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were communists.", "In February 1962 Hoover presented Kennedy with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were communists. Concerned about the allegations, the FBI deployed agents to monitor King in the following months. Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspected associations.", "Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspected associations. In response, King agreed to ask suspected Communist Jack O'Dell to resign from the SCLC, but refused to heed to the request to ask Stanley Levison, whom he regarded as a trusted advisor, to resign.", "In response, King agreed to ask suspected Communist Jack O'Dell to resign from the SCLC, but refused to heed to the request to ask Stanley Levison, whom he regarded as a trusted advisor, to resign. In October 1963, Kennedy issued a written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization.", "In October 1963, Kennedy issued a written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones \"on a trial basis, for a month or so\", Hoover extended the clearance so that his men were \"unshackled\" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.", "Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones \"on a trial basis, for a month or so\", Hoover extended the clearance so that his men were \"unshackled\" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. The wiretapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968, days before Kennedy's death.", "The wiretapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968, days before Kennedy's death. Kennedy remained committed to civil rights enforcement to such a degree that he commented in 1962 that it seemed to envelop almost every area of his public and private life, from prosecuting corrupt Southern electoral officials to answering late night calls from Coretta Scott King concerning the imprisonment of her husband for demonstrations in Alabama.", "Kennedy remained committed to civil rights enforcement to such a degree that he commented in 1962 that it seemed to envelop almost every area of his public and private life, from prosecuting corrupt Southern electoral officials to answering late night calls from Coretta Scott King concerning the imprisonment of her husband for demonstrations in Alabama. During his tenure as attorney general, he undertook the most energetic and persistent desegregation of the administration that Capitol Hill had ever experienced.", "During his tenure as attorney general, he undertook the most energetic and persistent desegregation of the administration that Capitol Hill had ever experienced. He demanded that every area of government begin recruiting realistic levels of black and other ethnic workers, going so far as to criticize Vice President Johnson for his failure to desegregate his own office staff.", "He demanded that every area of government begin recruiting realistic levels of black and other ethnic workers, going so far as to criticize Vice President Johnson for his failure to desegregate his own office staff. But relations between the Kennedys and civil rights activists could be tense, partly due to the administration's decision that a number of complaints King filed with the Justice Department between 1961 and 1963 be handled \"through negotiation between the city commission and Negro citizens.\"", "But relations between the Kennedys and civil rights activists could be tense, partly due to the administration's decision that a number of complaints King filed with the Justice Department between 1961 and 1963 be handled \"through negotiation between the city commission and Negro citizens.\" Although it has become commonplace to assert the phrase \"The Kennedy Administration\" or even \"President Kennedy\" when discussing the legislative and executive support of the civil rights movement, between 1960 and 1963 a great many of the initiatives were the result of the passion and determination of an emboldened Robert Kennedy, who, through his rapid education in the realities of Southern racism, underwent a thorough conversion of purpose as attorney general.", "Although it has become commonplace to assert the phrase \"The Kennedy Administration\" or even \"President Kennedy\" when discussing the legislative and executive support of the civil rights movement, between 1960 and 1963 a great many of the initiatives were the result of the passion and determination of an emboldened Robert Kennedy, who, through his rapid education in the realities of Southern racism, underwent a thorough conversion of purpose as attorney general. Asked in an interview in May 1962, \"What do you see as the big problem ahead for you, is it crime or internal security?\"", "Asked in an interview in May 1962, \"What do you see as the big problem ahead for you, is it crime or internal security?\" Kennedy replied, \"Civil rights.\"", "Kennedy replied, \"Civil rights.\" The president came to share his brother's sense of urgency on the matters at hand to such an extent that it was at the attorney general's insistence that he made his famous June 1963 address to the nation on civil rights.", "The president came to share his brother's sense of urgency on the matters at hand to such an extent that it was at the attorney general's insistence that he made his famous June 1963 address to the nation on civil rights. Kennedy played a large role in the response to the Freedom Riders protests.", "Kennedy played a large role in the response to the Freedom Riders protests. He acted after the Anniston bus bombings to protect the Riders in continuing their journey, sending John Seigenthaler, his administrative assistant, to Alabama to attempt to secure the Riders' safety there.", "He acted after the Anniston bus bombings to protect the Riders in continuing their journey, sending John Seigenthaler, his administrative assistant, to Alabama to attempt to secure the Riders' safety there. Despite a work rule which allowed a driver to decline an assignment which he regarded as a potentially unsafe one, he persuaded a manager of The Greyhound Corporation to obtain a coach operator who was willing to drive a special bus for the continuance of the Freedom Ride from Birmingham, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, on the circuitous journey to Jackson, Mississippi.", "Despite a work rule which allowed a driver to decline an assignment which he regarded as a potentially unsafe one, he persuaded a manager of The Greyhound Corporation to obtain a coach operator who was willing to drive a special bus for the continuance of the Freedom Ride from Birmingham, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, on the circuitous journey to Jackson, Mississippi. Later, during the attack and burning by a white mob of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, at which Martin Luther King Jr. and some 1,500 sympathizers were in attendance, the attorney general telephoned King to ask for his assurance that they would not leave the building until the force of U.S.", "Later, during the attack and burning by a white mob of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, at which Martin Luther King Jr. and some 1,500 sympathizers were in attendance, the attorney general telephoned King to ask for his assurance that they would not leave the building until the force of U.S. Marshals and National Guard he sent had secured the area.", "Marshals and National Guard he sent had secured the area. King proceeded to berate Kennedy for \"allowing the situation to continue\". King later publicly thanked him for dispatching the forces to break up the attack that might otherwise have ended his life.", "King later publicly thanked him for dispatching the forces to break up the attack that might otherwise have ended his life. Kennedy then negotiated the safe passage of the Freedom Riders from the First Baptist Church to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were arrested.", "Kennedy then negotiated the safe passage of the Freedom Riders from the First Baptist Church to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were arrested. He offered to bail the Freedom Riders out of jail, but they refused, which upset him.", "He offered to bail the Freedom Riders out of jail, but they refused, which upset him. Kennedy's attempts to end the Freedom Rides early were tied to an upcoming summit with Nikita Khrushchev and Charles de Gaulle. He believed the continued international publicity of race riots would tarnish the president heading into international negotiations.", "He believed the continued international publicity of race riots would tarnish the president heading into international negotiations. This attempt to curtail the Freedom Rides alienated many of the civil rights leaders who, at the time, perceived him as intolerant and narrow-minded.", "This attempt to curtail the Freedom Rides alienated many of the civil rights leaders who, at the time, perceived him as intolerant and narrow-minded. In an attempt to better understand and improve race relations, Kennedy held a private meeting in New York City in May 1963 with a black delegation coordinated by prominent author James Baldwin.", "In an attempt to better understand and improve race relations, Kennedy held a private meeting in New York City in May 1963 with a black delegation coordinated by prominent author James Baldwin. In September 1962, Kennedy sent a force of U.S. marshals and deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents and federal prison guards to Oxford, Mississippi, to enforce a federal court order allowing the admittance of the first African-American student, James Meredith, to the University of Mississippi.", "In September 1962, Kennedy sent a force of U.S. marshals and deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents and federal prison guards to Oxford, Mississippi, to enforce a federal court order allowing the admittance of the first African-American student, James Meredith, to the University of Mississippi. The attorney general had hoped that legal means, along with the escort of federal officers, would be enough to force Governor Ross Barnett to allow Meredith's admission.", "The attorney general had hoped that legal means, along with the escort of federal officers, would be enough to force Governor Ross Barnett to allow Meredith's admission. He also was very concerned there might be a \"mini-civil war\" between federal troops and armed protesters.", "He also was very concerned there might be a \"mini-civil war\" between federal troops and armed protesters. President Kennedy reluctantly sent federal troops after the situation on campus turned violent.", "President Kennedy reluctantly sent federal troops after the situation on campus turned violent. Ensuing riots during the period of Meredith's admittance resulted in 300 injuries and two deaths, yet Kennedy remained adamant that black students had the right to enjoy the benefits of all levels of the educational system.", "Ensuing riots during the period of Meredith's admittance resulted in 300 injuries and two deaths, yet Kennedy remained adamant that black students had the right to enjoy the benefits of all levels of the educational system. The Office of Civil Rights also hired its first African-American lawyer and began to work cautiously with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement.", "The Office of Civil Rights also hired its first African-American lawyer and began to work cautiously with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Kennedy saw voting as the key to racial justice and collaborated with presidents Kennedy and Johnson to create the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws.", "Kennedy saw voting as the key to racial justice and collaborated with presidents Kennedy and Johnson to create the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws. Between December 1961 and December 1963, Kennedy also expanded the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division by 60 percent.", "Between December 1961 and December 1963, Kennedy also expanded the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division by 60 percent. U.S. Steel At the direction of the president, Kennedy also used the power of federal agencies to influence U.S. Steel not to institute a price increase.", "U.S. Steel At the direction of the president, Kennedy also used the power of federal agencies to influence U.S. Steel not to institute a price increase. The Wall Street Journal wrote that the administration had set prices of steel \"by naked power, by threats, by agents of the state security police.\"", "The Wall Street Journal wrote that the administration had set prices of steel \"by naked power, by threats, by agents of the state security police.\" Yale law professor Charles Reich wrote in The New Republic that the Justice Department had violated civil liberties by calling a federal grand jury to indict U.S. Steel so quickly, then disbanding it after the price increase did not occur.", "Yale law professor Charles Reich wrote in The New Republic that the Justice Department had violated civil liberties by calling a federal grand jury to indict U.S. Steel so quickly, then disbanding it after the price increase did not occur. Death penalty issues During the Kennedy administration, the federal government carried out its last pre-Furman federal execution (of Victor Feguer in Iowa, 1963), and Kennedy, as attorney general, represented the government in this case.", "Death penalty issues During the Kennedy administration, the federal government carried out its last pre-Furman federal execution (of Victor Feguer in Iowa, 1963), and Kennedy, as attorney general, represented the government in this case. In 1967 Kennedy expressed his strong willingness to support a bill then under consideration for the abolition of the death penalty.", "In 1967 Kennedy expressed his strong willingness to support a bill then under consideration for the abolition of the death penalty. Cuba As his brother's confidant, Kennedy oversaw the CIA's anti-Castro activities after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.", "Cuba As his brother's confidant, Kennedy oversaw the CIA's anti-Castro activities after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. He also helped develop the strategy during the Cuban Missile Crisis to blockade Cuba instead of initiating a military strike that might have led to nuclear war.", "He also helped develop the strategy during the Cuban Missile Crisis to blockade Cuba instead of initiating a military strike that might have led to nuclear war. He had initially been among the more hawkish members of the administration on matters concerning Cuban insurrectionist aid.", "He had initially been among the more hawkish members of the administration on matters concerning Cuban insurrectionist aid. His initial strong support for covert actions in Cuba soon changed to a position of removal from further involvement once he became aware of the CIA's tendency to draw out initiatives, and provide itself with almost unchecked authority in matters of foreign covert operations.", "His initial strong support for covert actions in Cuba soon changed to a position of removal from further involvement once he became aware of the CIA's tendency to draw out initiatives, and provide itself with almost unchecked authority in matters of foreign covert operations. Allegations that the Kennedys knew of plans by the CIA to kill Fidel Castro, or approved of such plans, have been debated by historians over the years.", "Allegations that the Kennedys knew of plans by the CIA to kill Fidel Castro, or approved of such plans, have been debated by historians over the years. JFK's friend and associate, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., for example, expressed the opinion that operatives linked to the CIA were among the most reckless individuals to have operated during the period—providing themselves with unscrutinized freedoms to threaten the lives of Castro and other members of the Cuban revolutionary government regardless of the legislative apparatus in Washington—freedoms that, unbeknownst to those at the White House attempting to prevent a nuclear war, placed the entire U.S.–Soviet relationship in perilous danger.", "JFK's friend and associate, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., for example, expressed the opinion that operatives linked to the CIA were among the most reckless individuals to have operated during the period—providing themselves with unscrutinized freedoms to threaten the lives of Castro and other members of the Cuban revolutionary government regardless of the legislative apparatus in Washington—freedoms that, unbeknownst to those at the White House attempting to prevent a nuclear war, placed the entire U.S.–Soviet relationship in perilous danger. The \"Family Jewels\" documents, declassified by the CIA in 2007, suggest that before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the attorney general personally authorized one such assassination attempt.", "The \"Family Jewels\" documents, declassified by the CIA in 2007, suggest that before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the attorney general personally authorized one such assassination attempt. But there is ample evidence to the contrary, such as that Kennedy was informed of an earlier plot involving the CIA's use of Mafia bosses Santo Trafficante Jr. and John Roselli only during a briefing on May 7, 1962, and in fact directed the CIA to halt any existing efforts directed at Castro's assassination.", "But there is ample evidence to the contrary, such as that Kennedy was informed of an earlier plot involving the CIA's use of Mafia bosses Santo Trafficante Jr. and John Roselli only during a briefing on May 7, 1962, and in fact directed the CIA to halt any existing efforts directed at Castro's assassination. Concurrently, Kennedy served as the president's personal representative in Operation Mongoose, the post-Bay of Pigs covert operations program the president established in November 1961.", "Concurrently, Kennedy served as the president's personal representative in Operation Mongoose, the post-Bay of Pigs covert operations program the president established in November 1961. Mongoose was meant to incite revolution in Cuba that would result in Castro's downfall, not his assassination.", "Mongoose was meant to incite revolution in Cuba that would result in Castro's downfall, not his assassination. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy proved himself to be a gifted politician with an ability to obtain compromises, tempering aggressive positions of key figures in the hawk camp.", "During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy proved himself to be a gifted politician with an ability to obtain compromises, tempering aggressive positions of key figures in the hawk camp. The trust the president placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a blockade, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and the USSR.", "The trust the president placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a blockade, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and the USSR. His clandestine meetings with members of the Soviet government continued to provide a key link to Khrushchev during even the darkest moments of the crisis, when the threat of nuclear strikes was considered very real.", "His clandestine meetings with members of the Soviet government continued to provide a key link to Khrushchev during even the darkest moments of the crisis, when the threat of nuclear strikes was considered very real. On the last night of the crisis, President Kennedy was so grateful for his brother's work in averting nuclear war that he summed it up by saying, \"Thank God for Bobby.\"", "On the last night of the crisis, President Kennedy was so grateful for his brother's work in averting nuclear war that he summed it up by saying, \"Thank God for Bobby.\" Japan At a summit meeting with Japanese prime minister Hayato Ikeda in Washington D.C. in 1961, President Kennedy promised to make a reciprocal visit to Japan in 1962, but the decision to resume atmospheric nuclear testing forced him to postpone such a visit, and he sent Bobby in his stead.", "Japan At a summit meeting with Japanese prime minister Hayato Ikeda in Washington D.C. in 1961, President Kennedy promised to make a reciprocal visit to Japan in 1962, but the decision to resume atmospheric nuclear testing forced him to postpone such a visit, and he sent Bobby in his stead. Kennedy and his wife Ethel arrived in Tokyo in February 1962 at a very sensitive time in U.S.-Japan relations, shortly after the massive Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty had highlighted anti-American grievances.", "Kennedy and his wife Ethel arrived in Tokyo in February 1962 at a very sensitive time in U.S.-Japan relations, shortly after the massive Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty had highlighted anti-American grievances. Kennedy won over a highly skeptical Japanese public and press with his cheerful, open demeanor, sincerity, and youthful energy.", "Kennedy won over a highly skeptical Japanese public and press with his cheerful, open demeanor, sincerity, and youthful energy. Most famously, Kennedy scored a public relations coup during a nationally televised speech at Waseda University in Tokyo.", "Most famously, Kennedy scored a public relations coup during a nationally televised speech at Waseda University in Tokyo. When radical Marxist student activists from Zengakuren attempted to shout him down, he calmly invited one of them on stage and engaged the student in an impromptu debate.", "When radical Marxist student activists from Zengakuren attempted to shout him down, he calmly invited one of them on stage and engaged the student in an impromptu debate. Kennedy's calmness under fire and willingness to take the student's questions seriously won many admirers in Japan and praise from the Japanese media, both for himself and on his brother's behalf.", "Kennedy's calmness under fire and willingness to take the student's questions seriously won many admirers in Japan and praise from the Japanese media, both for himself and on his brother's behalf. Assassination of John F. Kennedy At the time that President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963, RFK was at home with aides from the Justice Department.", "Assassination of John F. Kennedy At the time that President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963, RFK was at home with aides from the Justice Department. J. Edgar Hoover called and told him his brother had been shot. Hoover then hung up before he could ask any questions.", "Hoover then hung up before he could ask any questions. Kennedy later said he thought Hoover had enjoyed telling him the news. Kennedy then received a call from Tazewell Shepard, a naval aide to the president, who told him that his brother was dead.", "Kennedy then received a call from Tazewell Shepard, a naval aide to the president, who told him that his brother was dead. Shortly after the call from Hoover, Kennedy phoned McGeorge Bundy at the White House, instructing him to change the locks on the president's files.", "Shortly after the call from Hoover, Kennedy phoned McGeorge Bundy at the White House, instructing him to change the locks on the president's files. He ordered the Secret Service to dismantle the Oval Office and cabinet room's secret taping systems.", "He ordered the Secret Service to dismantle the Oval Office and cabinet room's secret taping systems. He scheduled a meeting with CIA director John McCone and asked if the CIA had any involvement in his brother's death.", "He scheduled a meeting with CIA director John McCone and asked if the CIA had any involvement in his brother's death. McCone denied it, with Kennedy later telling investigator Walter Sheridan that he asked the director \"in a way that he couldn't lie to me, and they [the CIA] hadn't\".", "McCone denied it, with Kennedy later telling investigator Walter Sheridan that he asked the director \"in a way that he couldn't lie to me, and they [the CIA] hadn't\". An hour after the president was shot, Bobby Kennedy received a phone call from Vice President Johnson before Johnson boarded Air Force One.", "An hour after the president was shot, Bobby Kennedy received a phone call from Vice President Johnson before Johnson boarded Air Force One. RFK remembered their conversation starting with Johnson demonstrating sympathy before the vice president stated his belief that he should be sworn in immediately; RFK opposed the idea since he felt \"it would be nice\" for President Kennedy's body to return to Washington with the deceased president still being the incumbent.", "RFK remembered their conversation starting with Johnson demonstrating sympathy before the vice president stated his belief that he should be sworn in immediately; RFK opposed the idea since he felt \"it would be nice\" for President Kennedy's body to return to Washington with the deceased president still being the incumbent. Eventually, the two concluded that the best course of action would be for Johnson to take the oath of office before returning to Washington.", "Eventually, the two concluded that the best course of action would be for Johnson to take the oath of office before returning to Washington. In his 1971 book We Band of Brothers, aide Edwin O. Guthman recounted Kennedy admitting to him an hour after receiving word of his brother's death that he thought he would be the one \"they would get\" as opposed to his brother.", "In his 1971 book We Band of Brothers, aide Edwin O. Guthman recounted Kennedy admitting to him an hour after receiving word of his brother's death that he thought he would be the one \"they would get\" as opposed to his brother. In the days following the assassination, he wrote letters to his two eldest children, Kathleen and Joseph, saying that as the oldest Kennedy family members of their generation, they had a special responsibility to remember what their uncle had started and to love and serve their country.", "In the days following the assassination, he wrote letters to his two eldest children, Kathleen and Joseph, saying that as the oldest Kennedy family members of their generation, they had a special responsibility to remember what their uncle had started and to love and serve their country. He was originally opposed to Jacqueline Kennedy's decision to have a closed casket, as he wanted the funeral to keep with tradition, but he changed his mind after seeing the cosmetic, waxen remains.", "He was originally opposed to Jacqueline Kennedy's decision to have a closed casket, as he wanted the funeral to keep with tradition, but he changed his mind after seeing the cosmetic, waxen remains. Kennedy was asked by Democratic Party leaders to introduce a film about his late brother at the 1964 party convention.", "Kennedy was asked by Democratic Party leaders to introduce a film about his late brother at the 1964 party convention. When he was introduced, the crowd, including party bosses, elected officials, and delegates, applauded thunderously and tearfully for a full 22 minutes before they would let him speak.", "When he was introduced, the crowd, including party bosses, elected officials, and delegates, applauded thunderously and tearfully for a full 22 minutes before they would let him speak. He was close to breaking down before he spoke about his brother's vision for both the party and the nation and recited a quote from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (3.2) that Jacqueline had given him: The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that the president had been assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted alone.", "He was close to breaking down before he spoke about his brother's vision for both the party and the nation and recited a quote from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (3.2) that Jacqueline had given him: The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that the president had been assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted alone. On September 27, 1964, Kennedy issued a statement through his New York campaign office: \"As I said in Poland last summer, I am convinced Oswald was solely responsible for what happened and that he did not have any outside help or assistance.", "On September 27, 1964, Kennedy issued a statement through his New York campaign office: \"As I said in Poland last summer, I am convinced Oswald was solely responsible for what happened and that he did not have any outside help or assistance. He was a malcontent who could not get along here or in the Soviet Union.\"", "He was a malcontent who could not get along here or in the Soviet Union.\" He added, \"I have not read the report, nor do I intend to. But I have been briefed on it and I am completely satisfied that the Commission investigated every lead and examined every piece of evidence.", "But I have been briefed on it and I am completely satisfied that the Commission investigated every lead and examined every piece of evidence. The Commission's inquiry was thorough and conscientious.\"", "The Commission's inquiry was thorough and conscientious.\" After a meeting with Kennedy in 1966, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote: \"It is evident that he believes that [the Warren Commission's report] was a poor job and will not endorse it, but that he is unwilling to criticize it and thereby reopen the whole tragic business.\"", "After a meeting with Kennedy in 1966, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote: \"It is evident that he believes that [the Warren Commission's report] was a poor job and will not endorse it, but that he is unwilling to criticize it and thereby reopen the whole tragic business.\" Jerry Bruno, an \"advance man\" for JFK who also worked on RFK's 1968 presidential campaign, would later state in 1993: \"I talked to Robert Kennedy many times about the Warren Commission, and he never doubted their result.\"", "Jerry Bruno, an \"advance man\" for JFK who also worked on RFK's 1968 presidential campaign, would later state in 1993: \"I talked to Robert Kennedy many times about the Warren Commission, and he never doubted their result.\" In a 2013 interview with CBS journalist Charlie Rose, son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. stated that his father was \"fairly convinced\" that others besides Oswald were involved in his brother's assassination and that he privately believed the Commission's report was a \"shoddy piece of craftsmanship\".", "In a 2013 interview with CBS journalist Charlie Rose, son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. stated that his father was \"fairly convinced\" that others besides Oswald were involved in his brother's assassination and that he privately believed the Commission's report was a \"shoddy piece of craftsmanship\". The killing was judged as having a profound impact on Kennedy.", "The killing was judged as having a profound impact on Kennedy. Beran assesses the assassination as having moved Kennedy away from reliance on the political system and to become more questioning. Tye views Kennedy following the death of his brother as \"more fatalistic, having seen how fast he could lose what he cherished the most.\"", "Tye views Kennedy following the death of his brother as \"more fatalistic, having seen how fast he could lose what he cherished the most.\" Vice presidential candidate In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of vice president now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the 1964 presidential election.", "Vice presidential candidate In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of vice president now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the 1964 presidential election. Several Kennedy partisans called for him to be drafted in tribute to his brother; national polling showed that three of four Democrats were in favor of him as Johnson's running mate.", "Several Kennedy partisans called for him to be drafted in tribute to his brother; national polling showed that three of four Democrats were in favor of him as Johnson's running mate. Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25,000 Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March 1964, only 3,700 fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president.", "Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25,000 Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March 1964, only 3,700 fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president. Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger.", "Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger. Schlesinger thought that he should develop his own political base first, and Kennedy observed that the job \"was really based on waiting around for someone to die\". In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency.", "In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency. During this time he said of the coalescing Johnson administration, \"It's too early for me to even think about '64, because I don't know whether I want to have any part of these people.", "During this time he said of the coalescing Johnson administration, \"It's too early for me to even think about '64, because I don't know whether I want to have any part of these people. ...If they don't fulfill and follow out my brother's program, I don't want to have anything to do with them.\"", "...If they don't fulfill and follow out my brother's program, I don't want to have anything to do with them.\" But in January 1964 Kennedy began low-key inquiries as to the vice-presidential position and by the summer was developing plans to help Johnson in cities and in the Northeast based on JFK's 1960 campaign strategies.", "But in January 1964 Kennedy began low-key inquiries as to the vice-presidential position and by the summer was developing plans to help Johnson in cities and in the Northeast based on JFK's 1960 campaign strategies. Despite the fanfare within the Democratic Party, Johnson was not inclined to have Kennedy on his ticket.", "Despite the fanfare within the Democratic Party, Johnson was not inclined to have Kennedy on his ticket. The two disliked one another intensely, with feelings often described as \"mutual contempt\" that went back to their first meeting in 1953, and had only intensified during JFK's presidency.", "The two disliked one another intensely, with feelings often described as \"mutual contempt\" that went back to their first meeting in 1953, and had only intensified during JFK's presidency. At the time, Johnson privately said of Kennedy, \"I don't need that little runt to win\", while Kennedy privately said of Johnson that he was \"mean, bitter, vicious—an animal in many ways\".", "At the time, Johnson privately said of Kennedy, \"I don't need that little runt to win\", while Kennedy privately said of Johnson that he was \"mean, bitter, vicious—an animal in many ways\". To block Kennedy, Johnson considered nominating his brother-in-law Sargent Shriver for vice president, but the Kennedy family vetoed that.", "To block Kennedy, Johnson considered nominating his brother-in-law Sargent Shriver for vice president, but the Kennedy family vetoed that. Kenny O'Donnell, a Kennedy aide who stayed on to serve Johnson, told the president that if he wanted a Catholic vice president, the only candidate available was Kennedy. Johnson instead chose Senator Hubert Humphrey.", "Johnson instead chose Senator Hubert Humphrey. During a post-presidency interview with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Johnson claimed that Kennedy \"acted like he was the custodian of the Kennedy dream\" despite Johnson being seen as this after JFK was assassinated, arguing that he had \"waited\" his turn and Kennedy should have done the same.", "During a post-presidency interview with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Johnson claimed that Kennedy \"acted like he was the custodian of the Kennedy dream\" despite Johnson being seen as this after JFK was assassinated, arguing that he had \"waited\" his turn and Kennedy should have done the same. Johnson recalled a \"tidal wave of letters and memos about how great a vice president Bobby would be\", but felt he could not \"let it happen\" as he viewed the possibility of Kennedy on the ticket as ensuring that he would never know if he could be elected \"on my own\".", "Johnson recalled a \"tidal wave of letters and memos about how great a vice president Bobby would be\", but felt he could not \"let it happen\" as he viewed the possibility of Kennedy on the ticket as ensuring that he would never know if he could be elected \"on my own\". On July 27, 1964, Kennedy was summoned to the White House and told by Johnson that he did not want him as his running mate, leading the former to say \"I could have helped you\".", "On July 27, 1964, Kennedy was summoned to the White House and told by Johnson that he did not want him as his running mate, leading the former to say \"I could have helped you\". Johnson wanted Kennedy to tell the media that he decided to withdraw his name, but he refused, saying the president could do that himself.", "Johnson wanted Kennedy to tell the media that he decided to withdraw his name, but he refused, saying the president could do that himself. Johnson wanted a way to announce that he had refused Kennedy serving as his running mate without appearing to be motivated by malice towards a man he disliked and distrusted.", "Johnson wanted a way to announce that he had refused Kennedy serving as his running mate without appearing to be motivated by malice towards a man he disliked and distrusted. The Democratic power broker Clark Clifford suggested to Johnson a way to block Kennedy.", "The Democratic power broker Clark Clifford suggested to Johnson a way to block Kennedy. At a meeting in the Oval Office that, unknown to him, was being recorded, Clifford said: \"Why don't you reach a policy decision that, after careful consideration, you've decided that you're not going to select anyone from your cabinet?\"", "At a meeting in the Oval Office that, unknown to him, was being recorded, Clifford said: \"Why don't you reach a policy decision that, after careful consideration, you've decided that you're not going to select anyone from your cabinet?\" When Johnson replied \"That's pretty thin, isn't it?", "When Johnson replied \"That's pretty thin, isn't it? \", leading Clifford to answer, \"Well, it is pretty thin, but it's a lot better than nothing\".", "\", leading Clifford to answer, \"Well, it is pretty thin, but it's a lot better than nothing\". In July 1964, Johnson issued an official statement ruling out all of his current cabinet members as potential running mates, judging them to be \"so valuable ... in their current posts\".", "In July 1964, Johnson issued an official statement ruling out all of his current cabinet members as potential running mates, judging them to be \"so valuable ... in their current posts\". In response to this statement, angry letters poured in directed towards both Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird, expressing disappointment at Kennedy being dropped from the field of potential running mates.", "In response to this statement, angry letters poured in directed towards both Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird, expressing disappointment at Kennedy being dropped from the field of potential running mates. Johnson, worried that delegates at the convention would draft Kennedy onto the ticket, ordered the FBI to monitor Kennedy's contacts and actions, and to make sure that he could not speak until after Hubert Humphrey was confirmed as his running mate.", "Johnson, worried that delegates at the convention would draft Kennedy onto the ticket, ordered the FBI to monitor Kennedy's contacts and actions, and to make sure that he could not speak until after Hubert Humphrey was confirmed as his running mate. After making his announcement, Johnson at an \"off-the-record\" meeting in the Oval Office with three journalists boasted about how he had gotten \"that damned albatross off his neck\" as he proceeded to mock what he called Kennedy's \"funny\" voice and mannerisms.", "After making his announcement, Johnson at an \"off-the-record\" meeting in the Oval Office with three journalists boasted about how he had gotten \"that damned albatross off his neck\" as he proceeded to mock what he called Kennedy's \"funny\" voice and mannerisms. Though not published in the newspapers, Kennedy quickly learned of Johnson's performance and demanded an apology, only to have the president deny the story.", "Though not published in the newspapers, Kennedy quickly learned of Johnson's performance and demanded an apology, only to have the president deny the story. After hearing Johnson's denial, Kennedy wrote: \"He tells so many lies that he convinces himself after a while he's telling the truth.", "After hearing Johnson's denial, Kennedy wrote: \"He tells so many lies that he convinces himself after a while he's telling the truth. He just doesn't recognize truth or falsehood\". In a meeting with Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Johnson talked about Kennedy.", "In a meeting with Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Johnson talked about Kennedy. Both felt that Kennedy was \"freakish ambitious\" with Rusk saying: \"Mr. President, I just can't wrap my mind around that kind of ambition. I don't know how to understand it\".", "I don't know how to understand it\". Both were afraid that Kennedy might use the nostalgia for his assassinated brother to \"stampede\" the Democratic National Convention delegates to nominate him, and were hoping that Kennedy might run for Senate in New York, though Rusk was also worried that a Senate run would serve as \"a drag on your own position in New York state\".", "Both were afraid that Kennedy might use the nostalgia for his assassinated brother to \"stampede\" the Democratic National Convention delegates to nominate him, and were hoping that Kennedy might run for Senate in New York, though Rusk was also worried that a Senate run would serve as \"a drag on your own position in New York state\". Furthermore, white Southerners tended to vote Democratic as a bloc at the time, and a poll in 1964 showed that 33% of Southerners would not vote Democratic if Kennedy were Johnson's running mate, causing many Democrat leaders to oppose Kennedy serving as Vice President, lest it alienate one of the most solid and reliable blocs of Democratic voters.", "Furthermore, white Southerners tended to vote Democratic as a bloc at the time, and a poll in 1964 showed that 33% of Southerners would not vote Democratic if Kennedy were Johnson's running mate, causing many Democrat leaders to oppose Kennedy serving as Vice President, lest it alienate one of the most solid and reliable blocs of Democratic voters. At the DNC, Kennedy appeared on the stage to introduce a film honoring his late brother, A Thousand Days, causing the convention hall to explode with cheers for 22 minutes despite Kennedy's gestures indicating that he wanted the crowd to fall silent so he could began his speech.", "At the DNC, Kennedy appeared on the stage to introduce a film honoring his late brother, A Thousand Days, causing the convention hall to explode with cheers for 22 minutes despite Kennedy's gestures indicating that he wanted the crowd to fall silent so he could began his speech. Senator Henry Jackson advised Kennedy, \"Let them get it out of their system\" as he stood on the stage raising his hand to signal he wanted the crowd to stop cheering.", "Senator Henry Jackson advised Kennedy, \"Let them get it out of their system\" as he stood on the stage raising his hand to signal he wanted the crowd to stop cheering. When the crowd finally stopped cheering, Kennedy gave his speech, which ended with a quotation from Romeo and Juliet: \"When he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine, That all the world shall be in love with night, and pay no worship to the garish sun\".", "When the crowd finally stopped cheering, Kennedy gave his speech, which ended with a quotation from Romeo and Juliet: \"When he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine, That all the world shall be in love with night, and pay no worship to the garish sun\". Johnson knew instantly that the reference to the \"garish sun\" was to him.", "Johnson knew instantly that the reference to the \"garish sun\" was to him. U.S. Senate (1965–1968) 1964 election Nine months after his brother's assassination, Kennedy left the cabinet to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate representing New York, announcing his candidacy on August 25, 1964, two days before the end of that year's Democratic National Convention.", "U.S. Senate (1965–1968) 1964 election Nine months after his brother's assassination, Kennedy left the cabinet to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate representing New York, announcing his candidacy on August 25, 1964, two days before the end of that year's Democratic National Convention. He had considered the possibility of running for the seat since early spring, but also giving consideration for governor of Massachusetts or, as he put it, \"go away\", leaving politics altogether after the plane crash and injury of his brother Ted in June, two months earlier.", "He had considered the possibility of running for the seat since early spring, but also giving consideration for governor of Massachusetts or, as he put it, \"go away\", leaving politics altogether after the plane crash and injury of his brother Ted in June, two months earlier. Positive reception in Europe convinced him to remain in politics.", "Positive reception in Europe convinced him to remain in politics. Kennedy was lauded during trips to Germany and Poland, the denizens of the latter country's greetings to Kennedy being interpreted by Leaming as evaporating the agony he had sustained since his brother's passing.", "Kennedy was lauded during trips to Germany and Poland, the denizens of the latter country's greetings to Kennedy being interpreted by Leaming as evaporating the agony he had sustained since his brother's passing. Kennedy was given permission to run by the New York State Democratic Committee on September 1, amid mixed feelings in regards to his candidacy.", "Kennedy was given permission to run by the New York State Democratic Committee on September 1, amid mixed feelings in regards to his candidacy. Despite their notoriously difficult relationship, Johnson gave considerable support to Kennedy's campaign.", "Despite their notoriously difficult relationship, Johnson gave considerable support to Kennedy's campaign. His opponent was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger since he did not reside in the state.", "His opponent was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger since he did not reside in the state. The New York Times editorialized, \"there is nothing illegal about the possible nomination of Robert F. Kennedy of Massachusetts as Senator from New York, but there is plenty of cynical about it, ... merely choosing the state as a convenient launching‐pad for the political ambitions of himself.\"", "The New York Times editorialized, \"there is nothing illegal about the possible nomination of Robert F. Kennedy of Massachusetts as Senator from New York, but there is plenty of cynical about it, ... merely choosing the state as a convenient launching‐pad for the political ambitions of himself.\" The main reason Kennedy chose not to run for the U.S. Senate from his native Massachusetts was that his younger brother Ted was running for reelection.", "The main reason Kennedy chose not to run for the U.S. Senate from his native Massachusetts was that his younger brother Ted was running for reelection. RFK charged Keating with having \"not done much of anything constructive\" despite his presence in Congress during a September 8 press conference.", "RFK charged Keating with having \"not done much of anything constructive\" despite his presence in Congress during a September 8 press conference. Kennedy won the November election, helped in part by Johnson's huge victory margin in New York.", "Kennedy won the November election, helped in part by Johnson's huge victory margin in New York. Tenure Kennedy drew attention in Congress early on as the brother of President Kennedy, which set him apart from other senators.", "Tenure Kennedy drew attention in Congress early on as the brother of President Kennedy, which set him apart from other senators. He drew more than 50 senators as spectators when he delivered a speech in the Senate on nuclear proliferation in June 1965.", "He drew more than 50 senators as spectators when he delivered a speech in the Senate on nuclear proliferation in June 1965. But he also saw a decline in his power, going from the president's most trusted advisor to one of a hundred senators, and his impatience with collaborative lawmaking showed.", "But he also saw a decline in his power, going from the president's most trusted advisor to one of a hundred senators, and his impatience with collaborative lawmaking showed. Though fellow senator Fred R. Harris expected not to like Kennedy, the two became allies; Harris even called them \"each other's best friends in the Senate\".", "Though fellow senator Fred R. Harris expected not to like Kennedy, the two became allies; Harris even called them \"each other's best friends in the Senate\". Kennedy's younger brother Ted was his senior there. Robert saw his brother as a guide on managing within the Senate, and the arrangement worked to deepen their relationship.", "Robert saw his brother as a guide on managing within the Senate, and the arrangement worked to deepen their relationship. Harris noted that Kennedy was intense about matters and issues that concerned him.", "Harris noted that Kennedy was intense about matters and issues that concerned him. Kennedy gained a reputation in the Senate for being well prepared for debate, but his tendency to speak to other senators in a more \"blunt\" fashion caused him to be \"unpopular ... with many of his colleagues\".", "Kennedy gained a reputation in the Senate for being well prepared for debate, but his tendency to speak to other senators in a more \"blunt\" fashion caused him to be \"unpopular ... with many of his colleagues\". While serving in the Senate, Kennedy advocated gun control.", "While serving in the Senate, Kennedy advocated gun control. In May 1965 he co-sponsored S.1592, proposed by President Johnson and sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, that would put federal restrictions on mail-order gun sales.", "In May 1965 he co-sponsored S.1592, proposed by President Johnson and sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, that would put federal restrictions on mail-order gun sales. Speaking in support of the bill, Kennedy said, \"For too long we dealt with these deadly weapons as if they were harmless toys.", "Speaking in support of the bill, Kennedy said, \"For too long we dealt with these deadly weapons as if they were harmless toys. Yet their very presence, the ease of their acquisition and the familiarity of their appearance have led to thousands of deaths each year.", "Yet their very presence, the ease of their acquisition and the familiarity of their appearance have led to thousands of deaths each year. With the passage of this bill we will begin to meet our responsibilities. It would save hundreds of thousands of lives in this country and spare thousands of families ... grief and heartache.", "It would save hundreds of thousands of lives in this country and spare thousands of families ... grief and heartache. ... \" In remarks during a May 1968 campaign stop in Roseburg, Oregon, Kennedy defended the bill as keeping firearms away from \"people who have no business with guns or rifles\".", "... \" In remarks during a May 1968 campaign stop in Roseburg, Oregon, Kennedy defended the bill as keeping firearms away from \"people who have no business with guns or rifles\". The bill forbade \"mail order sale of guns to the very young, those with criminal records and the insane,\" according to The Oregonian'''s report.", "The bill forbade \"mail order sale of guns to the very young, those with criminal records and the insane,\" according to The Oregonian'''s report. S.1592 and subsequent bills, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, paved the way for the eventual passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968.", "S.1592 and subsequent bills, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, paved the way for the eventual passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968. Kennedy and his staff had employed a cautionary \"amendments–only\" strategy for his first year in the senate.", "Kennedy and his staff had employed a cautionary \"amendments–only\" strategy for his first year in the senate. In 1966 and 1967 they took more direct legislative action, but were met with increasing resistance from the Johnson administration.", "In 1966 and 1967 they took more direct legislative action, but were met with increasing resistance from the Johnson administration. Despite perceptions that the two were hostile in their respective offices to each other, U.S. News reported Kennedy's support of the Johnson administration's \"Great Society\" program through his voting record.", "Despite perceptions that the two were hostile in their respective offices to each other, U.S. News reported Kennedy's support of the Johnson administration's \"Great Society\" program through his voting record. Kennedy supported both major and minor parts of the program, and each year over 60% of his roll call votes were consistently in favor of Johnson's policies.", "Kennedy supported both major and minor parts of the program, and each year over 60% of his roll call votes were consistently in favor of Johnson's policies. On February 8, 1966, Kennedy urged the United States to pledge that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons against countries that did not have them noting that China had made the pledge and the Soviet Union indicated it was also willing to do so.", "On February 8, 1966, Kennedy urged the United States to pledge that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons against countries that did not have them noting that China had made the pledge and the Soviet Union indicated it was also willing to do so. In June 1966, he visited apartheid-era South Africa accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and a few aides.", "In June 1966, he visited apartheid-era South Africa accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and a few aides. The tour was greeted with international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa.", "The tour was greeted with international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa. He spoke out against the oppression of the native population, and was welcomed by the black population as though he were a visiting head of state.", "He spoke out against the oppression of the native population, and was welcomed by the black population as though he were a visiting head of state. In an interview with Look magazine he said: At the University of Cape Town he delivered the annual Day of Affirmation Address.", "In an interview with Look magazine he said: At the University of Cape Town he delivered the annual Day of Affirmation Address. A quote from this address appears on his memorial at Arlington National Cemetery: \"Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope.\"", "A quote from this address appears on his memorial at Arlington National Cemetery: \"Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope.\" On January 28, 1967, Kennedy began a ten-day stay in Europe, meeting Harold Wilson in London who advised him to tell President Johnson about his belief that the ongoing Vietnam conflict was wrong.", "On January 28, 1967, Kennedy began a ten-day stay in Europe, meeting Harold Wilson in London who advised him to tell President Johnson about his belief that the ongoing Vietnam conflict was wrong. Upon returning to the U.S. in early February, he was confronted by the press who asked him if his conversations abroad had negatively impacted American foreign relations.", "Upon returning to the U.S. in early February, he was confronted by the press who asked him if his conversations abroad had negatively impacted American foreign relations. During his years as a senator, he helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty-stricken Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn.", "During his years as a senator, he helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty-stricken Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. Schlesinger wrote that Kennedy had hoped Bedford-Stuyvesant would become an example of self-imposed growth for other impoverished neighborhoods.", "Schlesinger wrote that Kennedy had hoped Bedford-Stuyvesant would become an example of self-imposed growth for other impoverished neighborhoods. Kennedy had difficulty securing support from President Johnson, whose administration was charged by Kennedy as having opposed a \"special impact\" program meant to bring about the federal progress that he had supported.", "Kennedy had difficulty securing support from President Johnson, whose administration was charged by Kennedy as having opposed a \"special impact\" program meant to bring about the federal progress that he had supported. Robert B. Semple Jr. repeated similar sentiments in September 1967, writing the Johnson administration was preparing \"a concentrated attack\" on Robert F. Kennedy's proposal that Semple claimed would \"build more and better low-cost housing in the slums through private enterprise.\"", "Robert B. Semple Jr. repeated similar sentiments in September 1967, writing the Johnson administration was preparing \"a concentrated attack\" on Robert F. Kennedy's proposal that Semple claimed would \"build more and better low-cost housing in the slums through private enterprise.\" Kennedy confided to journalist Jack Newfield that while he tried collaborating with the administration through courting its members and compromising with the bill, \"They didn't even try to work something out together.", "Kennedy confided to journalist Jack Newfield that while he tried collaborating with the administration through courting its members and compromising with the bill, \"They didn't even try to work something out together. To them it's all just politics.\"", "To them it's all just politics.\" He also visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of \"War on Poverty\" programs, particularly that of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.", "He also visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of \"War on Poverty\" programs, particularly that of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Marian Wright Edelman described Kennedy as \"deeply moved and outraged\" by the sight of the starving children living in the economically abysmal climate, changing her impression of him from \"tough, arrogant, and politically driven.\"", "Marian Wright Edelman described Kennedy as \"deeply moved and outraged\" by the sight of the starving children living in the economically abysmal climate, changing her impression of him from \"tough, arrogant, and politically driven.\" Edelman noted further that the senator requested she call on Martin Luther King Jr. to bring the impoverished to Washington, D.C., to make them more visible, leading to the creation of the Poor People's Campaign.", "Edelman noted further that the senator requested she call on Martin Luther King Jr. to bring the impoverished to Washington, D.C., to make them more visible, leading to the creation of the Poor People's Campaign. Kennedy sought to remedy the problems of poverty through legislation to encourage private industry to locate in poverty-stricken areas, thus creating jobs for the unemployed, and stressed the importance of work over welfare.", "Kennedy sought to remedy the problems of poverty through legislation to encourage private industry to locate in poverty-stricken areas, thus creating jobs for the unemployed, and stressed the importance of work over welfare. Kennedy worked on the Senate Labor Committee at the time of the workers' rights activism of Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA).", "Kennedy worked on the Senate Labor Committee at the time of the workers' rights activism of Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA). At the request of labor leader Walter Reuther, who had previously marched with and provided money to Chavez, Kennedy flew out to Delano, California, to investigate the situation.", "At the request of labor leader Walter Reuther, who had previously marched with and provided money to Chavez, Kennedy flew out to Delano, California, to investigate the situation. Although little attention was paid to the first two committee hearings in March 1966 for legislation to include farm workers by an amendment of the National Labor Relations Act, Kennedy's attendance at the third hearing brought media coverage.", "Although little attention was paid to the first two committee hearings in March 1966 for legislation to include farm workers by an amendment of the National Labor Relations Act, Kennedy's attendance at the third hearing brought media coverage. Biographer Thomas wrote that Kennedy was moved after seeing the conditions of the workers, who he deemed were being taken advantage of.", "Biographer Thomas wrote that Kennedy was moved after seeing the conditions of the workers, who he deemed were being taken advantage of. Chavez stressed to Kennedy that migrant workers needed to be recognized as human beings.", "Chavez stressed to Kennedy that migrant workers needed to be recognized as human beings. Kennedy later engaged in an exchange with Kern County sheriff Leroy Galyen where he criticized the sheriff's deputies for taking photographs of \"people on picket lines.\"", "Kennedy later engaged in an exchange with Kern County sheriff Leroy Galyen where he criticized the sheriff's deputies for taking photographs of \"people on picket lines.\" As a senator, he was popular among African Americans and other minorities including Native Americans and immigrant groups.", "As a senator, he was popular among African Americans and other minorities including Native Americans and immigrant groups. He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the \"disaffected\", the impoverished, and \"the excluded\", thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners, leading the Democratic party in pursuit of a more aggressive agenda to eliminate perceived discrimination on all levels.", "He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the \"disaffected\", the impoverished, and \"the excluded\", thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners, leading the Democratic party in pursuit of a more aggressive agenda to eliminate perceived discrimination on all levels. He supported desegregation busing, integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment, and provide health care for African Americans.", "He supported desegregation busing, integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment, and provide health care for African Americans. Consistent with President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, he also placed increasing emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.S. foreign policy.", "Consistent with President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, he also placed increasing emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.S. foreign policy. Vietnam The JFK administration had backed U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world in the frame of the Cold War, but Kennedy was not known to be involved in discussions on the Vietnam War when he was his brother's attorney general.Hilty, p. 460.", "Vietnam The JFK administration had backed U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world in the frame of the Cold War, but Kennedy was not known to be involved in discussions on the Vietnam War when he was his brother's attorney general.Hilty, p. 460. According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, before choosing to run for the Senate, Kennedy had sought an ambassadorship to South Vietnam.", "According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, before choosing to run for the Senate, Kennedy had sought an ambassadorship to South Vietnam. Entering the Senate, Kennedy initially kept private his disagreements with President Johnson on the war. While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops.", "While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops. Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965, Kennedy did not wish to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda.", "Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965, Kennedy did not wish to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda. But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month.", "But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month. Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers.", "Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation.", "In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, wrote that Kennedy \"indicat[ed] comprehension of the problems we face\", in a letter to the senator.", "The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, wrote that Kennedy \"indicat[ed] comprehension of the problems we face\", in a letter to the senator. In December 1965, Kennedy advised his friend, the Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, that he should counsel Johnson to declare a ceasefire in Vietnam, a bombing pause over North Vietnam, and to take up an offer by Algeria to serve as a \"honest broker\" in peace talks.", "In December 1965, Kennedy advised his friend, the Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, that he should counsel Johnson to declare a ceasefire in Vietnam, a bombing pause over North Vietnam, and to take up an offer by Algeria to serve as a \"honest broker\" in peace talks. The left-wing Algerian government had friendly relations with North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front and had indicated in 1965-1966 that it was willing to serve as a conduit for peace talks, but most of Johnson's advisers were leery of the Algerian offer.", "The left-wing Algerian government had friendly relations with North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front and had indicated in 1965-1966 that it was willing to serve as a conduit for peace talks, but most of Johnson's advisers were leery of the Algerian offer. On January 31, 1966, Kennedy in a speech on the Senate floor stated: \"If we regard bombing as the answer in Vietnam, we are headed straight for disaster\".", "On January 31, 1966, Kennedy in a speech on the Senate floor stated: \"If we regard bombing as the answer in Vietnam, we are headed straight for disaster\". In February 1966, Kennedy released a peace plan that called for preserving South Vietnam while at the same time allowing the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong, to join a coalition government in Saigon.", "In February 1966, Kennedy released a peace plan that called for preserving South Vietnam while at the same time allowing the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong, to join a coalition government in Saigon. When asked by reporters if he was speaking on behalf of Johnson, Kennedy replied: \"I don't think anyone has ever suggested that I was speaking for the White House\".", "When asked by reporters if he was speaking on behalf of Johnson, Kennedy replied: \"I don't think anyone has ever suggested that I was speaking for the White House\". Kennedy's peace plan made front page news with The New York Times calling it a break with the president while the Chicago Tribunal labelled him in an editorial \"Ho Chi Kennedy\".", "Kennedy's peace plan made front page news with The New York Times calling it a break with the president while the Chicago Tribunal labelled him in an editorial \"Ho Chi Kennedy\". Vice President Humphrey on a visit to New Zealand stated that Kennedy's \"peace recipe\" included \"a dose of arsenic\" while the National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy quoted to the press Kennedy's remarks from 1963 saying he was against including Communists in coalition governments (though Kennedy's subject was Germany, not Vietnam).", "Vice President Humphrey on a visit to New Zealand stated that Kennedy's \"peace recipe\" included \"a dose of arsenic\" while the National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy quoted to the press Kennedy's remarks from 1963 saying he was against including Communists in coalition governments (though Kennedy's subject was Germany, not Vietnam). Kennedy was displeased when he heard anti-war protesters chanting his name, saying \"I'm not Wayne Morse\".", "Kennedy was displeased when he heard anti-war protesters chanting his name, saying \"I'm not Wayne Morse\". To put aside reports of a rift with Johnson, Kennedy flew with Johnson on Air Force One on a trip to New York on February 23, 1966, and barely clapped his hands in approval when Johnson denied waging a war of conquest in Vietnam.", "To put aside reports of a rift with Johnson, Kennedy flew with Johnson on Air Force One on a trip to New York on February 23, 1966, and barely clapped his hands in approval when Johnson denied waging a war of conquest in Vietnam. In an interview with the Today program, Kennedy conceded that his views on Vietnam were \"a little confusing\".", "In an interview with the Today program, Kennedy conceded that his views on Vietnam were \"a little confusing\". In April 1966, Kennedy had a private meeting with Philip Heymann of the State Department's Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs to discuss efforts to secure the release of American prisoners of war in Vietnam.", "In April 1966, Kennedy had a private meeting with Philip Heymann of the State Department's Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs to discuss efforts to secure the release of American prisoners of war in Vietnam. Kennedy wanted to press the Johnson administration to do more, but Heymann insisted that the administration believed the \"consequences of sitting down with the Viet Cong\" mattered more than the prisoners they were holding captive.", "Kennedy wanted to press the Johnson administration to do more, but Heymann insisted that the administration believed the \"consequences of sitting down with the Viet Cong\" mattered more than the prisoners they were holding captive. On June 29 of that year, Kennedy released a statement disavowing President Johnson's choice to bomb Haiphong, but he avoided criticizing either the war or the president's overall foreign policy, believing that it might harm Democratic candidates in the 1966 midterm elections.", "On June 29 of that year, Kennedy released a statement disavowing President Johnson's choice to bomb Haiphong, but he avoided criticizing either the war or the president's overall foreign policy, believing that it might harm Democratic candidates in the 1966 midterm elections. In August, the International Herald Tribune described Kennedy's popularity as outpacing President Johnson's, crediting Kennedy's attempts to end the Vietnam conflict which the public increasingly desired.", "In August, the International Herald Tribune described Kennedy's popularity as outpacing President Johnson's, crediting Kennedy's attempts to end the Vietnam conflict which the public increasingly desired. In the early part of 1967, Kennedy traveled to Europe, where he had discussions about Vietnam with leaders and diplomats.", "In the early part of 1967, Kennedy traveled to Europe, where he had discussions about Vietnam with leaders and diplomats. A story leaked to the State Department that Kennedy was talking about seeking peace while President Johnson was pursuing the war. Johnson became convinced that Kennedy was undermining his authority.", "Johnson became convinced that Kennedy was undermining his authority. He voiced this during a meeting with Kennedy, who reiterated the interest of the European leaders to pause the bombing while going forward with negotiations; Johnson declined to do so.", "He voiced this during a meeting with Kennedy, who reiterated the interest of the European leaders to pause the bombing while going forward with negotiations; Johnson declined to do so. On March 2, Kennedy outlined a three-point plan to end the war which included suspending the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, and the eventual withdrawal of American and North Vietnamese soldiers from South Vietnam; this plan was rejected by Secretary of State Dean Rusk, who believed North Vietnam would never agree to it.", "On March 2, Kennedy outlined a three-point plan to end the war which included suspending the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, and the eventual withdrawal of American and North Vietnamese soldiers from South Vietnam; this plan was rejected by Secretary of State Dean Rusk, who believed North Vietnam would never agree to it. On May 15, Kennedy debated Governor of California Ronald Reagan about the war.", "On May 15, Kennedy debated Governor of California Ronald Reagan about the war. On November 26, 1967, during an appearance on Face the Nation, Kennedy asserted that the Johnson administration had deviated from his brother's policies in Vietnam, his first time contrasting the two administrations' policies on the war.", "On November 26, 1967, during an appearance on Face the Nation, Kennedy asserted that the Johnson administration had deviated from his brother's policies in Vietnam, his first time contrasting the two administrations' policies on the war. He added that the view that Americans were fighting to end communism in Vietnam was \"immoral\".Clarke, p. 32.", "He added that the view that Americans were fighting to end communism in Vietnam was \"immoral\".Clarke, p. 32. On February 8, 1968, Kennedy delivered an address in Chicago, where he critiqued Saigon \"government corruption\" and expressed his disagreement with the Johnson administration's stance that the war would determine the future of Asia.", "On February 8, 1968, Kennedy delivered an address in Chicago, where he critiqued Saigon \"government corruption\" and expressed his disagreement with the Johnson administration's stance that the war would determine the future of Asia. On March 14, Kennedy met with defense secretary Clark Clifford at the Pentagon regarding the war.", "On March 14, Kennedy met with defense secretary Clark Clifford at the Pentagon regarding the war. Clifford's notes indicate that Kennedy was offering not to enter the ongoing Democratic presidential primary if President Johnson would admit publicly to having been wrong in his war policy and appoint \"a group of persons to conduct a study in depth of the issues and come up with a recommended course of action\"; Johnson rejected the proposal.", "Clifford's notes indicate that Kennedy was offering not to enter the ongoing Democratic presidential primary if President Johnson would admit publicly to having been wrong in his war policy and appoint \"a group of persons to conduct a study in depth of the issues and come up with a recommended course of action\"; Johnson rejected the proposal. On April 1, after President Johnson halted bombing of North Vietnam, RFK said the decision was a \"step toward peace\" and, though offering to collaborate with Johnson for national unity, opted to continue his presidential bid.", "On April 1, after President Johnson halted bombing of North Vietnam, RFK said the decision was a \"step toward peace\" and, though offering to collaborate with Johnson for national unity, opted to continue his presidential bid. On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the \"domestic progress\" hoped for by the US.", "On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the \"domestic progress\" hoped for by the US. Later that month, Kennedy called the war \"the gravest kind of error\" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon.", "Later that month, Kennedy called the war \"the gravest kind of error\" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon. In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war.", "In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war. Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not support either a simple withdrawal or a surrender in South Vietnam and favored instead a change in the course of action taken so it would bring an \"honorable peace.\"", "Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not support either a simple withdrawal or a surrender in South Vietnam and favored instead a change in the course of action taken so it would bring an \"honorable peace.\" Presidential candidate In 1968 President Johnson prepared to run for re-election.", "Presidential candidate In 1968 President Johnson prepared to run for re-election. In January, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent president, Kennedy stated that he would not seek the presidency.", "In January, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent president, Kennedy stated that he would not seek the presidency. After the Tet Offensive in Vietnam in early February 1968, he received a letter from writer Pete Hamill that said poor people kept pictures of President Kennedy on their walls and that Kennedy had an \"obligation of staying true to whatever it was that put those pictures on those walls.\"", "After the Tet Offensive in Vietnam in early February 1968, he received a letter from writer Pete Hamill that said poor people kept pictures of President Kennedy on their walls and that Kennedy had an \"obligation of staying true to whatever it was that put those pictures on those walls.\" Kennedy traveled to Delano, California, to meet with civil rights activist César Chávez, who was on a 25-day hunger strike showing his commitment to nonviolence.", "Kennedy traveled to Delano, California, to meet with civil rights activist César Chávez, who was on a 25-day hunger strike showing his commitment to nonviolence. It was on this visit to California that Kennedy decided he would challenge Johnson for the presidency, telling his former Justice Department aides, Edwin Guthman and Peter Edelman, that his first step was to get lesser-known Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to drop out of the presidential race.", "It was on this visit to California that Kennedy decided he would challenge Johnson for the presidency, telling his former Justice Department aides, Edwin Guthman and Peter Edelman, that his first step was to get lesser-known Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to drop out of the presidential race. The weekend before the New Hampshire primary, Kennedy announced to several aides that he would attempt to persuade McCarthy to withdraw from the race to avoid splitting the antiwar vote, but Senator George McGovern urged Kennedy to wait until after that primary to announce his candidacy.", "The weekend before the New Hampshire primary, Kennedy announced to several aides that he would attempt to persuade McCarthy to withdraw from the race to avoid splitting the antiwar vote, but Senator George McGovern urged Kennedy to wait until after that primary to announce his candidacy. Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, 1968, against McCarthy, but this close second-place result dramatically boosted McCarthy's standing in the race.", "Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, 1968, against McCarthy, but this close second-place result dramatically boosted McCarthy's standing in the race. After much speculation, and reports leaking out about his plans, and seeing in McCarthy's success that Johnson's hold on the job was not as strong as originally thought, Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16, 1968, in the Caucus Room of the old Senate office building, the same room where his brother had declared his own candidacy eight years earlier.", "After much speculation, and reports leaking out about his plans, and seeing in McCarthy's success that Johnson's hold on the job was not as strong as originally thought, Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16, 1968, in the Caucus Room of the old Senate office building, the same room where his brother had declared his own candidacy eight years earlier. He stated, \"I do not run for the presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new policies.", "He stated, \"I do not run for the presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new policies. I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can.\"", "I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can.\" McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an opportunist.", "McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an opportunist. They believed that McCarthy had taken the most courageous stand by opposing the sitting president of his own party and that his surprising result in New Hampshire had earned him the mantle of being the anti-war candidate. Kennedy's announcement split the anti-war movement in two.", "Kennedy's announcement split the anti-war movement in two. On March 31, 1968, Johnson stunned the nation by dropping out of the race.", "On March 31, 1968, Johnson stunned the nation by dropping out of the race. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, a champion of the labor unions and a long supporter of civil rights, entered the race with the financial backing and critical endorsement of the party \"establishment\", including most members of Congress, mayors, governors, \"the south\", and several major labor unions.", "Vice President Hubert Humphrey, a champion of the labor unions and a long supporter of civil rights, entered the race with the financial backing and critical endorsement of the party \"establishment\", including most members of Congress, mayors, governors, \"the south\", and several major labor unions. With state registration deadlines long past, Humphrey joined the race too late to enter any primaries but had the support of the president.Schlesinger (2002) [1978], p. 884.", "With state registration deadlines long past, Humphrey joined the race too late to enter any primaries but had the support of the president.Schlesinger (2002) [1978], p. 884. Kennedy, like his brother before him, planned to win the nomination through popular support in the primaries.", "Kennedy, like his brother before him, planned to win the nomination through popular support in the primaries. Kennedy ran on a platform of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power, and social change.", "Kennedy ran on a platform of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power, and social change. A crucial element of his campaign was an engagement with the young, whom he identified as being the future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality.", "A crucial element of his campaign was an engagement with the young, whom he identified as being the future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality. His policy objectives did not sit well with the business community, where he was viewed as something of a fiscal liability, opposed as they were to the tax increases necessary to fund social programs.", "His policy objectives did not sit well with the business community, where he was viewed as something of a fiscal liability, opposed as they were to the tax increases necessary to fund social programs. At one of his university speeches (Indiana University Medical School), he was asked, \"Where are we going to get the money to pay for all these new programs you're proposing?\"", "At one of his university speeches (Indiana University Medical School), he was asked, \"Where are we going to get the money to pay for all these new programs you're proposing?\" He replied to the medical students, about to enter lucrative careers, \"From you. \"Newfield, Jack.", "\"Newfield, Jack. \"Newfield, Jack. (1988) [1969]. Robert Kennedy: A Memoir. Plume It was this intense and frank mode of dialogue with which he was to continue to engage those whom he viewed as not being traditional allies of Democratic ideals or initiatives.", "Plume It was this intense and frank mode of dialogue with which he was to continue to engage those whom he viewed as not being traditional allies of Democratic ideals or initiatives. In a speech at the University of Alabama, he argued, \"I believe that any who seek high office this year must go before all Americans, not just those who agree with them, but also those who disagree, recognizing that it is not just our supporters, not just those who vote for us, but all Americans who we must lead in the difficult years ahead.\"", "In a speech at the University of Alabama, he argued, \"I believe that any who seek high office this year must go before all Americans, not just those who agree with them, but also those who disagree, recognizing that it is not just our supporters, not just those who vote for us, but all Americans who we must lead in the difficult years ahead.\" He aroused rabid animosity in some quarters, with J. Edgar Hoover's Deputy Clyde Tolson reported as saying, \"I hope that someone shoots and kills the son of a bitch.\"", "He aroused rabid animosity in some quarters, with J. Edgar Hoover's Deputy Clyde Tolson reported as saying, \"I hope that someone shoots and kills the son of a bitch.\" Kennedy's presidential campaign brought out both \"great enthusiasm\" and anger in people.", "Kennedy's presidential campaign brought out both \"great enthusiasm\" and anger in people. His message of change raised hope for some and brought fear to others. Kennedy wanted to be a bridge across the divide of American society.", "Kennedy wanted to be a bridge across the divide of American society. His bid for the presidency saw not only a continuation of the programs he and his brother had undertaken during the president's term in office, but also an extension of Johnson's Great Society.", "His bid for the presidency saw not only a continuation of the programs he and his brother had undertaken during the president's term in office, but also an extension of Johnson's Great Society. Kennedy visited numerous small towns and made himself available to the masses by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches, often in troubled inner cities.", "Kennedy visited numerous small towns and made himself available to the masses by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches, often in troubled inner cities. He made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part led to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia.", "He made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part led to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia. On April 4, 1968, Kennedy learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and gave a heartfelt impromptu speech in Indianapolis's inner city, calling for a reconciliation between the races.", "On April 4, 1968, Kennedy learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and gave a heartfelt impromptu speech in Indianapolis's inner city, calling for a reconciliation between the races. The address was the first time Kennedy spoke publicly about his brother's killing.", "The address was the first time Kennedy spoke publicly about his brother's killing. Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death, but not in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of this speech.", "Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death, but not in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of this speech. Kennedy addressed the City Club of Cleveland the next day, on April 5, 1968, delivering the famous On the Mindless Menace of Violence speech.", "Kennedy addressed the City Club of Cleveland the next day, on April 5, 1968, delivering the famous On the Mindless Menace of Violence speech. He attended King's funeral, accompanied by Jacqueline and Ted Kennedy. He was described as being the \"only white politician to hear only cheers and applause.\"", "He was described as being the \"only white politician to hear only cheers and applause.\" Despite Kennedy's high profile and name recognition, McCarthy won most of the early primaries, including Kennedy's native state of Massachusetts.", "Despite Kennedy's high profile and name recognition, McCarthy won most of the early primaries, including Kennedy's native state of Massachusetts. Kennedy won the Indiana Democratic primary on May 7 with 42 percent of the vote, and the Nebraska primary on May 14 with 52 percent of the vote.", "Kennedy won the Indiana Democratic primary on May 7 with 42 percent of the vote, and the Nebraska primary on May 14 with 52 percent of the vote. On May 28, Kennedy lost the Oregon primary, marking the first time a Kennedy lost an election, and it was assumed that McCarthy was the preferred choice among the young voters.", "On May 28, Kennedy lost the Oregon primary, marking the first time a Kennedy lost an election, and it was assumed that McCarthy was the preferred choice among the young voters. If he could defeat McCarthy in the California primary, the leadership of the campaign thought, he would knock McCarthy out of the race and set up a one-on-one against Vice President Humphrey at the Chicago national convention in August.", "If he could defeat McCarthy in the California primary, the leadership of the campaign thought, he would knock McCarthy out of the race and set up a one-on-one against Vice President Humphrey at the Chicago national convention in August. Assassination Kennedy scored major victories when he won both the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4.", "Assassination Kennedy scored major victories when he won both the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4. He addressed his supporters shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in a ballroom at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.", "He addressed his supporters shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in a ballroom at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Leaving the ballroom, he went through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a shortcut to a press room. He did this despite being advised by his bodyguard—former FBI agent Bill Barry—to avoid the kitchen.", "He did this despite being advised by his bodyguard—former FBI agent Bill Barry—to avoid the kitchen. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with hotel busboy Juan Romero just as Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22-caliber revolver.", "In a crowded kitchen passageway, Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with hotel busboy Juan Romero just as Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22-caliber revolver. Kennedy was hit three times, and five other people were wounded.", "Kennedy was hit three times, and five other people were wounded. George Plimpton, former decathlete Rafer Johnson, and former professional football player Rosey Grier are credited with wrestling Sirhan to the ground after he shot the senator. As Kennedy lay mortally wounded, Romero cradled his head and placed a rosary in his hand.", "As Kennedy lay mortally wounded, Romero cradled his head and placed a rosary in his hand. Kennedy asked Romero, \"Is everybody OK?", "Kennedy asked Romero, \"Is everybody OK? \", and Romero responded, \"Yes, everybody's OK.\" Kennedy then turned away from Romero and said, \"Everything's going to be OK.\" After several minutes, medical attendants arrived and lifted the senator onto a stretcher, prompting him to whisper, \"Don't lift me\", which were his last words.", "\", and Romero responded, \"Yes, everybody's OK.\" Kennedy then turned away from Romero and said, \"Everything's going to be OK.\" After several minutes, medical attendants arrived and lifted the senator onto a stretcher, prompting him to whisper, \"Don't lift me\", which were his last words. He lost consciousness shortly thereafter.", "He lost consciousness shortly thereafter. He lost consciousness shortly thereafter. He was rushed first to Los Angeles' Central Receiving Hospital, less than east of the Ambassador Hotel, and then to the adjoining (one city block distant) Good Samaritan Hospital.", "He was rushed first to Los Angeles' Central Receiving Hospital, less than east of the Ambassador Hotel, and then to the adjoining (one city block distant) Good Samaritan Hospital. Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:44 a.m. (PDT) on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting.", "Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:44 a.m. (PDT) on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting. Robert Kennedy's death, like the 1963 assassination of his brother, President John F. Kennedy, has been the subject of conspiracy theories.", "Robert Kennedy's death, like the 1963 assassination of his brother, President John F. Kennedy, has been the subject of conspiracy theories. Funeral Kennedy's body was returned to Manhattan, where it lay in repose at Saint Patrick's Cathedral from approximately 10:00 p.m. until 10:00 a.m. on June 8.", "Funeral Kennedy's body was returned to Manhattan, where it lay in repose at Saint Patrick's Cathedral from approximately 10:00 p.m. until 10:00 a.m. on June 8. A high requiem Mass was held at the cathedral at 10:00 a.m. on June 8.", "A high requiem Mass was held at the cathedral at 10:00 a.m. on June 8. The service was attended by members of the extended Kennedy family, President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson, and members of the Johnson cabinet.", "The service was attended by members of the extended Kennedy family, President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson, and members of the Johnson cabinet. Ted, the only surviving Kennedy brother, said the following: The requiem Mass concluded with the hymn \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\", sung by Andy Williams.", "Ted, the only surviving Kennedy brother, said the following: The requiem Mass concluded with the hymn \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\", sung by Andy Williams. Immediately following the Mass, Kennedy's body was transported by a special private train to Washington, D.C. Kennedy's funeral train was pulled by two Penn Central GG1 electric locomotives.", "Immediately following the Mass, Kennedy's body was transported by a special private train to Washington, D.C. Kennedy's funeral train was pulled by two Penn Central GG1 electric locomotives. Thousands of mourners lined the tracks and stations along the route, paying their respects as the train passed. The train departed New York Penn Station at 12:30 pm.", "The train departed New York Penn Station at 12:30 pm. When it arrived in Elizabeth, New Jersey, an eastbound train on a parallel track to the funeral train hit and killed two spectators and seriously injured four, after they were unable to get off the track in time, even though the eastbound train's engineer had slowed to 30 mph for the normally 55 mph curve, blown his horn continuously, and rung his bell through the curve.Wicker, Tom.", "When it arrived in Elizabeth, New Jersey, an eastbound train on a parallel track to the funeral train hit and killed two spectators and seriously injured four, after they were unable to get off the track in time, even though the eastbound train's engineer had slowed to 30 mph for the normally 55 mph curve, blown his horn continuously, and rung his bell through the curve.Wicker, Tom. President Joins Kennedys in Tribute at Graveside.", "President Joins Kennedys in Tribute at Graveside. The New York Times. June 9, 1968. The normally four-hour trip took more than eight hours because of the thick crowds lining the tracks on the journey.", "The normally four-hour trip took more than eight hours because of the thick crowds lining the tracks on the journey. The train was scheduled to arrive at about 4:30 pm,Madden, Richard L. \"Kennedy Will Be Buried a Few Steps From the Arlington Grave of His Brother.\" New York Times.", "New York Times. New York Times. June 8, 1968. but sticking brakes on the casket-bearing car contributed to delays, and the train finally arrived at 9:10 p.m. on June 8. Burial Kennedy was buried close to his brother John in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.", "Burial Kennedy was buried close to his brother John in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Although he had always maintained that he wished to be buried in Massachusetts, his family believed Robert should be interred in Arlington next to his brother.", "Although he had always maintained that he wished to be buried in Massachusetts, his family believed Robert should be interred in Arlington next to his brother. The procession left Union Station and passed the New Senate Office Building, where he had his offices, and then proceeded to the Lincoln Memorial, where it paused.", "The procession left Union Station and passed the New Senate Office Building, where he had his offices, and then proceeded to the Lincoln Memorial, where it paused. The Marine Corps Band played The Battle Hymn of the Republic. The funeral motorcade arrived at the cemetery at 10:24 pm.", "The funeral motorcade arrived at the cemetery at 10:24 pm. As the vehicles entered the cemetery, people lining the roadway spontaneously lit candles to guide the motorcade to the burial site.", "As the vehicles entered the cemetery, people lining the roadway spontaneously lit candles to guide the motorcade to the burial site. The 15-minute ceremony began at 10:30 p.m. Cardinal Patrick O'Boyle, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Washington, officiated at the graveside service in lieu of Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston, who fell ill during the trip.", "The 15-minute ceremony began at 10:30 p.m. Cardinal Patrick O'Boyle, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Washington, officiated at the graveside service in lieu of Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston, who fell ill during the trip. Also officiating was Archbishop of New York Terence Cooke.", "Also officiating was Archbishop of New York Terence Cooke. On behalf of the United States, John Glenn presented the folded flag to Senator Ted Kennedy, who passed it to Robert's eldest son, Joe, who passed it to Ethel Kennedy. The Navy Band played The Navy Hymn.", "The Navy Band played The Navy Hymn. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery said that Kennedy's burial was the only night burial to have taken place at the cemetery.", "Officials at Arlington National Cemetery said that Kennedy's burial was the only night burial to have taken place at the cemetery. (The re-interment of Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, who died two days after his birth in August 1963, and a stillborn daughter, Arabella, both children of President Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, also occurred at night.)", "(The re-interment of Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, who died two days after his birth in August 1963, and a stillborn daughter, Arabella, both children of President Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, also occurred at night.) After the president was interred in Arlington Cemetery, the two infants were buried next to him on December 5, 1963, in a private ceremony without publicity.", "After the president was interred in Arlington Cemetery, the two infants were buried next to him on December 5, 1963, in a private ceremony without publicity. His brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried at night, in 2009.", "His brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried at night, in 2009. On June 9, President Lyndon B. Johnson assigned security staff to all U.S. presidential candidates and declared an official national day of mourning.", "On June 9, President Lyndon B. Johnson assigned security staff to all U.S. presidential candidates and declared an official national day of mourning. After the assassination, the mandate of the U.S. Secret Service was altered by Congress to include the protection of U.S. presidential candidates.", "After the assassination, the mandate of the U.S. Secret Service was altered by Congress to include the protection of U.S. presidential candidates. Personal life Family On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married socialite Ethel Skakel, the third daughter of businessman George and Ann Skakel (née Brannack), at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "Personal life Family On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married socialite Ethel Skakel, the third daughter of businessman George and Ann Skakel (née Brannack), at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut. The couple had 11 children; Kathleen (b. 1951), Joseph (b.", "1951), Joseph (b. 1952), Robert Jr. (b. 1954), David (1955–1984), Courtney (b. 1956), Michael (1958–1997), Kerry (b. 1959), Christopher (b. 1963), Max (b. 1965), Douglas (b.", "1965), Douglas (b. 1967), and Rory (b. December 1968, after her father's assassination).", "1967), and Rory (b. December 1968, after her father's assassination). Kennedy owned a home at the well-known Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, but spent most of his time at his estate in McLean, Virginia, known as Hickory Hill (west of Washington, D.C.).", "Kennedy owned a home at the well-known Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, but spent most of his time at his estate in McLean, Virginia, known as Hickory Hill (west of Washington, D.C.). His widow, Ethel, and their children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death.", "His widow, Ethel, and their children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death. Ethel Kennedy sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in 2009. Attitudes and approach Kennedy was said to be the gentlest and shyest of the family, as well as the least articulate verbally.", "Attitudes and approach Kennedy was said to be the gentlest and shyest of the family, as well as the least articulate verbally. By the time he was a young boy, his grandmother, Josie Fitzgerald, worried he would become a \"sissy\".", "By the time he was a young boy, his grandmother, Josie Fitzgerald, worried he would become a \"sissy\". His mother had a similar concern, as he was the \"smallest and thinnest\", but soon afterward, the family discovered \"there was no fear of that\".", "His mother had a similar concern, as he was the \"smallest and thinnest\", but soon afterward, the family discovered \"there was no fear of that\". Family friend Lem Billings met Kennedy when he was eight years old and would later reflect that he loved him, adding that Kennedy \"was the nicest little boy I ever met\".", "Family friend Lem Billings met Kennedy when he was eight years old and would later reflect that he loved him, adding that Kennedy \"was the nicest little boy I ever met\". Billings also said Kennedy was barely noticed \"in the early days, but that's because he didn't bother anybody\".", "Billings also said Kennedy was barely noticed \"in the early days, but that's because he didn't bother anybody\". Luella Hennessey, who became the nurse for the Kennedy children when Kennedy was 12, called him \"the most thoughtful and considerate\" of his siblings.", "Luella Hennessey, who became the nurse for the Kennedy children when Kennedy was 12, called him \"the most thoughtful and considerate\" of his siblings. Kennedy was teased by his siblings, as in their family it was a norm for humor to be displayed in that fashion. He would turn jokes on himself or remain silent.", "He would turn jokes on himself or remain silent. Despite his gentle demeanor, he could be outspoken, and once engaged a priest in a public argument that horrified his mother, who later conceded that he had been correct all along. Even when arguing for a noble cause, his comments could have \"a cutting quality\".", "Even when arguing for a noble cause, his comments could have \"a cutting quality\". Although Joe Kennedy's most ambitious dreams centered around Bobby's older brothers, Bobby maintained the code of personal loyalty that seemed to infuse the life of his family.", "Although Joe Kennedy's most ambitious dreams centered around Bobby's older brothers, Bobby maintained the code of personal loyalty that seemed to infuse the life of his family. His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them more affectionately close.", "His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them more affectionately close. A rather timid child, he was often the target of his father's dominating temperament.", "A rather timid child, he was often the target of his father's dominating temperament. Working on the campaigns of older brother John, he was more involved, passionate, and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with detail, fighting out every battle, and taking workers to task.", "Working on the campaigns of older brother John, he was more involved, passionate, and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with detail, fighting out every battle, and taking workers to task. He had always been closer to John than the other members of the family.", "He had always been closer to John than the other members of the family. Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegiate magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner.", "Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegiate magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner. His professional life was dominated by the same attitudes that governed his family life: a certainty that good humor and leisure must be balanced by service and accomplishment.", "His professional life was dominated by the same attitudes that governed his family life: a certainty that good humor and leisure must be balanced by service and accomplishment. Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians, at once both temperamental and forgiving.", "Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians, at once both temperamental and forgiving. In this he was very much his father's son, lacking truly lasting emotional independence, and yet possessing a great desire to contribute.", "In this he was very much his father's son, lacking truly lasting emotional independence, and yet possessing a great desire to contribute. He lacked the innate self-confidence of his contemporaries yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life, an experience that he stated had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena.", "He lacked the innate self-confidence of his contemporaries yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life, an experience that he stated had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena. Upon hearing yet again the assertion that he was \"ruthless\", Kennedy once joked to a reporter, \"If I find out who has called me ruthless I will destroy him.\"", "Upon hearing yet again the assertion that he was \"ruthless\", Kennedy once joked to a reporter, \"If I find out who has called me ruthless I will destroy him.\" He also confessed to possessing a bad temper that required self-control: \"My biggest problem as counsel is to keep my temper.", "He also confessed to possessing a bad temper that required self-control: \"My biggest problem as counsel is to keep my temper. I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate, he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth.", "I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate, he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth. To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside.", "To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside. But you can't lose your temper; if you do, the witness has gotten the best of you.\" Attorney Michael O'Donnell wrote, \"[Kennedy] offered that most intoxicating of political aphrodisiacs: authenticity.", "Attorney Michael O'Donnell wrote, \"[Kennedy] offered that most intoxicating of political aphrodisiacs: authenticity. He was blunt to a fault, and his favorite campaign activity was arguing with college students. To many, his idealistic opportunism was irresistible.\" In his earlier life, Kennedy had developed a reputation as the family's attack dog.", "In his earlier life, Kennedy had developed a reputation as the family's attack dog. He was a hostile cross-examiner on Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee; a fixer and leg-breaker as JFK's campaign manager; an unforgiving and merciless cutthroat—his father's son right down to Joseph Kennedy's purported observation that \"he hates like me.\"", "He was a hostile cross-examiner on Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee; a fixer and leg-breaker as JFK's campaign manager; an unforgiving and merciless cutthroat—his father's son right down to Joseph Kennedy's purported observation that \"he hates like me.\" Yet Bobby Kennedy somehow became a liberal icon, an antiwar visionary who tried to outflank Lyndon Johnson's Great Society from the left.", "Yet Bobby Kennedy somehow became a liberal icon, an antiwar visionary who tried to outflank Lyndon Johnson's Great Society from the left. On Kennedy's ideological development, his brother John once remarked, \"He might once have been intolerant of liberals as such because his early experience was with that high-minded, high-speaking kind who never got anything done.", "On Kennedy's ideological development, his brother John once remarked, \"He might once have been intolerant of liberals as such because his early experience was with that high-minded, high-speaking kind who never got anything done. That all changed the moment he met a liberal like Walter Reuther.\"", "That all changed the moment he met a liberal like Walter Reuther.\" Religious faith and Greek philosophy Kennedy's Catholicism was central to his politics and personal attitude to life and its purpose; he inherited his faith from his family. He was more religious than his brothers and approached his duties with a Catholic worldview.", "He was more religious than his brothers and approached his duties with a Catholic worldview. Throughout his life, he made reference to his faith, how it informed every area of his life, and how it gave him the strength to re-enter politics following his older brother's assassination.", "Throughout his life, he made reference to his faith, how it informed every area of his life, and how it gave him the strength to re-enter politics following his older brother's assassination. His was not an unresponsive and staid faith, but the faith of a Catholic Radical, perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history.", "His was not an unresponsive and staid faith, but the faith of a Catholic Radical, perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history. In the last years of his life, he also found great solace in the playwrights and poets of ancient Greece, especially the writings of Aeschylus, suggested to him by Jacqueline after JFK's death.", "In the last years of his life, he also found great solace in the playwrights and poets of ancient Greece, especially the writings of Aeschylus, suggested to him by Jacqueline after JFK's death. In his Indianapolis speech on April 4, 1968, on the day of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Kennedy quoted these lines from Aeschylus: Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.", "In his Indianapolis speech on April 4, 1968, on the day of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Kennedy quoted these lines from Aeschylus: Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God. Legacy Kennedy was the first sibling of a president of the United States to serve as U.S. Attorney General.", "Legacy Kennedy was the first sibling of a president of the United States to serve as U.S. Attorney General. Biographer Evan Thomas wrote that at times Kennedy misused his powers by \"modern standards\", but concluded, \"on the whole, even counting his warts, he was a great attorney general.\"", "Biographer Evan Thomas wrote that at times Kennedy misused his powers by \"modern standards\", but concluded, \"on the whole, even counting his warts, he was a great attorney general.\" Walter Isaacson commented that Kennedy \"turned out arguably to be the best attorney general in history\", praising him for his championing of civil rights and other initiatives of the administration.", "Walter Isaacson commented that Kennedy \"turned out arguably to be the best attorney general in history\", praising him for his championing of civil rights and other initiatives of the administration. As Kennedy stepped down from being attorney general in 1964 to assume the office of senator from New York, The New York Times, notably having criticized his appointment three years prior, praised Kennedy for raising the standards of the position.", "As Kennedy stepped down from being attorney general in 1964 to assume the office of senator from New York, The New York Times, notably having criticized his appointment three years prior, praised Kennedy for raising the standards of the position. Some of his successor attorneys general have been unfavorably compared to him, for not displaying the same level of poise in the profession.", "Some of his successor attorneys general have been unfavorably compared to him, for not displaying the same level of poise in the profession. Near the end of his time in office as attorney general under Barack Obama, Eric Holder cited Kennedy as the inspiration for his belief that the Justice Department could be \"a force for that which is right.\"", "Near the end of his time in office as attorney general under Barack Obama, Eric Holder cited Kennedy as the inspiration for his belief that the Justice Department could be \"a force for that which is right.\" Kennedy has also been praised for his oratorical abilities and his skill at creating unity.", "Kennedy has also been praised for his oratorical abilities and his skill at creating unity. Joseph A. Palermo of The Huffington Post observed that Kennedy's words \"could cut through social boundaries and partisan divides in a way that seems nearly impossible today.\"", "Joseph A. Palermo of The Huffington Post observed that Kennedy's words \"could cut through social boundaries and partisan divides in a way that seems nearly impossible today.\" Dolores Huerta and Philip W. Johnston expressed the view that Kennedy, both in his speeches and actions, was unique in his willingness to take political risks.", "Dolores Huerta and Philip W. Johnston expressed the view that Kennedy, both in his speeches and actions, was unique in his willingness to take political risks. That blunt sincerity was said by associates to be authentic; Frank N. Magill wrote that Kennedy's oratorical skills lent their support to minorities and other disenfranchised groups who began seeing him as an ally.", "That blunt sincerity was said by associates to be authentic; Frank N. Magill wrote that Kennedy's oratorical skills lent their support to minorities and other disenfranchised groups who began seeing him as an ally. Kennedy's assassination was a blow to the optimism for a brighter future that his campaign had brought for many Americans who lived through the turbulent 1960s.", "Kennedy's assassination was a blow to the optimism for a brighter future that his campaign had brought for many Americans who lived through the turbulent 1960s. Juan Romero, the busboy who shook hands with Kennedy right before he was shot, later said, \"It made me realize that no matter how much hope you have it can be taken away in a second.\"", "Juan Romero, the busboy who shook hands with Kennedy right before he was shot, later said, \"It made me realize that no matter how much hope you have it can be taken away in a second.\" Kennedy's death has been cited as a significant factor in the Democratic Party's loss of the 1968 presidential election.", "Kennedy's death has been cited as a significant factor in the Democratic Party's loss of the 1968 presidential election. Since his passing, Kennedy has become generally well-respected by liberals and conservatives, which is far from the polarized views of him during his lifetime.", "Since his passing, Kennedy has become generally well-respected by liberals and conservatives, which is far from the polarized views of him during his lifetime. Joe Scarborough, John Ashcroft, Tom Bradley, Mark Dayton, John Kitzhaber, Max Cleland, Tim Cook, Phil Bredesen, Joe Biden, J. K. Rowling, Jim McGreevey, Gavin Newsom, and Ray Mabus have acknowledged Kennedy's influence on them.", "Joe Scarborough, John Ashcroft, Tom Bradley, Mark Dayton, John Kitzhaber, Max Cleland, Tim Cook, Phil Bredesen, Joe Biden, J. K. Rowling, Jim McGreevey, Gavin Newsom, and Ray Mabus have acknowledged Kennedy's influence on them. Josh Zeitz of Politico observed, \"Bobby Kennedy has since become an American folk hero—the tough, crusading liberal gunned down in the prime of life.\"", "Josh Zeitz of Politico observed, \"Bobby Kennedy has since become an American folk hero—the tough, crusading liberal gunned down in the prime of life.\" Kennedy's (and to a lesser extent his older brother's) ideas about using government authority to assist less fortunate peoples became central to American liberalism as a tenet of the \"Kennedy legacy\".", "Kennedy's (and to a lesser extent his older brother's) ideas about using government authority to assist less fortunate peoples became central to American liberalism as a tenet of the \"Kennedy legacy\". Honors In the months and years after Robert F. Kennedy's death, numerous roads, public schools, and other facilities across the United States have been named in his memory.", "Honors In the months and years after Robert F. Kennedy's death, numerous roads, public schools, and other facilities across the United States have been named in his memory. The Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights was founded in 1968, with an international award program to recognize human rights activists.", "The Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights was founded in 1968, with an international award program to recognize human rights activists. The sports stadium in Washington, D.C., was renamed Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in 1969. In 1978 the United States Congress awarded Kennedy its Gold Medal of Honor.", "In 1978 the United States Congress awarded Kennedy its Gold Medal of Honor. On January 12, 1979, a 15-cent commemorative U.S. Postal Service stamp (U.S. #1770) was issued in Washington.D.C., honoring R.F.K. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing distributed 159,297,600 of the perforated, blue-and-white stamps—an unusually-large printing.", "The Bureau of Engraving and Printing distributed 159,297,600 of the perforated, blue-and-white stamps—an unusually-large printing. The stamp design was taken from a family photo suggested by his wife, Ethel.", "The stamp design was taken from a family photo suggested by his wife, Ethel. In 1998 the United States Mint released the Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar, a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy's image on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse.", "In 1998 the United States Mint released the Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar, a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy's image on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse. On November 20, 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft dedicated the Department of Justice headquarters building in Washington, D.C., as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, honoring Kennedy on what would have been his 76th birthday.", "On November 20, 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft dedicated the Department of Justice headquarters building in Washington, D.C., as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, honoring Kennedy on what would have been his 76th birthday. They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph.", "They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph. In a further effort to remember Kennedy and continue his work helping the disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in 1969.", "In a further effort to remember Kennedy and continue his work helping the disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in 1969. The private, nonprofit, Massachusetts-based organization helps more than 800 abused and neglected children each year.", "The private, nonprofit, Massachusetts-based organization helps more than 800 abused and neglected children each year. A bust of Kennedy resides in the library of the University of Virginia School of Law where he obtained his law degree.", "A bust of Kennedy resides in the library of the University of Virginia School of Law where he obtained his law degree. On June 4, 2008 (the eve of the 40th anniversary of his assassination), the New York State Assembly voted to rename the Triborough Bridge in New York City the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge.", "On June 4, 2008 (the eve of the 40th anniversary of his assassination), the New York State Assembly voted to rename the Triborough Bridge in New York City the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge. New York State Governor David Paterson signed the legislation into law on August 8, 2008.", "New York State Governor David Paterson signed the legislation into law on August 8, 2008. The bridge is now commonly known as the RFK-Triborough Bridge. On September 20, 2016, the United States Navy announced the renaming of a refueling ship in honor of Kennedy during a ceremony attended by members of his family.", "On September 20, 2016, the United States Navy announced the renaming of a refueling ship in honor of Kennedy during a ceremony attended by members of his family. Personal items and documents from his office in the Justice Department Building are displayed in a permanent exhibit dedicated to him at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum.", "Personal items and documents from his office in the Justice Department Building are displayed in a permanent exhibit dedicated to him at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Papers from his years as attorney general, senator, peace and civil rights activist and presidential candidate, as well as personal correspondence, are also housed in the library.", "Papers from his years as attorney general, senator, peace and civil rights activist and presidential candidate, as well as personal correspondence, are also housed in the library. Established in 1984, the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives stored at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case.", "Established in 1984, the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives stored at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. Several public institutions jointly honor Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.", "Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. Several public institutions jointly honor Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. In 1969, the former Woodrow Wilson Junior College, a two-year institution and a constituent campus of the City Colleges of Chicago, was renamed Kennedy–King College.", "In 1969, the former Woodrow Wilson Junior College, a two-year institution and a constituent campus of the City Colleges of Chicago, was renamed Kennedy–King College. In 1994 the City of Indianapolis erected the Landmark for Peace Memorial in Robert Kennedy's honor near the space made famous by his speech from the back of a pickup truck the night King died.", "In 1994 the City of Indianapolis erected the Landmark for Peace Memorial in Robert Kennedy's honor near the space made famous by his speech from the back of a pickup truck the night King died. The monument in Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park depicts a sculpture of RFK reaching out from a large metal slab to a sculpture of King, who is part of a similar slab.", "The monument in Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park depicts a sculpture of RFK reaching out from a large metal slab to a sculpture of King, who is part of a similar slab. This is meant to symbolize their attempts in life to bridge the gaps between the races—an attempt that united them even in death.", "This is meant to symbolize their attempts in life to bridge the gaps between the races—an attempt that united them even in death. A state historical marker has also been placed at the site.", "A state historical marker has also been placed at the site. A nephew of King and Indiana U.S. Congresswoman Julia Carson presided over the event; both made speeches from the back of a pickup truck in similar fashion to RFK's speech.", "A nephew of King and Indiana U.S. Congresswoman Julia Carson presided over the event; both made speeches from the back of a pickup truck in similar fashion to RFK's speech. In 2019, Kennedy's \"Speech on the Death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\" (April 4, 1968) was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "In 2019, Kennedy's \"Speech on the Death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\" (April 4, 1968) was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Publications The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions (1960) Just Friends and Brave Enemies (1962) The Pursuit of Justice (1964) To Seek a Newer World, essays (1967) Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, published posthumously (1969) Art, entertainment, and media Kennedy has been the subject of several documentaries and has appeared in various works of popular culture.", "Publications The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions (1960) Just Friends and Brave Enemies (1962) The Pursuit of Justice (1964) To Seek a Newer World, essays (1967) Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, published posthumously (1969) Art, entertainment, and media Kennedy has been the subject of several documentaries and has appeared in various works of popular culture. Kennedy's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis has been dramatized by Martin Sheen in the TV play The Missiles of October (1974) and by Steven Culp in Thirteen Days (2000).", "Kennedy's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis has been dramatized by Martin Sheen in the TV play The Missiles of October (1974) and by Steven Culp in Thirteen Days (2000). The film Bobby (2006) is the story of multiple people's lives leading up to RFK's assassination.", "The film Bobby (2006) is the story of multiple people's lives leading up to RFK's assassination. The film employs stock footage from his presidential campaign, and he is briefly portrayed by Dave Fraunces. Barry Pepper won an Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in The Kennedys (2011), an 8-part miniseries.", "Barry Pepper won an Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in The Kennedys (2011), an 8-part miniseries. He is played by Peter Sarsgaard in the film about Jacqueline Kennedy, Jackie (2016). He is played by Jack Huston in Martin Scorsese's film The Irishman (2019).", "He is played by Jack Huston in Martin Scorsese's film The Irishman (2019). See also Kennedy family tree List of assassinated American politicians List of peace activists List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References Citations Bibliography Barnes, John A. Irish-American Landmarks.", "See also Kennedy family tree List of assassinated American politicians List of peace activists List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References Citations Bibliography Barnes, John A. Irish-American Landmarks. Canton, Mich.: Visible Ink, 1995.", "Canton, Mich.: Visible Ink, 1995. Grubin, David, director and producer, RFK. Video. (DVD, VHS). 2hr. WGBH Educ. Found. and David Grubin Productions, 2004. Distrib. by PBS Video Haas, Lawrence J.", "by PBS Video Haas, Lawrence J. The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire (2021) excerpt Hilty, James M. Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector (1997), vol. 1 to 1963. Temple U. Press., 1997. Martin, Zachary J.", "Martin, Zachary J. Martin, Zachary J. The Mindless Menace of Violence: Robert F. Kennedy's Vision and the Fierce Urgency of Now. Lanham, Md. : Hamilton Books, 2009. RFK's speech after the death of Martin Luther King in 1968. Navasky, Victor S. Kennedy Justice (1972).", "Navasky, Victor S. Kennedy Justice (1972). Argues the policies of RFK's Justice Department show the conservatism of justice, the limits of charisma, the inherent tendency in a legal system to support the status quo, and the counterproductive results of many of Kennedy's endeavors in the field of civil rights and crime control.", "Argues the policies of RFK's Justice Department show the conservatism of justice, the limits of charisma, the inherent tendency in a legal system to support the status quo, and the counterproductive results of many of Kennedy's endeavors in the field of civil rights and crime control. Neff, James.", "Neff, James. Neff, James. Vendetta: Bobby Kennedy Versus Jimmy Hoffa (2016) excerpt National Book Award. Schlesinger, Arthur, M. Jr. (2002) [1978], Robert Kennedy And His Times, Mariner Books-Houghton Mifflin Co., .", "Schlesinger, Arthur, M. Jr. (2002) [1978], Robert Kennedy And His Times, Mariner Books-Houghton Mifflin Co., . Schmitt, Edward R. President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty (University of Massachusetts Press, 2010) 324 pp.", "Schmitt, Edward R. President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty (University of Massachusetts Press, 2010) 324 pp. online free External links FBI Records: The Vault – Robert F. Kennedy at fbi.gov Biography at United States Department of Justice Annotated Bibliography for Robert F. Kennedy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues American Experience: RFK, PBS Text, Audio, and Video of Robert Kennedy's Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Edward Kennedy eulogy to Robert Kennedy (text and audio) My Father's Stand on Cuba Travel by Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, The Washington Post'', April 23, 2009 Radio airchecks/recordings of the shooting and death of Senator Kennedy including Mutual Radio's Andrew West's shooting coverage, continued live coverage from CBS Radio, announcements of RFK's death, CBS Radio's complete coverage of funeral mass St. Patrick's Cathedral, and CBS Radio coverage of the train arrival of RFK's body in Washington DC.", "online free External links FBI Records: The Vault – Robert F. Kennedy at fbi.gov Biography at United States Department of Justice Annotated Bibliography for Robert F. Kennedy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues American Experience: RFK, PBS Text, Audio, and Video of Robert Kennedy's Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Edward Kennedy eulogy to Robert Kennedy (text and audio) My Father's Stand on Cuba Travel by Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, The Washington Post'', April 23, 2009 Radio airchecks/recordings of the shooting and death of Senator Kennedy including Mutual Radio's Andrew West's shooting coverage, continued live coverage from CBS Radio, announcements of RFK's death, CBS Radio's complete coverage of funeral mass St. Patrick's Cathedral, and CBS Radio coverage of the train arrival of RFK's body in Washington DC. KTTV assassination coverage at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television FBI file on the RFK assassination \"The Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives\" – a collection within the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Archives and Special Collections established in 1984 1925 births 1968 deaths 1968 murders in the United States 20th-century American writers 20th-century American politicians United States Navy personnel of World War II American murder victims Anti-poverty advocates Assassinated American politicians Bates College people Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Civil rights movement Congressional Gold Medal recipients People murdered in California Deaths by firearm in California Democratic Party United States senators from New York (state) Harvard Crimson football players Harvard College alumni Kennedy administration cabinet members Kennedy family Lyndon B. Johnson administration cabinet members Male murder victims Massachusetts Democrats Milton Academy alumni Military personnel from Massachusetts New York (state) Democrats New York (state) lawyers People educated at Gibbs School People from Bronxville, New York Politicians from Brookline, Massachusetts People murdered in Los Angeles United States Attorneys General United States Navy officers 1964 United States vice-presidential candidates United States Senate lawyers United States senators from New York (state) University of Virginia School of Law alumni Writers from Boston Writers from New York (state) Riverdale Country School alumni Portsmouth Abbey School alumni" ]

[ "Robert F. Kennedy", "Relationship with parents", "what was his relationship like with his father?", "his father dubbed him the \"runt\" of the family and wrote him off.", "What year did Kennedy move his wife and Daughter to Georgetown?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Sant Sakhu is a 1941 Hindi and Marathi devotional movie directed by Vishnupant Govind Damle. The movie is based on the life of Hindu female Sant (saint) Sakhubai of Maharashtra, of the Bhakti Movement era.\n\nPlot\nSakhu Bai, an ardent devotee of Vitthal, lives with her husband and a cruel mother-in-law. The mother thinks that her daughter-in-law will spoil her only son and then he will start neglecting his mother. Her husband also does not say anything to his mother because he thinks that since he is her only son, people will disrespect him and his wife if he takes his wife's side. So Sakhu has to bear all the ill-treatment silently. She worships Vitthala with all her heart and forgets her daily sufferings.\n\nOne day, her husband's sister returns from her home with her daughter. She tells her mother how she was beaten by her mother-in-law and her husband and how they threw her out of the house. Her mother tells her to live in her home with his brother. She also starts troubling Sakhu, because she envies how his brother loves her. One day, Sakhu's husband falls ill and Sakhu defies her mother-in-law's order and comforts her husband rather than doing her prescribed work. Sakhu's mother-in-law tells her son that he has to choose between his mother and her; he chooses his mother and throws Sakhu out of the house.\n\nA sad Sakhu sees a group of Vitthala devotees doing Naam-Kirtan. She joins the group and starts doing Naam-Kirtan. Her husband's sister finds her and tells her mother about that. The mother-in-law arrives and drags her to her home and ties her to a pole. Sakhu starts crying and worships Vitthala and after some time, things take a different turn. The movie ends with two Sakhus. People get dumbfounded by seeing two Sakhus and start thinking that she is a ghost. The movie ends by clearing everyone's doubts.\n\nDirectors\nVishnupant Govind Damle\nSheikh Fattelal\t \t\nRaja Nene\n\nCast\nGauri – Mhalsakaku\nShankar Kulkarni – Sakhu's Husband\nShanta Majumdar – Durga\nHansa Wadkar – Sakhu\n\nReferences\n\n1941 films\nIndian drama films\nIndian black-and-white films\n1941 drama films\n1940s Hindi-language films\nHindi-language drama films", "Jade Changed My Life is a tribute special that aired on Sky Living which aired on the second anniversary of Jade Goody's death with interviews from family and friends and also how Goody helped raise awareness with interviews from various women who found out they had the same illness due to the awareness Goody made during her battle through media attention.\n\nConcept\n'‘Jade Changed My Life'’ centered on the reality TV star's ex Jeff Brazier, widower Jack Tweed and mother Jackiey Budden, who talked about how they have coped in the aftermath of her death. The show also concentrated on how Jade fought to raise awareness of cervical cancer before her death on Mother's Day. Producer Sarah Caplin told The Sun:\n“We feel Jade would want us to continue to help raise awareness of the disease.”\n\nJeff Brazier, the father of her two sons, Bobby and Freddy, talked about how his children have coped since they lost their mother.\nJack Tweed broke his silence about life after Jade, opening up about his daily struggles as her widower. And Jade's mother, Jackiey Budden, spoke honestly about how she still finds life hard without her daughter.\n\nPreviously unseen footage was shown for the first time in the show.\n\n2000s British television series\nSky Living original programming" ]

[ "Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK or by the nickname Bobby, was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968.", "Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was, like his brothers John and Edward, a prominent member of the Democratic Party and has come to be viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism. Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts. After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, and later received his law degree from the University of Virginia.", "Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, and later received his law degree from the University of Virginia. He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952.", "He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952. The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy.", "The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy. He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union's corrupt practices.", "He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union's corrupt practices. Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the 1960 presidential election.", "Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed United States Attorney General at the age of 36, becoming the youngest Cabinet member in U.S. history since Alexander Hamilton in 1789. He served as his brother's closest advisor until the latter's 1963 assassination.", "He served as his brother's closest advisor until the latter's 1963 assassination. His tenure is known for advocating for the civil rights movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to Cuba. He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days.", "He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days. As attorney general, he authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on a limited basis.", "As attorney general, he authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on a limited basis. After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson for several months.", "After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson for several months. He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating.", "He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating. In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project).", "In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project). He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther.", "He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther. In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic, and young voters.", "In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic, and young voters. His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy.", "His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was mortally wounded when shot with a pistol by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy died 25 hours later.", "Kennedy died 25 hours later. Kennedy died 25 hours later. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories.", "Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories. Early life and education Robert Francis Kennedy was born outside Boston in Brookline, Massachusetts, on November 20, 1925.", "Early life and education Robert Francis Kennedy was born outside Boston in Brookline, Massachusetts, on November 20, 1925. He was the seventh of nine children to businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and philanthropist/socialite Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. His parents were members of two prominent Irish-American families in Boston.", "His parents were members of two prominent Irish-American families in Boston. His eight siblings were Joseph Jr., John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Jean, and Ted. All four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. His father was a wealthy businessman and a leading figure in the Democratic Party.", "His father was a wealthy businessman and a leading figure in the Democratic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr., expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president.", "After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr., expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also urged the younger children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service.", "He also urged the younger children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedy's hopes fell on his second son, John, to become president.", "After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedy's hopes fell on his second son, John, to become president. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a central role in the family's political ambitions.", "Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a central role in the family's political ambitions. Kennedy's older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, became a voracious reader.", "Kennedy's older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, became a voracious reader. Although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John took him on walks and regaled him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read.", "Although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John took him on walks and regaled him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read. One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which influenced both Robert and John.", "One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which influenced both Robert and John. John sometimes called Robert \"Black Robert\" due to his prudishness and disposition.", "John sometimes called Robert \"Black Robert\" due to his prudishness and disposition. Unlike his older brothers, Kennedy took to heart their mother Rose's agenda for everything to have \"a purpose,\" which included visiting historic sites during family outings, visits to the church during morning walks, and games used to expand vocabulary and math skills.", "Unlike his older brothers, Kennedy took to heart their mother Rose's agenda for everything to have \"a purpose,\" which included visiting historic sites during family outings, visits to the church during morning walks, and games used to expand vocabulary and math skills. He described his position in the family hierarchy by saying, \"When you come from that far down, you have to struggle to survive.\"", "He described his position in the family hierarchy by saying, \"When you come from that far down, you have to struggle to survive.\" As the boys were growing up, he tried frequently to get his older brothers' attention, but was seldom successful.", "As the boys were growing up, he tried frequently to get his older brothers' attention, but was seldom successful. As his father's business success expanded, the family kept homes around Boston and New York City; the Cape Cod peninsula; and Palm Beach.", "As his father's business success expanded, the family kept homes around Boston and New York City; the Cape Cod peninsula; and Palm Beach. Kennedy later said that during childhood he was \"going to different schools, always having to make new friends, and that I was very awkward ... [a]nd I was pretty quiet most of the time.", "Kennedy later said that during childhood he was \"going to different schools, always having to make new friends, and that I was very awkward ... [a]nd I was pretty quiet most of the time. And I didn't mind being alone.\" He had to repeat third grade.", "He had to repeat third grade. A teacher at Bronxville public school reflected that he was \"a regular boy\", adding, \"It seemed hard for him to finish his work sometimes. But he was only ten after all.\"", "But he was only ten after all.\" He developed an interest in American history, decorating his bedroom with pictures of U.S. presidents and filling his bookshelves with volumes on the American Civil War. He became an avid stamp collector and once received a handwritten letter from Franklin Roosevelt, also a philatelist.", "He became an avid stamp collector and once received a handwritten letter from Franklin Roosevelt, also a philatelist. In March 1938, Kennedy sailed to London with his mother and four youngest siblings to join his father, who had begun serving as Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He attended the private Gibbs School for Boys for seventh grade.", "He attended the private Gibbs School for Boys for seventh grade. In April 1939, he gave his first public speech at the placing of a cornerstone for a youth club in England. According to embassy and newspaper reports, his statements were penciled in his own hand and delivered in a \"calm and confident\" manner.", "According to embassy and newspaper reports, his statements were penciled in his own hand and delivered in a \"calm and confident\" manner. Bobby returned to the United States just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe.", "Bobby returned to the United States just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe. St. Paul's and Portsmouth Priory In September 1939, Kennedy began eighth grade at St. Paul's School, an elite Protestant private preparatory school for boys in Concord, New Hampshire, that his father favored.", "St. Paul's and Portsmouth Priory In September 1939, Kennedy began eighth grade at St. Paul's School, an elite Protestant private preparatory school for boys in Concord, New Hampshire, that his father favored. Rose Kennedy was unhappy with the school's use of the Protestant Bible.", "Rose Kennedy was unhappy with the school's use of the Protestant Bible. After two months, she took advantage of her ambassador husband's absence from Boston and withdrew Kennedy from St. Paul's.", "After two months, she took advantage of her ambassador husband's absence from Boston and withdrew Kennedy from St. Paul's. She enrolled him in Portsmouth Priory School, a Benedictine Catholic boarding school for boys in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, which held daily morning and evening prayers and Mass three times a week, with a High Mass on Sundays.", "She enrolled him in Portsmouth Priory School, a Benedictine Catholic boarding school for boys in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, which held daily morning and evening prayers and Mass three times a week, with a High Mass on Sundays. Kennedy attended Portsmouth for eighth through tenth grade.", "Kennedy attended Portsmouth for eighth through tenth grade. At Portsmouth Priory School, Kennedy was known as \"Mrs. Kennedy's little boy Bobby\" after he introduced his mother to classmates, who made fun of them.", "At Portsmouth Priory School, Kennedy was known as \"Mrs. Kennedy's little boy Bobby\" after he introduced his mother to classmates, who made fun of them. He was defensive of his mother, and on one occasion chased a student out of the dormitory after the boy had commented on her appearance.", "He was defensive of his mother, and on one occasion chased a student out of the dormitory after the boy had commented on her appearance. He befriended Peter MacLellan and wrote to him, when his brother John was serving in the U.S. Navy, that he would be visiting his brother \"because he might be killed any minute\".", "He befriended Peter MacLellan and wrote to him, when his brother John was serving in the U.S. Navy, that he would be visiting his brother \"because he might be killed any minute\". Kennedy blamed himself when his grades failed to improve.", "Kennedy blamed himself when his grades failed to improve. In letters to her son, Rose urged him to read more and to strengthen his vocabulary. Rose also expressed disappointment and wrote that she did not expect him to let her down.", "Rose also expressed disappointment and wrote that she did not expect him to let her down. He began developing in other ways, and his brother John noticed his increased physical strength, predicting that the younger Kennedy \"would be bouncing me around plenty in two more years\".", "He began developing in other ways, and his brother John noticed his increased physical strength, predicting that the younger Kennedy \"would be bouncing me around plenty in two more years\". Monks at Portsmouth Priory School regarded him as a moody and indifferent student.", "Monks at Portsmouth Priory School regarded him as a moody and indifferent student. Father Damian Kearney, who was two classes behind Kennedy, reflected that he \"didn't look happy\" and that he did not \"smile much\".", "Father Damian Kearney, who was two classes behind Kennedy, reflected that he \"didn't look happy\" and that he did not \"smile much\". According to Kearney's review of school records, Kennedy was a \"poor-to-mediocre student, except for history\".", "According to Kearney's review of school records, Kennedy was a \"poor-to-mediocre student, except for history\". Milton Academy In September 1942, Kennedy transferred to his third boarding school, Milton Academy, in Milton, Massachusetts, for 11th and 12th grades.", "Milton Academy In September 1942, Kennedy transferred to his third boarding school, Milton Academy, in Milton, Massachusetts, for 11th and 12th grades. His father wanted him to transfer to Milton, believing it would better prepare him for Harvard. At Milton, he met and became friends with David Hackett.", "At Milton, he met and became friends with David Hackett. He invited Hackett to join him for Sunday Mass. Hackett started accompanying him, and was impressed when Kennedy took it upon himself to fill in for a missing altar boy one Sunday.", "Hackett started accompanying him, and was impressed when Kennedy took it upon himself to fill in for a missing altar boy one Sunday. Hackett admired Kennedy's determination to bypass his shortcomings, and remembered him redoubling his efforts whenever something did not come easy to him, which included athletics, studies, success with girls, and popularity.", "Hackett admired Kennedy's determination to bypass his shortcomings, and remembered him redoubling his efforts whenever something did not come easy to him, which included athletics, studies, success with girls, and popularity. Hackett remembered the two of them as \"misfits\", a commonality that drew him to Kennedy, along with an unwillingness to conform to how others acted even if doing so meant not being accepted.", "Hackett remembered the two of them as \"misfits\", a commonality that drew him to Kennedy, along with an unwillingness to conform to how others acted even if doing so meant not being accepted. Kennedy's grades improved. One of his first relationships was with a girl named Piedy Bailey.", "One of his first relationships was with a girl named Piedy Bailey. The pair was photographed together when he walked her home after chapel on a Sunday night. Bailey was fond of him and remembered him as being \"very appealing\".", "Bailey was fond of him and remembered him as being \"very appealing\". She recalled him being funny, \"separate, larky; outside the cliques; private all the time\".", "She recalled him being funny, \"separate, larky; outside the cliques; private all the time\". Soon after he transferred to Milton, he pressed his father to allow him to enlist, as he wanted to catch up to his brothers who were both serving in the military.", "Soon after he transferred to Milton, he pressed his father to allow him to enlist, as he wanted to catch up to his brothers who were both serving in the military. Kennedy had arrived at Milton unfamiliar with his peers and made little attempt to know the names of his classmates; he called most of the other boys \"fella\" instead.", "Kennedy had arrived at Milton unfamiliar with his peers and made little attempt to know the names of his classmates; he called most of the other boys \"fella\" instead. For this, he was nicknamed \"Fella\". Most of the school's students had come in eighth or ninth grade and cliques had already been formed.", "Most of the school's students had come in eighth or ninth grade and cliques had already been formed. Despite this, his schoolmates would later say the school had no prejudice. He had an early sense of virtue; he disliked dirty jokes and bullying, once stepping in when an upperclassman tried bothering a younger student.", "He had an early sense of virtue; he disliked dirty jokes and bullying, once stepping in when an upperclassman tried bothering a younger student. The headmaster at Milton would later summarize that he was a \"very intelligent boy, quiet and shy, but not outstanding, and he left no special mark on Milton\".", "The headmaster at Milton would later summarize that he was a \"very intelligent boy, quiet and shy, but not outstanding, and he left no special mark on Milton\". Relationship with parents In Kennedy's younger years, his father dubbed him the \"runt\" of the family and wrote him off.", "Relationship with parents In Kennedy's younger years, his father dubbed him the \"runt\" of the family and wrote him off. Close family friend Lem Billings once remarked to Joe Sr. that he was \"the most generous little boy\", and Joe Sr. replied that he did not know where his son \"got that\".", "Close family friend Lem Billings once remarked to Joe Sr. that he was \"the most generous little boy\", and Joe Sr. replied that he did not know where his son \"got that\". Billings commented that the only similarity between Robert and Joe Sr. was their eye color.", "Billings commented that the only similarity between Robert and Joe Sr. was their eye color. As Kennedy grew, his father worried that he was soft on others, conflicting with his ideology. In response, Kennedy developed a tough persona that masked his gentle personality, attempting to appease his father.", "In response, Kennedy developed a tough persona that masked his gentle personality, attempting to appease his father. Biographer Judie Mills wrote that Joe Sr.'s lack of interest in Robert was evident by the length of time it took for him to decide to transfer him to Milton Academy.", "Biographer Judie Mills wrote that Joe Sr.'s lack of interest in Robert was evident by the length of time it took for him to decide to transfer him to Milton Academy. Both Joe Jr. and John attended the exclusive Protestant prep school Choate from their first year, while Robert was already a junior by the time he was enrolled at Milton.", "Both Joe Jr. and John attended the exclusive Protestant prep school Choate from their first year, while Robert was already a junior by the time he was enrolled at Milton. Despite his father's disdain, Kennedy continued to seek his approval, requesting that Joe Sr. write him a letter about his opinions on different political events and World War II.", "Despite his father's disdain, Kennedy continued to seek his approval, requesting that Joe Sr. write him a letter about his opinions on different political events and World War II. As a child, Kennedy also strove to meet his mother's expectations to become the most dutiful, religious, affectionate, and obedient of the Kennedy children, but the father and son grew distant.", "As a child, Kennedy also strove to meet his mother's expectations to become the most dutiful, religious, affectionate, and obedient of the Kennedy children, but the father and son grew distant. Rose found his gentle personality endearing, though this was noted as having made him \"invisible to his father\".", "Rose found his gentle personality endearing, though this was noted as having made him \"invisible to his father\". She influenced him heavily and, like her, he became a devout Catholic, throughout his lifetime practicing his religion more seriously than the other boys in the family.", "She influenced him heavily and, like her, he became a devout Catholic, throughout his lifetime practicing his religion more seriously than the other boys in the family. He impressed his parents as a child by taking on a newspaper route, seeking their approval and wishing to distinguish himself.", "He impressed his parents as a child by taking on a newspaper route, seeking their approval and wishing to distinguish himself. However, he had the family chauffeur driving him in a Rolls-Royce so that he could make his deliveries. His mother discovered this and the deliveries ceased.", "His mother discovered this and the deliveries ceased. Joe Sr. was satisfied with Kennedy as an adult, believing him to have become \"hard as nails\", more like him than any of the other children, while his mother believed he exemplified all she had wanted in a child.", "Joe Sr. was satisfied with Kennedy as an adult, believing him to have become \"hard as nails\", more like him than any of the other children, while his mother believed he exemplified all she had wanted in a child. Mills wrote, \"His parents' conflicting views would be echoed in the opinions of millions of people throughout Bobby's life.", "Mills wrote, \"His parents' conflicting views would be echoed in the opinions of millions of people throughout Bobby's life. Robert Kennedy was a ruthless opportunist who would stop at nothing to attain his ambitions. Robert Kennedy was America's most compassionate public figure, the only person who could save a divided country.\"", "Robert Kennedy was America's most compassionate public figure, the only person who could save a divided country.\" Naval service (1944–1946) Six weeks before his 18th birthday in 1943, Kennedy enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve as a seaman apprentice.", "Naval service (1944–1946) Six weeks before his 18th birthday in 1943, Kennedy enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve as a seaman apprentice. He was released from active duty in March 1944, when he left Milton Academy early to report to the V-12 Navy College Training Program at Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "He was released from active duty in March 1944, when he left Milton Academy early to report to the V-12 Navy College Training Program at Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His V-12 training began at Harvard (March–November 1944) before he was relocated to Bates College in Lewiston, Maine (November 1944 – June 1945).", "His V-12 training began at Harvard (March–November 1944) before he was relocated to Bates College in Lewiston, Maine (November 1944 – June 1945). He returned to Harvard once again in June 1945 completing his post-training requirements in January 1946.", "He returned to Harvard once again in June 1945 completing his post-training requirements in January 1946. At Bates he received a specialized V-12-degree along with 15 others, and during its Winter Carnival built a snow replica of a Navy boat.", "At Bates he received a specialized V-12-degree along with 15 others, and during its Winter Carnival built a snow replica of a Navy boat. While in Maine, he wrote a letter to David Hackett in which he expressed feelings of inadequacy and frustration at being isolated from the action.", "While in Maine, he wrote a letter to David Hackett in which he expressed feelings of inadequacy and frustration at being isolated from the action. He talked of filling his free time by taking classes with other sailors and remarked that \"things are the same as usual up here, and me being my usual moody self I get very sad at times.\"", "He talked of filling his free time by taking classes with other sailors and remarked that \"things are the same as usual up here, and me being my usual moody self I get very sad at times.\" He added, \"If I don't get the hell out of here soon I'll die.\"", "He added, \"If I don't get the hell out of here soon I'll die.\" In addition to Hackett, who was serving as a paratrooper, more of his Parker Hall dorm mates went overseas and left him behind.", "In addition to Hackett, who was serving as a paratrooper, more of his Parker Hall dorm mates went overseas and left him behind. With others entering combat before him, Kennedy said this made him \"feel more and more like a Draft Dodger or something\".", "With others entering combat before him, Kennedy said this made him \"feel more and more like a Draft Dodger or something\". He was also frustrated with the apparent desire to shirk military responsibility by some of the other V-12 students.", "He was also frustrated with the apparent desire to shirk military responsibility by some of the other V-12 students. Kennedy's brother Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. died in August 1944, when his bomber exploded during a volunteer mission known as Operation Aphrodite. Robert was most affected by his father's reaction to his eldest son's passing.", "Robert was most affected by his father's reaction to his eldest son's passing. He appeared completely heartbroken and his peer Fred Garfield commented that Kennedy developed depression and questioned his faith for a short time. After his brother's death, Robert gained more attention, moving higher up the family patriarchy.", "After his brother's death, Robert gained more attention, moving higher up the family patriarchy. On December 15, 1945, the U.S. Navy commissioned the destroyer , and shortly thereafter granted Kennedy's request to be released from naval-officer training to serve aboard Kennedy starting on February 1, 1946, as a seaman apprentice on the ship's shakedown cruise in the Caribbean.", "On December 15, 1945, the U.S. Navy commissioned the destroyer , and shortly thereafter granted Kennedy's request to be released from naval-officer training to serve aboard Kennedy starting on February 1, 1946, as a seaman apprentice on the ship's shakedown cruise in the Caribbean. On May 30, 1946, he received his honorable discharge from the Navy.", "On May 30, 1946, he received his honorable discharge from the Navy. For his service in the Navy, Kennedy was eligible for the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal.", "For his service in the Navy, Kennedy was eligible for the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. Further study, journalism, and marriage (1946–1951) In September 1946, Kennedy entered Harvard as a junior, having received credit for his time in the V-12 program.", "Further study, journalism, and marriage (1946–1951) In September 1946, Kennedy entered Harvard as a junior, having received credit for his time in the V-12 program. He worked hard to make the varsity football team as an end; he was a starter and scored a touchdown in the first game of his senior year before breaking his leg in practice.", "He worked hard to make the varsity football team as an end; he was a starter and scored a touchdown in the first game of his senior year before breaking his leg in practice. He earned his varsity letter when his coach sent him in wearing a cast during the last minutes of a game against Yale.", "He earned his varsity letter when his coach sent him in wearing a cast during the last minutes of a game against Yale. His father spoke positively of him when he served as a blocking back and sometime receiver for the faster Dave Hackett.", "His father spoke positively of him when he served as a blocking back and sometime receiver for the faster Dave Hackett. Joseph Sr. attended some of Kennedy's practices and saw his son catch a touchdown pass in an early-season rout of Western Maryland. His teammates admired his physical courage.", "His teammates admired his physical courage. He stood tall and weighed , which made him too small for college football. Despite this, he was a fearless hitter and once tackled a 230-pound fullback head-on. Wally Flynn, another player, looked up in the huddle after one play to see him crying after he broke his leg.", "Wally Flynn, another player, looked up in the huddle after one play to see him crying after he broke his leg. He disregarded the injury and kept playing. Kennedy earned two varsity letters over the course of the 1946 and 1947 seasons.", "Kennedy earned two varsity letters over the course of the 1946 and 1947 seasons. Throughout 1946, Kennedy became active in his brother John's campaign for the U.S. Representative seat that was vacated by James Curley; he joined the campaign full-time after his naval discharge.", "Throughout 1946, Kennedy became active in his brother John's campaign for the U.S. Representative seat that was vacated by James Curley; he joined the campaign full-time after his naval discharge. Biographer Schlesinger wrote that the election served as an entry into politics for both Robert and John.", "Biographer Schlesinger wrote that the election served as an entry into politics for both Robert and John. Robert graduated from Harvard in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in political science.", "Robert graduated from Harvard in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in political science. Upon graduating, he sailed immediately on the with a college friend for a six-month tour of Europe and the Middle East, accredited as a correspondent for the Boston Post, filing six stories.", "Upon graduating, he sailed immediately on the with a college friend for a six-month tour of Europe and the Middle East, accredited as a correspondent for the Boston Post, filing six stories. Four of these stories, submitted from Palestine shortly before the end of the British Mandate, provided a first-hand view of the tensions in the land.", "Four of these stories, submitted from Palestine shortly before the end of the British Mandate, provided a first-hand view of the tensions in the land. He was critical of British policy on Palestine and praised the Jewish people he met there calling them \"hardy and tough\".", "He was critical of British policy on Palestine and praised the Jewish people he met there calling them \"hardy and tough\". He held out some hope after seeing Arabs and Jews working side by side but, in the end, feared that the hatred between the groups was too strong and would lead to a war.", "He held out some hope after seeing Arabs and Jews working side by side but, in the end, feared that the hatred between the groups was too strong and would lead to a war. In September 1948, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville.", "In September 1948, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville. Kennedy adapted to this new environment, being elected president of the Student Legal Forum, where he successfully produced outside speakers including James M. Landis, William O. Douglas, Arthur Krock, and Joseph McCarthy and his family members Joe Sr. and John F. Kennedy.", "Kennedy adapted to this new environment, being elected president of the Student Legal Forum, where he successfully produced outside speakers including James M. Landis, William O. Douglas, Arthur Krock, and Joseph McCarthy and his family members Joe Sr. and John F. Kennedy. Kennedy's paper on Yalta, written during his senior year, is deposited in the Law Library's Treasure Trove.", "Kennedy's paper on Yalta, written during his senior year, is deposited in the Law Library's Treasure Trove. On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married Ethel Skakel at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married Ethel Skakel at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut. He graduated from law school in June 1951 and flew with Ethel to Greenwich to stay in his father-in-law's guest house. The couple's first child, Kathleen, was born on July 4, 1951.", "The couple's first child, Kathleen, was born on July 4, 1951. During this time, his brother John tried to keep Joe Sr. \"at arm's length\". The brothers rarely interacted until Kenny O'Donnell contacted Robert to repair the relationship between John and their father during John's Senate campaign.", "The brothers rarely interacted until Kenny O'Donnell contacted Robert to repair the relationship between John and their father during John's Senate campaign. As a result of this, Joe Sr. came to view Robert favorably as reliable and \"willing to sacrifice himself\" for the family.", "As a result of this, Joe Sr. came to view Robert favorably as reliable and \"willing to sacrifice himself\" for the family. In September 1951, he went to San Francisco as a correspondent for the Boston Post to cover the convention that concluded the Treaty of Peace with Japan.", "In September 1951, he went to San Francisco as a correspondent for the Boston Post to cover the convention that concluded the Treaty of Peace with Japan. In October 1951, he embarked on a seven-week Asian trip with his brother John (then a U.S.", "In October 1951, he embarked on a seven-week Asian trip with his brother John (then a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts' 11th district) and their sister Patricia to Israel, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Japan.", "Congressman from Massachusetts' 11th district) and their sister Patricia to Israel, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Japan. Because of their age gap, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other—this trip came at their father's behest and was the first extended time they had spent together, serving to deepen their relationship.", "Because of their age gap, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other—this trip came at their father's behest and was the first extended time they had spent together, serving to deepen their relationship. On this trip, the brothers met Liaquat Ali Khan just before his assassination, and India's prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.", "On this trip, the brothers met Liaquat Ali Khan just before his assassination, and India's prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960) JFK Senate campaign and Joseph McCarthy (1952–1955) In November 1951, Kennedy moved with his wife and daughter to a townhouse in the Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice.", "Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960) JFK Senate campaign and Joseph McCarthy (1952–1955) In November 1951, Kennedy moved with his wife and daughter to a townhouse in the Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. He prosecuted a series of graft and income tax evasion cases.", "He prosecuted a series of graft and income tax evasion cases. In February 1952, Kennedy was transferred to Brooklyn, and worked as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of New York to help prepare fraud cases against former officials of the Truman administration.", "In February 1952, Kennedy was transferred to Brooklyn, and worked as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of New York to help prepare fraud cases against former officials of the Truman administration. On June 6, 1952, he resigned to manage his brother John's U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts.", "On June 6, 1952, he resigned to manage his brother John's U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts. JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedys, elevating him to national prominence and turning him into a serious potential presidential candidate.", "JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedys, elevating him to national prominence and turning him into a serious potential presidential candidate. John's victory was also equally important to Robert, who felt he had succeeded in eliminating his father's negative perceptions of him.", "John's victory was also equally important to Robert, who felt he had succeeded in eliminating his father's negative perceptions of him. In December 1952, at his father's behest, Kennedy was appointed by family friend Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy as assistant counsel of the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.", "In December 1952, at his father's behest, Kennedy was appointed by family friend Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy as assistant counsel of the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Kennedy disapproved of McCarthy's aggressive methods of garnering intelligence on suspected communists. This was a highly visible job for him.", "This was a highly visible job for him. He resigned in July 1953, but \"retained a fondness for McCarthy\". The period of July 1953 to January 1954 saw him at \"a professional and personal nadir\", feeling that he was adrift while trying to prove himself to his family.", "The period of July 1953 to January 1954 saw him at \"a professional and personal nadir\", feeling that he was adrift while trying to prove himself to his family. Kenneth O'Donnell and Larry O'Brien (who worked on John's congressional campaigns) urged Kennedy to consider running for Massachusetts Attorney General in 1954, but he declined.", "Kenneth O'Donnell and Larry O'Brien (who worked on John's congressional campaigns) urged Kennedy to consider running for Massachusetts Attorney General in 1954, but he declined. After a period as an assistant to his father on the Hoover Commission, Kennedy rejoined the Senate committee staff as chief counsel for the Democratic minority in February 1954.", "After a period as an assistant to his father on the Hoover Commission, Kennedy rejoined the Senate committee staff as chief counsel for the Democratic minority in February 1954. That month, McCarthy's chief counsel Roy Cohn subpoenaed Annie Lee Moss, accusing her of membership in the Communist Party.", "That month, McCarthy's chief counsel Roy Cohn subpoenaed Annie Lee Moss, accusing her of membership in the Communist Party. Kennedy revealed that Cohn had called the wrong Annie Lee Moss and he requested the file on Moss from the FBI.", "Kennedy revealed that Cohn had called the wrong Annie Lee Moss and he requested the file on Moss from the FBI. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover had been forewarned by Cohn and denied him access, calling RFK \"an arrogant whippersnapper\".", "FBI director J. Edgar Hoover had been forewarned by Cohn and denied him access, calling RFK \"an arrogant whippersnapper\". When Democrats gained a Senate majority in January 1955, Kennedy became chief counsel and was a background figure in the televised Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954 into McCarthy's conduct.", "When Democrats gained a Senate majority in January 1955, Kennedy became chief counsel and was a background figure in the televised Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954 into McCarthy's conduct. The Moss incident turned Cohn into an enemy, which led to Kennedy assisting Democratic senators in ridiculing Cohn during the hearings.", "The Moss incident turned Cohn into an enemy, which led to Kennedy assisting Democratic senators in ridiculing Cohn during the hearings. The animosity grew to the point where Cohn had to be restrained after asking RFK if he wanted to fight him.", "The animosity grew to the point where Cohn had to be restrained after asking RFK if he wanted to fight him. For his work on the McCarthy committee, Kennedy was included in a list of Ten Outstanding Young Men of 1954, created by the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce.", "Junior Chamber of Commerce. Junior Chamber of Commerce. His father had arranged the nomination, his first national award. In 1955 Kennedy was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court.", "In 1955 Kennedy was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court. Stevenson aide and focus on organized labor (1956–1960) In 1956, Kennedy moved his growing family outside Washington to a house called Hickory Hill, which he purchased from his brother John. This enormous 13-bedroom, 13-bath home was situated on in McLean, Virginia.", "This enormous 13-bedroom, 13-bath home was situated on in McLean, Virginia. Kennedy went on to work as an aide to Adlai Stevenson during the 1956 presidential election which helped him learn how national campaigns worked, in preparation for a future run by his brother, Jack. Unimpressed with Stevenson, he reportedly voted for incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "Unimpressed with Stevenson, he reportedly voted for incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower. Kennedy was also a delegate at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, having replaced Tip O'Neil at the request of his brother John, joining in what was ultimately an unsuccessful effort to help JFK get the vice-presidential nomination.", "Kennedy was also a delegate at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, having replaced Tip O'Neil at the request of his brother John, joining in what was ultimately an unsuccessful effort to help JFK get the vice-presidential nomination. Shortly after this, following instructions by his father, Kennedy tried making amends with J. Edgar Hoover.", "Shortly after this, following instructions by his father, Kennedy tried making amends with J. Edgar Hoover. There seemed to be some improvement in their interactions, which came to be seen as \"elemental political necessity\" by Kennedy. This later changed after Kennedy was appointed attorney general, where Hoover saw him as an \"unprecedented threat\".", "This later changed after Kennedy was appointed attorney general, where Hoover saw him as an \"unprecedented threat\". From 1957 to 1959, he made a name for himself while serving as the chief counsel to the Senate's McClellan Committee under chairman John L. McClellan.", "From 1957 to 1959, he made a name for himself while serving as the chief counsel to the Senate's McClellan Committee under chairman John L. McClellan. Kennedy was given authority over testimony scheduling, areas of investigation, and witness questioning by McClellan, a move that was made by the chairman to limit attention to himself and allow outrage by organized labor to be directed toward Kennedy.", "Kennedy was given authority over testimony scheduling, areas of investigation, and witness questioning by McClellan, a move that was made by the chairman to limit attention to himself and allow outrage by organized labor to be directed toward Kennedy. In a famous scene, Kennedy squared off with Teamsters Union President Jimmy Hoffa during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony.", "In a famous scene, Kennedy squared off with Teamsters Union President Jimmy Hoffa during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony. Kennedy, who was instructed to collect information, discovered several financial irregularities, such as that Hoffa had misappropriated $9.5 million in union funds and made corrupt deals with employers.", "Kennedy, who was instructed to collect information, discovered several financial irregularities, such as that Hoffa had misappropriated $9.5 million in union funds and made corrupt deals with employers. During the hearings, Kennedy received criticism from liberal critics and other commentators both for his outburst of impassioned anger and doubts about the innocence of those who invoked the Fifth Amendment.", "During the hearings, Kennedy received criticism from liberal critics and other commentators both for his outburst of impassioned anger and doubts about the innocence of those who invoked the Fifth Amendment. Senators Barry Goldwater and Karl Mundt wrote to each other and complained about \"the Kennedy boys\" having hijacked the McClellan Committee by their focus on Hoffa and the Teamsters.", "Senators Barry Goldwater and Karl Mundt wrote to each other and complained about \"the Kennedy boys\" having hijacked the McClellan Committee by their focus on Hoffa and the Teamsters. They believed Kennedy covered for Walter Reuther and the United Automobile Workers, a union which typically would back Democratic office seekers.", "They believed Kennedy covered for Walter Reuther and the United Automobile Workers, a union which typically would back Democratic office seekers. Amidst the allegations, Kennedy wrote in his journal that the two senators had \"no guts\" as they never addressed him directly, only through the press.", "Amidst the allegations, Kennedy wrote in his journal that the two senators had \"no guts\" as they never addressed him directly, only through the press. He left the committee in late 1959 in order to run his brother's presidential campaign.", "He left the committee in late 1959 in order to run his brother's presidential campaign. JFK presidential campaign (1960) In 1960 Kennedy published The Enemy Within, a book which described the corrupt practices within the Teamsters and other unions that he had helped investigate. John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy.", "John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy. John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy. Kennedy went to work on the presidential campaign of his brother, John. In contrast to his role in his brother's previous campaign eight years prior, Kennedy gave stump speeches throughout the primary season, gaining confidence as time went on.", "In contrast to his role in his brother's previous campaign eight years prior, Kennedy gave stump speeches throughout the primary season, gaining confidence as time went on. His strategy \"to win at any cost\" led him to call on Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. to attack Hubert Humphrey as a draft dodger; Roosevelt eventually did make the statement that Humphrey avoided service.", "His strategy \"to win at any cost\" led him to call on Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. to attack Hubert Humphrey as a draft dodger; Roosevelt eventually did make the statement that Humphrey avoided service. Concerned that John Kennedy was going to receive the Democratic Party's nomination, some supporters of Lyndon Johnson, who was also running for the nomination, revealed to the press that JFK had Addison's disease, saying that he required life-sustaining cortisone treatments.", "Concerned that John Kennedy was going to receive the Democratic Party's nomination, some supporters of Lyndon Johnson, who was also running for the nomination, revealed to the press that JFK had Addison's disease, saying that he required life-sustaining cortisone treatments. Though in fact a diagnosis had been made, Kennedy tried to protect his brother by denying the allegation, saying that JFK had never had \"an ailment described classically as Addison's disease\".", "Though in fact a diagnosis had been made, Kennedy tried to protect his brother by denying the allegation, saying that JFK had never had \"an ailment described classically as Addison's disease\". After securing the nomination, John Kennedy nonetheless decided to offer Lyndon Johnson the vice presidency.", "After securing the nomination, John Kennedy nonetheless decided to offer Lyndon Johnson the vice presidency. This did not sit well with some Kennedy supporters, and Robert tried unsuccessfully to convince Johnson to turn down the offer, leading him to view Robert with contempt afterward.", "This did not sit well with some Kennedy supporters, and Robert tried unsuccessfully to convince Johnson to turn down the offer, leading him to view Robert with contempt afterward. RFK had already disliked Johnson prior to the presidential campaign, seeing him as a threat to his brother's ambitions.", "RFK had already disliked Johnson prior to the presidential campaign, seeing him as a threat to his brother's ambitions. RFK wanted his brother to choose labor leader Walter Reuther. Despite Kennedy's attempts, Johnson became his brother's running mate.", "Despite Kennedy's attempts, Johnson became his brother's running mate. Kennedy worked toward downplaying his brother's Catholic faith during the primary but took a more aggressive and supportive stance during the general election.", "Kennedy worked toward downplaying his brother's Catholic faith during the primary but took a more aggressive and supportive stance during the general election. These concerns were mostly calmed after JFK delivered a speech in September in Houston where he said that he was in favor of the separation of church and state.", "These concerns were mostly calmed after JFK delivered a speech in September in Houston where he said that he was in favor of the separation of church and state. The following month, Kennedy was involved in securing the release of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. from a jail in Atlanta.", "The following month, Kennedy was involved in securing the release of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. from a jail in Atlanta. Kennedy spoke with Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver and later Judge Oscar Mitchell, after the judge had sentenced King for violating his probation when he protested at a whites-only snack bar.", "Kennedy spoke with Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver and later Judge Oscar Mitchell, after the judge had sentenced King for violating his probation when he protested at a whites-only snack bar. Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964) After winning the 1960 presidential election, President-elect John F. Kennedy appointed his younger brother attorney general.", "Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964) After winning the 1960 presidential election, President-elect John F. Kennedy appointed his younger brother attorney general. The choice was controversial, with publications including The New York Times and The New Republic calling him inexperienced and unqualified.", "The choice was controversial, with publications including The New York Times and The New Republic calling him inexperienced and unqualified. He had no experience in any state or federal court, causing the president to joke, \"I can't see that it's wrong to give him a little legal experience before he goes out to practice law.\"", "He had no experience in any state or federal court, causing the president to joke, \"I can't see that it's wrong to give him a little legal experience before he goes out to practice law.\" But Kennedy was hardly a novice as a lawyer, having gained significant experience conducting investigations and questioning witnesses as a Justice Department attorney and Senate committee counsel and staff director.", "But Kennedy was hardly a novice as a lawyer, having gained significant experience conducting investigations and questioning witnesses as a Justice Department attorney and Senate committee counsel and staff director. According to Bobby Baker, the Senate majority secretary and a protégé of Lyndon Johnson, President-elect Kennedy did not want to name his brother attorney general, but their father overruled him.", "According to Bobby Baker, the Senate majority secretary and a protégé of Lyndon Johnson, President-elect Kennedy did not want to name his brother attorney general, but their father overruled him. At the behest of Vice President-elect Johnson, Baker persuaded the influential Southern senator Richard Russell to allow a voice vote to confirm the president's brother in January 1961, as Kennedy \"would have been lucky to get 40 votes\" on a roll-call vote.", "At the behest of Vice President-elect Johnson, Baker persuaded the influential Southern senator Richard Russell to allow a voice vote to confirm the president's brother in January 1961, as Kennedy \"would have been lucky to get 40 votes\" on a roll-call vote. The deputy and assistant attorneys general Kennedy chose included Byron White and Nicholas Katzenbach.", "The deputy and assistant attorneys general Kennedy chose included Byron White and Nicholas Katzenbach. Kennedy also played a major role in helping his brother form his cabinet. John Kennedy wanted to name Senator J. William Fulbright, whom he knew and liked, as his secretary of state.", "John Kennedy wanted to name Senator J. William Fulbright, whom he knew and liked, as his secretary of state. Fulbright was generally regarded as the Senate's resident foreign policy expert, but he also supported segregation and white supremacy in the South.", "Fulbright was generally regarded as the Senate's resident foreign policy expert, but he also supported segregation and white supremacy in the South. Robert Kennedy persuaded his brother that having Fulbright as secretary of state would cost the Democrats Afro-American votes, leading to Dean Rusk being nominated instead after John Kennedy decided that his next choice, McGeorge Bundy, was too young.", "Robert Kennedy persuaded his brother that having Fulbright as secretary of state would cost the Democrats Afro-American votes, leading to Dean Rusk being nominated instead after John Kennedy decided that his next choice, McGeorge Bundy, was too young. Kennedy was also present at the job interview when the CEO of the Ford Motor Company, Robert McNamara, was interviewed by John Kennedy about becoming defense secretary.", "Kennedy was also present at the job interview when the CEO of the Ford Motor Company, Robert McNamara, was interviewed by John Kennedy about becoming defense secretary. McNamara's self-confidence and belief that he could \"scientifically\" solve any problem via his \"Systems Analysis\" style of management impressed the Kennedy brothers, though John was rattled for a moment when McNamara asked if his bestselling book Profiles in Courage was written by a ghost writer.", "McNamara's self-confidence and belief that he could \"scientifically\" solve any problem via his \"Systems Analysis\" style of management impressed the Kennedy brothers, though John was rattled for a moment when McNamara asked if his bestselling book Profiles in Courage was written by a ghost writer. Author James W. Hilty concludes that Kennedy \"played an unusual combination of roles—campaign director, attorney general, executive overseer, controller of patronage, chief adviser, and brother protector\" and that nobody before him had had such power.", "Author James W. Hilty concludes that Kennedy \"played an unusual combination of roles—campaign director, attorney general, executive overseer, controller of patronage, chief adviser, and brother protector\" and that nobody before him had had such power. His tenure as attorney general was easily the period of greatest power for the office—no previous United States attorney general had enjoyed such clear influence on all areas of policy during an administration.", "His tenure as attorney general was easily the period of greatest power for the office—no previous United States attorney general had enjoyed such clear influence on all areas of policy during an administration. To a great extent, President Kennedy sought the advice and counsel of his younger brother, with Robert being the president's closest political adviser.", "To a great extent, President Kennedy sought the advice and counsel of his younger brother, with Robert being the president's closest political adviser. He was relied upon as both the president's primary source of administrative information and as a general counsel with whom trust was implicit.", "He was relied upon as both the president's primary source of administrative information and as a general counsel with whom trust was implicit. He exercised widespread authority over every cabinet department, leading the Associated Press to dub him \"Bobby—Washington's No. 2-man\".", "2-man\". 2-man\". The president once remarked about his brother, \"If I want something done and done immediately I rely on the Attorney General. He is very much the doer in this administration, and has an organizational gift I have rarely if ever seen surpassed.\"", "He is very much the doer in this administration, and has an organizational gift I have rarely if ever seen surpassed.\" Berlin As one of the president's closest White House advisers, Kennedy played a crucial role in the events surrounding the Berlin Crisis of 1961.", "Berlin As one of the president's closest White House advisers, Kennedy played a crucial role in the events surrounding the Berlin Crisis of 1961. Operating mainly through a private, backchannel connection to Soviet spy Georgi Bolshakov, he relayed important diplomatic communications between the American and Soviet governments.", "Operating mainly through a private, backchannel connection to Soviet spy Georgi Bolshakov, he relayed important diplomatic communications between the American and Soviet governments. Most significantly, this connection helped the U.S. set up the Vienna Summit in June 1961, and later to defuse the tank standoff with the Soviets at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie in October.", "Most significantly, this connection helped the U.S. set up the Vienna Summit in June 1961, and later to defuse the tank standoff with the Soviets at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie in October. Kennedy's visit with his wife to West Berlin in February 1962 demonstrated U.S. support for the city and helped repair the strained relationship between the administration and its special envoy in Berlin, Lucius D. Clay.", "Kennedy's visit with his wife to West Berlin in February 1962 demonstrated U.S. support for the city and helped repair the strained relationship between the administration and its special envoy in Berlin, Lucius D. Clay. Organized crime and the Teamsters As attorney general, Kennedy pursued a relentless crusade against organized crime and the Mafia, sometimes disagreeing on strategy with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover.", "Organized crime and the Teamsters As attorney general, Kennedy pursued a relentless crusade against organized crime and the Mafia, sometimes disagreeing on strategy with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Convictions against organized crime figures rose by 800 percent during his term.", "Convictions against organized crime figures rose by 800 percent during his term. Kennedy worked to shift Hoover's focus away from communism, which Hoover saw as a more serious threat, to organized crime. According to James Neff, Kennedy's success in this endeavor was due to his brother's position, giving the attorney general leverage over Hoover.", "According to James Neff, Kennedy's success in this endeavor was due to his brother's position, giving the attorney general leverage over Hoover. Biographer Richard Hack concluded that Hoover's dislike for Kennedy came from his being unable to control him.", "Biographer Richard Hack concluded that Hoover's dislike for Kennedy came from his being unable to control him. He was relentless in his pursuit of Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa, due to Hoffa's known corruption in financial and electoral matters, both personally and organizationally, creating a so-called \"Get Hoffa\" squad of prosecutors and investigators.", "He was relentless in his pursuit of Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa, due to Hoffa's known corruption in financial and electoral matters, both personally and organizationally, creating a so-called \"Get Hoffa\" squad of prosecutors and investigators. The enmity between the two men was intense, with accusations of a personal vendetta—what Hoffa called a \"blood feud\"—exchanged between them.", "The enmity between the two men was intense, with accusations of a personal vendetta—what Hoffa called a \"blood feud\"—exchanged between them. On July 7, 1961, after Hoffa was reelected to the Teamsters presidency, RFK told reporters the government's case against Hoffa had not been changed by what he called \"a small group of teamsters\" supporting him.", "On July 7, 1961, after Hoffa was reelected to the Teamsters presidency, RFK told reporters the government's case against Hoffa had not been changed by what he called \"a small group of teamsters\" supporting him. The following year, it was leaked that Hoffa had claimed to a Teamster local that Kennedy had been \"bodily\" removed from his office, the statement being confirmed by a Teamster press agent and Hoffa saying Kennedy had only been ejected.", "The following year, it was leaked that Hoffa had claimed to a Teamster local that Kennedy had been \"bodily\" removed from his office, the statement being confirmed by a Teamster press agent and Hoffa saying Kennedy had only been ejected. On March 4, 1964, Hoffa was convicted in Chattanooga, Tennessee, of attempted bribery of a grand juror during his 1962 conspiracy trial in Nashville, Tennessee, and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $10,000 fine.", "On March 4, 1964, Hoffa was convicted in Chattanooga, Tennessee, of attempted bribery of a grand juror during his 1962 conspiracy trial in Nashville, Tennessee, and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $10,000 fine. After learning of Hoffa's conviction by telephone, Kennedy issued congratulatory messages to the three prosecutors.", "After learning of Hoffa's conviction by telephone, Kennedy issued congratulatory messages to the three prosecutors. While on bail during his appeal, Hoffa was convicted in a second trial held in Chicago, on July 26, 1964, on one count of conspiracy and three counts of mail and wire fraud for improper use of the Teamsters' pension fund, and sentenced to five years in prison.", "While on bail during his appeal, Hoffa was convicted in a second trial held in Chicago, on July 26, 1964, on one count of conspiracy and three counts of mail and wire fraud for improper use of the Teamsters' pension fund, and sentenced to five years in prison. Hoffa spent the next three years unsuccessfully appealing his 1964 convictions, and began serving his aggregate prison sentence of 13 years (eight years for bribery, five years for fraud) on March 7, 1967, at the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary in Pennsylvania.", "Hoffa spent the next three years unsuccessfully appealing his 1964 convictions, and began serving his aggregate prison sentence of 13 years (eight years for bribery, five years for fraud) on March 7, 1967, at the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary in Pennsylvania. Civil rights Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a 1961 speech at the University of Georgia Law School: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover viewed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. as an upstart troublemaker, calling him an \"enemy of the state\".", "Civil rights Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a 1961 speech at the University of Georgia Law School: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover viewed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. as an upstart troublemaker, calling him an \"enemy of the state\". In February 1962 Hoover presented Kennedy with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were communists.", "In February 1962 Hoover presented Kennedy with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were communists. Concerned about the allegations, the FBI deployed agents to monitor King in the following months. Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspected associations.", "Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspected associations. In response, King agreed to ask suspected Communist Jack O'Dell to resign from the SCLC, but refused to heed to the request to ask Stanley Levison, whom he regarded as a trusted advisor, to resign.", "In response, King agreed to ask suspected Communist Jack O'Dell to resign from the SCLC, but refused to heed to the request to ask Stanley Levison, whom he regarded as a trusted advisor, to resign. In October 1963, Kennedy issued a written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization.", "In October 1963, Kennedy issued a written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones \"on a trial basis, for a month or so\", Hoover extended the clearance so that his men were \"unshackled\" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.", "Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones \"on a trial basis, for a month or so\", Hoover extended the clearance so that his men were \"unshackled\" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. The wiretapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968, days before Kennedy's death.", "The wiretapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968, days before Kennedy's death. Kennedy remained committed to civil rights enforcement to such a degree that he commented in 1962 that it seemed to envelop almost every area of his public and private life, from prosecuting corrupt Southern electoral officials to answering late night calls from Coretta Scott King concerning the imprisonment of her husband for demonstrations in Alabama.", "Kennedy remained committed to civil rights enforcement to such a degree that he commented in 1962 that it seemed to envelop almost every area of his public and private life, from prosecuting corrupt Southern electoral officials to answering late night calls from Coretta Scott King concerning the imprisonment of her husband for demonstrations in Alabama. During his tenure as attorney general, he undertook the most energetic and persistent desegregation of the administration that Capitol Hill had ever experienced.", "During his tenure as attorney general, he undertook the most energetic and persistent desegregation of the administration that Capitol Hill had ever experienced. He demanded that every area of government begin recruiting realistic levels of black and other ethnic workers, going so far as to criticize Vice President Johnson for his failure to desegregate his own office staff.", "He demanded that every area of government begin recruiting realistic levels of black and other ethnic workers, going so far as to criticize Vice President Johnson for his failure to desegregate his own office staff. But relations between the Kennedys and civil rights activists could be tense, partly due to the administration's decision that a number of complaints King filed with the Justice Department between 1961 and 1963 be handled \"through negotiation between the city commission and Negro citizens.\"", "But relations between the Kennedys and civil rights activists could be tense, partly due to the administration's decision that a number of complaints King filed with the Justice Department between 1961 and 1963 be handled \"through negotiation between the city commission and Negro citizens.\" Although it has become commonplace to assert the phrase \"The Kennedy Administration\" or even \"President Kennedy\" when discussing the legislative and executive support of the civil rights movement, between 1960 and 1963 a great many of the initiatives were the result of the passion and determination of an emboldened Robert Kennedy, who, through his rapid education in the realities of Southern racism, underwent a thorough conversion of purpose as attorney general.", "Although it has become commonplace to assert the phrase \"The Kennedy Administration\" or even \"President Kennedy\" when discussing the legislative and executive support of the civil rights movement, between 1960 and 1963 a great many of the initiatives were the result of the passion and determination of an emboldened Robert Kennedy, who, through his rapid education in the realities of Southern racism, underwent a thorough conversion of purpose as attorney general. Asked in an interview in May 1962, \"What do you see as the big problem ahead for you, is it crime or internal security?\"", "Asked in an interview in May 1962, \"What do you see as the big problem ahead for you, is it crime or internal security?\" Kennedy replied, \"Civil rights.\"", "Kennedy replied, \"Civil rights.\" The president came to share his brother's sense of urgency on the matters at hand to such an extent that it was at the attorney general's insistence that he made his famous June 1963 address to the nation on civil rights.", "The president came to share his brother's sense of urgency on the matters at hand to such an extent that it was at the attorney general's insistence that he made his famous June 1963 address to the nation on civil rights. Kennedy played a large role in the response to the Freedom Riders protests.", "Kennedy played a large role in the response to the Freedom Riders protests. He acted after the Anniston bus bombings to protect the Riders in continuing their journey, sending John Seigenthaler, his administrative assistant, to Alabama to attempt to secure the Riders' safety there.", "He acted after the Anniston bus bombings to protect the Riders in continuing their journey, sending John Seigenthaler, his administrative assistant, to Alabama to attempt to secure the Riders' safety there. Despite a work rule which allowed a driver to decline an assignment which he regarded as a potentially unsafe one, he persuaded a manager of The Greyhound Corporation to obtain a coach operator who was willing to drive a special bus for the continuance of the Freedom Ride from Birmingham, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, on the circuitous journey to Jackson, Mississippi.", "Despite a work rule which allowed a driver to decline an assignment which he regarded as a potentially unsafe one, he persuaded a manager of The Greyhound Corporation to obtain a coach operator who was willing to drive a special bus for the continuance of the Freedom Ride from Birmingham, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, on the circuitous journey to Jackson, Mississippi. Later, during the attack and burning by a white mob of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, at which Martin Luther King Jr. and some 1,500 sympathizers were in attendance, the attorney general telephoned King to ask for his assurance that they would not leave the building until the force of U.S.", "Later, during the attack and burning by a white mob of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, at which Martin Luther King Jr. and some 1,500 sympathizers were in attendance, the attorney general telephoned King to ask for his assurance that they would not leave the building until the force of U.S. Marshals and National Guard he sent had secured the area.", "Marshals and National Guard he sent had secured the area. King proceeded to berate Kennedy for \"allowing the situation to continue\". King later publicly thanked him for dispatching the forces to break up the attack that might otherwise have ended his life.", "King later publicly thanked him for dispatching the forces to break up the attack that might otherwise have ended his life. Kennedy then negotiated the safe passage of the Freedom Riders from the First Baptist Church to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were arrested.", "Kennedy then negotiated the safe passage of the Freedom Riders from the First Baptist Church to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were arrested. He offered to bail the Freedom Riders out of jail, but they refused, which upset him.", "He offered to bail the Freedom Riders out of jail, but they refused, which upset him. Kennedy's attempts to end the Freedom Rides early were tied to an upcoming summit with Nikita Khrushchev and Charles de Gaulle. He believed the continued international publicity of race riots would tarnish the president heading into international negotiations.", "He believed the continued international publicity of race riots would tarnish the president heading into international negotiations. This attempt to curtail the Freedom Rides alienated many of the civil rights leaders who, at the time, perceived him as intolerant and narrow-minded.", "This attempt to curtail the Freedom Rides alienated many of the civil rights leaders who, at the time, perceived him as intolerant and narrow-minded. In an attempt to better understand and improve race relations, Kennedy held a private meeting in New York City in May 1963 with a black delegation coordinated by prominent author James Baldwin.", "In an attempt to better understand and improve race relations, Kennedy held a private meeting in New York City in May 1963 with a black delegation coordinated by prominent author James Baldwin. In September 1962, Kennedy sent a force of U.S. marshals and deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents and federal prison guards to Oxford, Mississippi, to enforce a federal court order allowing the admittance of the first African-American student, James Meredith, to the University of Mississippi.", "In September 1962, Kennedy sent a force of U.S. marshals and deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents and federal prison guards to Oxford, Mississippi, to enforce a federal court order allowing the admittance of the first African-American student, James Meredith, to the University of Mississippi. The attorney general had hoped that legal means, along with the escort of federal officers, would be enough to force Governor Ross Barnett to allow Meredith's admission.", "The attorney general had hoped that legal means, along with the escort of federal officers, would be enough to force Governor Ross Barnett to allow Meredith's admission. He also was very concerned there might be a \"mini-civil war\" between federal troops and armed protesters.", "He also was very concerned there might be a \"mini-civil war\" between federal troops and armed protesters. President Kennedy reluctantly sent federal troops after the situation on campus turned violent.", "President Kennedy reluctantly sent federal troops after the situation on campus turned violent. Ensuing riots during the period of Meredith's admittance resulted in 300 injuries and two deaths, yet Kennedy remained adamant that black students had the right to enjoy the benefits of all levels of the educational system.", "Ensuing riots during the period of Meredith's admittance resulted in 300 injuries and two deaths, yet Kennedy remained adamant that black students had the right to enjoy the benefits of all levels of the educational system. The Office of Civil Rights also hired its first African-American lawyer and began to work cautiously with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement.", "The Office of Civil Rights also hired its first African-American lawyer and began to work cautiously with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Kennedy saw voting as the key to racial justice and collaborated with presidents Kennedy and Johnson to create the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws.", "Kennedy saw voting as the key to racial justice and collaborated with presidents Kennedy and Johnson to create the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws. Between December 1961 and December 1963, Kennedy also expanded the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division by 60 percent.", "Between December 1961 and December 1963, Kennedy also expanded the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division by 60 percent. U.S. Steel At the direction of the president, Kennedy also used the power of federal agencies to influence U.S. Steel not to institute a price increase.", "U.S. Steel At the direction of the president, Kennedy also used the power of federal agencies to influence U.S. Steel not to institute a price increase. The Wall Street Journal wrote that the administration had set prices of steel \"by naked power, by threats, by agents of the state security police.\"", "The Wall Street Journal wrote that the administration had set prices of steel \"by naked power, by threats, by agents of the state security police.\" Yale law professor Charles Reich wrote in The New Republic that the Justice Department had violated civil liberties by calling a federal grand jury to indict U.S. Steel so quickly, then disbanding it after the price increase did not occur.", "Yale law professor Charles Reich wrote in The New Republic that the Justice Department had violated civil liberties by calling a federal grand jury to indict U.S. Steel so quickly, then disbanding it after the price increase did not occur. Death penalty issues During the Kennedy administration, the federal government carried out its last pre-Furman federal execution (of Victor Feguer in Iowa, 1963), and Kennedy, as attorney general, represented the government in this case.", "Death penalty issues During the Kennedy administration, the federal government carried out its last pre-Furman federal execution (of Victor Feguer in Iowa, 1963), and Kennedy, as attorney general, represented the government in this case. In 1967 Kennedy expressed his strong willingness to support a bill then under consideration for the abolition of the death penalty.", "In 1967 Kennedy expressed his strong willingness to support a bill then under consideration for the abolition of the death penalty. Cuba As his brother's confidant, Kennedy oversaw the CIA's anti-Castro activities after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.", "Cuba As his brother's confidant, Kennedy oversaw the CIA's anti-Castro activities after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. He also helped develop the strategy during the Cuban Missile Crisis to blockade Cuba instead of initiating a military strike that might have led to nuclear war.", "He also helped develop the strategy during the Cuban Missile Crisis to blockade Cuba instead of initiating a military strike that might have led to nuclear war. He had initially been among the more hawkish members of the administration on matters concerning Cuban insurrectionist aid.", "He had initially been among the more hawkish members of the administration on matters concerning Cuban insurrectionist aid. His initial strong support for covert actions in Cuba soon changed to a position of removal from further involvement once he became aware of the CIA's tendency to draw out initiatives, and provide itself with almost unchecked authority in matters of foreign covert operations.", "His initial strong support for covert actions in Cuba soon changed to a position of removal from further involvement once he became aware of the CIA's tendency to draw out initiatives, and provide itself with almost unchecked authority in matters of foreign covert operations. Allegations that the Kennedys knew of plans by the CIA to kill Fidel Castro, or approved of such plans, have been debated by historians over the years.", "Allegations that the Kennedys knew of plans by the CIA to kill Fidel Castro, or approved of such plans, have been debated by historians over the years. JFK's friend and associate, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., for example, expressed the opinion that operatives linked to the CIA were among the most reckless individuals to have operated during the period—providing themselves with unscrutinized freedoms to threaten the lives of Castro and other members of the Cuban revolutionary government regardless of the legislative apparatus in Washington—freedoms that, unbeknownst to those at the White House attempting to prevent a nuclear war, placed the entire U.S.–Soviet relationship in perilous danger.", "JFK's friend and associate, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., for example, expressed the opinion that operatives linked to the CIA were among the most reckless individuals to have operated during the period—providing themselves with unscrutinized freedoms to threaten the lives of Castro and other members of the Cuban revolutionary government regardless of the legislative apparatus in Washington—freedoms that, unbeknownst to those at the White House attempting to prevent a nuclear war, placed the entire U.S.–Soviet relationship in perilous danger. The \"Family Jewels\" documents, declassified by the CIA in 2007, suggest that before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the attorney general personally authorized one such assassination attempt.", "The \"Family Jewels\" documents, declassified by the CIA in 2007, suggest that before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the attorney general personally authorized one such assassination attempt. But there is ample evidence to the contrary, such as that Kennedy was informed of an earlier plot involving the CIA's use of Mafia bosses Santo Trafficante Jr. and John Roselli only during a briefing on May 7, 1962, and in fact directed the CIA to halt any existing efforts directed at Castro's assassination.", "But there is ample evidence to the contrary, such as that Kennedy was informed of an earlier plot involving the CIA's use of Mafia bosses Santo Trafficante Jr. and John Roselli only during a briefing on May 7, 1962, and in fact directed the CIA to halt any existing efforts directed at Castro's assassination. Concurrently, Kennedy served as the president's personal representative in Operation Mongoose, the post-Bay of Pigs covert operations program the president established in November 1961.", "Concurrently, Kennedy served as the president's personal representative in Operation Mongoose, the post-Bay of Pigs covert operations program the president established in November 1961. Mongoose was meant to incite revolution in Cuba that would result in Castro's downfall, not his assassination.", "Mongoose was meant to incite revolution in Cuba that would result in Castro's downfall, not his assassination. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy proved himself to be a gifted politician with an ability to obtain compromises, tempering aggressive positions of key figures in the hawk camp.", "During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy proved himself to be a gifted politician with an ability to obtain compromises, tempering aggressive positions of key figures in the hawk camp. The trust the president placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a blockade, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and the USSR.", "The trust the president placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a blockade, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and the USSR. His clandestine meetings with members of the Soviet government continued to provide a key link to Khrushchev during even the darkest moments of the crisis, when the threat of nuclear strikes was considered very real.", "His clandestine meetings with members of the Soviet government continued to provide a key link to Khrushchev during even the darkest moments of the crisis, when the threat of nuclear strikes was considered very real. On the last night of the crisis, President Kennedy was so grateful for his brother's work in averting nuclear war that he summed it up by saying, \"Thank God for Bobby.\"", "On the last night of the crisis, President Kennedy was so grateful for his brother's work in averting nuclear war that he summed it up by saying, \"Thank God for Bobby.\" Japan At a summit meeting with Japanese prime minister Hayato Ikeda in Washington D.C. in 1961, President Kennedy promised to make a reciprocal visit to Japan in 1962, but the decision to resume atmospheric nuclear testing forced him to postpone such a visit, and he sent Bobby in his stead.", "Japan At a summit meeting with Japanese prime minister Hayato Ikeda in Washington D.C. in 1961, President Kennedy promised to make a reciprocal visit to Japan in 1962, but the decision to resume atmospheric nuclear testing forced him to postpone such a visit, and he sent Bobby in his stead. Kennedy and his wife Ethel arrived in Tokyo in February 1962 at a very sensitive time in U.S.-Japan relations, shortly after the massive Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty had highlighted anti-American grievances.", "Kennedy and his wife Ethel arrived in Tokyo in February 1962 at a very sensitive time in U.S.-Japan relations, shortly after the massive Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty had highlighted anti-American grievances. Kennedy won over a highly skeptical Japanese public and press with his cheerful, open demeanor, sincerity, and youthful energy.", "Kennedy won over a highly skeptical Japanese public and press with his cheerful, open demeanor, sincerity, and youthful energy. Most famously, Kennedy scored a public relations coup during a nationally televised speech at Waseda University in Tokyo.", "Most famously, Kennedy scored a public relations coup during a nationally televised speech at Waseda University in Tokyo. When radical Marxist student activists from Zengakuren attempted to shout him down, he calmly invited one of them on stage and engaged the student in an impromptu debate.", "When radical Marxist student activists from Zengakuren attempted to shout him down, he calmly invited one of them on stage and engaged the student in an impromptu debate. Kennedy's calmness under fire and willingness to take the student's questions seriously won many admirers in Japan and praise from the Japanese media, both for himself and on his brother's behalf.", "Kennedy's calmness under fire and willingness to take the student's questions seriously won many admirers in Japan and praise from the Japanese media, both for himself and on his brother's behalf. Assassination of John F. Kennedy At the time that President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963, RFK was at home with aides from the Justice Department.", "Assassination of John F. Kennedy At the time that President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963, RFK was at home with aides from the Justice Department. J. Edgar Hoover called and told him his brother had been shot. Hoover then hung up before he could ask any questions.", "Hoover then hung up before he could ask any questions. Kennedy later said he thought Hoover had enjoyed telling him the news. Kennedy then received a call from Tazewell Shepard, a naval aide to the president, who told him that his brother was dead.", "Kennedy then received a call from Tazewell Shepard, a naval aide to the president, who told him that his brother was dead. Shortly after the call from Hoover, Kennedy phoned McGeorge Bundy at the White House, instructing him to change the locks on the president's files.", "Shortly after the call from Hoover, Kennedy phoned McGeorge Bundy at the White House, instructing him to change the locks on the president's files. He ordered the Secret Service to dismantle the Oval Office and cabinet room's secret taping systems.", "He ordered the Secret Service to dismantle the Oval Office and cabinet room's secret taping systems. He scheduled a meeting with CIA director John McCone and asked if the CIA had any involvement in his brother's death.", "He scheduled a meeting with CIA director John McCone and asked if the CIA had any involvement in his brother's death. McCone denied it, with Kennedy later telling investigator Walter Sheridan that he asked the director \"in a way that he couldn't lie to me, and they [the CIA] hadn't\".", "McCone denied it, with Kennedy later telling investigator Walter Sheridan that he asked the director \"in a way that he couldn't lie to me, and they [the CIA] hadn't\". An hour after the president was shot, Bobby Kennedy received a phone call from Vice President Johnson before Johnson boarded Air Force One.", "An hour after the president was shot, Bobby Kennedy received a phone call from Vice President Johnson before Johnson boarded Air Force One. RFK remembered their conversation starting with Johnson demonstrating sympathy before the vice president stated his belief that he should be sworn in immediately; RFK opposed the idea since he felt \"it would be nice\" for President Kennedy's body to return to Washington with the deceased president still being the incumbent.", "RFK remembered their conversation starting with Johnson demonstrating sympathy before the vice president stated his belief that he should be sworn in immediately; RFK opposed the idea since he felt \"it would be nice\" for President Kennedy's body to return to Washington with the deceased president still being the incumbent. Eventually, the two concluded that the best course of action would be for Johnson to take the oath of office before returning to Washington.", "Eventually, the two concluded that the best course of action would be for Johnson to take the oath of office before returning to Washington. In his 1971 book We Band of Brothers, aide Edwin O. Guthman recounted Kennedy admitting to him an hour after receiving word of his brother's death that he thought he would be the one \"they would get\" as opposed to his brother.", "In his 1971 book We Band of Brothers, aide Edwin O. Guthman recounted Kennedy admitting to him an hour after receiving word of his brother's death that he thought he would be the one \"they would get\" as opposed to his brother. In the days following the assassination, he wrote letters to his two eldest children, Kathleen and Joseph, saying that as the oldest Kennedy family members of their generation, they had a special responsibility to remember what their uncle had started and to love and serve their country.", "In the days following the assassination, he wrote letters to his two eldest children, Kathleen and Joseph, saying that as the oldest Kennedy family members of their generation, they had a special responsibility to remember what their uncle had started and to love and serve their country. He was originally opposed to Jacqueline Kennedy's decision to have a closed casket, as he wanted the funeral to keep with tradition, but he changed his mind after seeing the cosmetic, waxen remains.", "He was originally opposed to Jacqueline Kennedy's decision to have a closed casket, as he wanted the funeral to keep with tradition, but he changed his mind after seeing the cosmetic, waxen remains. Kennedy was asked by Democratic Party leaders to introduce a film about his late brother at the 1964 party convention.", "Kennedy was asked by Democratic Party leaders to introduce a film about his late brother at the 1964 party convention. When he was introduced, the crowd, including party bosses, elected officials, and delegates, applauded thunderously and tearfully for a full 22 minutes before they would let him speak.", "When he was introduced, the crowd, including party bosses, elected officials, and delegates, applauded thunderously and tearfully for a full 22 minutes before they would let him speak. He was close to breaking down before he spoke about his brother's vision for both the party and the nation and recited a quote from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (3.2) that Jacqueline had given him: The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that the president had been assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted alone.", "He was close to breaking down before he spoke about his brother's vision for both the party and the nation and recited a quote from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (3.2) that Jacqueline had given him: The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that the president had been assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted alone. On September 27, 1964, Kennedy issued a statement through his New York campaign office: \"As I said in Poland last summer, I am convinced Oswald was solely responsible for what happened and that he did not have any outside help or assistance.", "On September 27, 1964, Kennedy issued a statement through his New York campaign office: \"As I said in Poland last summer, I am convinced Oswald was solely responsible for what happened and that he did not have any outside help or assistance. He was a malcontent who could not get along here or in the Soviet Union.\"", "He was a malcontent who could not get along here or in the Soviet Union.\" He added, \"I have not read the report, nor do I intend to. But I have been briefed on it and I am completely satisfied that the Commission investigated every lead and examined every piece of evidence.", "But I have been briefed on it and I am completely satisfied that the Commission investigated every lead and examined every piece of evidence. The Commission's inquiry was thorough and conscientious.\"", "The Commission's inquiry was thorough and conscientious.\" After a meeting with Kennedy in 1966, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote: \"It is evident that he believes that [the Warren Commission's report] was a poor job and will not endorse it, but that he is unwilling to criticize it and thereby reopen the whole tragic business.\"", "After a meeting with Kennedy in 1966, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote: \"It is evident that he believes that [the Warren Commission's report] was a poor job and will not endorse it, but that he is unwilling to criticize it and thereby reopen the whole tragic business.\" Jerry Bruno, an \"advance man\" for JFK who also worked on RFK's 1968 presidential campaign, would later state in 1993: \"I talked to Robert Kennedy many times about the Warren Commission, and he never doubted their result.\"", "Jerry Bruno, an \"advance man\" for JFK who also worked on RFK's 1968 presidential campaign, would later state in 1993: \"I talked to Robert Kennedy many times about the Warren Commission, and he never doubted their result.\" In a 2013 interview with CBS journalist Charlie Rose, son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. stated that his father was \"fairly convinced\" that others besides Oswald were involved in his brother's assassination and that he privately believed the Commission's report was a \"shoddy piece of craftsmanship\".", "In a 2013 interview with CBS journalist Charlie Rose, son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. stated that his father was \"fairly convinced\" that others besides Oswald were involved in his brother's assassination and that he privately believed the Commission's report was a \"shoddy piece of craftsmanship\". The killing was judged as having a profound impact on Kennedy.", "The killing was judged as having a profound impact on Kennedy. Beran assesses the assassination as having moved Kennedy away from reliance on the political system and to become more questioning. Tye views Kennedy following the death of his brother as \"more fatalistic, having seen how fast he could lose what he cherished the most.\"", "Tye views Kennedy following the death of his brother as \"more fatalistic, having seen how fast he could lose what he cherished the most.\" Vice presidential candidate In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of vice president now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the 1964 presidential election.", "Vice presidential candidate In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of vice president now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the 1964 presidential election. Several Kennedy partisans called for him to be drafted in tribute to his brother; national polling showed that three of four Democrats were in favor of him as Johnson's running mate.", "Several Kennedy partisans called for him to be drafted in tribute to his brother; national polling showed that three of four Democrats were in favor of him as Johnson's running mate. Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25,000 Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March 1964, only 3,700 fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president.", "Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25,000 Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March 1964, only 3,700 fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president. Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger.", "Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger. Schlesinger thought that he should develop his own political base first, and Kennedy observed that the job \"was really based on waiting around for someone to die\". In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency.", "In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency. During this time he said of the coalescing Johnson administration, \"It's too early for me to even think about '64, because I don't know whether I want to have any part of these people.", "During this time he said of the coalescing Johnson administration, \"It's too early for me to even think about '64, because I don't know whether I want to have any part of these people. ...If they don't fulfill and follow out my brother's program, I don't want to have anything to do with them.\"", "...If they don't fulfill and follow out my brother's program, I don't want to have anything to do with them.\" But in January 1964 Kennedy began low-key inquiries as to the vice-presidential position and by the summer was developing plans to help Johnson in cities and in the Northeast based on JFK's 1960 campaign strategies.", "But in January 1964 Kennedy began low-key inquiries as to the vice-presidential position and by the summer was developing plans to help Johnson in cities and in the Northeast based on JFK's 1960 campaign strategies. Despite the fanfare within the Democratic Party, Johnson was not inclined to have Kennedy on his ticket.", "Despite the fanfare within the Democratic Party, Johnson was not inclined to have Kennedy on his ticket. The two disliked one another intensely, with feelings often described as \"mutual contempt\" that went back to their first meeting in 1953, and had only intensified during JFK's presidency.", "The two disliked one another intensely, with feelings often described as \"mutual contempt\" that went back to their first meeting in 1953, and had only intensified during JFK's presidency. At the time, Johnson privately said of Kennedy, \"I don't need that little runt to win\", while Kennedy privately said of Johnson that he was \"mean, bitter, vicious—an animal in many ways\".", "At the time, Johnson privately said of Kennedy, \"I don't need that little runt to win\", while Kennedy privately said of Johnson that he was \"mean, bitter, vicious—an animal in many ways\". To block Kennedy, Johnson considered nominating his brother-in-law Sargent Shriver for vice president, but the Kennedy family vetoed that.", "To block Kennedy, Johnson considered nominating his brother-in-law Sargent Shriver for vice president, but the Kennedy family vetoed that. Kenny O'Donnell, a Kennedy aide who stayed on to serve Johnson, told the president that if he wanted a Catholic vice president, the only candidate available was Kennedy. Johnson instead chose Senator Hubert Humphrey.", "Johnson instead chose Senator Hubert Humphrey. During a post-presidency interview with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Johnson claimed that Kennedy \"acted like he was the custodian of the Kennedy dream\" despite Johnson being seen as this after JFK was assassinated, arguing that he had \"waited\" his turn and Kennedy should have done the same.", "During a post-presidency interview with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Johnson claimed that Kennedy \"acted like he was the custodian of the Kennedy dream\" despite Johnson being seen as this after JFK was assassinated, arguing that he had \"waited\" his turn and Kennedy should have done the same. Johnson recalled a \"tidal wave of letters and memos about how great a vice president Bobby would be\", but felt he could not \"let it happen\" as he viewed the possibility of Kennedy on the ticket as ensuring that he would never know if he could be elected \"on my own\".", "Johnson recalled a \"tidal wave of letters and memos about how great a vice president Bobby would be\", but felt he could not \"let it happen\" as he viewed the possibility of Kennedy on the ticket as ensuring that he would never know if he could be elected \"on my own\". On July 27, 1964, Kennedy was summoned to the White House and told by Johnson that he did not want him as his running mate, leading the former to say \"I could have helped you\".", "On July 27, 1964, Kennedy was summoned to the White House and told by Johnson that he did not want him as his running mate, leading the former to say \"I could have helped you\". Johnson wanted Kennedy to tell the media that he decided to withdraw his name, but he refused, saying the president could do that himself.", "Johnson wanted Kennedy to tell the media that he decided to withdraw his name, but he refused, saying the president could do that himself. Johnson wanted a way to announce that he had refused Kennedy serving as his running mate without appearing to be motivated by malice towards a man he disliked and distrusted.", "Johnson wanted a way to announce that he had refused Kennedy serving as his running mate without appearing to be motivated by malice towards a man he disliked and distrusted. The Democratic power broker Clark Clifford suggested to Johnson a way to block Kennedy.", "The Democratic power broker Clark Clifford suggested to Johnson a way to block Kennedy. At a meeting in the Oval Office that, unknown to him, was being recorded, Clifford said: \"Why don't you reach a policy decision that, after careful consideration, you've decided that you're not going to select anyone from your cabinet?\"", "At a meeting in the Oval Office that, unknown to him, was being recorded, Clifford said: \"Why don't you reach a policy decision that, after careful consideration, you've decided that you're not going to select anyone from your cabinet?\" When Johnson replied \"That's pretty thin, isn't it?", "When Johnson replied \"That's pretty thin, isn't it? \", leading Clifford to answer, \"Well, it is pretty thin, but it's a lot better than nothing\".", "\", leading Clifford to answer, \"Well, it is pretty thin, but it's a lot better than nothing\". In July 1964, Johnson issued an official statement ruling out all of his current cabinet members as potential running mates, judging them to be \"so valuable ... in their current posts\".", "In July 1964, Johnson issued an official statement ruling out all of his current cabinet members as potential running mates, judging them to be \"so valuable ... in their current posts\". In response to this statement, angry letters poured in directed towards both Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird, expressing disappointment at Kennedy being dropped from the field of potential running mates.", "In response to this statement, angry letters poured in directed towards both Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird, expressing disappointment at Kennedy being dropped from the field of potential running mates. Johnson, worried that delegates at the convention would draft Kennedy onto the ticket, ordered the FBI to monitor Kennedy's contacts and actions, and to make sure that he could not speak until after Hubert Humphrey was confirmed as his running mate.", "Johnson, worried that delegates at the convention would draft Kennedy onto the ticket, ordered the FBI to monitor Kennedy's contacts and actions, and to make sure that he could not speak until after Hubert Humphrey was confirmed as his running mate. After making his announcement, Johnson at an \"off-the-record\" meeting in the Oval Office with three journalists boasted about how he had gotten \"that damned albatross off his neck\" as he proceeded to mock what he called Kennedy's \"funny\" voice and mannerisms.", "After making his announcement, Johnson at an \"off-the-record\" meeting in the Oval Office with three journalists boasted about how he had gotten \"that damned albatross off his neck\" as he proceeded to mock what he called Kennedy's \"funny\" voice and mannerisms. Though not published in the newspapers, Kennedy quickly learned of Johnson's performance and demanded an apology, only to have the president deny the story.", "Though not published in the newspapers, Kennedy quickly learned of Johnson's performance and demanded an apology, only to have the president deny the story. After hearing Johnson's denial, Kennedy wrote: \"He tells so many lies that he convinces himself after a while he's telling the truth.", "After hearing Johnson's denial, Kennedy wrote: \"He tells so many lies that he convinces himself after a while he's telling the truth. He just doesn't recognize truth or falsehood\". In a meeting with Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Johnson talked about Kennedy.", "In a meeting with Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Johnson talked about Kennedy. Both felt that Kennedy was \"freakish ambitious\" with Rusk saying: \"Mr. President, I just can't wrap my mind around that kind of ambition. I don't know how to understand it\".", "I don't know how to understand it\". Both were afraid that Kennedy might use the nostalgia for his assassinated brother to \"stampede\" the Democratic National Convention delegates to nominate him, and were hoping that Kennedy might run for Senate in New York, though Rusk was also worried that a Senate run would serve as \"a drag on your own position in New York state\".", "Both were afraid that Kennedy might use the nostalgia for his assassinated brother to \"stampede\" the Democratic National Convention delegates to nominate him, and were hoping that Kennedy might run for Senate in New York, though Rusk was also worried that a Senate run would serve as \"a drag on your own position in New York state\". Furthermore, white Southerners tended to vote Democratic as a bloc at the time, and a poll in 1964 showed that 33% of Southerners would not vote Democratic if Kennedy were Johnson's running mate, causing many Democrat leaders to oppose Kennedy serving as Vice President, lest it alienate one of the most solid and reliable blocs of Democratic voters.", "Furthermore, white Southerners tended to vote Democratic as a bloc at the time, and a poll in 1964 showed that 33% of Southerners would not vote Democratic if Kennedy were Johnson's running mate, causing many Democrat leaders to oppose Kennedy serving as Vice President, lest it alienate one of the most solid and reliable blocs of Democratic voters. At the DNC, Kennedy appeared on the stage to introduce a film honoring his late brother, A Thousand Days, causing the convention hall to explode with cheers for 22 minutes despite Kennedy's gestures indicating that he wanted the crowd to fall silent so he could began his speech.", "At the DNC, Kennedy appeared on the stage to introduce a film honoring his late brother, A Thousand Days, causing the convention hall to explode with cheers for 22 minutes despite Kennedy's gestures indicating that he wanted the crowd to fall silent so he could began his speech. Senator Henry Jackson advised Kennedy, \"Let them get it out of their system\" as he stood on the stage raising his hand to signal he wanted the crowd to stop cheering.", "Senator Henry Jackson advised Kennedy, \"Let them get it out of their system\" as he stood on the stage raising his hand to signal he wanted the crowd to stop cheering. When the crowd finally stopped cheering, Kennedy gave his speech, which ended with a quotation from Romeo and Juliet: \"When he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine, That all the world shall be in love with night, and pay no worship to the garish sun\".", "When the crowd finally stopped cheering, Kennedy gave his speech, which ended with a quotation from Romeo and Juliet: \"When he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine, That all the world shall be in love with night, and pay no worship to the garish sun\". Johnson knew instantly that the reference to the \"garish sun\" was to him.", "Johnson knew instantly that the reference to the \"garish sun\" was to him. U.S. Senate (1965–1968) 1964 election Nine months after his brother's assassination, Kennedy left the cabinet to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate representing New York, announcing his candidacy on August 25, 1964, two days before the end of that year's Democratic National Convention.", "U.S. Senate (1965–1968) 1964 election Nine months after his brother's assassination, Kennedy left the cabinet to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate representing New York, announcing his candidacy on August 25, 1964, two days before the end of that year's Democratic National Convention. He had considered the possibility of running for the seat since early spring, but also giving consideration for governor of Massachusetts or, as he put it, \"go away\", leaving politics altogether after the plane crash and injury of his brother Ted in June, two months earlier.", "He had considered the possibility of running for the seat since early spring, but also giving consideration for governor of Massachusetts or, as he put it, \"go away\", leaving politics altogether after the plane crash and injury of his brother Ted in June, two months earlier. Positive reception in Europe convinced him to remain in politics.", "Positive reception in Europe convinced him to remain in politics. Kennedy was lauded during trips to Germany and Poland, the denizens of the latter country's greetings to Kennedy being interpreted by Leaming as evaporating the agony he had sustained since his brother's passing.", "Kennedy was lauded during trips to Germany and Poland, the denizens of the latter country's greetings to Kennedy being interpreted by Leaming as evaporating the agony he had sustained since his brother's passing. Kennedy was given permission to run by the New York State Democratic Committee on September 1, amid mixed feelings in regards to his candidacy.", "Kennedy was given permission to run by the New York State Democratic Committee on September 1, amid mixed feelings in regards to his candidacy. Despite their notoriously difficult relationship, Johnson gave considerable support to Kennedy's campaign.", "Despite their notoriously difficult relationship, Johnson gave considerable support to Kennedy's campaign. His opponent was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger since he did not reside in the state.", "His opponent was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger since he did not reside in the state. The New York Times editorialized, \"there is nothing illegal about the possible nomination of Robert F. Kennedy of Massachusetts as Senator from New York, but there is plenty of cynical about it, ... merely choosing the state as a convenient launching‐pad for the political ambitions of himself.\"", "The New York Times editorialized, \"there is nothing illegal about the possible nomination of Robert F. Kennedy of Massachusetts as Senator from New York, but there is plenty of cynical about it, ... merely choosing the state as a convenient launching‐pad for the political ambitions of himself.\" The main reason Kennedy chose not to run for the U.S. Senate from his native Massachusetts was that his younger brother Ted was running for reelection.", "The main reason Kennedy chose not to run for the U.S. Senate from his native Massachusetts was that his younger brother Ted was running for reelection. RFK charged Keating with having \"not done much of anything constructive\" despite his presence in Congress during a September 8 press conference.", "RFK charged Keating with having \"not done much of anything constructive\" despite his presence in Congress during a September 8 press conference. Kennedy won the November election, helped in part by Johnson's huge victory margin in New York.", "Kennedy won the November election, helped in part by Johnson's huge victory margin in New York. Tenure Kennedy drew attention in Congress early on as the brother of President Kennedy, which set him apart from other senators.", "Tenure Kennedy drew attention in Congress early on as the brother of President Kennedy, which set him apart from other senators. He drew more than 50 senators as spectators when he delivered a speech in the Senate on nuclear proliferation in June 1965.", "He drew more than 50 senators as spectators when he delivered a speech in the Senate on nuclear proliferation in June 1965. But he also saw a decline in his power, going from the president's most trusted advisor to one of a hundred senators, and his impatience with collaborative lawmaking showed.", "But he also saw a decline in his power, going from the president's most trusted advisor to one of a hundred senators, and his impatience with collaborative lawmaking showed. Though fellow senator Fred R. Harris expected not to like Kennedy, the two became allies; Harris even called them \"each other's best friends in the Senate\".", "Though fellow senator Fred R. Harris expected not to like Kennedy, the two became allies; Harris even called them \"each other's best friends in the Senate\". Kennedy's younger brother Ted was his senior there. Robert saw his brother as a guide on managing within the Senate, and the arrangement worked to deepen their relationship.", "Robert saw his brother as a guide on managing within the Senate, and the arrangement worked to deepen their relationship. Harris noted that Kennedy was intense about matters and issues that concerned him.", "Harris noted that Kennedy was intense about matters and issues that concerned him. Kennedy gained a reputation in the Senate for being well prepared for debate, but his tendency to speak to other senators in a more \"blunt\" fashion caused him to be \"unpopular ... with many of his colleagues\".", "Kennedy gained a reputation in the Senate for being well prepared for debate, but his tendency to speak to other senators in a more \"blunt\" fashion caused him to be \"unpopular ... with many of his colleagues\". While serving in the Senate, Kennedy advocated gun control.", "While serving in the Senate, Kennedy advocated gun control. In May 1965 he co-sponsored S.1592, proposed by President Johnson and sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, that would put federal restrictions on mail-order gun sales.", "In May 1965 he co-sponsored S.1592, proposed by President Johnson and sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, that would put federal restrictions on mail-order gun sales. Speaking in support of the bill, Kennedy said, \"For too long we dealt with these deadly weapons as if they were harmless toys.", "Speaking in support of the bill, Kennedy said, \"For too long we dealt with these deadly weapons as if they were harmless toys. Yet their very presence, the ease of their acquisition and the familiarity of their appearance have led to thousands of deaths each year.", "Yet their very presence, the ease of their acquisition and the familiarity of their appearance have led to thousands of deaths each year. With the passage of this bill we will begin to meet our responsibilities. It would save hundreds of thousands of lives in this country and spare thousands of families ... grief and heartache.", "It would save hundreds of thousands of lives in this country and spare thousands of families ... grief and heartache. ... \" In remarks during a May 1968 campaign stop in Roseburg, Oregon, Kennedy defended the bill as keeping firearms away from \"people who have no business with guns or rifles\".", "... \" In remarks during a May 1968 campaign stop in Roseburg, Oregon, Kennedy defended the bill as keeping firearms away from \"people who have no business with guns or rifles\". The bill forbade \"mail order sale of guns to the very young, those with criminal records and the insane,\" according to The Oregonian'''s report.", "The bill forbade \"mail order sale of guns to the very young, those with criminal records and the insane,\" according to The Oregonian'''s report. S.1592 and subsequent bills, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, paved the way for the eventual passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968.", "S.1592 and subsequent bills, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, paved the way for the eventual passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968. Kennedy and his staff had employed a cautionary \"amendments–only\" strategy for his first year in the senate.", "Kennedy and his staff had employed a cautionary \"amendments–only\" strategy for his first year in the senate. In 1966 and 1967 they took more direct legislative action, but were met with increasing resistance from the Johnson administration.", "In 1966 and 1967 they took more direct legislative action, but were met with increasing resistance from the Johnson administration. Despite perceptions that the two were hostile in their respective offices to each other, U.S. News reported Kennedy's support of the Johnson administration's \"Great Society\" program through his voting record.", "Despite perceptions that the two were hostile in their respective offices to each other, U.S. News reported Kennedy's support of the Johnson administration's \"Great Society\" program through his voting record. Kennedy supported both major and minor parts of the program, and each year over 60% of his roll call votes were consistently in favor of Johnson's policies.", "Kennedy supported both major and minor parts of the program, and each year over 60% of his roll call votes were consistently in favor of Johnson's policies. On February 8, 1966, Kennedy urged the United States to pledge that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons against countries that did not have them noting that China had made the pledge and the Soviet Union indicated it was also willing to do so.", "On February 8, 1966, Kennedy urged the United States to pledge that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons against countries that did not have them noting that China had made the pledge and the Soviet Union indicated it was also willing to do so. In June 1966, he visited apartheid-era South Africa accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and a few aides.", "In June 1966, he visited apartheid-era South Africa accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and a few aides. The tour was greeted with international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa.", "The tour was greeted with international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa. He spoke out against the oppression of the native population, and was welcomed by the black population as though he were a visiting head of state.", "He spoke out against the oppression of the native population, and was welcomed by the black population as though he were a visiting head of state. In an interview with Look magazine he said: At the University of Cape Town he delivered the annual Day of Affirmation Address.", "In an interview with Look magazine he said: At the University of Cape Town he delivered the annual Day of Affirmation Address. A quote from this address appears on his memorial at Arlington National Cemetery: \"Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope.\"", "A quote from this address appears on his memorial at Arlington National Cemetery: \"Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope.\" On January 28, 1967, Kennedy began a ten-day stay in Europe, meeting Harold Wilson in London who advised him to tell President Johnson about his belief that the ongoing Vietnam conflict was wrong.", "On January 28, 1967, Kennedy began a ten-day stay in Europe, meeting Harold Wilson in London who advised him to tell President Johnson about his belief that the ongoing Vietnam conflict was wrong. Upon returning to the U.S. in early February, he was confronted by the press who asked him if his conversations abroad had negatively impacted American foreign relations.", "Upon returning to the U.S. in early February, he was confronted by the press who asked him if his conversations abroad had negatively impacted American foreign relations. During his years as a senator, he helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty-stricken Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn.", "During his years as a senator, he helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty-stricken Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. Schlesinger wrote that Kennedy had hoped Bedford-Stuyvesant would become an example of self-imposed growth for other impoverished neighborhoods.", "Schlesinger wrote that Kennedy had hoped Bedford-Stuyvesant would become an example of self-imposed growth for other impoverished neighborhoods. Kennedy had difficulty securing support from President Johnson, whose administration was charged by Kennedy as having opposed a \"special impact\" program meant to bring about the federal progress that he had supported.", "Kennedy had difficulty securing support from President Johnson, whose administration was charged by Kennedy as having opposed a \"special impact\" program meant to bring about the federal progress that he had supported. Robert B. Semple Jr. repeated similar sentiments in September 1967, writing the Johnson administration was preparing \"a concentrated attack\" on Robert F. Kennedy's proposal that Semple claimed would \"build more and better low-cost housing in the slums through private enterprise.\"", "Robert B. Semple Jr. repeated similar sentiments in September 1967, writing the Johnson administration was preparing \"a concentrated attack\" on Robert F. Kennedy's proposal that Semple claimed would \"build more and better low-cost housing in the slums through private enterprise.\" Kennedy confided to journalist Jack Newfield that while he tried collaborating with the administration through courting its members and compromising with the bill, \"They didn't even try to work something out together.", "Kennedy confided to journalist Jack Newfield that while he tried collaborating with the administration through courting its members and compromising with the bill, \"They didn't even try to work something out together. To them it's all just politics.\"", "To them it's all just politics.\" He also visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of \"War on Poverty\" programs, particularly that of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.", "He also visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of \"War on Poverty\" programs, particularly that of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Marian Wright Edelman described Kennedy as \"deeply moved and outraged\" by the sight of the starving children living in the economically abysmal climate, changing her impression of him from \"tough, arrogant, and politically driven.\"", "Marian Wright Edelman described Kennedy as \"deeply moved and outraged\" by the sight of the starving children living in the economically abysmal climate, changing her impression of him from \"tough, arrogant, and politically driven.\" Edelman noted further that the senator requested she call on Martin Luther King Jr. to bring the impoverished to Washington, D.C., to make them more visible, leading to the creation of the Poor People's Campaign.", "Edelman noted further that the senator requested she call on Martin Luther King Jr. to bring the impoverished to Washington, D.C., to make them more visible, leading to the creation of the Poor People's Campaign. Kennedy sought to remedy the problems of poverty through legislation to encourage private industry to locate in poverty-stricken areas, thus creating jobs for the unemployed, and stressed the importance of work over welfare.", "Kennedy sought to remedy the problems of poverty through legislation to encourage private industry to locate in poverty-stricken areas, thus creating jobs for the unemployed, and stressed the importance of work over welfare. Kennedy worked on the Senate Labor Committee at the time of the workers' rights activism of Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA).", "Kennedy worked on the Senate Labor Committee at the time of the workers' rights activism of Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA). At the request of labor leader Walter Reuther, who had previously marched with and provided money to Chavez, Kennedy flew out to Delano, California, to investigate the situation.", "At the request of labor leader Walter Reuther, who had previously marched with and provided money to Chavez, Kennedy flew out to Delano, California, to investigate the situation. Although little attention was paid to the first two committee hearings in March 1966 for legislation to include farm workers by an amendment of the National Labor Relations Act, Kennedy's attendance at the third hearing brought media coverage.", "Although little attention was paid to the first two committee hearings in March 1966 for legislation to include farm workers by an amendment of the National Labor Relations Act, Kennedy's attendance at the third hearing brought media coverage. Biographer Thomas wrote that Kennedy was moved after seeing the conditions of the workers, who he deemed were being taken advantage of.", "Biographer Thomas wrote that Kennedy was moved after seeing the conditions of the workers, who he deemed were being taken advantage of. Chavez stressed to Kennedy that migrant workers needed to be recognized as human beings.", "Chavez stressed to Kennedy that migrant workers needed to be recognized as human beings. Kennedy later engaged in an exchange with Kern County sheriff Leroy Galyen where he criticized the sheriff's deputies for taking photographs of \"people on picket lines.\"", "Kennedy later engaged in an exchange with Kern County sheriff Leroy Galyen where he criticized the sheriff's deputies for taking photographs of \"people on picket lines.\" As a senator, he was popular among African Americans and other minorities including Native Americans and immigrant groups.", "As a senator, he was popular among African Americans and other minorities including Native Americans and immigrant groups. He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the \"disaffected\", the impoverished, and \"the excluded\", thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners, leading the Democratic party in pursuit of a more aggressive agenda to eliminate perceived discrimination on all levels.", "He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the \"disaffected\", the impoverished, and \"the excluded\", thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners, leading the Democratic party in pursuit of a more aggressive agenda to eliminate perceived discrimination on all levels. He supported desegregation busing, integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment, and provide health care for African Americans.", "He supported desegregation busing, integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment, and provide health care for African Americans. Consistent with President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, he also placed increasing emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.S. foreign policy.", "Consistent with President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, he also placed increasing emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.S. foreign policy. Vietnam The JFK administration had backed U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world in the frame of the Cold War, but Kennedy was not known to be involved in discussions on the Vietnam War when he was his brother's attorney general.Hilty, p. 460.", "Vietnam The JFK administration had backed U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world in the frame of the Cold War, but Kennedy was not known to be involved in discussions on the Vietnam War when he was his brother's attorney general.Hilty, p. 460. According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, before choosing to run for the Senate, Kennedy had sought an ambassadorship to South Vietnam.", "According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, before choosing to run for the Senate, Kennedy had sought an ambassadorship to South Vietnam. Entering the Senate, Kennedy initially kept private his disagreements with President Johnson on the war. While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops.", "While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops. Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965, Kennedy did not wish to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda.", "Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965, Kennedy did not wish to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda. But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month.", "But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month. Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers.", "Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation.", "In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, wrote that Kennedy \"indicat[ed] comprehension of the problems we face\", in a letter to the senator.", "The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, wrote that Kennedy \"indicat[ed] comprehension of the problems we face\", in a letter to the senator. In December 1965, Kennedy advised his friend, the Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, that he should counsel Johnson to declare a ceasefire in Vietnam, a bombing pause over North Vietnam, and to take up an offer by Algeria to serve as a \"honest broker\" in peace talks.", "In December 1965, Kennedy advised his friend, the Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, that he should counsel Johnson to declare a ceasefire in Vietnam, a bombing pause over North Vietnam, and to take up an offer by Algeria to serve as a \"honest broker\" in peace talks. The left-wing Algerian government had friendly relations with North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front and had indicated in 1965-1966 that it was willing to serve as a conduit for peace talks, but most of Johnson's advisers were leery of the Algerian offer.", "The left-wing Algerian government had friendly relations with North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front and had indicated in 1965-1966 that it was willing to serve as a conduit for peace talks, but most of Johnson's advisers were leery of the Algerian offer. On January 31, 1966, Kennedy in a speech on the Senate floor stated: \"If we regard bombing as the answer in Vietnam, we are headed straight for disaster\".", "On January 31, 1966, Kennedy in a speech on the Senate floor stated: \"If we regard bombing as the answer in Vietnam, we are headed straight for disaster\". In February 1966, Kennedy released a peace plan that called for preserving South Vietnam while at the same time allowing the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong, to join a coalition government in Saigon.", "In February 1966, Kennedy released a peace plan that called for preserving South Vietnam while at the same time allowing the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong, to join a coalition government in Saigon. When asked by reporters if he was speaking on behalf of Johnson, Kennedy replied: \"I don't think anyone has ever suggested that I was speaking for the White House\".", "When asked by reporters if he was speaking on behalf of Johnson, Kennedy replied: \"I don't think anyone has ever suggested that I was speaking for the White House\". Kennedy's peace plan made front page news with The New York Times calling it a break with the president while the Chicago Tribunal labelled him in an editorial \"Ho Chi Kennedy\".", "Kennedy's peace plan made front page news with The New York Times calling it a break with the president while the Chicago Tribunal labelled him in an editorial \"Ho Chi Kennedy\". Vice President Humphrey on a visit to New Zealand stated that Kennedy's \"peace recipe\" included \"a dose of arsenic\" while the National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy quoted to the press Kennedy's remarks from 1963 saying he was against including Communists in coalition governments (though Kennedy's subject was Germany, not Vietnam).", "Vice President Humphrey on a visit to New Zealand stated that Kennedy's \"peace recipe\" included \"a dose of arsenic\" while the National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy quoted to the press Kennedy's remarks from 1963 saying he was against including Communists in coalition governments (though Kennedy's subject was Germany, not Vietnam). Kennedy was displeased when he heard anti-war protesters chanting his name, saying \"I'm not Wayne Morse\".", "Kennedy was displeased when he heard anti-war protesters chanting his name, saying \"I'm not Wayne Morse\". To put aside reports of a rift with Johnson, Kennedy flew with Johnson on Air Force One on a trip to New York on February 23, 1966, and barely clapped his hands in approval when Johnson denied waging a war of conquest in Vietnam.", "To put aside reports of a rift with Johnson, Kennedy flew with Johnson on Air Force One on a trip to New York on February 23, 1966, and barely clapped his hands in approval when Johnson denied waging a war of conquest in Vietnam. In an interview with the Today program, Kennedy conceded that his views on Vietnam were \"a little confusing\".", "In an interview with the Today program, Kennedy conceded that his views on Vietnam were \"a little confusing\". In April 1966, Kennedy had a private meeting with Philip Heymann of the State Department's Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs to discuss efforts to secure the release of American prisoners of war in Vietnam.", "In April 1966, Kennedy had a private meeting with Philip Heymann of the State Department's Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs to discuss efforts to secure the release of American prisoners of war in Vietnam. Kennedy wanted to press the Johnson administration to do more, but Heymann insisted that the administration believed the \"consequences of sitting down with the Viet Cong\" mattered more than the prisoners they were holding captive.", "Kennedy wanted to press the Johnson administration to do more, but Heymann insisted that the administration believed the \"consequences of sitting down with the Viet Cong\" mattered more than the prisoners they were holding captive. On June 29 of that year, Kennedy released a statement disavowing President Johnson's choice to bomb Haiphong, but he avoided criticizing either the war or the president's overall foreign policy, believing that it might harm Democratic candidates in the 1966 midterm elections.", "On June 29 of that year, Kennedy released a statement disavowing President Johnson's choice to bomb Haiphong, but he avoided criticizing either the war or the president's overall foreign policy, believing that it might harm Democratic candidates in the 1966 midterm elections. In August, the International Herald Tribune described Kennedy's popularity as outpacing President Johnson's, crediting Kennedy's attempts to end the Vietnam conflict which the public increasingly desired.", "In August, the International Herald Tribune described Kennedy's popularity as outpacing President Johnson's, crediting Kennedy's attempts to end the Vietnam conflict which the public increasingly desired. In the early part of 1967, Kennedy traveled to Europe, where he had discussions about Vietnam with leaders and diplomats.", "In the early part of 1967, Kennedy traveled to Europe, where he had discussions about Vietnam with leaders and diplomats. A story leaked to the State Department that Kennedy was talking about seeking peace while President Johnson was pursuing the war. Johnson became convinced that Kennedy was undermining his authority.", "Johnson became convinced that Kennedy was undermining his authority. He voiced this during a meeting with Kennedy, who reiterated the interest of the European leaders to pause the bombing while going forward with negotiations; Johnson declined to do so.", "He voiced this during a meeting with Kennedy, who reiterated the interest of the European leaders to pause the bombing while going forward with negotiations; Johnson declined to do so. On March 2, Kennedy outlined a three-point plan to end the war which included suspending the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, and the eventual withdrawal of American and North Vietnamese soldiers from South Vietnam; this plan was rejected by Secretary of State Dean Rusk, who believed North Vietnam would never agree to it.", "On March 2, Kennedy outlined a three-point plan to end the war which included suspending the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, and the eventual withdrawal of American and North Vietnamese soldiers from South Vietnam; this plan was rejected by Secretary of State Dean Rusk, who believed North Vietnam would never agree to it. On May 15, Kennedy debated Governor of California Ronald Reagan about the war.", "On May 15, Kennedy debated Governor of California Ronald Reagan about the war. On November 26, 1967, during an appearance on Face the Nation, Kennedy asserted that the Johnson administration had deviated from his brother's policies in Vietnam, his first time contrasting the two administrations' policies on the war.", "On November 26, 1967, during an appearance on Face the Nation, Kennedy asserted that the Johnson administration had deviated from his brother's policies in Vietnam, his first time contrasting the two administrations' policies on the war. He added that the view that Americans were fighting to end communism in Vietnam was \"immoral\".Clarke, p. 32.", "He added that the view that Americans were fighting to end communism in Vietnam was \"immoral\".Clarke, p. 32. On February 8, 1968, Kennedy delivered an address in Chicago, where he critiqued Saigon \"government corruption\" and expressed his disagreement with the Johnson administration's stance that the war would determine the future of Asia.", "On February 8, 1968, Kennedy delivered an address in Chicago, where he critiqued Saigon \"government corruption\" and expressed his disagreement with the Johnson administration's stance that the war would determine the future of Asia. On March 14, Kennedy met with defense secretary Clark Clifford at the Pentagon regarding the war.", "On March 14, Kennedy met with defense secretary Clark Clifford at the Pentagon regarding the war. Clifford's notes indicate that Kennedy was offering not to enter the ongoing Democratic presidential primary if President Johnson would admit publicly to having been wrong in his war policy and appoint \"a group of persons to conduct a study in depth of the issues and come up with a recommended course of action\"; Johnson rejected the proposal.", "Clifford's notes indicate that Kennedy was offering not to enter the ongoing Democratic presidential primary if President Johnson would admit publicly to having been wrong in his war policy and appoint \"a group of persons to conduct a study in depth of the issues and come up with a recommended course of action\"; Johnson rejected the proposal. On April 1, after President Johnson halted bombing of North Vietnam, RFK said the decision was a \"step toward peace\" and, though offering to collaborate with Johnson for national unity, opted to continue his presidential bid.", "On April 1, after President Johnson halted bombing of North Vietnam, RFK said the decision was a \"step toward peace\" and, though offering to collaborate with Johnson for national unity, opted to continue his presidential bid. On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the \"domestic progress\" hoped for by the US.", "On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the \"domestic progress\" hoped for by the US. Later that month, Kennedy called the war \"the gravest kind of error\" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon.", "Later that month, Kennedy called the war \"the gravest kind of error\" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon. In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war.", "In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war. Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not support either a simple withdrawal or a surrender in South Vietnam and favored instead a change in the course of action taken so it would bring an \"honorable peace.\"", "Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not support either a simple withdrawal or a surrender in South Vietnam and favored instead a change in the course of action taken so it would bring an \"honorable peace.\" Presidential candidate In 1968 President Johnson prepared to run for re-election.", "Presidential candidate In 1968 President Johnson prepared to run for re-election. In January, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent president, Kennedy stated that he would not seek the presidency.", "In January, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent president, Kennedy stated that he would not seek the presidency. After the Tet Offensive in Vietnam in early February 1968, he received a letter from writer Pete Hamill that said poor people kept pictures of President Kennedy on their walls and that Kennedy had an \"obligation of staying true to whatever it was that put those pictures on those walls.\"", "After the Tet Offensive in Vietnam in early February 1968, he received a letter from writer Pete Hamill that said poor people kept pictures of President Kennedy on their walls and that Kennedy had an \"obligation of staying true to whatever it was that put those pictures on those walls.\" Kennedy traveled to Delano, California, to meet with civil rights activist César Chávez, who was on a 25-day hunger strike showing his commitment to nonviolence.", "Kennedy traveled to Delano, California, to meet with civil rights activist César Chávez, who was on a 25-day hunger strike showing his commitment to nonviolence. It was on this visit to California that Kennedy decided he would challenge Johnson for the presidency, telling his former Justice Department aides, Edwin Guthman and Peter Edelman, that his first step was to get lesser-known Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to drop out of the presidential race.", "It was on this visit to California that Kennedy decided he would challenge Johnson for the presidency, telling his former Justice Department aides, Edwin Guthman and Peter Edelman, that his first step was to get lesser-known Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to drop out of the presidential race. The weekend before the New Hampshire primary, Kennedy announced to several aides that he would attempt to persuade McCarthy to withdraw from the race to avoid splitting the antiwar vote, but Senator George McGovern urged Kennedy to wait until after that primary to announce his candidacy.", "The weekend before the New Hampshire primary, Kennedy announced to several aides that he would attempt to persuade McCarthy to withdraw from the race to avoid splitting the antiwar vote, but Senator George McGovern urged Kennedy to wait until after that primary to announce his candidacy. Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, 1968, against McCarthy, but this close second-place result dramatically boosted McCarthy's standing in the race.", "Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, 1968, against McCarthy, but this close second-place result dramatically boosted McCarthy's standing in the race. After much speculation, and reports leaking out about his plans, and seeing in McCarthy's success that Johnson's hold on the job was not as strong as originally thought, Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16, 1968, in the Caucus Room of the old Senate office building, the same room where his brother had declared his own candidacy eight years earlier.", "After much speculation, and reports leaking out about his plans, and seeing in McCarthy's success that Johnson's hold on the job was not as strong as originally thought, Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16, 1968, in the Caucus Room of the old Senate office building, the same room where his brother had declared his own candidacy eight years earlier. He stated, \"I do not run for the presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new policies.", "He stated, \"I do not run for the presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new policies. I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can.\"", "I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can.\" McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an opportunist.", "McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an opportunist. They believed that McCarthy had taken the most courageous stand by opposing the sitting president of his own party and that his surprising result in New Hampshire had earned him the mantle of being the anti-war candidate. Kennedy's announcement split the anti-war movement in two.", "Kennedy's announcement split the anti-war movement in two. On March 31, 1968, Johnson stunned the nation by dropping out of the race.", "On March 31, 1968, Johnson stunned the nation by dropping out of the race. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, a champion of the labor unions and a long supporter of civil rights, entered the race with the financial backing and critical endorsement of the party \"establishment\", including most members of Congress, mayors, governors, \"the south\", and several major labor unions.", "Vice President Hubert Humphrey, a champion of the labor unions and a long supporter of civil rights, entered the race with the financial backing and critical endorsement of the party \"establishment\", including most members of Congress, mayors, governors, \"the south\", and several major labor unions. With state registration deadlines long past, Humphrey joined the race too late to enter any primaries but had the support of the president.Schlesinger (2002) [1978], p. 884.", "With state registration deadlines long past, Humphrey joined the race too late to enter any primaries but had the support of the president.Schlesinger (2002) [1978], p. 884. Kennedy, like his brother before him, planned to win the nomination through popular support in the primaries.", "Kennedy, like his brother before him, planned to win the nomination through popular support in the primaries. Kennedy ran on a platform of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power, and social change.", "Kennedy ran on a platform of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power, and social change. A crucial element of his campaign was an engagement with the young, whom he identified as being the future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality.", "A crucial element of his campaign was an engagement with the young, whom he identified as being the future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality. His policy objectives did not sit well with the business community, where he was viewed as something of a fiscal liability, opposed as they were to the tax increases necessary to fund social programs.", "His policy objectives did not sit well with the business community, where he was viewed as something of a fiscal liability, opposed as they were to the tax increases necessary to fund social programs. At one of his university speeches (Indiana University Medical School), he was asked, \"Where are we going to get the money to pay for all these new programs you're proposing?\"", "At one of his university speeches (Indiana University Medical School), he was asked, \"Where are we going to get the money to pay for all these new programs you're proposing?\" He replied to the medical students, about to enter lucrative careers, \"From you. \"Newfield, Jack.", "\"Newfield, Jack. \"Newfield, Jack. (1988) [1969]. Robert Kennedy: A Memoir. Plume It was this intense and frank mode of dialogue with which he was to continue to engage those whom he viewed as not being traditional allies of Democratic ideals or initiatives.", "Plume It was this intense and frank mode of dialogue with which he was to continue to engage those whom he viewed as not being traditional allies of Democratic ideals or initiatives. In a speech at the University of Alabama, he argued, \"I believe that any who seek high office this year must go before all Americans, not just those who agree with them, but also those who disagree, recognizing that it is not just our supporters, not just those who vote for us, but all Americans who we must lead in the difficult years ahead.\"", "In a speech at the University of Alabama, he argued, \"I believe that any who seek high office this year must go before all Americans, not just those who agree with them, but also those who disagree, recognizing that it is not just our supporters, not just those who vote for us, but all Americans who we must lead in the difficult years ahead.\" He aroused rabid animosity in some quarters, with J. Edgar Hoover's Deputy Clyde Tolson reported as saying, \"I hope that someone shoots and kills the son of a bitch.\"", "He aroused rabid animosity in some quarters, with J. Edgar Hoover's Deputy Clyde Tolson reported as saying, \"I hope that someone shoots and kills the son of a bitch.\" Kennedy's presidential campaign brought out both \"great enthusiasm\" and anger in people.", "Kennedy's presidential campaign brought out both \"great enthusiasm\" and anger in people. His message of change raised hope for some and brought fear to others. Kennedy wanted to be a bridge across the divide of American society.", "Kennedy wanted to be a bridge across the divide of American society. His bid for the presidency saw not only a continuation of the programs he and his brother had undertaken during the president's term in office, but also an extension of Johnson's Great Society.", "His bid for the presidency saw not only a continuation of the programs he and his brother had undertaken during the president's term in office, but also an extension of Johnson's Great Society. Kennedy visited numerous small towns and made himself available to the masses by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches, often in troubled inner cities.", "Kennedy visited numerous small towns and made himself available to the masses by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches, often in troubled inner cities. He made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part led to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia.", "He made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part led to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia. On April 4, 1968, Kennedy learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and gave a heartfelt impromptu speech in Indianapolis's inner city, calling for a reconciliation between the races.", "On April 4, 1968, Kennedy learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and gave a heartfelt impromptu speech in Indianapolis's inner city, calling for a reconciliation between the races. The address was the first time Kennedy spoke publicly about his brother's killing.", "The address was the first time Kennedy spoke publicly about his brother's killing. Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death, but not in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of this speech.", "Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death, but not in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of this speech. Kennedy addressed the City Club of Cleveland the next day, on April 5, 1968, delivering the famous On the Mindless Menace of Violence speech.", "Kennedy addressed the City Club of Cleveland the next day, on April 5, 1968, delivering the famous On the Mindless Menace of Violence speech. He attended King's funeral, accompanied by Jacqueline and Ted Kennedy. He was described as being the \"only white politician to hear only cheers and applause.\"", "He was described as being the \"only white politician to hear only cheers and applause.\" Despite Kennedy's high profile and name recognition, McCarthy won most of the early primaries, including Kennedy's native state of Massachusetts.", "Despite Kennedy's high profile and name recognition, McCarthy won most of the early primaries, including Kennedy's native state of Massachusetts. Kennedy won the Indiana Democratic primary on May 7 with 42 percent of the vote, and the Nebraska primary on May 14 with 52 percent of the vote.", "Kennedy won the Indiana Democratic primary on May 7 with 42 percent of the vote, and the Nebraska primary on May 14 with 52 percent of the vote. On May 28, Kennedy lost the Oregon primary, marking the first time a Kennedy lost an election, and it was assumed that McCarthy was the preferred choice among the young voters.", "On May 28, Kennedy lost the Oregon primary, marking the first time a Kennedy lost an election, and it was assumed that McCarthy was the preferred choice among the young voters. If he could defeat McCarthy in the California primary, the leadership of the campaign thought, he would knock McCarthy out of the race and set up a one-on-one against Vice President Humphrey at the Chicago national convention in August.", "If he could defeat McCarthy in the California primary, the leadership of the campaign thought, he would knock McCarthy out of the race and set up a one-on-one against Vice President Humphrey at the Chicago national convention in August. Assassination Kennedy scored major victories when he won both the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4.", "Assassination Kennedy scored major victories when he won both the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4. He addressed his supporters shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in a ballroom at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.", "He addressed his supporters shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in a ballroom at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Leaving the ballroom, he went through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a shortcut to a press room. He did this despite being advised by his bodyguard—former FBI agent Bill Barry—to avoid the kitchen.", "He did this despite being advised by his bodyguard—former FBI agent Bill Barry—to avoid the kitchen. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with hotel busboy Juan Romero just as Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22-caliber revolver.", "In a crowded kitchen passageway, Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with hotel busboy Juan Romero just as Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22-caliber revolver. Kennedy was hit three times, and five other people were wounded.", "Kennedy was hit three times, and five other people were wounded. George Plimpton, former decathlete Rafer Johnson, and former professional football player Rosey Grier are credited with wrestling Sirhan to the ground after he shot the senator. As Kennedy lay mortally wounded, Romero cradled his head and placed a rosary in his hand.", "As Kennedy lay mortally wounded, Romero cradled his head and placed a rosary in his hand. Kennedy asked Romero, \"Is everybody OK?", "Kennedy asked Romero, \"Is everybody OK? \", and Romero responded, \"Yes, everybody's OK.\" Kennedy then turned away from Romero and said, \"Everything's going to be OK.\" After several minutes, medical attendants arrived and lifted the senator onto a stretcher, prompting him to whisper, \"Don't lift me\", which were his last words.", "\", and Romero responded, \"Yes, everybody's OK.\" Kennedy then turned away from Romero and said, \"Everything's going to be OK.\" After several minutes, medical attendants arrived and lifted the senator onto a stretcher, prompting him to whisper, \"Don't lift me\", which were his last words. He lost consciousness shortly thereafter.", "He lost consciousness shortly thereafter. He lost consciousness shortly thereafter. He was rushed first to Los Angeles' Central Receiving Hospital, less than east of the Ambassador Hotel, and then to the adjoining (one city block distant) Good Samaritan Hospital.", "He was rushed first to Los Angeles' Central Receiving Hospital, less than east of the Ambassador Hotel, and then to the adjoining (one city block distant) Good Samaritan Hospital. Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:44 a.m. (PDT) on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting.", "Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:44 a.m. (PDT) on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting. Robert Kennedy's death, like the 1963 assassination of his brother, President John F. Kennedy, has been the subject of conspiracy theories.", "Robert Kennedy's death, like the 1963 assassination of his brother, President John F. Kennedy, has been the subject of conspiracy theories. Funeral Kennedy's body was returned to Manhattan, where it lay in repose at Saint Patrick's Cathedral from approximately 10:00 p.m. until 10:00 a.m. on June 8.", "Funeral Kennedy's body was returned to Manhattan, where it lay in repose at Saint Patrick's Cathedral from approximately 10:00 p.m. until 10:00 a.m. on June 8. A high requiem Mass was held at the cathedral at 10:00 a.m. on June 8.", "A high requiem Mass was held at the cathedral at 10:00 a.m. on June 8. The service was attended by members of the extended Kennedy family, President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson, and members of the Johnson cabinet.", "The service was attended by members of the extended Kennedy family, President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson, and members of the Johnson cabinet. Ted, the only surviving Kennedy brother, said the following: The requiem Mass concluded with the hymn \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\", sung by Andy Williams.", "Ted, the only surviving Kennedy brother, said the following: The requiem Mass concluded with the hymn \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\", sung by Andy Williams. Immediately following the Mass, Kennedy's body was transported by a special private train to Washington, D.C. Kennedy's funeral train was pulled by two Penn Central GG1 electric locomotives.", "Immediately following the Mass, Kennedy's body was transported by a special private train to Washington, D.C. Kennedy's funeral train was pulled by two Penn Central GG1 electric locomotives. Thousands of mourners lined the tracks and stations along the route, paying their respects as the train passed. The train departed New York Penn Station at 12:30 pm.", "The train departed New York Penn Station at 12:30 pm. When it arrived in Elizabeth, New Jersey, an eastbound train on a parallel track to the funeral train hit and killed two spectators and seriously injured four, after they were unable to get off the track in time, even though the eastbound train's engineer had slowed to 30 mph for the normally 55 mph curve, blown his horn continuously, and rung his bell through the curve.Wicker, Tom.", "When it arrived in Elizabeth, New Jersey, an eastbound train on a parallel track to the funeral train hit and killed two spectators and seriously injured four, after they were unable to get off the track in time, even though the eastbound train's engineer had slowed to 30 mph for the normally 55 mph curve, blown his horn continuously, and rung his bell through the curve.Wicker, Tom. President Joins Kennedys in Tribute at Graveside.", "President Joins Kennedys in Tribute at Graveside. The New York Times. June 9, 1968. The normally four-hour trip took more than eight hours because of the thick crowds lining the tracks on the journey.", "The normally four-hour trip took more than eight hours because of the thick crowds lining the tracks on the journey. The train was scheduled to arrive at about 4:30 pm,Madden, Richard L. \"Kennedy Will Be Buried a Few Steps From the Arlington Grave of His Brother.\" New York Times.", "New York Times. New York Times. June 8, 1968. but sticking brakes on the casket-bearing car contributed to delays, and the train finally arrived at 9:10 p.m. on June 8. Burial Kennedy was buried close to his brother John in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.", "Burial Kennedy was buried close to his brother John in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Although he had always maintained that he wished to be buried in Massachusetts, his family believed Robert should be interred in Arlington next to his brother.", "Although he had always maintained that he wished to be buried in Massachusetts, his family believed Robert should be interred in Arlington next to his brother. The procession left Union Station and passed the New Senate Office Building, where he had his offices, and then proceeded to the Lincoln Memorial, where it paused.", "The procession left Union Station and passed the New Senate Office Building, where he had his offices, and then proceeded to the Lincoln Memorial, where it paused. The Marine Corps Band played The Battle Hymn of the Republic. The funeral motorcade arrived at the cemetery at 10:24 pm.", "The funeral motorcade arrived at the cemetery at 10:24 pm. As the vehicles entered the cemetery, people lining the roadway spontaneously lit candles to guide the motorcade to the burial site.", "As the vehicles entered the cemetery, people lining the roadway spontaneously lit candles to guide the motorcade to the burial site. The 15-minute ceremony began at 10:30 p.m. Cardinal Patrick O'Boyle, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Washington, officiated at the graveside service in lieu of Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston, who fell ill during the trip.", "The 15-minute ceremony began at 10:30 p.m. Cardinal Patrick O'Boyle, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Washington, officiated at the graveside service in lieu of Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston, who fell ill during the trip. Also officiating was Archbishop of New York Terence Cooke.", "Also officiating was Archbishop of New York Terence Cooke. On behalf of the United States, John Glenn presented the folded flag to Senator Ted Kennedy, who passed it to Robert's eldest son, Joe, who passed it to Ethel Kennedy. The Navy Band played The Navy Hymn.", "The Navy Band played The Navy Hymn. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery said that Kennedy's burial was the only night burial to have taken place at the cemetery.", "Officials at Arlington National Cemetery said that Kennedy's burial was the only night burial to have taken place at the cemetery. (The re-interment of Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, who died two days after his birth in August 1963, and a stillborn daughter, Arabella, both children of President Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, also occurred at night.)", "(The re-interment of Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, who died two days after his birth in August 1963, and a stillborn daughter, Arabella, both children of President Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, also occurred at night.) After the president was interred in Arlington Cemetery, the two infants were buried next to him on December 5, 1963, in a private ceremony without publicity.", "After the president was interred in Arlington Cemetery, the two infants were buried next to him on December 5, 1963, in a private ceremony without publicity. His brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried at night, in 2009.", "His brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried at night, in 2009. On June 9, President Lyndon B. Johnson assigned security staff to all U.S. presidential candidates and declared an official national day of mourning.", "On June 9, President Lyndon B. Johnson assigned security staff to all U.S. presidential candidates and declared an official national day of mourning. After the assassination, the mandate of the U.S. Secret Service was altered by Congress to include the protection of U.S. presidential candidates.", "After the assassination, the mandate of the U.S. Secret Service was altered by Congress to include the protection of U.S. presidential candidates. Personal life Family On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married socialite Ethel Skakel, the third daughter of businessman George and Ann Skakel (née Brannack), at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "Personal life Family On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married socialite Ethel Skakel, the third daughter of businessman George and Ann Skakel (née Brannack), at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut. The couple had 11 children; Kathleen (b. 1951), Joseph (b.", "1951), Joseph (b. 1952), Robert Jr. (b. 1954), David (1955–1984), Courtney (b. 1956), Michael (1958–1997), Kerry (b. 1959), Christopher (b. 1963), Max (b. 1965), Douglas (b.", "1965), Douglas (b. 1967), and Rory (b. December 1968, after her father's assassination).", "1967), and Rory (b. December 1968, after her father's assassination). Kennedy owned a home at the well-known Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, but spent most of his time at his estate in McLean, Virginia, known as Hickory Hill (west of Washington, D.C.).", "Kennedy owned a home at the well-known Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, but spent most of his time at his estate in McLean, Virginia, known as Hickory Hill (west of Washington, D.C.). His widow, Ethel, and their children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death.", "His widow, Ethel, and their children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death. Ethel Kennedy sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in 2009. Attitudes and approach Kennedy was said to be the gentlest and shyest of the family, as well as the least articulate verbally.", "Attitudes and approach Kennedy was said to be the gentlest and shyest of the family, as well as the least articulate verbally. By the time he was a young boy, his grandmother, Josie Fitzgerald, worried he would become a \"sissy\".", "By the time he was a young boy, his grandmother, Josie Fitzgerald, worried he would become a \"sissy\". His mother had a similar concern, as he was the \"smallest and thinnest\", but soon afterward, the family discovered \"there was no fear of that\".", "His mother had a similar concern, as he was the \"smallest and thinnest\", but soon afterward, the family discovered \"there was no fear of that\". Family friend Lem Billings met Kennedy when he was eight years old and would later reflect that he loved him, adding that Kennedy \"was the nicest little boy I ever met\".", "Family friend Lem Billings met Kennedy when he was eight years old and would later reflect that he loved him, adding that Kennedy \"was the nicest little boy I ever met\". Billings also said Kennedy was barely noticed \"in the early days, but that's because he didn't bother anybody\".", "Billings also said Kennedy was barely noticed \"in the early days, but that's because he didn't bother anybody\". Luella Hennessey, who became the nurse for the Kennedy children when Kennedy was 12, called him \"the most thoughtful and considerate\" of his siblings.", "Luella Hennessey, who became the nurse for the Kennedy children when Kennedy was 12, called him \"the most thoughtful and considerate\" of his siblings. Kennedy was teased by his siblings, as in their family it was a norm for humor to be displayed in that fashion. He would turn jokes on himself or remain silent.", "He would turn jokes on himself or remain silent. Despite his gentle demeanor, he could be outspoken, and once engaged a priest in a public argument that horrified his mother, who later conceded that he had been correct all along. Even when arguing for a noble cause, his comments could have \"a cutting quality\".", "Even when arguing for a noble cause, his comments could have \"a cutting quality\". Although Joe Kennedy's most ambitious dreams centered around Bobby's older brothers, Bobby maintained the code of personal loyalty that seemed to infuse the life of his family.", "Although Joe Kennedy's most ambitious dreams centered around Bobby's older brothers, Bobby maintained the code of personal loyalty that seemed to infuse the life of his family. His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them more affectionately close.", "His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them more affectionately close. A rather timid child, he was often the target of his father's dominating temperament.", "A rather timid child, he was often the target of his father's dominating temperament. Working on the campaigns of older brother John, he was more involved, passionate, and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with detail, fighting out every battle, and taking workers to task.", "Working on the campaigns of older brother John, he was more involved, passionate, and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with detail, fighting out every battle, and taking workers to task. He had always been closer to John than the other members of the family.", "He had always been closer to John than the other members of the family. Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegiate magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner.", "Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegiate magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner. His professional life was dominated by the same attitudes that governed his family life: a certainty that good humor and leisure must be balanced by service and accomplishment.", "His professional life was dominated by the same attitudes that governed his family life: a certainty that good humor and leisure must be balanced by service and accomplishment. Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians, at once both temperamental and forgiving.", "Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians, at once both temperamental and forgiving. In this he was very much his father's son, lacking truly lasting emotional independence, and yet possessing a great desire to contribute.", "In this he was very much his father's son, lacking truly lasting emotional independence, and yet possessing a great desire to contribute. He lacked the innate self-confidence of his contemporaries yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life, an experience that he stated had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena.", "He lacked the innate self-confidence of his contemporaries yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life, an experience that he stated had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena. Upon hearing yet again the assertion that he was \"ruthless\", Kennedy once joked to a reporter, \"If I find out who has called me ruthless I will destroy him.\"", "Upon hearing yet again the assertion that he was \"ruthless\", Kennedy once joked to a reporter, \"If I find out who has called me ruthless I will destroy him.\" He also confessed to possessing a bad temper that required self-control: \"My biggest problem as counsel is to keep my temper.", "He also confessed to possessing a bad temper that required self-control: \"My biggest problem as counsel is to keep my temper. I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate, he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth.", "I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate, he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth. To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside.", "To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside. But you can't lose your temper; if you do, the witness has gotten the best of you.\" Attorney Michael O'Donnell wrote, \"[Kennedy] offered that most intoxicating of political aphrodisiacs: authenticity.", "Attorney Michael O'Donnell wrote, \"[Kennedy] offered that most intoxicating of political aphrodisiacs: authenticity. He was blunt to a fault, and his favorite campaign activity was arguing with college students. To many, his idealistic opportunism was irresistible.\" In his earlier life, Kennedy had developed a reputation as the family's attack dog.", "In his earlier life, Kennedy had developed a reputation as the family's attack dog. He was a hostile cross-examiner on Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee; a fixer and leg-breaker as JFK's campaign manager; an unforgiving and merciless cutthroat—his father's son right down to Joseph Kennedy's purported observation that \"he hates like me.\"", "He was a hostile cross-examiner on Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee; a fixer and leg-breaker as JFK's campaign manager; an unforgiving and merciless cutthroat—his father's son right down to Joseph Kennedy's purported observation that \"he hates like me.\" Yet Bobby Kennedy somehow became a liberal icon, an antiwar visionary who tried to outflank Lyndon Johnson's Great Society from the left.", "Yet Bobby Kennedy somehow became a liberal icon, an antiwar visionary who tried to outflank Lyndon Johnson's Great Society from the left. On Kennedy's ideological development, his brother John once remarked, \"He might once have been intolerant of liberals as such because his early experience was with that high-minded, high-speaking kind who never got anything done.", "On Kennedy's ideological development, his brother John once remarked, \"He might once have been intolerant of liberals as such because his early experience was with that high-minded, high-speaking kind who never got anything done. That all changed the moment he met a liberal like Walter Reuther.\"", "That all changed the moment he met a liberal like Walter Reuther.\" Religious faith and Greek philosophy Kennedy's Catholicism was central to his politics and personal attitude to life and its purpose; he inherited his faith from his family. He was more religious than his brothers and approached his duties with a Catholic worldview.", "He was more religious than his brothers and approached his duties with a Catholic worldview. Throughout his life, he made reference to his faith, how it informed every area of his life, and how it gave him the strength to re-enter politics following his older brother's assassination.", "Throughout his life, he made reference to his faith, how it informed every area of his life, and how it gave him the strength to re-enter politics following his older brother's assassination. His was not an unresponsive and staid faith, but the faith of a Catholic Radical, perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history.", "His was not an unresponsive and staid faith, but the faith of a Catholic Radical, perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history. In the last years of his life, he also found great solace in the playwrights and poets of ancient Greece, especially the writings of Aeschylus, suggested to him by Jacqueline after JFK's death.", "In the last years of his life, he also found great solace in the playwrights and poets of ancient Greece, especially the writings of Aeschylus, suggested to him by Jacqueline after JFK's death. In his Indianapolis speech on April 4, 1968, on the day of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Kennedy quoted these lines from Aeschylus: Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.", "In his Indianapolis speech on April 4, 1968, on the day of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Kennedy quoted these lines from Aeschylus: Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God. Legacy Kennedy was the first sibling of a president of the United States to serve as U.S. Attorney General.", "Legacy Kennedy was the first sibling of a president of the United States to serve as U.S. Attorney General. Biographer Evan Thomas wrote that at times Kennedy misused his powers by \"modern standards\", but concluded, \"on the whole, even counting his warts, he was a great attorney general.\"", "Biographer Evan Thomas wrote that at times Kennedy misused his powers by \"modern standards\", but concluded, \"on the whole, even counting his warts, he was a great attorney general.\" Walter Isaacson commented that Kennedy \"turned out arguably to be the best attorney general in history\", praising him for his championing of civil rights and other initiatives of the administration.", "Walter Isaacson commented that Kennedy \"turned out arguably to be the best attorney general in history\", praising him for his championing of civil rights and other initiatives of the administration. As Kennedy stepped down from being attorney general in 1964 to assume the office of senator from New York, The New York Times, notably having criticized his appointment three years prior, praised Kennedy for raising the standards of the position.", "As Kennedy stepped down from being attorney general in 1964 to assume the office of senator from New York, The New York Times, notably having criticized his appointment three years prior, praised Kennedy for raising the standards of the position. Some of his successor attorneys general have been unfavorably compared to him, for not displaying the same level of poise in the profession.", "Some of his successor attorneys general have been unfavorably compared to him, for not displaying the same level of poise in the profession. Near the end of his time in office as attorney general under Barack Obama, Eric Holder cited Kennedy as the inspiration for his belief that the Justice Department could be \"a force for that which is right.\"", "Near the end of his time in office as attorney general under Barack Obama, Eric Holder cited Kennedy as the inspiration for his belief that the Justice Department could be \"a force for that which is right.\" Kennedy has also been praised for his oratorical abilities and his skill at creating unity.", "Kennedy has also been praised for his oratorical abilities and his skill at creating unity. Joseph A. Palermo of The Huffington Post observed that Kennedy's words \"could cut through social boundaries and partisan divides in a way that seems nearly impossible today.\"", "Joseph A. Palermo of The Huffington Post observed that Kennedy's words \"could cut through social boundaries and partisan divides in a way that seems nearly impossible today.\" Dolores Huerta and Philip W. Johnston expressed the view that Kennedy, both in his speeches and actions, was unique in his willingness to take political risks.", "Dolores Huerta and Philip W. Johnston expressed the view that Kennedy, both in his speeches and actions, was unique in his willingness to take political risks. That blunt sincerity was said by associates to be authentic; Frank N. Magill wrote that Kennedy's oratorical skills lent their support to minorities and other disenfranchised groups who began seeing him as an ally.", "That blunt sincerity was said by associates to be authentic; Frank N. Magill wrote that Kennedy's oratorical skills lent their support to minorities and other disenfranchised groups who began seeing him as an ally. Kennedy's assassination was a blow to the optimism for a brighter future that his campaign had brought for many Americans who lived through the turbulent 1960s.", "Kennedy's assassination was a blow to the optimism for a brighter future that his campaign had brought for many Americans who lived through the turbulent 1960s. Juan Romero, the busboy who shook hands with Kennedy right before he was shot, later said, \"It made me realize that no matter how much hope you have it can be taken away in a second.\"", "Juan Romero, the busboy who shook hands with Kennedy right before he was shot, later said, \"It made me realize that no matter how much hope you have it can be taken away in a second.\" Kennedy's death has been cited as a significant factor in the Democratic Party's loss of the 1968 presidential election.", "Kennedy's death has been cited as a significant factor in the Democratic Party's loss of the 1968 presidential election. Since his passing, Kennedy has become generally well-respected by liberals and conservatives, which is far from the polarized views of him during his lifetime.", "Since his passing, Kennedy has become generally well-respected by liberals and conservatives, which is far from the polarized views of him during his lifetime. Joe Scarborough, John Ashcroft, Tom Bradley, Mark Dayton, John Kitzhaber, Max Cleland, Tim Cook, Phil Bredesen, Joe Biden, J. K. Rowling, Jim McGreevey, Gavin Newsom, and Ray Mabus have acknowledged Kennedy's influence on them.", "Joe Scarborough, John Ashcroft, Tom Bradley, Mark Dayton, John Kitzhaber, Max Cleland, Tim Cook, Phil Bredesen, Joe Biden, J. K. Rowling, Jim McGreevey, Gavin Newsom, and Ray Mabus have acknowledged Kennedy's influence on them. Josh Zeitz of Politico observed, \"Bobby Kennedy has since become an American folk hero—the tough, crusading liberal gunned down in the prime of life.\"", "Josh Zeitz of Politico observed, \"Bobby Kennedy has since become an American folk hero—the tough, crusading liberal gunned down in the prime of life.\" Kennedy's (and to a lesser extent his older brother's) ideas about using government authority to assist less fortunate peoples became central to American liberalism as a tenet of the \"Kennedy legacy\".", "Kennedy's (and to a lesser extent his older brother's) ideas about using government authority to assist less fortunate peoples became central to American liberalism as a tenet of the \"Kennedy legacy\". Honors In the months and years after Robert F. Kennedy's death, numerous roads, public schools, and other facilities across the United States have been named in his memory.", "Honors In the months and years after Robert F. Kennedy's death, numerous roads, public schools, and other facilities across the United States have been named in his memory. The Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights was founded in 1968, with an international award program to recognize human rights activists.", "The Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights was founded in 1968, with an international award program to recognize human rights activists. The sports stadium in Washington, D.C., was renamed Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in 1969. In 1978 the United States Congress awarded Kennedy its Gold Medal of Honor.", "In 1978 the United States Congress awarded Kennedy its Gold Medal of Honor. On January 12, 1979, a 15-cent commemorative U.S. Postal Service stamp (U.S. #1770) was issued in Washington.D.C., honoring R.F.K. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing distributed 159,297,600 of the perforated, blue-and-white stamps—an unusually-large printing.", "The Bureau of Engraving and Printing distributed 159,297,600 of the perforated, blue-and-white stamps—an unusually-large printing. The stamp design was taken from a family photo suggested by his wife, Ethel.", "The stamp design was taken from a family photo suggested by his wife, Ethel. In 1998 the United States Mint released the Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar, a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy's image on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse.", "In 1998 the United States Mint released the Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar, a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy's image on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse. On November 20, 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft dedicated the Department of Justice headquarters building in Washington, D.C., as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, honoring Kennedy on what would have been his 76th birthday.", "On November 20, 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft dedicated the Department of Justice headquarters building in Washington, D.C., as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, honoring Kennedy on what would have been his 76th birthday. They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph.", "They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph. In a further effort to remember Kennedy and continue his work helping the disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in 1969.", "In a further effort to remember Kennedy and continue his work helping the disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in 1969. The private, nonprofit, Massachusetts-based organization helps more than 800 abused and neglected children each year.", "The private, nonprofit, Massachusetts-based organization helps more than 800 abused and neglected children each year. A bust of Kennedy resides in the library of the University of Virginia School of Law where he obtained his law degree.", "A bust of Kennedy resides in the library of the University of Virginia School of Law where he obtained his law degree. On June 4, 2008 (the eve of the 40th anniversary of his assassination), the New York State Assembly voted to rename the Triborough Bridge in New York City the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge.", "On June 4, 2008 (the eve of the 40th anniversary of his assassination), the New York State Assembly voted to rename the Triborough Bridge in New York City the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge. New York State Governor David Paterson signed the legislation into law on August 8, 2008.", "New York State Governor David Paterson signed the legislation into law on August 8, 2008. The bridge is now commonly known as the RFK-Triborough Bridge. On September 20, 2016, the United States Navy announced the renaming of a refueling ship in honor of Kennedy during a ceremony attended by members of his family.", "On September 20, 2016, the United States Navy announced the renaming of a refueling ship in honor of Kennedy during a ceremony attended by members of his family. Personal items and documents from his office in the Justice Department Building are displayed in a permanent exhibit dedicated to him at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum.", "Personal items and documents from his office in the Justice Department Building are displayed in a permanent exhibit dedicated to him at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Papers from his years as attorney general, senator, peace and civil rights activist and presidential candidate, as well as personal correspondence, are also housed in the library.", "Papers from his years as attorney general, senator, peace and civil rights activist and presidential candidate, as well as personal correspondence, are also housed in the library. Established in 1984, the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives stored at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case.", "Established in 1984, the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives stored at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. Several public institutions jointly honor Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.", "Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. Several public institutions jointly honor Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. In 1969, the former Woodrow Wilson Junior College, a two-year institution and a constituent campus of the City Colleges of Chicago, was renamed Kennedy–King College.", "In 1969, the former Woodrow Wilson Junior College, a two-year institution and a constituent campus of the City Colleges of Chicago, was renamed Kennedy–King College. In 1994 the City of Indianapolis erected the Landmark for Peace Memorial in Robert Kennedy's honor near the space made famous by his speech from the back of a pickup truck the night King died.", "In 1994 the City of Indianapolis erected the Landmark for Peace Memorial in Robert Kennedy's honor near the space made famous by his speech from the back of a pickup truck the night King died. The monument in Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park depicts a sculpture of RFK reaching out from a large metal slab to a sculpture of King, who is part of a similar slab.", "The monument in Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park depicts a sculpture of RFK reaching out from a large metal slab to a sculpture of King, who is part of a similar slab. This is meant to symbolize their attempts in life to bridge the gaps between the races—an attempt that united them even in death.", "This is meant to symbolize their attempts in life to bridge the gaps between the races—an attempt that united them even in death. A state historical marker has also been placed at the site.", "A state historical marker has also been placed at the site. A nephew of King and Indiana U.S. Congresswoman Julia Carson presided over the event; both made speeches from the back of a pickup truck in similar fashion to RFK's speech.", "A nephew of King and Indiana U.S. Congresswoman Julia Carson presided over the event; both made speeches from the back of a pickup truck in similar fashion to RFK's speech. In 2019, Kennedy's \"Speech on the Death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\" (April 4, 1968) was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "In 2019, Kennedy's \"Speech on the Death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\" (April 4, 1968) was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Publications The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions (1960) Just Friends and Brave Enemies (1962) The Pursuit of Justice (1964) To Seek a Newer World, essays (1967) Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, published posthumously (1969) Art, entertainment, and media Kennedy has been the subject of several documentaries and has appeared in various works of popular culture.", "Publications The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions (1960) Just Friends and Brave Enemies (1962) The Pursuit of Justice (1964) To Seek a Newer World, essays (1967) Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, published posthumously (1969) Art, entertainment, and media Kennedy has been the subject of several documentaries and has appeared in various works of popular culture. Kennedy's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis has been dramatized by Martin Sheen in the TV play The Missiles of October (1974) and by Steven Culp in Thirteen Days (2000).", "Kennedy's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis has been dramatized by Martin Sheen in the TV play The Missiles of October (1974) and by Steven Culp in Thirteen Days (2000). The film Bobby (2006) is the story of multiple people's lives leading up to RFK's assassination.", "The film Bobby (2006) is the story of multiple people's lives leading up to RFK's assassination. The film employs stock footage from his presidential campaign, and he is briefly portrayed by Dave Fraunces. Barry Pepper won an Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in The Kennedys (2011), an 8-part miniseries.", "Barry Pepper won an Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in The Kennedys (2011), an 8-part miniseries. He is played by Peter Sarsgaard in the film about Jacqueline Kennedy, Jackie (2016). He is played by Jack Huston in Martin Scorsese's film The Irishman (2019).", "He is played by Jack Huston in Martin Scorsese's film The Irishman (2019). See also Kennedy family tree List of assassinated American politicians List of peace activists List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References Citations Bibliography Barnes, John A. Irish-American Landmarks.", "See also Kennedy family tree List of assassinated American politicians List of peace activists List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References Citations Bibliography Barnes, John A. Irish-American Landmarks. Canton, Mich.: Visible Ink, 1995.", "Canton, Mich.: Visible Ink, 1995. Grubin, David, director and producer, RFK. Video. (DVD, VHS). 2hr. WGBH Educ. Found. and David Grubin Productions, 2004. Distrib. by PBS Video Haas, Lawrence J.", "by PBS Video Haas, Lawrence J. The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire (2021) excerpt Hilty, James M. Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector (1997), vol. 1 to 1963. Temple U. Press., 1997. Martin, Zachary J.", "Martin, Zachary J. Martin, Zachary J. The Mindless Menace of Violence: Robert F. Kennedy's Vision and the Fierce Urgency of Now. Lanham, Md. : Hamilton Books, 2009. RFK's speech after the death of Martin Luther King in 1968. Navasky, Victor S. Kennedy Justice (1972).", "Navasky, Victor S. Kennedy Justice (1972). Argues the policies of RFK's Justice Department show the conservatism of justice, the limits of charisma, the inherent tendency in a legal system to support the status quo, and the counterproductive results of many of Kennedy's endeavors in the field of civil rights and crime control.", "Argues the policies of RFK's Justice Department show the conservatism of justice, the limits of charisma, the inherent tendency in a legal system to support the status quo, and the counterproductive results of many of Kennedy's endeavors in the field of civil rights and crime control. Neff, James.", "Neff, James. Neff, James. Vendetta: Bobby Kennedy Versus Jimmy Hoffa (2016) excerpt National Book Award. Schlesinger, Arthur, M. Jr. (2002) [1978], Robert Kennedy And His Times, Mariner Books-Houghton Mifflin Co., .", "Schlesinger, Arthur, M. Jr. (2002) [1978], Robert Kennedy And His Times, Mariner Books-Houghton Mifflin Co., . Schmitt, Edward R. President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty (University of Massachusetts Press, 2010) 324 pp.", "Schmitt, Edward R. President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty (University of Massachusetts Press, 2010) 324 pp. online free External links FBI Records: The Vault – Robert F. Kennedy at fbi.gov Biography at United States Department of Justice Annotated Bibliography for Robert F. Kennedy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues American Experience: RFK, PBS Text, Audio, and Video of Robert Kennedy's Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Edward Kennedy eulogy to Robert Kennedy (text and audio) My Father's Stand on Cuba Travel by Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, The Washington Post'', April 23, 2009 Radio airchecks/recordings of the shooting and death of Senator Kennedy including Mutual Radio's Andrew West's shooting coverage, continued live coverage from CBS Radio, announcements of RFK's death, CBS Radio's complete coverage of funeral mass St. Patrick's Cathedral, and CBS Radio coverage of the train arrival of RFK's body in Washington DC.", "online free External links FBI Records: The Vault – Robert F. Kennedy at fbi.gov Biography at United States Department of Justice Annotated Bibliography for Robert F. Kennedy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues American Experience: RFK, PBS Text, Audio, and Video of Robert Kennedy's Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Edward Kennedy eulogy to Robert Kennedy (text and audio) My Father's Stand on Cuba Travel by Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, The Washington Post'', April 23, 2009 Radio airchecks/recordings of the shooting and death of Senator Kennedy including Mutual Radio's Andrew West's shooting coverage, continued live coverage from CBS Radio, announcements of RFK's death, CBS Radio's complete coverage of funeral mass St. Patrick's Cathedral, and CBS Radio coverage of the train arrival of RFK's body in Washington DC. KTTV assassination coverage at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television FBI file on the RFK assassination \"The Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives\" – a collection within the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Archives and Special Collections established in 1984 1925 births 1968 deaths 1968 murders in the United States 20th-century American writers 20th-century American politicians United States Navy personnel of World War II American murder victims Anti-poverty advocates Assassinated American politicians Bates College people Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Civil rights movement Congressional Gold Medal recipients People murdered in California Deaths by firearm in California Democratic Party United States senators from New York (state) Harvard Crimson football players Harvard College alumni Kennedy administration cabinet members Kennedy family Lyndon B. Johnson administration cabinet members Male murder victims Massachusetts Democrats Milton Academy alumni Military personnel from Massachusetts New York (state) Democrats New York (state) lawyers People educated at Gibbs School People from Bronxville, New York Politicians from Brookline, Massachusetts People murdered in Los Angeles United States Attorneys General United States Navy officers 1964 United States vice-presidential candidates United States Senate lawyers United States senators from New York (state) University of Virginia School of Law alumni Writers from Boston Writers from New York (state) Riverdale Country School alumni Portsmouth Abbey School alumni" ]

[ "Robert F. Kennedy", "Relationship with parents", "what was his relationship like with his father?", "his father dubbed him the \"runt\" of the family and wrote him off.", "What year did Kennedy move his wife and Daughter to Georgetown?", "I don't know.", "How did his mother feel about his fathers treatment of her son?", "His parents' conflicting views would be echoed in the opinions of millions of people throughout Bobby's life." ]

[ "Father Goose: His Book is a collection of nonsense poetry for children, written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow, and first published in 1899. Though generally neglected a century later, the book was a groundbreaking sensation in its own era; \"once America's best-selling children's book and L. Frank Baum's first success,\" Father Goose laid a foundation for the writing career that soon led to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and all of Baum's later work.\n\nCollaboration\nThe book grew out of Baum's first published verse collection, the previous year's By the Candelabra's Glare, which concluded with a section of poems for children. Baum expanded upon that section to create a new collection of nonsense verse; the 72 poems in Father Goose included two from the earlier book. Denslow had contributed two illustrations to Baum's first collection of poems, and had worked on Baum's trade periodical, The Show Window — though Father Goose was the two men's first sustained collaborative project. It was notable as a generally equal collaboration: Denslow sometimes drew pictures to Baum's poems, but Baum sometimes wrote or revised his verse in response to Denslow's drawings. Most commentators agree that Denslow's pictures outmatch Baum's texts; Denslow's illustrations for Father Goose have been considered his best work.\n\n\"Denslow's picture are both stylish and humorous. Moreover, he did not merely draw illustrations for the verse; he arranged pictures, color, and text to make an artistically unified page, so that the book resembled 'a series of art posters bound together.'\" The result \"is more Denslow's than Baum's book, for the art dominates and at times overpowers the text.\" (Denslow appreciated the quality of his own work; in a portent of future trouble between the two collaborators, he drafted a cover for the book with his own name in larger letters than Baum's. Denslow had to be talked into re-doing the cover with greater equality.)\n\nPublisher\nWhen the two men sought out a publisher for their book, they settled with the George M. Hill Co. In uniting Baum, Denslow, and Hill, Father Goose mustered the forces that would produce The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in the following year. Hill, however, was not prepared to risk much money on the two untried collaborators; their original deal required Baum and Denslow to pay for the full costs of printing the book. Subsequently, Hill invested some funds in the project: Baum and Denslow paid for all the artistic aspects of the book, including printing the color plates and cover and even the advertising, while Hill took responsibility for the paper, binding, and distribution costs.\n\nTo save money on printing, Baum and Denslow had the poetry hand-lettered by friend and artist Ralph Fletcher Seymour. Seymour was assisted by fellow artist Charles Michael Jerome Costello; both men had contributed to By the Candelabra's Glare. Seymour would eventually be paid $67.25 for his work, and Costello $30.00.\n\nSuccess\nFather Goose was on sale in September 1899, in plenty of time for the Christmas season. It was a major success, selling more than 75,000 copies. The quality of the illustrations was far beyond anything that had been done in American children's books up to that time. Its marketplace success inspired at least a score of imitations in the next season, an Old Father Gander and a Mother Wild Goose and others; one Chicago newspaper commented on these \"Goose pimples in the book trade this year.\" Denslow's work affected the style of illustration in other children's books, generally for the better.\n\nThe critical reception of the book was generally quite positive. Father Goose was also admired and enjoyed by figures like Mark Twain and William Dean Howells. Baum used some of his royalties from the book to buy a lakeside house in Macatawa, Michigan; he named the place \"The Sign of the Goose\" and decorated it with goose motifs.\n\nBaum and Denslow followed up their triumph with The Songs of Father Goose (1900), which provided musical settings by composer Alberta Neiswanger Hall for 26 of the poems. Though not as popular as the original work, the songbook also sold well. Further projects to capitalize on the success, however, like a Father Goose Calendar, and a musical version that Baum and composer Paul Tietjens worked on in 1904, failed to materialize — though Baum would publish Father Goose's Year Book in 1907.\n\nSelections from Father Goose were reprinted in Baum's 1910 anthology L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker.\n\nThe verse\nBaum stated the premise of his collection clearly in his opening rhyme:\n\nOld Mother Goose became quite new,\nAnd joined a Women's Club,\nShe left poor Father Goose at home\nTo care for Sis and Bub.\nThey called for stories by the score,\nAnd laughed and cried to hear\nAll of the queer and merry songs\nThat in this book appear....\n\nAfter its initial popularity, though, Father Goose proved to be less durable than those children's books that eventually become recognized as classics. No one claims that Baum's nonsense poems are as good as those of Edward Lear or Lewis Carroll. His verse is facile, but often little more than that:\n\nDid you ever see a rabbit climb a tree?\nDid you ever see a lobster ride a flea?\nDid you ever?\nNo, you never!\nFor they simply couldn't do it, don't you see?\n\nBaum continued in the vein of children's verse for a short time, producing his Army Alphabet and Navy Alphabet in 1900; then he largely abandoned verse for prose, and Oz was born.\n\nBiases\nAlthough Baum was comparatively progressive at the time he was writing, he sometimes exploited the racial and ethnic stereotypes common in his era for comic effect. Michael Hearn described Father Goose asone of the few of the period that tried to reflect the contemporary United States, perhaps the first picture book to recognize the American urban melting pot. Today Baum and Denslow's depictions of African American, Irish, Italian, Chinese, North American Indians, and others are unacceptable, being patronizing stereotypes once common to vaudeville, the Sunday funny papers, and other forms of popular art. However, Father Goose, unlike the conventional children's book of the time, did acknowledge that people of color and other cultures, however offensively portrayed here, were as much a part of American life as those of Anglo-Saxon descent.\n\nFor perspective of the issue of tolerance versus bias in Baum's canon, see Daughters of Destiny, Father Goose's Year Book, Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea, Sky Island, and The Woggle-Bug Book.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBooks by L. Frank Baum\n1899 children's books\n1899 poetry books\nAmerican poetry collections\nChildren's poetry books\nNonsense poetry", "William J. Murphy, also known as Billy Murphy (17 May 1928 – 17 September 2018) was an Irish Labour Party politician.\n\nHe was elected as a Labour Party Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork West constituency at the 1949 by-election on 15 June. His father, Timothy J. Murphy, the sitting TD and Minister for Local Government, had died on 29 April 1949. Aged 21 years and 29 days at the time, he is the youngest ever TD. Following his election to the Dail, he was elected to the Administrative Council of the Labour Party. In his maiden speech, he asked for Government contribution to rural development schemes to be increased from 75 percent in cases where small farmers could not afford to provide the remaining 25 percent towards costs. Murphy was elected as a Vice-President of Carbery Show Society in February 1950. He did not contest the 1951 general election. He went on to work for Cork County Council.\n\nHe died on 18 September 2018.\n\nReferences\n\n1928 births\n2018 deaths\nLabour Party (Ireland) TDs\nMembers of the 13th Dáil\nPoliticians from County Cork" ]

[ "Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK or by the nickname Bobby, was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968.", "Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was, like his brothers John and Edward, a prominent member of the Democratic Party and has come to be viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism. Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts. After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, and later received his law degree from the University of Virginia.", "Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, and later received his law degree from the University of Virginia. He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952.", "He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952. The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy.", "The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy. He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union's corrupt practices.", "He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union's corrupt practices. Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the 1960 presidential election.", "Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed United States Attorney General at the age of 36, becoming the youngest Cabinet member in U.S. history since Alexander Hamilton in 1789. He served as his brother's closest advisor until the latter's 1963 assassination.", "He served as his brother's closest advisor until the latter's 1963 assassination. His tenure is known for advocating for the civil rights movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to Cuba. He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days.", "He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days. As attorney general, he authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on a limited basis.", "As attorney general, he authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on a limited basis. After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson for several months.", "After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson for several months. He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating.", "He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating. In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project).", "In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project). He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther.", "He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther. In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic, and young voters.", "In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic, and young voters. His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy.", "His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was mortally wounded when shot with a pistol by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy died 25 hours later.", "Kennedy died 25 hours later. Kennedy died 25 hours later. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories.", "Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories. Early life and education Robert Francis Kennedy was born outside Boston in Brookline, Massachusetts, on November 20, 1925.", "Early life and education Robert Francis Kennedy was born outside Boston in Brookline, Massachusetts, on November 20, 1925. He was the seventh of nine children to businessman/politician Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and philanthropist/socialite Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. His parents were members of two prominent Irish-American families in Boston.", "His parents were members of two prominent Irish-American families in Boston. His eight siblings were Joseph Jr., John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Jean, and Ted. All four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. His father was a wealthy businessman and a leading figure in the Democratic Party.", "His father was a wealthy businessman and a leading figure in the Democratic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr., expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president.", "After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr., expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also urged the younger children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service.", "He also urged the younger children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedy's hopes fell on his second son, John, to become president.", "After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedy's hopes fell on his second son, John, to become president. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a central role in the family's political ambitions.", "Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a central role in the family's political ambitions. Kennedy's older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, became a voracious reader.", "Kennedy's older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, became a voracious reader. Although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John took him on walks and regaled him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read.", "Although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John took him on walks and regaled him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read. One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which influenced both Robert and John.", "One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which influenced both Robert and John. John sometimes called Robert \"Black Robert\" due to his prudishness and disposition.", "John sometimes called Robert \"Black Robert\" due to his prudishness and disposition. Unlike his older brothers, Kennedy took to heart their mother Rose's agenda for everything to have \"a purpose,\" which included visiting historic sites during family outings, visits to the church during morning walks, and games used to expand vocabulary and math skills.", "Unlike his older brothers, Kennedy took to heart their mother Rose's agenda for everything to have \"a purpose,\" which included visiting historic sites during family outings, visits to the church during morning walks, and games used to expand vocabulary and math skills. He described his position in the family hierarchy by saying, \"When you come from that far down, you have to struggle to survive.\"", "He described his position in the family hierarchy by saying, \"When you come from that far down, you have to struggle to survive.\" As the boys were growing up, he tried frequently to get his older brothers' attention, but was seldom successful.", "As the boys were growing up, he tried frequently to get his older brothers' attention, but was seldom successful. As his father's business success expanded, the family kept homes around Boston and New York City; the Cape Cod peninsula; and Palm Beach.", "As his father's business success expanded, the family kept homes around Boston and New York City; the Cape Cod peninsula; and Palm Beach. Kennedy later said that during childhood he was \"going to different schools, always having to make new friends, and that I was very awkward ... [a]nd I was pretty quiet most of the time.", "Kennedy later said that during childhood he was \"going to different schools, always having to make new friends, and that I was very awkward ... [a]nd I was pretty quiet most of the time. And I didn't mind being alone.\" He had to repeat third grade.", "He had to repeat third grade. A teacher at Bronxville public school reflected that he was \"a regular boy\", adding, \"It seemed hard for him to finish his work sometimes. But he was only ten after all.\"", "But he was only ten after all.\" He developed an interest in American history, decorating his bedroom with pictures of U.S. presidents and filling his bookshelves with volumes on the American Civil War. He became an avid stamp collector and once received a handwritten letter from Franklin Roosevelt, also a philatelist.", "He became an avid stamp collector and once received a handwritten letter from Franklin Roosevelt, also a philatelist. In March 1938, Kennedy sailed to London with his mother and four youngest siblings to join his father, who had begun serving as Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He attended the private Gibbs School for Boys for seventh grade.", "He attended the private Gibbs School for Boys for seventh grade. In April 1939, he gave his first public speech at the placing of a cornerstone for a youth club in England. According to embassy and newspaper reports, his statements were penciled in his own hand and delivered in a \"calm and confident\" manner.", "According to embassy and newspaper reports, his statements were penciled in his own hand and delivered in a \"calm and confident\" manner. Bobby returned to the United States just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe.", "Bobby returned to the United States just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe. St. Paul's and Portsmouth Priory In September 1939, Kennedy began eighth grade at St. Paul's School, an elite Protestant private preparatory school for boys in Concord, New Hampshire, that his father favored.", "St. Paul's and Portsmouth Priory In September 1939, Kennedy began eighth grade at St. Paul's School, an elite Protestant private preparatory school for boys in Concord, New Hampshire, that his father favored. Rose Kennedy was unhappy with the school's use of the Protestant Bible.", "Rose Kennedy was unhappy with the school's use of the Protestant Bible. After two months, she took advantage of her ambassador husband's absence from Boston and withdrew Kennedy from St. Paul's.", "After two months, she took advantage of her ambassador husband's absence from Boston and withdrew Kennedy from St. Paul's. She enrolled him in Portsmouth Priory School, a Benedictine Catholic boarding school for boys in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, which held daily morning and evening prayers and Mass three times a week, with a High Mass on Sundays.", "She enrolled him in Portsmouth Priory School, a Benedictine Catholic boarding school for boys in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, which held daily morning and evening prayers and Mass three times a week, with a High Mass on Sundays. Kennedy attended Portsmouth for eighth through tenth grade.", "Kennedy attended Portsmouth for eighth through tenth grade. At Portsmouth Priory School, Kennedy was known as \"Mrs. Kennedy's little boy Bobby\" after he introduced his mother to classmates, who made fun of them.", "At Portsmouth Priory School, Kennedy was known as \"Mrs. Kennedy's little boy Bobby\" after he introduced his mother to classmates, who made fun of them. He was defensive of his mother, and on one occasion chased a student out of the dormitory after the boy had commented on her appearance.", "He was defensive of his mother, and on one occasion chased a student out of the dormitory after the boy had commented on her appearance. He befriended Peter MacLellan and wrote to him, when his brother John was serving in the U.S. Navy, that he would be visiting his brother \"because he might be killed any minute\".", "He befriended Peter MacLellan and wrote to him, when his brother John was serving in the U.S. Navy, that he would be visiting his brother \"because he might be killed any minute\". Kennedy blamed himself when his grades failed to improve.", "Kennedy blamed himself when his grades failed to improve. In letters to her son, Rose urged him to read more and to strengthen his vocabulary. Rose also expressed disappointment and wrote that she did not expect him to let her down.", "Rose also expressed disappointment and wrote that she did not expect him to let her down. He began developing in other ways, and his brother John noticed his increased physical strength, predicting that the younger Kennedy \"would be bouncing me around plenty in two more years\".", "He began developing in other ways, and his brother John noticed his increased physical strength, predicting that the younger Kennedy \"would be bouncing me around plenty in two more years\". Monks at Portsmouth Priory School regarded him as a moody and indifferent student.", "Monks at Portsmouth Priory School regarded him as a moody and indifferent student. Father Damian Kearney, who was two classes behind Kennedy, reflected that he \"didn't look happy\" and that he did not \"smile much\".", "Father Damian Kearney, who was two classes behind Kennedy, reflected that he \"didn't look happy\" and that he did not \"smile much\". According to Kearney's review of school records, Kennedy was a \"poor-to-mediocre student, except for history\".", "According to Kearney's review of school records, Kennedy was a \"poor-to-mediocre student, except for history\". Milton Academy In September 1942, Kennedy transferred to his third boarding school, Milton Academy, in Milton, Massachusetts, for 11th and 12th grades.", "Milton Academy In September 1942, Kennedy transferred to his third boarding school, Milton Academy, in Milton, Massachusetts, for 11th and 12th grades. His father wanted him to transfer to Milton, believing it would better prepare him for Harvard. At Milton, he met and became friends with David Hackett.", "At Milton, he met and became friends with David Hackett. He invited Hackett to join him for Sunday Mass. Hackett started accompanying him, and was impressed when Kennedy took it upon himself to fill in for a missing altar boy one Sunday.", "Hackett started accompanying him, and was impressed when Kennedy took it upon himself to fill in for a missing altar boy one Sunday. Hackett admired Kennedy's determination to bypass his shortcomings, and remembered him redoubling his efforts whenever something did not come easy to him, which included athletics, studies, success with girls, and popularity.", "Hackett admired Kennedy's determination to bypass his shortcomings, and remembered him redoubling his efforts whenever something did not come easy to him, which included athletics, studies, success with girls, and popularity. Hackett remembered the two of them as \"misfits\", a commonality that drew him to Kennedy, along with an unwillingness to conform to how others acted even if doing so meant not being accepted.", "Hackett remembered the two of them as \"misfits\", a commonality that drew him to Kennedy, along with an unwillingness to conform to how others acted even if doing so meant not being accepted. Kennedy's grades improved. One of his first relationships was with a girl named Piedy Bailey.", "One of his first relationships was with a girl named Piedy Bailey. The pair was photographed together when he walked her home after chapel on a Sunday night. Bailey was fond of him and remembered him as being \"very appealing\".", "Bailey was fond of him and remembered him as being \"very appealing\". She recalled him being funny, \"separate, larky; outside the cliques; private all the time\".", "She recalled him being funny, \"separate, larky; outside the cliques; private all the time\". Soon after he transferred to Milton, he pressed his father to allow him to enlist, as he wanted to catch up to his brothers who were both serving in the military.", "Soon after he transferred to Milton, he pressed his father to allow him to enlist, as he wanted to catch up to his brothers who were both serving in the military. Kennedy had arrived at Milton unfamiliar with his peers and made little attempt to know the names of his classmates; he called most of the other boys \"fella\" instead.", "Kennedy had arrived at Milton unfamiliar with his peers and made little attempt to know the names of his classmates; he called most of the other boys \"fella\" instead. For this, he was nicknamed \"Fella\". Most of the school's students had come in eighth or ninth grade and cliques had already been formed.", "Most of the school's students had come in eighth or ninth grade and cliques had already been formed. Despite this, his schoolmates would later say the school had no prejudice. He had an early sense of virtue; he disliked dirty jokes and bullying, once stepping in when an upperclassman tried bothering a younger student.", "He had an early sense of virtue; he disliked dirty jokes and bullying, once stepping in when an upperclassman tried bothering a younger student. The headmaster at Milton would later summarize that he was a \"very intelligent boy, quiet and shy, but not outstanding, and he left no special mark on Milton\".", "The headmaster at Milton would later summarize that he was a \"very intelligent boy, quiet and shy, but not outstanding, and he left no special mark on Milton\". Relationship with parents In Kennedy's younger years, his father dubbed him the \"runt\" of the family and wrote him off.", "Relationship with parents In Kennedy's younger years, his father dubbed him the \"runt\" of the family and wrote him off. Close family friend Lem Billings once remarked to Joe Sr. that he was \"the most generous little boy\", and Joe Sr. replied that he did not know where his son \"got that\".", "Close family friend Lem Billings once remarked to Joe Sr. that he was \"the most generous little boy\", and Joe Sr. replied that he did not know where his son \"got that\". Billings commented that the only similarity between Robert and Joe Sr. was their eye color.", "Billings commented that the only similarity between Robert and Joe Sr. was their eye color. As Kennedy grew, his father worried that he was soft on others, conflicting with his ideology. In response, Kennedy developed a tough persona that masked his gentle personality, attempting to appease his father.", "In response, Kennedy developed a tough persona that masked his gentle personality, attempting to appease his father. Biographer Judie Mills wrote that Joe Sr.'s lack of interest in Robert was evident by the length of time it took for him to decide to transfer him to Milton Academy.", "Biographer Judie Mills wrote that Joe Sr.'s lack of interest in Robert was evident by the length of time it took for him to decide to transfer him to Milton Academy. Both Joe Jr. and John attended the exclusive Protestant prep school Choate from their first year, while Robert was already a junior by the time he was enrolled at Milton.", "Both Joe Jr. and John attended the exclusive Protestant prep school Choate from their first year, while Robert was already a junior by the time he was enrolled at Milton. Despite his father's disdain, Kennedy continued to seek his approval, requesting that Joe Sr. write him a letter about his opinions on different political events and World War II.", "Despite his father's disdain, Kennedy continued to seek his approval, requesting that Joe Sr. write him a letter about his opinions on different political events and World War II. As a child, Kennedy also strove to meet his mother's expectations to become the most dutiful, religious, affectionate, and obedient of the Kennedy children, but the father and son grew distant.", "As a child, Kennedy also strove to meet his mother's expectations to become the most dutiful, religious, affectionate, and obedient of the Kennedy children, but the father and son grew distant. Rose found his gentle personality endearing, though this was noted as having made him \"invisible to his father\".", "Rose found his gentle personality endearing, though this was noted as having made him \"invisible to his father\". She influenced him heavily and, like her, he became a devout Catholic, throughout his lifetime practicing his religion more seriously than the other boys in the family.", "She influenced him heavily and, like her, he became a devout Catholic, throughout his lifetime practicing his religion more seriously than the other boys in the family. He impressed his parents as a child by taking on a newspaper route, seeking their approval and wishing to distinguish himself.", "He impressed his parents as a child by taking on a newspaper route, seeking their approval and wishing to distinguish himself. However, he had the family chauffeur driving him in a Rolls-Royce so that he could make his deliveries. His mother discovered this and the deliveries ceased.", "His mother discovered this and the deliveries ceased. Joe Sr. was satisfied with Kennedy as an adult, believing him to have become \"hard as nails\", more like him than any of the other children, while his mother believed he exemplified all she had wanted in a child.", "Joe Sr. was satisfied with Kennedy as an adult, believing him to have become \"hard as nails\", more like him than any of the other children, while his mother believed he exemplified all she had wanted in a child. Mills wrote, \"His parents' conflicting views would be echoed in the opinions of millions of people throughout Bobby's life.", "Mills wrote, \"His parents' conflicting views would be echoed in the opinions of millions of people throughout Bobby's life. Robert Kennedy was a ruthless opportunist who would stop at nothing to attain his ambitions. Robert Kennedy was America's most compassionate public figure, the only person who could save a divided country.\"", "Robert Kennedy was America's most compassionate public figure, the only person who could save a divided country.\" Naval service (1944–1946) Six weeks before his 18th birthday in 1943, Kennedy enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve as a seaman apprentice.", "Naval service (1944–1946) Six weeks before his 18th birthday in 1943, Kennedy enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve as a seaman apprentice. He was released from active duty in March 1944, when he left Milton Academy early to report to the V-12 Navy College Training Program at Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "He was released from active duty in March 1944, when he left Milton Academy early to report to the V-12 Navy College Training Program at Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His V-12 training began at Harvard (March–November 1944) before he was relocated to Bates College in Lewiston, Maine (November 1944 – June 1945).", "His V-12 training began at Harvard (March–November 1944) before he was relocated to Bates College in Lewiston, Maine (November 1944 – June 1945). He returned to Harvard once again in June 1945 completing his post-training requirements in January 1946.", "He returned to Harvard once again in June 1945 completing his post-training requirements in January 1946. At Bates he received a specialized V-12-degree along with 15 others, and during its Winter Carnival built a snow replica of a Navy boat.", "At Bates he received a specialized V-12-degree along with 15 others, and during its Winter Carnival built a snow replica of a Navy boat. While in Maine, he wrote a letter to David Hackett in which he expressed feelings of inadequacy and frustration at being isolated from the action.", "While in Maine, he wrote a letter to David Hackett in which he expressed feelings of inadequacy and frustration at being isolated from the action. He talked of filling his free time by taking classes with other sailors and remarked that \"things are the same as usual up here, and me being my usual moody self I get very sad at times.\"", "He talked of filling his free time by taking classes with other sailors and remarked that \"things are the same as usual up here, and me being my usual moody self I get very sad at times.\" He added, \"If I don't get the hell out of here soon I'll die.\"", "He added, \"If I don't get the hell out of here soon I'll die.\" In addition to Hackett, who was serving as a paratrooper, more of his Parker Hall dorm mates went overseas and left him behind.", "In addition to Hackett, who was serving as a paratrooper, more of his Parker Hall dorm mates went overseas and left him behind. With others entering combat before him, Kennedy said this made him \"feel more and more like a Draft Dodger or something\".", "With others entering combat before him, Kennedy said this made him \"feel more and more like a Draft Dodger or something\". He was also frustrated with the apparent desire to shirk military responsibility by some of the other V-12 students.", "He was also frustrated with the apparent desire to shirk military responsibility by some of the other V-12 students. Kennedy's brother Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. died in August 1944, when his bomber exploded during a volunteer mission known as Operation Aphrodite. Robert was most affected by his father's reaction to his eldest son's passing.", "Robert was most affected by his father's reaction to his eldest son's passing. He appeared completely heartbroken and his peer Fred Garfield commented that Kennedy developed depression and questioned his faith for a short time. After his brother's death, Robert gained more attention, moving higher up the family patriarchy.", "After his brother's death, Robert gained more attention, moving higher up the family patriarchy. On December 15, 1945, the U.S. Navy commissioned the destroyer , and shortly thereafter granted Kennedy's request to be released from naval-officer training to serve aboard Kennedy starting on February 1, 1946, as a seaman apprentice on the ship's shakedown cruise in the Caribbean.", "On December 15, 1945, the U.S. Navy commissioned the destroyer , and shortly thereafter granted Kennedy's request to be released from naval-officer training to serve aboard Kennedy starting on February 1, 1946, as a seaman apprentice on the ship's shakedown cruise in the Caribbean. On May 30, 1946, he received his honorable discharge from the Navy.", "On May 30, 1946, he received his honorable discharge from the Navy. For his service in the Navy, Kennedy was eligible for the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal.", "For his service in the Navy, Kennedy was eligible for the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. Further study, journalism, and marriage (1946–1951) In September 1946, Kennedy entered Harvard as a junior, having received credit for his time in the V-12 program.", "Further study, journalism, and marriage (1946–1951) In September 1946, Kennedy entered Harvard as a junior, having received credit for his time in the V-12 program. He worked hard to make the varsity football team as an end; he was a starter and scored a touchdown in the first game of his senior year before breaking his leg in practice.", "He worked hard to make the varsity football team as an end; he was a starter and scored a touchdown in the first game of his senior year before breaking his leg in practice. He earned his varsity letter when his coach sent him in wearing a cast during the last minutes of a game against Yale.", "He earned his varsity letter when his coach sent him in wearing a cast during the last minutes of a game against Yale. His father spoke positively of him when he served as a blocking back and sometime receiver for the faster Dave Hackett.", "His father spoke positively of him when he served as a blocking back and sometime receiver for the faster Dave Hackett. Joseph Sr. attended some of Kennedy's practices and saw his son catch a touchdown pass in an early-season rout of Western Maryland. His teammates admired his physical courage.", "His teammates admired his physical courage. He stood tall and weighed , which made him too small for college football. Despite this, he was a fearless hitter and once tackled a 230-pound fullback head-on. Wally Flynn, another player, looked up in the huddle after one play to see him crying after he broke his leg.", "Wally Flynn, another player, looked up in the huddle after one play to see him crying after he broke his leg. He disregarded the injury and kept playing. Kennedy earned two varsity letters over the course of the 1946 and 1947 seasons.", "Kennedy earned two varsity letters over the course of the 1946 and 1947 seasons. Throughout 1946, Kennedy became active in his brother John's campaign for the U.S. Representative seat that was vacated by James Curley; he joined the campaign full-time after his naval discharge.", "Throughout 1946, Kennedy became active in his brother John's campaign for the U.S. Representative seat that was vacated by James Curley; he joined the campaign full-time after his naval discharge. Biographer Schlesinger wrote that the election served as an entry into politics for both Robert and John.", "Biographer Schlesinger wrote that the election served as an entry into politics for both Robert and John. Robert graduated from Harvard in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in political science.", "Robert graduated from Harvard in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in political science. Upon graduating, he sailed immediately on the with a college friend for a six-month tour of Europe and the Middle East, accredited as a correspondent for the Boston Post, filing six stories.", "Upon graduating, he sailed immediately on the with a college friend for a six-month tour of Europe and the Middle East, accredited as a correspondent for the Boston Post, filing six stories. Four of these stories, submitted from Palestine shortly before the end of the British Mandate, provided a first-hand view of the tensions in the land.", "Four of these stories, submitted from Palestine shortly before the end of the British Mandate, provided a first-hand view of the tensions in the land. He was critical of British policy on Palestine and praised the Jewish people he met there calling them \"hardy and tough\".", "He was critical of British policy on Palestine and praised the Jewish people he met there calling them \"hardy and tough\". He held out some hope after seeing Arabs and Jews working side by side but, in the end, feared that the hatred between the groups was too strong and would lead to a war.", "He held out some hope after seeing Arabs and Jews working side by side but, in the end, feared that the hatred between the groups was too strong and would lead to a war. In September 1948, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville.", "In September 1948, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville. Kennedy adapted to this new environment, being elected president of the Student Legal Forum, where he successfully produced outside speakers including James M. Landis, William O. Douglas, Arthur Krock, and Joseph McCarthy and his family members Joe Sr. and John F. Kennedy.", "Kennedy adapted to this new environment, being elected president of the Student Legal Forum, where he successfully produced outside speakers including James M. Landis, William O. Douglas, Arthur Krock, and Joseph McCarthy and his family members Joe Sr. and John F. Kennedy. Kennedy's paper on Yalta, written during his senior year, is deposited in the Law Library's Treasure Trove.", "Kennedy's paper on Yalta, written during his senior year, is deposited in the Law Library's Treasure Trove. On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married Ethel Skakel at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married Ethel Skakel at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut. He graduated from law school in June 1951 and flew with Ethel to Greenwich to stay in his father-in-law's guest house. The couple's first child, Kathleen, was born on July 4, 1951.", "The couple's first child, Kathleen, was born on July 4, 1951. During this time, his brother John tried to keep Joe Sr. \"at arm's length\". The brothers rarely interacted until Kenny O'Donnell contacted Robert to repair the relationship between John and their father during John's Senate campaign.", "The brothers rarely interacted until Kenny O'Donnell contacted Robert to repair the relationship between John and their father during John's Senate campaign. As a result of this, Joe Sr. came to view Robert favorably as reliable and \"willing to sacrifice himself\" for the family.", "As a result of this, Joe Sr. came to view Robert favorably as reliable and \"willing to sacrifice himself\" for the family. In September 1951, he went to San Francisco as a correspondent for the Boston Post to cover the convention that concluded the Treaty of Peace with Japan.", "In September 1951, he went to San Francisco as a correspondent for the Boston Post to cover the convention that concluded the Treaty of Peace with Japan. In October 1951, he embarked on a seven-week Asian trip with his brother John (then a U.S.", "In October 1951, he embarked on a seven-week Asian trip with his brother John (then a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts' 11th district) and their sister Patricia to Israel, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Japan.", "Congressman from Massachusetts' 11th district) and their sister Patricia to Israel, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Japan. Because of their age gap, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other—this trip came at their father's behest and was the first extended time they had spent together, serving to deepen their relationship.", "Because of their age gap, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other—this trip came at their father's behest and was the first extended time they had spent together, serving to deepen their relationship. On this trip, the brothers met Liaquat Ali Khan just before his assassination, and India's prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.", "On this trip, the brothers met Liaquat Ali Khan just before his assassination, and India's prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960) JFK Senate campaign and Joseph McCarthy (1952–1955) In November 1951, Kennedy moved with his wife and daughter to a townhouse in the Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice.", "Senate committee counsel and political campaigns (1951–1960) JFK Senate campaign and Joseph McCarthy (1952–1955) In November 1951, Kennedy moved with his wife and daughter to a townhouse in the Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and started work as a lawyer in the Internal Security Section of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. He prosecuted a series of graft and income tax evasion cases.", "He prosecuted a series of graft and income tax evasion cases. In February 1952, Kennedy was transferred to Brooklyn, and worked as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of New York to help prepare fraud cases against former officials of the Truman administration.", "In February 1952, Kennedy was transferred to Brooklyn, and worked as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of New York to help prepare fraud cases against former officials of the Truman administration. On June 6, 1952, he resigned to manage his brother John's U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts.", "On June 6, 1952, he resigned to manage his brother John's U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts. JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedys, elevating him to national prominence and turning him into a serious potential presidential candidate.", "JFK's victory was of great importance to the Kennedys, elevating him to national prominence and turning him into a serious potential presidential candidate. John's victory was also equally important to Robert, who felt he had succeeded in eliminating his father's negative perceptions of him.", "John's victory was also equally important to Robert, who felt he had succeeded in eliminating his father's negative perceptions of him. In December 1952, at his father's behest, Kennedy was appointed by family friend Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy as assistant counsel of the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.", "In December 1952, at his father's behest, Kennedy was appointed by family friend Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy as assistant counsel of the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Kennedy disapproved of McCarthy's aggressive methods of garnering intelligence on suspected communists. This was a highly visible job for him.", "This was a highly visible job for him. He resigned in July 1953, but \"retained a fondness for McCarthy\". The period of July 1953 to January 1954 saw him at \"a professional and personal nadir\", feeling that he was adrift while trying to prove himself to his family.", "The period of July 1953 to January 1954 saw him at \"a professional and personal nadir\", feeling that he was adrift while trying to prove himself to his family. Kenneth O'Donnell and Larry O'Brien (who worked on John's congressional campaigns) urged Kennedy to consider running for Massachusetts Attorney General in 1954, but he declined.", "Kenneth O'Donnell and Larry O'Brien (who worked on John's congressional campaigns) urged Kennedy to consider running for Massachusetts Attorney General in 1954, but he declined. After a period as an assistant to his father on the Hoover Commission, Kennedy rejoined the Senate committee staff as chief counsel for the Democratic minority in February 1954.", "After a period as an assistant to his father on the Hoover Commission, Kennedy rejoined the Senate committee staff as chief counsel for the Democratic minority in February 1954. That month, McCarthy's chief counsel Roy Cohn subpoenaed Annie Lee Moss, accusing her of membership in the Communist Party.", "That month, McCarthy's chief counsel Roy Cohn subpoenaed Annie Lee Moss, accusing her of membership in the Communist Party. Kennedy revealed that Cohn had called the wrong Annie Lee Moss and he requested the file on Moss from the FBI.", "Kennedy revealed that Cohn had called the wrong Annie Lee Moss and he requested the file on Moss from the FBI. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover had been forewarned by Cohn and denied him access, calling RFK \"an arrogant whippersnapper\".", "FBI director J. Edgar Hoover had been forewarned by Cohn and denied him access, calling RFK \"an arrogant whippersnapper\". When Democrats gained a Senate majority in January 1955, Kennedy became chief counsel and was a background figure in the televised Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954 into McCarthy's conduct.", "When Democrats gained a Senate majority in January 1955, Kennedy became chief counsel and was a background figure in the televised Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954 into McCarthy's conduct. The Moss incident turned Cohn into an enemy, which led to Kennedy assisting Democratic senators in ridiculing Cohn during the hearings.", "The Moss incident turned Cohn into an enemy, which led to Kennedy assisting Democratic senators in ridiculing Cohn during the hearings. The animosity grew to the point where Cohn had to be restrained after asking RFK if he wanted to fight him.", "The animosity grew to the point where Cohn had to be restrained after asking RFK if he wanted to fight him. For his work on the McCarthy committee, Kennedy was included in a list of Ten Outstanding Young Men of 1954, created by the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce.", "Junior Chamber of Commerce. Junior Chamber of Commerce. His father had arranged the nomination, his first national award. In 1955 Kennedy was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court.", "In 1955 Kennedy was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court. Stevenson aide and focus on organized labor (1956–1960) In 1956, Kennedy moved his growing family outside Washington to a house called Hickory Hill, which he purchased from his brother John. This enormous 13-bedroom, 13-bath home was situated on in McLean, Virginia.", "This enormous 13-bedroom, 13-bath home was situated on in McLean, Virginia. Kennedy went on to work as an aide to Adlai Stevenson during the 1956 presidential election which helped him learn how national campaigns worked, in preparation for a future run by his brother, Jack. Unimpressed with Stevenson, he reportedly voted for incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "Unimpressed with Stevenson, he reportedly voted for incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower. Kennedy was also a delegate at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, having replaced Tip O'Neil at the request of his brother John, joining in what was ultimately an unsuccessful effort to help JFK get the vice-presidential nomination.", "Kennedy was also a delegate at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, having replaced Tip O'Neil at the request of his brother John, joining in what was ultimately an unsuccessful effort to help JFK get the vice-presidential nomination. Shortly after this, following instructions by his father, Kennedy tried making amends with J. Edgar Hoover.", "Shortly after this, following instructions by his father, Kennedy tried making amends with J. Edgar Hoover. There seemed to be some improvement in their interactions, which came to be seen as \"elemental political necessity\" by Kennedy. This later changed after Kennedy was appointed attorney general, where Hoover saw him as an \"unprecedented threat\".", "This later changed after Kennedy was appointed attorney general, where Hoover saw him as an \"unprecedented threat\". From 1957 to 1959, he made a name for himself while serving as the chief counsel to the Senate's McClellan Committee under chairman John L. McClellan.", "From 1957 to 1959, he made a name for himself while serving as the chief counsel to the Senate's McClellan Committee under chairman John L. McClellan. Kennedy was given authority over testimony scheduling, areas of investigation, and witness questioning by McClellan, a move that was made by the chairman to limit attention to himself and allow outrage by organized labor to be directed toward Kennedy.", "Kennedy was given authority over testimony scheduling, areas of investigation, and witness questioning by McClellan, a move that was made by the chairman to limit attention to himself and allow outrage by organized labor to be directed toward Kennedy. In a famous scene, Kennedy squared off with Teamsters Union President Jimmy Hoffa during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony.", "In a famous scene, Kennedy squared off with Teamsters Union President Jimmy Hoffa during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony. Kennedy, who was instructed to collect information, discovered several financial irregularities, such as that Hoffa had misappropriated $9.5 million in union funds and made corrupt deals with employers.", "Kennedy, who was instructed to collect information, discovered several financial irregularities, such as that Hoffa had misappropriated $9.5 million in union funds and made corrupt deals with employers. During the hearings, Kennedy received criticism from liberal critics and other commentators both for his outburst of impassioned anger and doubts about the innocence of those who invoked the Fifth Amendment.", "During the hearings, Kennedy received criticism from liberal critics and other commentators both for his outburst of impassioned anger and doubts about the innocence of those who invoked the Fifth Amendment. Senators Barry Goldwater and Karl Mundt wrote to each other and complained about \"the Kennedy boys\" having hijacked the McClellan Committee by their focus on Hoffa and the Teamsters.", "Senators Barry Goldwater and Karl Mundt wrote to each other and complained about \"the Kennedy boys\" having hijacked the McClellan Committee by their focus on Hoffa and the Teamsters. They believed Kennedy covered for Walter Reuther and the United Automobile Workers, a union which typically would back Democratic office seekers.", "They believed Kennedy covered for Walter Reuther and the United Automobile Workers, a union which typically would back Democratic office seekers. Amidst the allegations, Kennedy wrote in his journal that the two senators had \"no guts\" as they never addressed him directly, only through the press.", "Amidst the allegations, Kennedy wrote in his journal that the two senators had \"no guts\" as they never addressed him directly, only through the press. He left the committee in late 1959 in order to run his brother's presidential campaign.", "He left the committee in late 1959 in order to run his brother's presidential campaign. JFK presidential campaign (1960) In 1960 Kennedy published The Enemy Within, a book which described the corrupt practices within the Teamsters and other unions that he had helped investigate. John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy.", "John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy. John Seigenthaler assisted Kennedy. Kennedy went to work on the presidential campaign of his brother, John. In contrast to his role in his brother's previous campaign eight years prior, Kennedy gave stump speeches throughout the primary season, gaining confidence as time went on.", "In contrast to his role in his brother's previous campaign eight years prior, Kennedy gave stump speeches throughout the primary season, gaining confidence as time went on. His strategy \"to win at any cost\" led him to call on Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. to attack Hubert Humphrey as a draft dodger; Roosevelt eventually did make the statement that Humphrey avoided service.", "His strategy \"to win at any cost\" led him to call on Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. to attack Hubert Humphrey as a draft dodger; Roosevelt eventually did make the statement that Humphrey avoided service. Concerned that John Kennedy was going to receive the Democratic Party's nomination, some supporters of Lyndon Johnson, who was also running for the nomination, revealed to the press that JFK had Addison's disease, saying that he required life-sustaining cortisone treatments.", "Concerned that John Kennedy was going to receive the Democratic Party's nomination, some supporters of Lyndon Johnson, who was also running for the nomination, revealed to the press that JFK had Addison's disease, saying that he required life-sustaining cortisone treatments. Though in fact a diagnosis had been made, Kennedy tried to protect his brother by denying the allegation, saying that JFK had never had \"an ailment described classically as Addison's disease\".", "Though in fact a diagnosis had been made, Kennedy tried to protect his brother by denying the allegation, saying that JFK had never had \"an ailment described classically as Addison's disease\". After securing the nomination, John Kennedy nonetheless decided to offer Lyndon Johnson the vice presidency.", "After securing the nomination, John Kennedy nonetheless decided to offer Lyndon Johnson the vice presidency. This did not sit well with some Kennedy supporters, and Robert tried unsuccessfully to convince Johnson to turn down the offer, leading him to view Robert with contempt afterward.", "This did not sit well with some Kennedy supporters, and Robert tried unsuccessfully to convince Johnson to turn down the offer, leading him to view Robert with contempt afterward. RFK had already disliked Johnson prior to the presidential campaign, seeing him as a threat to his brother's ambitions.", "RFK had already disliked Johnson prior to the presidential campaign, seeing him as a threat to his brother's ambitions. RFK wanted his brother to choose labor leader Walter Reuther. Despite Kennedy's attempts, Johnson became his brother's running mate.", "Despite Kennedy's attempts, Johnson became his brother's running mate. Kennedy worked toward downplaying his brother's Catholic faith during the primary but took a more aggressive and supportive stance during the general election.", "Kennedy worked toward downplaying his brother's Catholic faith during the primary but took a more aggressive and supportive stance during the general election. These concerns were mostly calmed after JFK delivered a speech in September in Houston where he said that he was in favor of the separation of church and state.", "These concerns were mostly calmed after JFK delivered a speech in September in Houston where he said that he was in favor of the separation of church and state. The following month, Kennedy was involved in securing the release of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. from a jail in Atlanta.", "The following month, Kennedy was involved in securing the release of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. from a jail in Atlanta. Kennedy spoke with Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver and later Judge Oscar Mitchell, after the judge had sentenced King for violating his probation when he protested at a whites-only snack bar.", "Kennedy spoke with Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver and later Judge Oscar Mitchell, after the judge had sentenced King for violating his probation when he protested at a whites-only snack bar. Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964) After winning the 1960 presidential election, President-elect John F. Kennedy appointed his younger brother attorney general.", "Attorney General of the United States (1961–1964) After winning the 1960 presidential election, President-elect John F. Kennedy appointed his younger brother attorney general. The choice was controversial, with publications including The New York Times and The New Republic calling him inexperienced and unqualified.", "The choice was controversial, with publications including The New York Times and The New Republic calling him inexperienced and unqualified. He had no experience in any state or federal court, causing the president to joke, \"I can't see that it's wrong to give him a little legal experience before he goes out to practice law.\"", "He had no experience in any state or federal court, causing the president to joke, \"I can't see that it's wrong to give him a little legal experience before he goes out to practice law.\" But Kennedy was hardly a novice as a lawyer, having gained significant experience conducting investigations and questioning witnesses as a Justice Department attorney and Senate committee counsel and staff director.", "But Kennedy was hardly a novice as a lawyer, having gained significant experience conducting investigations and questioning witnesses as a Justice Department attorney and Senate committee counsel and staff director. According to Bobby Baker, the Senate majority secretary and a protégé of Lyndon Johnson, President-elect Kennedy did not want to name his brother attorney general, but their father overruled him.", "According to Bobby Baker, the Senate majority secretary and a protégé of Lyndon Johnson, President-elect Kennedy did not want to name his brother attorney general, but their father overruled him. At the behest of Vice President-elect Johnson, Baker persuaded the influential Southern senator Richard Russell to allow a voice vote to confirm the president's brother in January 1961, as Kennedy \"would have been lucky to get 40 votes\" on a roll-call vote.", "At the behest of Vice President-elect Johnson, Baker persuaded the influential Southern senator Richard Russell to allow a voice vote to confirm the president's brother in January 1961, as Kennedy \"would have been lucky to get 40 votes\" on a roll-call vote. The deputy and assistant attorneys general Kennedy chose included Byron White and Nicholas Katzenbach.", "The deputy and assistant attorneys general Kennedy chose included Byron White and Nicholas Katzenbach. Kennedy also played a major role in helping his brother form his cabinet. John Kennedy wanted to name Senator J. William Fulbright, whom he knew and liked, as his secretary of state.", "John Kennedy wanted to name Senator J. William Fulbright, whom he knew and liked, as his secretary of state. Fulbright was generally regarded as the Senate's resident foreign policy expert, but he also supported segregation and white supremacy in the South.", "Fulbright was generally regarded as the Senate's resident foreign policy expert, but he also supported segregation and white supremacy in the South. Robert Kennedy persuaded his brother that having Fulbright as secretary of state would cost the Democrats Afro-American votes, leading to Dean Rusk being nominated instead after John Kennedy decided that his next choice, McGeorge Bundy, was too young.", "Robert Kennedy persuaded his brother that having Fulbright as secretary of state would cost the Democrats Afro-American votes, leading to Dean Rusk being nominated instead after John Kennedy decided that his next choice, McGeorge Bundy, was too young. Kennedy was also present at the job interview when the CEO of the Ford Motor Company, Robert McNamara, was interviewed by John Kennedy about becoming defense secretary.", "Kennedy was also present at the job interview when the CEO of the Ford Motor Company, Robert McNamara, was interviewed by John Kennedy about becoming defense secretary. McNamara's self-confidence and belief that he could \"scientifically\" solve any problem via his \"Systems Analysis\" style of management impressed the Kennedy brothers, though John was rattled for a moment when McNamara asked if his bestselling book Profiles in Courage was written by a ghost writer.", "McNamara's self-confidence and belief that he could \"scientifically\" solve any problem via his \"Systems Analysis\" style of management impressed the Kennedy brothers, though John was rattled for a moment when McNamara asked if his bestselling book Profiles in Courage was written by a ghost writer. Author James W. Hilty concludes that Kennedy \"played an unusual combination of roles—campaign director, attorney general, executive overseer, controller of patronage, chief adviser, and brother protector\" and that nobody before him had had such power.", "Author James W. Hilty concludes that Kennedy \"played an unusual combination of roles—campaign director, attorney general, executive overseer, controller of patronage, chief adviser, and brother protector\" and that nobody before him had had such power. His tenure as attorney general was easily the period of greatest power for the office—no previous United States attorney general had enjoyed such clear influence on all areas of policy during an administration.", "His tenure as attorney general was easily the period of greatest power for the office—no previous United States attorney general had enjoyed such clear influence on all areas of policy during an administration. To a great extent, President Kennedy sought the advice and counsel of his younger brother, with Robert being the president's closest political adviser.", "To a great extent, President Kennedy sought the advice and counsel of his younger brother, with Robert being the president's closest political adviser. He was relied upon as both the president's primary source of administrative information and as a general counsel with whom trust was implicit.", "He was relied upon as both the president's primary source of administrative information and as a general counsel with whom trust was implicit. He exercised widespread authority over every cabinet department, leading the Associated Press to dub him \"Bobby—Washington's No. 2-man\".", "2-man\". 2-man\". The president once remarked about his brother, \"If I want something done and done immediately I rely on the Attorney General. He is very much the doer in this administration, and has an organizational gift I have rarely if ever seen surpassed.\"", "He is very much the doer in this administration, and has an organizational gift I have rarely if ever seen surpassed.\" Berlin As one of the president's closest White House advisers, Kennedy played a crucial role in the events surrounding the Berlin Crisis of 1961.", "Berlin As one of the president's closest White House advisers, Kennedy played a crucial role in the events surrounding the Berlin Crisis of 1961. Operating mainly through a private, backchannel connection to Soviet spy Georgi Bolshakov, he relayed important diplomatic communications between the American and Soviet governments.", "Operating mainly through a private, backchannel connection to Soviet spy Georgi Bolshakov, he relayed important diplomatic communications between the American and Soviet governments. Most significantly, this connection helped the U.S. set up the Vienna Summit in June 1961, and later to defuse the tank standoff with the Soviets at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie in October.", "Most significantly, this connection helped the U.S. set up the Vienna Summit in June 1961, and later to defuse the tank standoff with the Soviets at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie in October. Kennedy's visit with his wife to West Berlin in February 1962 demonstrated U.S. support for the city and helped repair the strained relationship between the administration and its special envoy in Berlin, Lucius D. Clay.", "Kennedy's visit with his wife to West Berlin in February 1962 demonstrated U.S. support for the city and helped repair the strained relationship between the administration and its special envoy in Berlin, Lucius D. Clay. Organized crime and the Teamsters As attorney general, Kennedy pursued a relentless crusade against organized crime and the Mafia, sometimes disagreeing on strategy with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover.", "Organized crime and the Teamsters As attorney general, Kennedy pursued a relentless crusade against organized crime and the Mafia, sometimes disagreeing on strategy with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Convictions against organized crime figures rose by 800 percent during his term.", "Convictions against organized crime figures rose by 800 percent during his term. Kennedy worked to shift Hoover's focus away from communism, which Hoover saw as a more serious threat, to organized crime. According to James Neff, Kennedy's success in this endeavor was due to his brother's position, giving the attorney general leverage over Hoover.", "According to James Neff, Kennedy's success in this endeavor was due to his brother's position, giving the attorney general leverage over Hoover. Biographer Richard Hack concluded that Hoover's dislike for Kennedy came from his being unable to control him.", "Biographer Richard Hack concluded that Hoover's dislike for Kennedy came from his being unable to control him. He was relentless in his pursuit of Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa, due to Hoffa's known corruption in financial and electoral matters, both personally and organizationally, creating a so-called \"Get Hoffa\" squad of prosecutors and investigators.", "He was relentless in his pursuit of Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa, due to Hoffa's known corruption in financial and electoral matters, both personally and organizationally, creating a so-called \"Get Hoffa\" squad of prosecutors and investigators. The enmity between the two men was intense, with accusations of a personal vendetta—what Hoffa called a \"blood feud\"—exchanged between them.", "The enmity between the two men was intense, with accusations of a personal vendetta—what Hoffa called a \"blood feud\"—exchanged between them. On July 7, 1961, after Hoffa was reelected to the Teamsters presidency, RFK told reporters the government's case against Hoffa had not been changed by what he called \"a small group of teamsters\" supporting him.", "On July 7, 1961, after Hoffa was reelected to the Teamsters presidency, RFK told reporters the government's case against Hoffa had not been changed by what he called \"a small group of teamsters\" supporting him. The following year, it was leaked that Hoffa had claimed to a Teamster local that Kennedy had been \"bodily\" removed from his office, the statement being confirmed by a Teamster press agent and Hoffa saying Kennedy had only been ejected.", "The following year, it was leaked that Hoffa had claimed to a Teamster local that Kennedy had been \"bodily\" removed from his office, the statement being confirmed by a Teamster press agent and Hoffa saying Kennedy had only been ejected. On March 4, 1964, Hoffa was convicted in Chattanooga, Tennessee, of attempted bribery of a grand juror during his 1962 conspiracy trial in Nashville, Tennessee, and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $10,000 fine.", "On March 4, 1964, Hoffa was convicted in Chattanooga, Tennessee, of attempted bribery of a grand juror during his 1962 conspiracy trial in Nashville, Tennessee, and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $10,000 fine. After learning of Hoffa's conviction by telephone, Kennedy issued congratulatory messages to the three prosecutors.", "After learning of Hoffa's conviction by telephone, Kennedy issued congratulatory messages to the three prosecutors. While on bail during his appeal, Hoffa was convicted in a second trial held in Chicago, on July 26, 1964, on one count of conspiracy and three counts of mail and wire fraud for improper use of the Teamsters' pension fund, and sentenced to five years in prison.", "While on bail during his appeal, Hoffa was convicted in a second trial held in Chicago, on July 26, 1964, on one count of conspiracy and three counts of mail and wire fraud for improper use of the Teamsters' pension fund, and sentenced to five years in prison. Hoffa spent the next three years unsuccessfully appealing his 1964 convictions, and began serving his aggregate prison sentence of 13 years (eight years for bribery, five years for fraud) on March 7, 1967, at the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary in Pennsylvania.", "Hoffa spent the next three years unsuccessfully appealing his 1964 convictions, and began serving his aggregate prison sentence of 13 years (eight years for bribery, five years for fraud) on March 7, 1967, at the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary in Pennsylvania. Civil rights Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a 1961 speech at the University of Georgia Law School: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover viewed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. as an upstart troublemaker, calling him an \"enemy of the state\".", "Civil rights Kennedy expressed the administration's commitment to civil rights during a 1961 speech at the University of Georgia Law School: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover viewed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. as an upstart troublemaker, calling him an \"enemy of the state\". In February 1962 Hoover presented Kennedy with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were communists.", "In February 1962 Hoover presented Kennedy with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were communists. Concerned about the allegations, the FBI deployed agents to monitor King in the following months. Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspected associations.", "Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspected associations. In response, King agreed to ask suspected Communist Jack O'Dell to resign from the SCLC, but refused to heed to the request to ask Stanley Levison, whom he regarded as a trusted advisor, to resign.", "In response, King agreed to ask suspected Communist Jack O'Dell to resign from the SCLC, but refused to heed to the request to ask Stanley Levison, whom he regarded as a trusted advisor, to resign. In October 1963, Kennedy issued a written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization.", "In October 1963, Kennedy issued a written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones \"on a trial basis, for a month or so\", Hoover extended the clearance so that his men were \"unshackled\" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.", "Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones \"on a trial basis, for a month or so\", Hoover extended the clearance so that his men were \"unshackled\" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. The wiretapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968, days before Kennedy's death.", "The wiretapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968, days before Kennedy's death. Kennedy remained committed to civil rights enforcement to such a degree that he commented in 1962 that it seemed to envelop almost every area of his public and private life, from prosecuting corrupt Southern electoral officials to answering late night calls from Coretta Scott King concerning the imprisonment of her husband for demonstrations in Alabama.", "Kennedy remained committed to civil rights enforcement to such a degree that he commented in 1962 that it seemed to envelop almost every area of his public and private life, from prosecuting corrupt Southern electoral officials to answering late night calls from Coretta Scott King concerning the imprisonment of her husband for demonstrations in Alabama. During his tenure as attorney general, he undertook the most energetic and persistent desegregation of the administration that Capitol Hill had ever experienced.", "During his tenure as attorney general, he undertook the most energetic and persistent desegregation of the administration that Capitol Hill had ever experienced. He demanded that every area of government begin recruiting realistic levels of black and other ethnic workers, going so far as to criticize Vice President Johnson for his failure to desegregate his own office staff.", "He demanded that every area of government begin recruiting realistic levels of black and other ethnic workers, going so far as to criticize Vice President Johnson for his failure to desegregate his own office staff. But relations between the Kennedys and civil rights activists could be tense, partly due to the administration's decision that a number of complaints King filed with the Justice Department between 1961 and 1963 be handled \"through negotiation between the city commission and Negro citizens.\"", "But relations between the Kennedys and civil rights activists could be tense, partly due to the administration's decision that a number of complaints King filed with the Justice Department between 1961 and 1963 be handled \"through negotiation between the city commission and Negro citizens.\" Although it has become commonplace to assert the phrase \"The Kennedy Administration\" or even \"President Kennedy\" when discussing the legislative and executive support of the civil rights movement, between 1960 and 1963 a great many of the initiatives were the result of the passion and determination of an emboldened Robert Kennedy, who, through his rapid education in the realities of Southern racism, underwent a thorough conversion of purpose as attorney general.", "Although it has become commonplace to assert the phrase \"The Kennedy Administration\" or even \"President Kennedy\" when discussing the legislative and executive support of the civil rights movement, between 1960 and 1963 a great many of the initiatives were the result of the passion and determination of an emboldened Robert Kennedy, who, through his rapid education in the realities of Southern racism, underwent a thorough conversion of purpose as attorney general. Asked in an interview in May 1962, \"What do you see as the big problem ahead for you, is it crime or internal security?\"", "Asked in an interview in May 1962, \"What do you see as the big problem ahead for you, is it crime or internal security?\" Kennedy replied, \"Civil rights.\"", "Kennedy replied, \"Civil rights.\" The president came to share his brother's sense of urgency on the matters at hand to such an extent that it was at the attorney general's insistence that he made his famous June 1963 address to the nation on civil rights.", "The president came to share his brother's sense of urgency on the matters at hand to such an extent that it was at the attorney general's insistence that he made his famous June 1963 address to the nation on civil rights. Kennedy played a large role in the response to the Freedom Riders protests.", "Kennedy played a large role in the response to the Freedom Riders protests. He acted after the Anniston bus bombings to protect the Riders in continuing their journey, sending John Seigenthaler, his administrative assistant, to Alabama to attempt to secure the Riders' safety there.", "He acted after the Anniston bus bombings to protect the Riders in continuing their journey, sending John Seigenthaler, his administrative assistant, to Alabama to attempt to secure the Riders' safety there. Despite a work rule which allowed a driver to decline an assignment which he regarded as a potentially unsafe one, he persuaded a manager of The Greyhound Corporation to obtain a coach operator who was willing to drive a special bus for the continuance of the Freedom Ride from Birmingham, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, on the circuitous journey to Jackson, Mississippi.", "Despite a work rule which allowed a driver to decline an assignment which he regarded as a potentially unsafe one, he persuaded a manager of The Greyhound Corporation to obtain a coach operator who was willing to drive a special bus for the continuance of the Freedom Ride from Birmingham, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, on the circuitous journey to Jackson, Mississippi. Later, during the attack and burning by a white mob of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, at which Martin Luther King Jr. and some 1,500 sympathizers were in attendance, the attorney general telephoned King to ask for his assurance that they would not leave the building until the force of U.S.", "Later, during the attack and burning by a white mob of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, at which Martin Luther King Jr. and some 1,500 sympathizers were in attendance, the attorney general telephoned King to ask for his assurance that they would not leave the building until the force of U.S. Marshals and National Guard he sent had secured the area.", "Marshals and National Guard he sent had secured the area. King proceeded to berate Kennedy for \"allowing the situation to continue\". King later publicly thanked him for dispatching the forces to break up the attack that might otherwise have ended his life.", "King later publicly thanked him for dispatching the forces to break up the attack that might otherwise have ended his life. Kennedy then negotiated the safe passage of the Freedom Riders from the First Baptist Church to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were arrested.", "Kennedy then negotiated the safe passage of the Freedom Riders from the First Baptist Church to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were arrested. He offered to bail the Freedom Riders out of jail, but they refused, which upset him.", "He offered to bail the Freedom Riders out of jail, but they refused, which upset him. Kennedy's attempts to end the Freedom Rides early were tied to an upcoming summit with Nikita Khrushchev and Charles de Gaulle. He believed the continued international publicity of race riots would tarnish the president heading into international negotiations.", "He believed the continued international publicity of race riots would tarnish the president heading into international negotiations. This attempt to curtail the Freedom Rides alienated many of the civil rights leaders who, at the time, perceived him as intolerant and narrow-minded.", "This attempt to curtail the Freedom Rides alienated many of the civil rights leaders who, at the time, perceived him as intolerant and narrow-minded. In an attempt to better understand and improve race relations, Kennedy held a private meeting in New York City in May 1963 with a black delegation coordinated by prominent author James Baldwin.", "In an attempt to better understand and improve race relations, Kennedy held a private meeting in New York City in May 1963 with a black delegation coordinated by prominent author James Baldwin. In September 1962, Kennedy sent a force of U.S. marshals and deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents and federal prison guards to Oxford, Mississippi, to enforce a federal court order allowing the admittance of the first African-American student, James Meredith, to the University of Mississippi.", "In September 1962, Kennedy sent a force of U.S. marshals and deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents and federal prison guards to Oxford, Mississippi, to enforce a federal court order allowing the admittance of the first African-American student, James Meredith, to the University of Mississippi. The attorney general had hoped that legal means, along with the escort of federal officers, would be enough to force Governor Ross Barnett to allow Meredith's admission.", "The attorney general had hoped that legal means, along with the escort of federal officers, would be enough to force Governor Ross Barnett to allow Meredith's admission. He also was very concerned there might be a \"mini-civil war\" between federal troops and armed protesters.", "He also was very concerned there might be a \"mini-civil war\" between federal troops and armed protesters. President Kennedy reluctantly sent federal troops after the situation on campus turned violent.", "President Kennedy reluctantly sent federal troops after the situation on campus turned violent. Ensuing riots during the period of Meredith's admittance resulted in 300 injuries and two deaths, yet Kennedy remained adamant that black students had the right to enjoy the benefits of all levels of the educational system.", "Ensuing riots during the period of Meredith's admittance resulted in 300 injuries and two deaths, yet Kennedy remained adamant that black students had the right to enjoy the benefits of all levels of the educational system. The Office of Civil Rights also hired its first African-American lawyer and began to work cautiously with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement.", "The Office of Civil Rights also hired its first African-American lawyer and began to work cautiously with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Kennedy saw voting as the key to racial justice and collaborated with presidents Kennedy and Johnson to create the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws.", "Kennedy saw voting as the key to racial justice and collaborated with presidents Kennedy and Johnson to create the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws. Between December 1961 and December 1963, Kennedy also expanded the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division by 60 percent.", "Between December 1961 and December 1963, Kennedy also expanded the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division by 60 percent. U.S. Steel At the direction of the president, Kennedy also used the power of federal agencies to influence U.S. Steel not to institute a price increase.", "U.S. Steel At the direction of the president, Kennedy also used the power of federal agencies to influence U.S. Steel not to institute a price increase. The Wall Street Journal wrote that the administration had set prices of steel \"by naked power, by threats, by agents of the state security police.\"", "The Wall Street Journal wrote that the administration had set prices of steel \"by naked power, by threats, by agents of the state security police.\" Yale law professor Charles Reich wrote in The New Republic that the Justice Department had violated civil liberties by calling a federal grand jury to indict U.S. Steel so quickly, then disbanding it after the price increase did not occur.", "Yale law professor Charles Reich wrote in The New Republic that the Justice Department had violated civil liberties by calling a federal grand jury to indict U.S. Steel so quickly, then disbanding it after the price increase did not occur. Death penalty issues During the Kennedy administration, the federal government carried out its last pre-Furman federal execution (of Victor Feguer in Iowa, 1963), and Kennedy, as attorney general, represented the government in this case.", "Death penalty issues During the Kennedy administration, the federal government carried out its last pre-Furman federal execution (of Victor Feguer in Iowa, 1963), and Kennedy, as attorney general, represented the government in this case. In 1967 Kennedy expressed his strong willingness to support a bill then under consideration for the abolition of the death penalty.", "In 1967 Kennedy expressed his strong willingness to support a bill then under consideration for the abolition of the death penalty. Cuba As his brother's confidant, Kennedy oversaw the CIA's anti-Castro activities after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.", "Cuba As his brother's confidant, Kennedy oversaw the CIA's anti-Castro activities after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. He also helped develop the strategy during the Cuban Missile Crisis to blockade Cuba instead of initiating a military strike that might have led to nuclear war.", "He also helped develop the strategy during the Cuban Missile Crisis to blockade Cuba instead of initiating a military strike that might have led to nuclear war. He had initially been among the more hawkish members of the administration on matters concerning Cuban insurrectionist aid.", "He had initially been among the more hawkish members of the administration on matters concerning Cuban insurrectionist aid. His initial strong support for covert actions in Cuba soon changed to a position of removal from further involvement once he became aware of the CIA's tendency to draw out initiatives, and provide itself with almost unchecked authority in matters of foreign covert operations.", "His initial strong support for covert actions in Cuba soon changed to a position of removal from further involvement once he became aware of the CIA's tendency to draw out initiatives, and provide itself with almost unchecked authority in matters of foreign covert operations. Allegations that the Kennedys knew of plans by the CIA to kill Fidel Castro, or approved of such plans, have been debated by historians over the years.", "Allegations that the Kennedys knew of plans by the CIA to kill Fidel Castro, or approved of such plans, have been debated by historians over the years. JFK's friend and associate, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., for example, expressed the opinion that operatives linked to the CIA were among the most reckless individuals to have operated during the period—providing themselves with unscrutinized freedoms to threaten the lives of Castro and other members of the Cuban revolutionary government regardless of the legislative apparatus in Washington—freedoms that, unbeknownst to those at the White House attempting to prevent a nuclear war, placed the entire U.S.–Soviet relationship in perilous danger.", "JFK's friend and associate, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., for example, expressed the opinion that operatives linked to the CIA were among the most reckless individuals to have operated during the period—providing themselves with unscrutinized freedoms to threaten the lives of Castro and other members of the Cuban revolutionary government regardless of the legislative apparatus in Washington—freedoms that, unbeknownst to those at the White House attempting to prevent a nuclear war, placed the entire U.S.–Soviet relationship in perilous danger. The \"Family Jewels\" documents, declassified by the CIA in 2007, suggest that before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the attorney general personally authorized one such assassination attempt.", "The \"Family Jewels\" documents, declassified by the CIA in 2007, suggest that before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the attorney general personally authorized one such assassination attempt. But there is ample evidence to the contrary, such as that Kennedy was informed of an earlier plot involving the CIA's use of Mafia bosses Santo Trafficante Jr. and John Roselli only during a briefing on May 7, 1962, and in fact directed the CIA to halt any existing efforts directed at Castro's assassination.", "But there is ample evidence to the contrary, such as that Kennedy was informed of an earlier plot involving the CIA's use of Mafia bosses Santo Trafficante Jr. and John Roselli only during a briefing on May 7, 1962, and in fact directed the CIA to halt any existing efforts directed at Castro's assassination. Concurrently, Kennedy served as the president's personal representative in Operation Mongoose, the post-Bay of Pigs covert operations program the president established in November 1961.", "Concurrently, Kennedy served as the president's personal representative in Operation Mongoose, the post-Bay of Pigs covert operations program the president established in November 1961. Mongoose was meant to incite revolution in Cuba that would result in Castro's downfall, not his assassination.", "Mongoose was meant to incite revolution in Cuba that would result in Castro's downfall, not his assassination. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy proved himself to be a gifted politician with an ability to obtain compromises, tempering aggressive positions of key figures in the hawk camp.", "During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy proved himself to be a gifted politician with an ability to obtain compromises, tempering aggressive positions of key figures in the hawk camp. The trust the president placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a blockade, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and the USSR.", "The trust the president placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a blockade, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and the USSR. His clandestine meetings with members of the Soviet government continued to provide a key link to Khrushchev during even the darkest moments of the crisis, when the threat of nuclear strikes was considered very real.", "His clandestine meetings with members of the Soviet government continued to provide a key link to Khrushchev during even the darkest moments of the crisis, when the threat of nuclear strikes was considered very real. On the last night of the crisis, President Kennedy was so grateful for his brother's work in averting nuclear war that he summed it up by saying, \"Thank God for Bobby.\"", "On the last night of the crisis, President Kennedy was so grateful for his brother's work in averting nuclear war that he summed it up by saying, \"Thank God for Bobby.\" Japan At a summit meeting with Japanese prime minister Hayato Ikeda in Washington D.C. in 1961, President Kennedy promised to make a reciprocal visit to Japan in 1962, but the decision to resume atmospheric nuclear testing forced him to postpone such a visit, and he sent Bobby in his stead.", "Japan At a summit meeting with Japanese prime minister Hayato Ikeda in Washington D.C. in 1961, President Kennedy promised to make a reciprocal visit to Japan in 1962, but the decision to resume atmospheric nuclear testing forced him to postpone such a visit, and he sent Bobby in his stead. Kennedy and his wife Ethel arrived in Tokyo in February 1962 at a very sensitive time in U.S.-Japan relations, shortly after the massive Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty had highlighted anti-American grievances.", "Kennedy and his wife Ethel arrived in Tokyo in February 1962 at a very sensitive time in U.S.-Japan relations, shortly after the massive Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty had highlighted anti-American grievances. Kennedy won over a highly skeptical Japanese public and press with his cheerful, open demeanor, sincerity, and youthful energy.", "Kennedy won over a highly skeptical Japanese public and press with his cheerful, open demeanor, sincerity, and youthful energy. Most famously, Kennedy scored a public relations coup during a nationally televised speech at Waseda University in Tokyo.", "Most famously, Kennedy scored a public relations coup during a nationally televised speech at Waseda University in Tokyo. When radical Marxist student activists from Zengakuren attempted to shout him down, he calmly invited one of them on stage and engaged the student in an impromptu debate.", "When radical Marxist student activists from Zengakuren attempted to shout him down, he calmly invited one of them on stage and engaged the student in an impromptu debate. Kennedy's calmness under fire and willingness to take the student's questions seriously won many admirers in Japan and praise from the Japanese media, both for himself and on his brother's behalf.", "Kennedy's calmness under fire and willingness to take the student's questions seriously won many admirers in Japan and praise from the Japanese media, both for himself and on his brother's behalf. Assassination of John F. Kennedy At the time that President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963, RFK was at home with aides from the Justice Department.", "Assassination of John F. Kennedy At the time that President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963, RFK was at home with aides from the Justice Department. J. Edgar Hoover called and told him his brother had been shot. Hoover then hung up before he could ask any questions.", "Hoover then hung up before he could ask any questions. Kennedy later said he thought Hoover had enjoyed telling him the news. Kennedy then received a call from Tazewell Shepard, a naval aide to the president, who told him that his brother was dead.", "Kennedy then received a call from Tazewell Shepard, a naval aide to the president, who told him that his brother was dead. Shortly after the call from Hoover, Kennedy phoned McGeorge Bundy at the White House, instructing him to change the locks on the president's files.", "Shortly after the call from Hoover, Kennedy phoned McGeorge Bundy at the White House, instructing him to change the locks on the president's files. He ordered the Secret Service to dismantle the Oval Office and cabinet room's secret taping systems.", "He ordered the Secret Service to dismantle the Oval Office and cabinet room's secret taping systems. He scheduled a meeting with CIA director John McCone and asked if the CIA had any involvement in his brother's death.", "He scheduled a meeting with CIA director John McCone and asked if the CIA had any involvement in his brother's death. McCone denied it, with Kennedy later telling investigator Walter Sheridan that he asked the director \"in a way that he couldn't lie to me, and they [the CIA] hadn't\".", "McCone denied it, with Kennedy later telling investigator Walter Sheridan that he asked the director \"in a way that he couldn't lie to me, and they [the CIA] hadn't\". An hour after the president was shot, Bobby Kennedy received a phone call from Vice President Johnson before Johnson boarded Air Force One.", "An hour after the president was shot, Bobby Kennedy received a phone call from Vice President Johnson before Johnson boarded Air Force One. RFK remembered their conversation starting with Johnson demonstrating sympathy before the vice president stated his belief that he should be sworn in immediately; RFK opposed the idea since he felt \"it would be nice\" for President Kennedy's body to return to Washington with the deceased president still being the incumbent.", "RFK remembered their conversation starting with Johnson demonstrating sympathy before the vice president stated his belief that he should be sworn in immediately; RFK opposed the idea since he felt \"it would be nice\" for President Kennedy's body to return to Washington with the deceased president still being the incumbent. Eventually, the two concluded that the best course of action would be for Johnson to take the oath of office before returning to Washington.", "Eventually, the two concluded that the best course of action would be for Johnson to take the oath of office before returning to Washington. In his 1971 book We Band of Brothers, aide Edwin O. Guthman recounted Kennedy admitting to him an hour after receiving word of his brother's death that he thought he would be the one \"they would get\" as opposed to his brother.", "In his 1971 book We Band of Brothers, aide Edwin O. Guthman recounted Kennedy admitting to him an hour after receiving word of his brother's death that he thought he would be the one \"they would get\" as opposed to his brother. In the days following the assassination, he wrote letters to his two eldest children, Kathleen and Joseph, saying that as the oldest Kennedy family members of their generation, they had a special responsibility to remember what their uncle had started and to love and serve their country.", "In the days following the assassination, he wrote letters to his two eldest children, Kathleen and Joseph, saying that as the oldest Kennedy family members of their generation, they had a special responsibility to remember what their uncle had started and to love and serve their country. He was originally opposed to Jacqueline Kennedy's decision to have a closed casket, as he wanted the funeral to keep with tradition, but he changed his mind after seeing the cosmetic, waxen remains.", "He was originally opposed to Jacqueline Kennedy's decision to have a closed casket, as he wanted the funeral to keep with tradition, but he changed his mind after seeing the cosmetic, waxen remains. Kennedy was asked by Democratic Party leaders to introduce a film about his late brother at the 1964 party convention.", "Kennedy was asked by Democratic Party leaders to introduce a film about his late brother at the 1964 party convention. When he was introduced, the crowd, including party bosses, elected officials, and delegates, applauded thunderously and tearfully for a full 22 minutes before they would let him speak.", "When he was introduced, the crowd, including party bosses, elected officials, and delegates, applauded thunderously and tearfully for a full 22 minutes before they would let him speak. He was close to breaking down before he spoke about his brother's vision for both the party and the nation and recited a quote from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (3.2) that Jacqueline had given him: The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that the president had been assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted alone.", "He was close to breaking down before he spoke about his brother's vision for both the party and the nation and recited a quote from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (3.2) that Jacqueline had given him: The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that the president had been assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted alone. On September 27, 1964, Kennedy issued a statement through his New York campaign office: \"As I said in Poland last summer, I am convinced Oswald was solely responsible for what happened and that he did not have any outside help or assistance.", "On September 27, 1964, Kennedy issued a statement through his New York campaign office: \"As I said in Poland last summer, I am convinced Oswald was solely responsible for what happened and that he did not have any outside help or assistance. He was a malcontent who could not get along here or in the Soviet Union.\"", "He was a malcontent who could not get along here or in the Soviet Union.\" He added, \"I have not read the report, nor do I intend to. But I have been briefed on it and I am completely satisfied that the Commission investigated every lead and examined every piece of evidence.", "But I have been briefed on it and I am completely satisfied that the Commission investigated every lead and examined every piece of evidence. The Commission's inquiry was thorough and conscientious.\"", "The Commission's inquiry was thorough and conscientious.\" After a meeting with Kennedy in 1966, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote: \"It is evident that he believes that [the Warren Commission's report] was a poor job and will not endorse it, but that he is unwilling to criticize it and thereby reopen the whole tragic business.\"", "After a meeting with Kennedy in 1966, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote: \"It is evident that he believes that [the Warren Commission's report] was a poor job and will not endorse it, but that he is unwilling to criticize it and thereby reopen the whole tragic business.\" Jerry Bruno, an \"advance man\" for JFK who also worked on RFK's 1968 presidential campaign, would later state in 1993: \"I talked to Robert Kennedy many times about the Warren Commission, and he never doubted their result.\"", "Jerry Bruno, an \"advance man\" for JFK who also worked on RFK's 1968 presidential campaign, would later state in 1993: \"I talked to Robert Kennedy many times about the Warren Commission, and he never doubted their result.\" In a 2013 interview with CBS journalist Charlie Rose, son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. stated that his father was \"fairly convinced\" that others besides Oswald were involved in his brother's assassination and that he privately believed the Commission's report was a \"shoddy piece of craftsmanship\".", "In a 2013 interview with CBS journalist Charlie Rose, son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. stated that his father was \"fairly convinced\" that others besides Oswald were involved in his brother's assassination and that he privately believed the Commission's report was a \"shoddy piece of craftsmanship\". The killing was judged as having a profound impact on Kennedy.", "The killing was judged as having a profound impact on Kennedy. Beran assesses the assassination as having moved Kennedy away from reliance on the political system and to become more questioning. Tye views Kennedy following the death of his brother as \"more fatalistic, having seen how fast he could lose what he cherished the most.\"", "Tye views Kennedy following the death of his brother as \"more fatalistic, having seen how fast he could lose what he cherished the most.\" Vice presidential candidate In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of vice president now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the 1964 presidential election.", "Vice presidential candidate In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of vice president now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the 1964 presidential election. Several Kennedy partisans called for him to be drafted in tribute to his brother; national polling showed that three of four Democrats were in favor of him as Johnson's running mate.", "Several Kennedy partisans called for him to be drafted in tribute to his brother; national polling showed that three of four Democrats were in favor of him as Johnson's running mate. Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25,000 Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March 1964, only 3,700 fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president.", "Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25,000 Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March 1964, only 3,700 fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president. Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger.", "Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger. Schlesinger thought that he should develop his own political base first, and Kennedy observed that the job \"was really based on waiting around for someone to die\". In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency.", "In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency. During this time he said of the coalescing Johnson administration, \"It's too early for me to even think about '64, because I don't know whether I want to have any part of these people.", "During this time he said of the coalescing Johnson administration, \"It's too early for me to even think about '64, because I don't know whether I want to have any part of these people. ...If they don't fulfill and follow out my brother's program, I don't want to have anything to do with them.\"", "...If they don't fulfill and follow out my brother's program, I don't want to have anything to do with them.\" But in January 1964 Kennedy began low-key inquiries as to the vice-presidential position and by the summer was developing plans to help Johnson in cities and in the Northeast based on JFK's 1960 campaign strategies.", "But in January 1964 Kennedy began low-key inquiries as to the vice-presidential position and by the summer was developing plans to help Johnson in cities and in the Northeast based on JFK's 1960 campaign strategies. Despite the fanfare within the Democratic Party, Johnson was not inclined to have Kennedy on his ticket.", "Despite the fanfare within the Democratic Party, Johnson was not inclined to have Kennedy on his ticket. The two disliked one another intensely, with feelings often described as \"mutual contempt\" that went back to their first meeting in 1953, and had only intensified during JFK's presidency.", "The two disliked one another intensely, with feelings often described as \"mutual contempt\" that went back to their first meeting in 1953, and had only intensified during JFK's presidency. At the time, Johnson privately said of Kennedy, \"I don't need that little runt to win\", while Kennedy privately said of Johnson that he was \"mean, bitter, vicious—an animal in many ways\".", "At the time, Johnson privately said of Kennedy, \"I don't need that little runt to win\", while Kennedy privately said of Johnson that he was \"mean, bitter, vicious—an animal in many ways\". To block Kennedy, Johnson considered nominating his brother-in-law Sargent Shriver for vice president, but the Kennedy family vetoed that.", "To block Kennedy, Johnson considered nominating his brother-in-law Sargent Shriver for vice president, but the Kennedy family vetoed that. Kenny O'Donnell, a Kennedy aide who stayed on to serve Johnson, told the president that if he wanted a Catholic vice president, the only candidate available was Kennedy. Johnson instead chose Senator Hubert Humphrey.", "Johnson instead chose Senator Hubert Humphrey. During a post-presidency interview with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Johnson claimed that Kennedy \"acted like he was the custodian of the Kennedy dream\" despite Johnson being seen as this after JFK was assassinated, arguing that he had \"waited\" his turn and Kennedy should have done the same.", "During a post-presidency interview with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Johnson claimed that Kennedy \"acted like he was the custodian of the Kennedy dream\" despite Johnson being seen as this after JFK was assassinated, arguing that he had \"waited\" his turn and Kennedy should have done the same. Johnson recalled a \"tidal wave of letters and memos about how great a vice president Bobby would be\", but felt he could not \"let it happen\" as he viewed the possibility of Kennedy on the ticket as ensuring that he would never know if he could be elected \"on my own\".", "Johnson recalled a \"tidal wave of letters and memos about how great a vice president Bobby would be\", but felt he could not \"let it happen\" as he viewed the possibility of Kennedy on the ticket as ensuring that he would never know if he could be elected \"on my own\". On July 27, 1964, Kennedy was summoned to the White House and told by Johnson that he did not want him as his running mate, leading the former to say \"I could have helped you\".", "On July 27, 1964, Kennedy was summoned to the White House and told by Johnson that he did not want him as his running mate, leading the former to say \"I could have helped you\". Johnson wanted Kennedy to tell the media that he decided to withdraw his name, but he refused, saying the president could do that himself.", "Johnson wanted Kennedy to tell the media that he decided to withdraw his name, but he refused, saying the president could do that himself. Johnson wanted a way to announce that he had refused Kennedy serving as his running mate without appearing to be motivated by malice towards a man he disliked and distrusted.", "Johnson wanted a way to announce that he had refused Kennedy serving as his running mate without appearing to be motivated by malice towards a man he disliked and distrusted. The Democratic power broker Clark Clifford suggested to Johnson a way to block Kennedy.", "The Democratic power broker Clark Clifford suggested to Johnson a way to block Kennedy. At a meeting in the Oval Office that, unknown to him, was being recorded, Clifford said: \"Why don't you reach a policy decision that, after careful consideration, you've decided that you're not going to select anyone from your cabinet?\"", "At a meeting in the Oval Office that, unknown to him, was being recorded, Clifford said: \"Why don't you reach a policy decision that, after careful consideration, you've decided that you're not going to select anyone from your cabinet?\" When Johnson replied \"That's pretty thin, isn't it?", "When Johnson replied \"That's pretty thin, isn't it? \", leading Clifford to answer, \"Well, it is pretty thin, but it's a lot better than nothing\".", "\", leading Clifford to answer, \"Well, it is pretty thin, but it's a lot better than nothing\". In July 1964, Johnson issued an official statement ruling out all of his current cabinet members as potential running mates, judging them to be \"so valuable ... in their current posts\".", "In July 1964, Johnson issued an official statement ruling out all of his current cabinet members as potential running mates, judging them to be \"so valuable ... in their current posts\". In response to this statement, angry letters poured in directed towards both Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird, expressing disappointment at Kennedy being dropped from the field of potential running mates.", "In response to this statement, angry letters poured in directed towards both Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird, expressing disappointment at Kennedy being dropped from the field of potential running mates. Johnson, worried that delegates at the convention would draft Kennedy onto the ticket, ordered the FBI to monitor Kennedy's contacts and actions, and to make sure that he could not speak until after Hubert Humphrey was confirmed as his running mate.", "Johnson, worried that delegates at the convention would draft Kennedy onto the ticket, ordered the FBI to monitor Kennedy's contacts and actions, and to make sure that he could not speak until after Hubert Humphrey was confirmed as his running mate. After making his announcement, Johnson at an \"off-the-record\" meeting in the Oval Office with three journalists boasted about how he had gotten \"that damned albatross off his neck\" as he proceeded to mock what he called Kennedy's \"funny\" voice and mannerisms.", "After making his announcement, Johnson at an \"off-the-record\" meeting in the Oval Office with three journalists boasted about how he had gotten \"that damned albatross off his neck\" as he proceeded to mock what he called Kennedy's \"funny\" voice and mannerisms. Though not published in the newspapers, Kennedy quickly learned of Johnson's performance and demanded an apology, only to have the president deny the story.", "Though not published in the newspapers, Kennedy quickly learned of Johnson's performance and demanded an apology, only to have the president deny the story. After hearing Johnson's denial, Kennedy wrote: \"He tells so many lies that he convinces himself after a while he's telling the truth.", "After hearing Johnson's denial, Kennedy wrote: \"He tells so many lies that he convinces himself after a while he's telling the truth. He just doesn't recognize truth or falsehood\". In a meeting with Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Johnson talked about Kennedy.", "In a meeting with Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Johnson talked about Kennedy. Both felt that Kennedy was \"freakish ambitious\" with Rusk saying: \"Mr. President, I just can't wrap my mind around that kind of ambition. I don't know how to understand it\".", "I don't know how to understand it\". Both were afraid that Kennedy might use the nostalgia for his assassinated brother to \"stampede\" the Democratic National Convention delegates to nominate him, and were hoping that Kennedy might run for Senate in New York, though Rusk was also worried that a Senate run would serve as \"a drag on your own position in New York state\".", "Both were afraid that Kennedy might use the nostalgia for his assassinated brother to \"stampede\" the Democratic National Convention delegates to nominate him, and were hoping that Kennedy might run for Senate in New York, though Rusk was also worried that a Senate run would serve as \"a drag on your own position in New York state\". Furthermore, white Southerners tended to vote Democratic as a bloc at the time, and a poll in 1964 showed that 33% of Southerners would not vote Democratic if Kennedy were Johnson's running mate, causing many Democrat leaders to oppose Kennedy serving as Vice President, lest it alienate one of the most solid and reliable blocs of Democratic voters.", "Furthermore, white Southerners tended to vote Democratic as a bloc at the time, and a poll in 1964 showed that 33% of Southerners would not vote Democratic if Kennedy were Johnson's running mate, causing many Democrat leaders to oppose Kennedy serving as Vice President, lest it alienate one of the most solid and reliable blocs of Democratic voters. At the DNC, Kennedy appeared on the stage to introduce a film honoring his late brother, A Thousand Days, causing the convention hall to explode with cheers for 22 minutes despite Kennedy's gestures indicating that he wanted the crowd to fall silent so he could began his speech.", "At the DNC, Kennedy appeared on the stage to introduce a film honoring his late brother, A Thousand Days, causing the convention hall to explode with cheers for 22 minutes despite Kennedy's gestures indicating that he wanted the crowd to fall silent so he could began his speech. Senator Henry Jackson advised Kennedy, \"Let them get it out of their system\" as he stood on the stage raising his hand to signal he wanted the crowd to stop cheering.", "Senator Henry Jackson advised Kennedy, \"Let them get it out of their system\" as he stood on the stage raising his hand to signal he wanted the crowd to stop cheering. When the crowd finally stopped cheering, Kennedy gave his speech, which ended with a quotation from Romeo and Juliet: \"When he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine, That all the world shall be in love with night, and pay no worship to the garish sun\".", "When the crowd finally stopped cheering, Kennedy gave his speech, which ended with a quotation from Romeo and Juliet: \"When he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine, That all the world shall be in love with night, and pay no worship to the garish sun\". Johnson knew instantly that the reference to the \"garish sun\" was to him.", "Johnson knew instantly that the reference to the \"garish sun\" was to him. U.S. Senate (1965–1968) 1964 election Nine months after his brother's assassination, Kennedy left the cabinet to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate representing New York, announcing his candidacy on August 25, 1964, two days before the end of that year's Democratic National Convention.", "U.S. Senate (1965–1968) 1964 election Nine months after his brother's assassination, Kennedy left the cabinet to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate representing New York, announcing his candidacy on August 25, 1964, two days before the end of that year's Democratic National Convention. He had considered the possibility of running for the seat since early spring, but also giving consideration for governor of Massachusetts or, as he put it, \"go away\", leaving politics altogether after the plane crash and injury of his brother Ted in June, two months earlier.", "He had considered the possibility of running for the seat since early spring, but also giving consideration for governor of Massachusetts or, as he put it, \"go away\", leaving politics altogether after the plane crash and injury of his brother Ted in June, two months earlier. Positive reception in Europe convinced him to remain in politics.", "Positive reception in Europe convinced him to remain in politics. Kennedy was lauded during trips to Germany and Poland, the denizens of the latter country's greetings to Kennedy being interpreted by Leaming as evaporating the agony he had sustained since his brother's passing.", "Kennedy was lauded during trips to Germany and Poland, the denizens of the latter country's greetings to Kennedy being interpreted by Leaming as evaporating the agony he had sustained since his brother's passing. Kennedy was given permission to run by the New York State Democratic Committee on September 1, amid mixed feelings in regards to his candidacy.", "Kennedy was given permission to run by the New York State Democratic Committee on September 1, amid mixed feelings in regards to his candidacy. Despite their notoriously difficult relationship, Johnson gave considerable support to Kennedy's campaign.", "Despite their notoriously difficult relationship, Johnson gave considerable support to Kennedy's campaign. His opponent was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger since he did not reside in the state.", "His opponent was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger since he did not reside in the state. The New York Times editorialized, \"there is nothing illegal about the possible nomination of Robert F. Kennedy of Massachusetts as Senator from New York, but there is plenty of cynical about it, ... merely choosing the state as a convenient launching‐pad for the political ambitions of himself.\"", "The New York Times editorialized, \"there is nothing illegal about the possible nomination of Robert F. Kennedy of Massachusetts as Senator from New York, but there is plenty of cynical about it, ... merely choosing the state as a convenient launching‐pad for the political ambitions of himself.\" The main reason Kennedy chose not to run for the U.S. Senate from his native Massachusetts was that his younger brother Ted was running for reelection.", "The main reason Kennedy chose not to run for the U.S. Senate from his native Massachusetts was that his younger brother Ted was running for reelection. RFK charged Keating with having \"not done much of anything constructive\" despite his presence in Congress during a September 8 press conference.", "RFK charged Keating with having \"not done much of anything constructive\" despite his presence in Congress during a September 8 press conference. Kennedy won the November election, helped in part by Johnson's huge victory margin in New York.", "Kennedy won the November election, helped in part by Johnson's huge victory margin in New York. Tenure Kennedy drew attention in Congress early on as the brother of President Kennedy, which set him apart from other senators.", "Tenure Kennedy drew attention in Congress early on as the brother of President Kennedy, which set him apart from other senators. He drew more than 50 senators as spectators when he delivered a speech in the Senate on nuclear proliferation in June 1965.", "He drew more than 50 senators as spectators when he delivered a speech in the Senate on nuclear proliferation in June 1965. But he also saw a decline in his power, going from the president's most trusted advisor to one of a hundred senators, and his impatience with collaborative lawmaking showed.", "But he also saw a decline in his power, going from the president's most trusted advisor to one of a hundred senators, and his impatience with collaborative lawmaking showed. Though fellow senator Fred R. Harris expected not to like Kennedy, the two became allies; Harris even called them \"each other's best friends in the Senate\".", "Though fellow senator Fred R. Harris expected not to like Kennedy, the two became allies; Harris even called them \"each other's best friends in the Senate\". Kennedy's younger brother Ted was his senior there. Robert saw his brother as a guide on managing within the Senate, and the arrangement worked to deepen their relationship.", "Robert saw his brother as a guide on managing within the Senate, and the arrangement worked to deepen their relationship. Harris noted that Kennedy was intense about matters and issues that concerned him.", "Harris noted that Kennedy was intense about matters and issues that concerned him. Kennedy gained a reputation in the Senate for being well prepared for debate, but his tendency to speak to other senators in a more \"blunt\" fashion caused him to be \"unpopular ... with many of his colleagues\".", "Kennedy gained a reputation in the Senate for being well prepared for debate, but his tendency to speak to other senators in a more \"blunt\" fashion caused him to be \"unpopular ... with many of his colleagues\". While serving in the Senate, Kennedy advocated gun control.", "While serving in the Senate, Kennedy advocated gun control. In May 1965 he co-sponsored S.1592, proposed by President Johnson and sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, that would put federal restrictions on mail-order gun sales.", "In May 1965 he co-sponsored S.1592, proposed by President Johnson and sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd, that would put federal restrictions on mail-order gun sales. Speaking in support of the bill, Kennedy said, \"For too long we dealt with these deadly weapons as if they were harmless toys.", "Speaking in support of the bill, Kennedy said, \"For too long we dealt with these deadly weapons as if they were harmless toys. Yet their very presence, the ease of their acquisition and the familiarity of their appearance have led to thousands of deaths each year.", "Yet their very presence, the ease of their acquisition and the familiarity of their appearance have led to thousands of deaths each year. With the passage of this bill we will begin to meet our responsibilities. It would save hundreds of thousands of lives in this country and spare thousands of families ... grief and heartache.", "It would save hundreds of thousands of lives in this country and spare thousands of families ... grief and heartache. ... \" In remarks during a May 1968 campaign stop in Roseburg, Oregon, Kennedy defended the bill as keeping firearms away from \"people who have no business with guns or rifles\".", "... \" In remarks during a May 1968 campaign stop in Roseburg, Oregon, Kennedy defended the bill as keeping firearms away from \"people who have no business with guns or rifles\". The bill forbade \"mail order sale of guns to the very young, those with criminal records and the insane,\" according to The Oregonian'''s report.", "The bill forbade \"mail order sale of guns to the very young, those with criminal records and the insane,\" according to The Oregonian'''s report. S.1592 and subsequent bills, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, paved the way for the eventual passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968.", "S.1592 and subsequent bills, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, paved the way for the eventual passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968. Kennedy and his staff had employed a cautionary \"amendments–only\" strategy for his first year in the senate.", "Kennedy and his staff had employed a cautionary \"amendments–only\" strategy for his first year in the senate. In 1966 and 1967 they took more direct legislative action, but were met with increasing resistance from the Johnson administration.", "In 1966 and 1967 they took more direct legislative action, but were met with increasing resistance from the Johnson administration. Despite perceptions that the two were hostile in their respective offices to each other, U.S. News reported Kennedy's support of the Johnson administration's \"Great Society\" program through his voting record.", "Despite perceptions that the two were hostile in their respective offices to each other, U.S. News reported Kennedy's support of the Johnson administration's \"Great Society\" program through his voting record. Kennedy supported both major and minor parts of the program, and each year over 60% of his roll call votes were consistently in favor of Johnson's policies.", "Kennedy supported both major and minor parts of the program, and each year over 60% of his roll call votes were consistently in favor of Johnson's policies. On February 8, 1966, Kennedy urged the United States to pledge that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons against countries that did not have them noting that China had made the pledge and the Soviet Union indicated it was also willing to do so.", "On February 8, 1966, Kennedy urged the United States to pledge that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons against countries that did not have them noting that China had made the pledge and the Soviet Union indicated it was also willing to do so. In June 1966, he visited apartheid-era South Africa accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and a few aides.", "In June 1966, he visited apartheid-era South Africa accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and a few aides. The tour was greeted with international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa.", "The tour was greeted with international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa. He spoke out against the oppression of the native population, and was welcomed by the black population as though he were a visiting head of state.", "He spoke out against the oppression of the native population, and was welcomed by the black population as though he were a visiting head of state. In an interview with Look magazine he said: At the University of Cape Town he delivered the annual Day of Affirmation Address.", "In an interview with Look magazine he said: At the University of Cape Town he delivered the annual Day of Affirmation Address. A quote from this address appears on his memorial at Arlington National Cemetery: \"Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope.\"", "A quote from this address appears on his memorial at Arlington National Cemetery: \"Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope.\" On January 28, 1967, Kennedy began a ten-day stay in Europe, meeting Harold Wilson in London who advised him to tell President Johnson about his belief that the ongoing Vietnam conflict was wrong.", "On January 28, 1967, Kennedy began a ten-day stay in Europe, meeting Harold Wilson in London who advised him to tell President Johnson about his belief that the ongoing Vietnam conflict was wrong. Upon returning to the U.S. in early February, he was confronted by the press who asked him if his conversations abroad had negatively impacted American foreign relations.", "Upon returning to the U.S. in early February, he was confronted by the press who asked him if his conversations abroad had negatively impacted American foreign relations. During his years as a senator, he helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty-stricken Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn.", "During his years as a senator, he helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty-stricken Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. Schlesinger wrote that Kennedy had hoped Bedford-Stuyvesant would become an example of self-imposed growth for other impoverished neighborhoods.", "Schlesinger wrote that Kennedy had hoped Bedford-Stuyvesant would become an example of self-imposed growth for other impoverished neighborhoods. Kennedy had difficulty securing support from President Johnson, whose administration was charged by Kennedy as having opposed a \"special impact\" program meant to bring about the federal progress that he had supported.", "Kennedy had difficulty securing support from President Johnson, whose administration was charged by Kennedy as having opposed a \"special impact\" program meant to bring about the federal progress that he had supported. Robert B. Semple Jr. repeated similar sentiments in September 1967, writing the Johnson administration was preparing \"a concentrated attack\" on Robert F. Kennedy's proposal that Semple claimed would \"build more and better low-cost housing in the slums through private enterprise.\"", "Robert B. Semple Jr. repeated similar sentiments in September 1967, writing the Johnson administration was preparing \"a concentrated attack\" on Robert F. Kennedy's proposal that Semple claimed would \"build more and better low-cost housing in the slums through private enterprise.\" Kennedy confided to journalist Jack Newfield that while he tried collaborating with the administration through courting its members and compromising with the bill, \"They didn't even try to work something out together.", "Kennedy confided to journalist Jack Newfield that while he tried collaborating with the administration through courting its members and compromising with the bill, \"They didn't even try to work something out together. To them it's all just politics.\"", "To them it's all just politics.\" He also visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of \"War on Poverty\" programs, particularly that of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.", "He also visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of \"War on Poverty\" programs, particularly that of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Marian Wright Edelman described Kennedy as \"deeply moved and outraged\" by the sight of the starving children living in the economically abysmal climate, changing her impression of him from \"tough, arrogant, and politically driven.\"", "Marian Wright Edelman described Kennedy as \"deeply moved and outraged\" by the sight of the starving children living in the economically abysmal climate, changing her impression of him from \"tough, arrogant, and politically driven.\" Edelman noted further that the senator requested she call on Martin Luther King Jr. to bring the impoverished to Washington, D.C., to make them more visible, leading to the creation of the Poor People's Campaign.", "Edelman noted further that the senator requested she call on Martin Luther King Jr. to bring the impoverished to Washington, D.C., to make them more visible, leading to the creation of the Poor People's Campaign. Kennedy sought to remedy the problems of poverty through legislation to encourage private industry to locate in poverty-stricken areas, thus creating jobs for the unemployed, and stressed the importance of work over welfare.", "Kennedy sought to remedy the problems of poverty through legislation to encourage private industry to locate in poverty-stricken areas, thus creating jobs for the unemployed, and stressed the importance of work over welfare. Kennedy worked on the Senate Labor Committee at the time of the workers' rights activism of Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA).", "Kennedy worked on the Senate Labor Committee at the time of the workers' rights activism of Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA). At the request of labor leader Walter Reuther, who had previously marched with and provided money to Chavez, Kennedy flew out to Delano, California, to investigate the situation.", "At the request of labor leader Walter Reuther, who had previously marched with and provided money to Chavez, Kennedy flew out to Delano, California, to investigate the situation. Although little attention was paid to the first two committee hearings in March 1966 for legislation to include farm workers by an amendment of the National Labor Relations Act, Kennedy's attendance at the third hearing brought media coverage.", "Although little attention was paid to the first two committee hearings in March 1966 for legislation to include farm workers by an amendment of the National Labor Relations Act, Kennedy's attendance at the third hearing brought media coverage. Biographer Thomas wrote that Kennedy was moved after seeing the conditions of the workers, who he deemed were being taken advantage of.", "Biographer Thomas wrote that Kennedy was moved after seeing the conditions of the workers, who he deemed were being taken advantage of. Chavez stressed to Kennedy that migrant workers needed to be recognized as human beings.", "Chavez stressed to Kennedy that migrant workers needed to be recognized as human beings. Kennedy later engaged in an exchange with Kern County sheriff Leroy Galyen where he criticized the sheriff's deputies for taking photographs of \"people on picket lines.\"", "Kennedy later engaged in an exchange with Kern County sheriff Leroy Galyen where he criticized the sheriff's deputies for taking photographs of \"people on picket lines.\" As a senator, he was popular among African Americans and other minorities including Native Americans and immigrant groups.", "As a senator, he was popular among African Americans and other minorities including Native Americans and immigrant groups. He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the \"disaffected\", the impoverished, and \"the excluded\", thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners, leading the Democratic party in pursuit of a more aggressive agenda to eliminate perceived discrimination on all levels.", "He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the \"disaffected\", the impoverished, and \"the excluded\", thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners, leading the Democratic party in pursuit of a more aggressive agenda to eliminate perceived discrimination on all levels. He supported desegregation busing, integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment, and provide health care for African Americans.", "He supported desegregation busing, integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment, and provide health care for African Americans. Consistent with President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, he also placed increasing emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.S. foreign policy.", "Consistent with President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, he also placed increasing emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.S. foreign policy. Vietnam The JFK administration had backed U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world in the frame of the Cold War, but Kennedy was not known to be involved in discussions on the Vietnam War when he was his brother's attorney general.Hilty, p. 460.", "Vietnam The JFK administration had backed U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world in the frame of the Cold War, but Kennedy was not known to be involved in discussions on the Vietnam War when he was his brother's attorney general.Hilty, p. 460. According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, before choosing to run for the Senate, Kennedy had sought an ambassadorship to South Vietnam.", "According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, before choosing to run for the Senate, Kennedy had sought an ambassadorship to South Vietnam. Entering the Senate, Kennedy initially kept private his disagreements with President Johnson on the war. While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops.", "While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops. Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965, Kennedy did not wish to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda.", "Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965, Kennedy did not wish to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda. But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month.", "But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month. Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers.", "Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation.", "In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, wrote that Kennedy \"indicat[ed] comprehension of the problems we face\", in a letter to the senator.", "The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, wrote that Kennedy \"indicat[ed] comprehension of the problems we face\", in a letter to the senator. In December 1965, Kennedy advised his friend, the Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, that he should counsel Johnson to declare a ceasefire in Vietnam, a bombing pause over North Vietnam, and to take up an offer by Algeria to serve as a \"honest broker\" in peace talks.", "In December 1965, Kennedy advised his friend, the Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, that he should counsel Johnson to declare a ceasefire in Vietnam, a bombing pause over North Vietnam, and to take up an offer by Algeria to serve as a \"honest broker\" in peace talks. The left-wing Algerian government had friendly relations with North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front and had indicated in 1965-1966 that it was willing to serve as a conduit for peace talks, but most of Johnson's advisers were leery of the Algerian offer.", "The left-wing Algerian government had friendly relations with North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front and had indicated in 1965-1966 that it was willing to serve as a conduit for peace talks, but most of Johnson's advisers were leery of the Algerian offer. On January 31, 1966, Kennedy in a speech on the Senate floor stated: \"If we regard bombing as the answer in Vietnam, we are headed straight for disaster\".", "On January 31, 1966, Kennedy in a speech on the Senate floor stated: \"If we regard bombing as the answer in Vietnam, we are headed straight for disaster\". In February 1966, Kennedy released a peace plan that called for preserving South Vietnam while at the same time allowing the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong, to join a coalition government in Saigon.", "In February 1966, Kennedy released a peace plan that called for preserving South Vietnam while at the same time allowing the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong, to join a coalition government in Saigon. When asked by reporters if he was speaking on behalf of Johnson, Kennedy replied: \"I don't think anyone has ever suggested that I was speaking for the White House\".", "When asked by reporters if he was speaking on behalf of Johnson, Kennedy replied: \"I don't think anyone has ever suggested that I was speaking for the White House\". Kennedy's peace plan made front page news with The New York Times calling it a break with the president while the Chicago Tribunal labelled him in an editorial \"Ho Chi Kennedy\".", "Kennedy's peace plan made front page news with The New York Times calling it a break with the president while the Chicago Tribunal labelled him in an editorial \"Ho Chi Kennedy\". Vice President Humphrey on a visit to New Zealand stated that Kennedy's \"peace recipe\" included \"a dose of arsenic\" while the National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy quoted to the press Kennedy's remarks from 1963 saying he was against including Communists in coalition governments (though Kennedy's subject was Germany, not Vietnam).", "Vice President Humphrey on a visit to New Zealand stated that Kennedy's \"peace recipe\" included \"a dose of arsenic\" while the National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy quoted to the press Kennedy's remarks from 1963 saying he was against including Communists in coalition governments (though Kennedy's subject was Germany, not Vietnam). Kennedy was displeased when he heard anti-war protesters chanting his name, saying \"I'm not Wayne Morse\".", "Kennedy was displeased when he heard anti-war protesters chanting his name, saying \"I'm not Wayne Morse\". To put aside reports of a rift with Johnson, Kennedy flew with Johnson on Air Force One on a trip to New York on February 23, 1966, and barely clapped his hands in approval when Johnson denied waging a war of conquest in Vietnam.", "To put aside reports of a rift with Johnson, Kennedy flew with Johnson on Air Force One on a trip to New York on February 23, 1966, and barely clapped his hands in approval when Johnson denied waging a war of conquest in Vietnam. In an interview with the Today program, Kennedy conceded that his views on Vietnam were \"a little confusing\".", "In an interview with the Today program, Kennedy conceded that his views on Vietnam were \"a little confusing\". In April 1966, Kennedy had a private meeting with Philip Heymann of the State Department's Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs to discuss efforts to secure the release of American prisoners of war in Vietnam.", "In April 1966, Kennedy had a private meeting with Philip Heymann of the State Department's Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs to discuss efforts to secure the release of American prisoners of war in Vietnam. Kennedy wanted to press the Johnson administration to do more, but Heymann insisted that the administration believed the \"consequences of sitting down with the Viet Cong\" mattered more than the prisoners they were holding captive.", "Kennedy wanted to press the Johnson administration to do more, but Heymann insisted that the administration believed the \"consequences of sitting down with the Viet Cong\" mattered more than the prisoners they were holding captive. On June 29 of that year, Kennedy released a statement disavowing President Johnson's choice to bomb Haiphong, but he avoided criticizing either the war or the president's overall foreign policy, believing that it might harm Democratic candidates in the 1966 midterm elections.", "On June 29 of that year, Kennedy released a statement disavowing President Johnson's choice to bomb Haiphong, but he avoided criticizing either the war or the president's overall foreign policy, believing that it might harm Democratic candidates in the 1966 midterm elections. In August, the International Herald Tribune described Kennedy's popularity as outpacing President Johnson's, crediting Kennedy's attempts to end the Vietnam conflict which the public increasingly desired.", "In August, the International Herald Tribune described Kennedy's popularity as outpacing President Johnson's, crediting Kennedy's attempts to end the Vietnam conflict which the public increasingly desired. In the early part of 1967, Kennedy traveled to Europe, where he had discussions about Vietnam with leaders and diplomats.", "In the early part of 1967, Kennedy traveled to Europe, where he had discussions about Vietnam with leaders and diplomats. A story leaked to the State Department that Kennedy was talking about seeking peace while President Johnson was pursuing the war. Johnson became convinced that Kennedy was undermining his authority.", "Johnson became convinced that Kennedy was undermining his authority. He voiced this during a meeting with Kennedy, who reiterated the interest of the European leaders to pause the bombing while going forward with negotiations; Johnson declined to do so.", "He voiced this during a meeting with Kennedy, who reiterated the interest of the European leaders to pause the bombing while going forward with negotiations; Johnson declined to do so. On March 2, Kennedy outlined a three-point plan to end the war which included suspending the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, and the eventual withdrawal of American and North Vietnamese soldiers from South Vietnam; this plan was rejected by Secretary of State Dean Rusk, who believed North Vietnam would never agree to it.", "On March 2, Kennedy outlined a three-point plan to end the war which included suspending the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam, and the eventual withdrawal of American and North Vietnamese soldiers from South Vietnam; this plan was rejected by Secretary of State Dean Rusk, who believed North Vietnam would never agree to it. On May 15, Kennedy debated Governor of California Ronald Reagan about the war.", "On May 15, Kennedy debated Governor of California Ronald Reagan about the war. On November 26, 1967, during an appearance on Face the Nation, Kennedy asserted that the Johnson administration had deviated from his brother's policies in Vietnam, his first time contrasting the two administrations' policies on the war.", "On November 26, 1967, during an appearance on Face the Nation, Kennedy asserted that the Johnson administration had deviated from his brother's policies in Vietnam, his first time contrasting the two administrations' policies on the war. He added that the view that Americans were fighting to end communism in Vietnam was \"immoral\".Clarke, p. 32.", "He added that the view that Americans were fighting to end communism in Vietnam was \"immoral\".Clarke, p. 32. On February 8, 1968, Kennedy delivered an address in Chicago, where he critiqued Saigon \"government corruption\" and expressed his disagreement with the Johnson administration's stance that the war would determine the future of Asia.", "On February 8, 1968, Kennedy delivered an address in Chicago, where he critiqued Saigon \"government corruption\" and expressed his disagreement with the Johnson administration's stance that the war would determine the future of Asia. On March 14, Kennedy met with defense secretary Clark Clifford at the Pentagon regarding the war.", "On March 14, Kennedy met with defense secretary Clark Clifford at the Pentagon regarding the war. Clifford's notes indicate that Kennedy was offering not to enter the ongoing Democratic presidential primary if President Johnson would admit publicly to having been wrong in his war policy and appoint \"a group of persons to conduct a study in depth of the issues and come up with a recommended course of action\"; Johnson rejected the proposal.", "Clifford's notes indicate that Kennedy was offering not to enter the ongoing Democratic presidential primary if President Johnson would admit publicly to having been wrong in his war policy and appoint \"a group of persons to conduct a study in depth of the issues and come up with a recommended course of action\"; Johnson rejected the proposal. On April 1, after President Johnson halted bombing of North Vietnam, RFK said the decision was a \"step toward peace\" and, though offering to collaborate with Johnson for national unity, opted to continue his presidential bid.", "On April 1, after President Johnson halted bombing of North Vietnam, RFK said the decision was a \"step toward peace\" and, though offering to collaborate with Johnson for national unity, opted to continue his presidential bid. On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the \"domestic progress\" hoped for by the US.", "On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the \"domestic progress\" hoped for by the US. Later that month, Kennedy called the war \"the gravest kind of error\" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon.", "Later that month, Kennedy called the war \"the gravest kind of error\" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon. In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war.", "In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war. Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not support either a simple withdrawal or a surrender in South Vietnam and favored instead a change in the course of action taken so it would bring an \"honorable peace.\"", "Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not support either a simple withdrawal or a surrender in South Vietnam and favored instead a change in the course of action taken so it would bring an \"honorable peace.\" Presidential candidate In 1968 President Johnson prepared to run for re-election.", "Presidential candidate In 1968 President Johnson prepared to run for re-election. In January, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent president, Kennedy stated that he would not seek the presidency.", "In January, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent president, Kennedy stated that he would not seek the presidency. After the Tet Offensive in Vietnam in early February 1968, he received a letter from writer Pete Hamill that said poor people kept pictures of President Kennedy on their walls and that Kennedy had an \"obligation of staying true to whatever it was that put those pictures on those walls.\"", "After the Tet Offensive in Vietnam in early February 1968, he received a letter from writer Pete Hamill that said poor people kept pictures of President Kennedy on their walls and that Kennedy had an \"obligation of staying true to whatever it was that put those pictures on those walls.\" Kennedy traveled to Delano, California, to meet with civil rights activist César Chávez, who was on a 25-day hunger strike showing his commitment to nonviolence.", "Kennedy traveled to Delano, California, to meet with civil rights activist César Chávez, who was on a 25-day hunger strike showing his commitment to nonviolence. It was on this visit to California that Kennedy decided he would challenge Johnson for the presidency, telling his former Justice Department aides, Edwin Guthman and Peter Edelman, that his first step was to get lesser-known Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to drop out of the presidential race.", "It was on this visit to California that Kennedy decided he would challenge Johnson for the presidency, telling his former Justice Department aides, Edwin Guthman and Peter Edelman, that his first step was to get lesser-known Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to drop out of the presidential race. The weekend before the New Hampshire primary, Kennedy announced to several aides that he would attempt to persuade McCarthy to withdraw from the race to avoid splitting the antiwar vote, but Senator George McGovern urged Kennedy to wait until after that primary to announce his candidacy.", "The weekend before the New Hampshire primary, Kennedy announced to several aides that he would attempt to persuade McCarthy to withdraw from the race to avoid splitting the antiwar vote, but Senator George McGovern urged Kennedy to wait until after that primary to announce his candidacy. Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, 1968, against McCarthy, but this close second-place result dramatically boosted McCarthy's standing in the race.", "Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, 1968, against McCarthy, but this close second-place result dramatically boosted McCarthy's standing in the race. After much speculation, and reports leaking out about his plans, and seeing in McCarthy's success that Johnson's hold on the job was not as strong as originally thought, Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16, 1968, in the Caucus Room of the old Senate office building, the same room where his brother had declared his own candidacy eight years earlier.", "After much speculation, and reports leaking out about his plans, and seeing in McCarthy's success that Johnson's hold on the job was not as strong as originally thought, Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16, 1968, in the Caucus Room of the old Senate office building, the same room where his brother had declared his own candidacy eight years earlier. He stated, \"I do not run for the presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new policies.", "He stated, \"I do not run for the presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new policies. I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can.\"", "I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can.\" McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an opportunist.", "McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an opportunist. They believed that McCarthy had taken the most courageous stand by opposing the sitting president of his own party and that his surprising result in New Hampshire had earned him the mantle of being the anti-war candidate. Kennedy's announcement split the anti-war movement in two.", "Kennedy's announcement split the anti-war movement in two. On March 31, 1968, Johnson stunned the nation by dropping out of the race.", "On March 31, 1968, Johnson stunned the nation by dropping out of the race. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, a champion of the labor unions and a long supporter of civil rights, entered the race with the financial backing and critical endorsement of the party \"establishment\", including most members of Congress, mayors, governors, \"the south\", and several major labor unions.", "Vice President Hubert Humphrey, a champion of the labor unions and a long supporter of civil rights, entered the race with the financial backing and critical endorsement of the party \"establishment\", including most members of Congress, mayors, governors, \"the south\", and several major labor unions. With state registration deadlines long past, Humphrey joined the race too late to enter any primaries but had the support of the president.Schlesinger (2002) [1978], p. 884.", "With state registration deadlines long past, Humphrey joined the race too late to enter any primaries but had the support of the president.Schlesinger (2002) [1978], p. 884. Kennedy, like his brother before him, planned to win the nomination through popular support in the primaries.", "Kennedy, like his brother before him, planned to win the nomination through popular support in the primaries. Kennedy ran on a platform of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power, and social change.", "Kennedy ran on a platform of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power, and social change. A crucial element of his campaign was an engagement with the young, whom he identified as being the future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality.", "A crucial element of his campaign was an engagement with the young, whom he identified as being the future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality. His policy objectives did not sit well with the business community, where he was viewed as something of a fiscal liability, opposed as they were to the tax increases necessary to fund social programs.", "His policy objectives did not sit well with the business community, where he was viewed as something of a fiscal liability, opposed as they were to the tax increases necessary to fund social programs. At one of his university speeches (Indiana University Medical School), he was asked, \"Where are we going to get the money to pay for all these new programs you're proposing?\"", "At one of his university speeches (Indiana University Medical School), he was asked, \"Where are we going to get the money to pay for all these new programs you're proposing?\" He replied to the medical students, about to enter lucrative careers, \"From you. \"Newfield, Jack.", "\"Newfield, Jack. \"Newfield, Jack. (1988) [1969]. Robert Kennedy: A Memoir. Plume It was this intense and frank mode of dialogue with which he was to continue to engage those whom he viewed as not being traditional allies of Democratic ideals or initiatives.", "Plume It was this intense and frank mode of dialogue with which he was to continue to engage those whom he viewed as not being traditional allies of Democratic ideals or initiatives. In a speech at the University of Alabama, he argued, \"I believe that any who seek high office this year must go before all Americans, not just those who agree with them, but also those who disagree, recognizing that it is not just our supporters, not just those who vote for us, but all Americans who we must lead in the difficult years ahead.\"", "In a speech at the University of Alabama, he argued, \"I believe that any who seek high office this year must go before all Americans, not just those who agree with them, but also those who disagree, recognizing that it is not just our supporters, not just those who vote for us, but all Americans who we must lead in the difficult years ahead.\" He aroused rabid animosity in some quarters, with J. Edgar Hoover's Deputy Clyde Tolson reported as saying, \"I hope that someone shoots and kills the son of a bitch.\"", "He aroused rabid animosity in some quarters, with J. Edgar Hoover's Deputy Clyde Tolson reported as saying, \"I hope that someone shoots and kills the son of a bitch.\" Kennedy's presidential campaign brought out both \"great enthusiasm\" and anger in people.", "Kennedy's presidential campaign brought out both \"great enthusiasm\" and anger in people. His message of change raised hope for some and brought fear to others. Kennedy wanted to be a bridge across the divide of American society.", "Kennedy wanted to be a bridge across the divide of American society. His bid for the presidency saw not only a continuation of the programs he and his brother had undertaken during the president's term in office, but also an extension of Johnson's Great Society.", "His bid for the presidency saw not only a continuation of the programs he and his brother had undertaken during the president's term in office, but also an extension of Johnson's Great Society. Kennedy visited numerous small towns and made himself available to the masses by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches, often in troubled inner cities.", "Kennedy visited numerous small towns and made himself available to the masses by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches, often in troubled inner cities. He made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part led to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia.", "He made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part led to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia. On April 4, 1968, Kennedy learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and gave a heartfelt impromptu speech in Indianapolis's inner city, calling for a reconciliation between the races.", "On April 4, 1968, Kennedy learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and gave a heartfelt impromptu speech in Indianapolis's inner city, calling for a reconciliation between the races. The address was the first time Kennedy spoke publicly about his brother's killing.", "The address was the first time Kennedy spoke publicly about his brother's killing. Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death, but not in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of this speech.", "Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death, but not in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of this speech. Kennedy addressed the City Club of Cleveland the next day, on April 5, 1968, delivering the famous On the Mindless Menace of Violence speech.", "Kennedy addressed the City Club of Cleveland the next day, on April 5, 1968, delivering the famous On the Mindless Menace of Violence speech. He attended King's funeral, accompanied by Jacqueline and Ted Kennedy. He was described as being the \"only white politician to hear only cheers and applause.\"", "He was described as being the \"only white politician to hear only cheers and applause.\" Despite Kennedy's high profile and name recognition, McCarthy won most of the early primaries, including Kennedy's native state of Massachusetts.", "Despite Kennedy's high profile and name recognition, McCarthy won most of the early primaries, including Kennedy's native state of Massachusetts. Kennedy won the Indiana Democratic primary on May 7 with 42 percent of the vote, and the Nebraska primary on May 14 with 52 percent of the vote.", "Kennedy won the Indiana Democratic primary on May 7 with 42 percent of the vote, and the Nebraska primary on May 14 with 52 percent of the vote. On May 28, Kennedy lost the Oregon primary, marking the first time a Kennedy lost an election, and it was assumed that McCarthy was the preferred choice among the young voters.", "On May 28, Kennedy lost the Oregon primary, marking the first time a Kennedy lost an election, and it was assumed that McCarthy was the preferred choice among the young voters. If he could defeat McCarthy in the California primary, the leadership of the campaign thought, he would knock McCarthy out of the race and set up a one-on-one against Vice President Humphrey at the Chicago national convention in August.", "If he could defeat McCarthy in the California primary, the leadership of the campaign thought, he would knock McCarthy out of the race and set up a one-on-one against Vice President Humphrey at the Chicago national convention in August. Assassination Kennedy scored major victories when he won both the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4.", "Assassination Kennedy scored major victories when he won both the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4. He addressed his supporters shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in a ballroom at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.", "He addressed his supporters shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in a ballroom at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Leaving the ballroom, he went through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a shortcut to a press room. He did this despite being advised by his bodyguard—former FBI agent Bill Barry—to avoid the kitchen.", "He did this despite being advised by his bodyguard—former FBI agent Bill Barry—to avoid the kitchen. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with hotel busboy Juan Romero just as Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22-caliber revolver.", "In a crowded kitchen passageway, Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with hotel busboy Juan Romero just as Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22-caliber revolver. Kennedy was hit three times, and five other people were wounded.", "Kennedy was hit three times, and five other people were wounded. George Plimpton, former decathlete Rafer Johnson, and former professional football player Rosey Grier are credited with wrestling Sirhan to the ground after he shot the senator. As Kennedy lay mortally wounded, Romero cradled his head and placed a rosary in his hand.", "As Kennedy lay mortally wounded, Romero cradled his head and placed a rosary in his hand. Kennedy asked Romero, \"Is everybody OK?", "Kennedy asked Romero, \"Is everybody OK? \", and Romero responded, \"Yes, everybody's OK.\" Kennedy then turned away from Romero and said, \"Everything's going to be OK.\" After several minutes, medical attendants arrived and lifted the senator onto a stretcher, prompting him to whisper, \"Don't lift me\", which were his last words.", "\", and Romero responded, \"Yes, everybody's OK.\" Kennedy then turned away from Romero and said, \"Everything's going to be OK.\" After several minutes, medical attendants arrived and lifted the senator onto a stretcher, prompting him to whisper, \"Don't lift me\", which were his last words. He lost consciousness shortly thereafter.", "He lost consciousness shortly thereafter. He lost consciousness shortly thereafter. He was rushed first to Los Angeles' Central Receiving Hospital, less than east of the Ambassador Hotel, and then to the adjoining (one city block distant) Good Samaritan Hospital.", "He was rushed first to Los Angeles' Central Receiving Hospital, less than east of the Ambassador Hotel, and then to the adjoining (one city block distant) Good Samaritan Hospital. Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:44 a.m. (PDT) on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting.", "Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:44 a.m. (PDT) on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting. Robert Kennedy's death, like the 1963 assassination of his brother, President John F. Kennedy, has been the subject of conspiracy theories.", "Robert Kennedy's death, like the 1963 assassination of his brother, President John F. Kennedy, has been the subject of conspiracy theories. Funeral Kennedy's body was returned to Manhattan, where it lay in repose at Saint Patrick's Cathedral from approximately 10:00 p.m. until 10:00 a.m. on June 8.", "Funeral Kennedy's body was returned to Manhattan, where it lay in repose at Saint Patrick's Cathedral from approximately 10:00 p.m. until 10:00 a.m. on June 8. A high requiem Mass was held at the cathedral at 10:00 a.m. on June 8.", "A high requiem Mass was held at the cathedral at 10:00 a.m. on June 8. The service was attended by members of the extended Kennedy family, President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson, and members of the Johnson cabinet.", "The service was attended by members of the extended Kennedy family, President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson, and members of the Johnson cabinet. Ted, the only surviving Kennedy brother, said the following: The requiem Mass concluded with the hymn \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\", sung by Andy Williams.", "Ted, the only surviving Kennedy brother, said the following: The requiem Mass concluded with the hymn \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\", sung by Andy Williams. Immediately following the Mass, Kennedy's body was transported by a special private train to Washington, D.C. Kennedy's funeral train was pulled by two Penn Central GG1 electric locomotives.", "Immediately following the Mass, Kennedy's body was transported by a special private train to Washington, D.C. Kennedy's funeral train was pulled by two Penn Central GG1 electric locomotives. Thousands of mourners lined the tracks and stations along the route, paying their respects as the train passed. The train departed New York Penn Station at 12:30 pm.", "The train departed New York Penn Station at 12:30 pm. When it arrived in Elizabeth, New Jersey, an eastbound train on a parallel track to the funeral train hit and killed two spectators and seriously injured four, after they were unable to get off the track in time, even though the eastbound train's engineer had slowed to 30 mph for the normally 55 mph curve, blown his horn continuously, and rung his bell through the curve.Wicker, Tom.", "When it arrived in Elizabeth, New Jersey, an eastbound train on a parallel track to the funeral train hit and killed two spectators and seriously injured four, after they were unable to get off the track in time, even though the eastbound train's engineer had slowed to 30 mph for the normally 55 mph curve, blown his horn continuously, and rung his bell through the curve.Wicker, Tom. President Joins Kennedys in Tribute at Graveside.", "President Joins Kennedys in Tribute at Graveside. The New York Times. June 9, 1968. The normally four-hour trip took more than eight hours because of the thick crowds lining the tracks on the journey.", "The normally four-hour trip took more than eight hours because of the thick crowds lining the tracks on the journey. The train was scheduled to arrive at about 4:30 pm,Madden, Richard L. \"Kennedy Will Be Buried a Few Steps From the Arlington Grave of His Brother.\" New York Times.", "New York Times. New York Times. June 8, 1968. but sticking brakes on the casket-bearing car contributed to delays, and the train finally arrived at 9:10 p.m. on June 8. Burial Kennedy was buried close to his brother John in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.", "Burial Kennedy was buried close to his brother John in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Although he had always maintained that he wished to be buried in Massachusetts, his family believed Robert should be interred in Arlington next to his brother.", "Although he had always maintained that he wished to be buried in Massachusetts, his family believed Robert should be interred in Arlington next to his brother. The procession left Union Station and passed the New Senate Office Building, where he had his offices, and then proceeded to the Lincoln Memorial, where it paused.", "The procession left Union Station and passed the New Senate Office Building, where he had his offices, and then proceeded to the Lincoln Memorial, where it paused. The Marine Corps Band played The Battle Hymn of the Republic. The funeral motorcade arrived at the cemetery at 10:24 pm.", "The funeral motorcade arrived at the cemetery at 10:24 pm. As the vehicles entered the cemetery, people lining the roadway spontaneously lit candles to guide the motorcade to the burial site.", "As the vehicles entered the cemetery, people lining the roadway spontaneously lit candles to guide the motorcade to the burial site. The 15-minute ceremony began at 10:30 p.m. Cardinal Patrick O'Boyle, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Washington, officiated at the graveside service in lieu of Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston, who fell ill during the trip.", "The 15-minute ceremony began at 10:30 p.m. Cardinal Patrick O'Boyle, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Washington, officiated at the graveside service in lieu of Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston, who fell ill during the trip. Also officiating was Archbishop of New York Terence Cooke.", "Also officiating was Archbishop of New York Terence Cooke. On behalf of the United States, John Glenn presented the folded flag to Senator Ted Kennedy, who passed it to Robert's eldest son, Joe, who passed it to Ethel Kennedy. The Navy Band played The Navy Hymn.", "The Navy Band played The Navy Hymn. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery said that Kennedy's burial was the only night burial to have taken place at the cemetery.", "Officials at Arlington National Cemetery said that Kennedy's burial was the only night burial to have taken place at the cemetery. (The re-interment of Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, who died two days after his birth in August 1963, and a stillborn daughter, Arabella, both children of President Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, also occurred at night.)", "(The re-interment of Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, who died two days after his birth in August 1963, and a stillborn daughter, Arabella, both children of President Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, also occurred at night.) After the president was interred in Arlington Cemetery, the two infants were buried next to him on December 5, 1963, in a private ceremony without publicity.", "After the president was interred in Arlington Cemetery, the two infants were buried next to him on December 5, 1963, in a private ceremony without publicity. His brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried at night, in 2009.", "His brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried at night, in 2009. On June 9, President Lyndon B. Johnson assigned security staff to all U.S. presidential candidates and declared an official national day of mourning.", "On June 9, President Lyndon B. Johnson assigned security staff to all U.S. presidential candidates and declared an official national day of mourning. After the assassination, the mandate of the U.S. Secret Service was altered by Congress to include the protection of U.S. presidential candidates.", "After the assassination, the mandate of the U.S. Secret Service was altered by Congress to include the protection of U.S. presidential candidates. Personal life Family On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married socialite Ethel Skakel, the third daughter of businessman George and Ann Skakel (née Brannack), at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "Personal life Family On June 17, 1950, Kennedy married socialite Ethel Skakel, the third daughter of businessman George and Ann Skakel (née Brannack), at St. Mary's Catholic Church in Greenwich, Connecticut. The couple had 11 children; Kathleen (b. 1951), Joseph (b.", "1951), Joseph (b. 1952), Robert Jr. (b. 1954), David (1955–1984), Courtney (b. 1956), Michael (1958–1997), Kerry (b. 1959), Christopher (b. 1963), Max (b. 1965), Douglas (b.", "1965), Douglas (b. 1967), and Rory (b. December 1968, after her father's assassination).", "1967), and Rory (b. December 1968, after her father's assassination). Kennedy owned a home at the well-known Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, but spent most of his time at his estate in McLean, Virginia, known as Hickory Hill (west of Washington, D.C.).", "Kennedy owned a home at the well-known Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, but spent most of his time at his estate in McLean, Virginia, known as Hickory Hill (west of Washington, D.C.). His widow, Ethel, and their children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death.", "His widow, Ethel, and their children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death. Ethel Kennedy sold Hickory Hill for $8.25 million in 2009. Attitudes and approach Kennedy was said to be the gentlest and shyest of the family, as well as the least articulate verbally.", "Attitudes and approach Kennedy was said to be the gentlest and shyest of the family, as well as the least articulate verbally. By the time he was a young boy, his grandmother, Josie Fitzgerald, worried he would become a \"sissy\".", "By the time he was a young boy, his grandmother, Josie Fitzgerald, worried he would become a \"sissy\". His mother had a similar concern, as he was the \"smallest and thinnest\", but soon afterward, the family discovered \"there was no fear of that\".", "His mother had a similar concern, as he was the \"smallest and thinnest\", but soon afterward, the family discovered \"there was no fear of that\". Family friend Lem Billings met Kennedy when he was eight years old and would later reflect that he loved him, adding that Kennedy \"was the nicest little boy I ever met\".", "Family friend Lem Billings met Kennedy when he was eight years old and would later reflect that he loved him, adding that Kennedy \"was the nicest little boy I ever met\". Billings also said Kennedy was barely noticed \"in the early days, but that's because he didn't bother anybody\".", "Billings also said Kennedy was barely noticed \"in the early days, but that's because he didn't bother anybody\". Luella Hennessey, who became the nurse for the Kennedy children when Kennedy was 12, called him \"the most thoughtful and considerate\" of his siblings.", "Luella Hennessey, who became the nurse for the Kennedy children when Kennedy was 12, called him \"the most thoughtful and considerate\" of his siblings. Kennedy was teased by his siblings, as in their family it was a norm for humor to be displayed in that fashion. He would turn jokes on himself or remain silent.", "He would turn jokes on himself or remain silent. Despite his gentle demeanor, he could be outspoken, and once engaged a priest in a public argument that horrified his mother, who later conceded that he had been correct all along. Even when arguing for a noble cause, his comments could have \"a cutting quality\".", "Even when arguing for a noble cause, his comments could have \"a cutting quality\". Although Joe Kennedy's most ambitious dreams centered around Bobby's older brothers, Bobby maintained the code of personal loyalty that seemed to infuse the life of his family.", "Although Joe Kennedy's most ambitious dreams centered around Bobby's older brothers, Bobby maintained the code of personal loyalty that seemed to infuse the life of his family. His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them more affectionately close.", "His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them more affectionately close. A rather timid child, he was often the target of his father's dominating temperament.", "A rather timid child, he was often the target of his father's dominating temperament. Working on the campaigns of older brother John, he was more involved, passionate, and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with detail, fighting out every battle, and taking workers to task.", "Working on the campaigns of older brother John, he was more involved, passionate, and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with detail, fighting out every battle, and taking workers to task. He had always been closer to John than the other members of the family.", "He had always been closer to John than the other members of the family. Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegiate magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner.", "Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegiate magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner. His professional life was dominated by the same attitudes that governed his family life: a certainty that good humor and leisure must be balanced by service and accomplishment.", "His professional life was dominated by the same attitudes that governed his family life: a certainty that good humor and leisure must be balanced by service and accomplishment. Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians, at once both temperamental and forgiving.", "Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians, at once both temperamental and forgiving. In this he was very much his father's son, lacking truly lasting emotional independence, and yet possessing a great desire to contribute.", "In this he was very much his father's son, lacking truly lasting emotional independence, and yet possessing a great desire to contribute. He lacked the innate self-confidence of his contemporaries yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life, an experience that he stated had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena.", "He lacked the innate self-confidence of his contemporaries yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life, an experience that he stated had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena. Upon hearing yet again the assertion that he was \"ruthless\", Kennedy once joked to a reporter, \"If I find out who has called me ruthless I will destroy him.\"", "Upon hearing yet again the assertion that he was \"ruthless\", Kennedy once joked to a reporter, \"If I find out who has called me ruthless I will destroy him.\" He also confessed to possessing a bad temper that required self-control: \"My biggest problem as counsel is to keep my temper.", "He also confessed to possessing a bad temper that required self-control: \"My biggest problem as counsel is to keep my temper. I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate, he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth.", "I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate, he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth. To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside.", "To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside. But you can't lose your temper; if you do, the witness has gotten the best of you.\" Attorney Michael O'Donnell wrote, \"[Kennedy] offered that most intoxicating of political aphrodisiacs: authenticity.", "Attorney Michael O'Donnell wrote, \"[Kennedy] offered that most intoxicating of political aphrodisiacs: authenticity. He was blunt to a fault, and his favorite campaign activity was arguing with college students. To many, his idealistic opportunism was irresistible.\" In his earlier life, Kennedy had developed a reputation as the family's attack dog.", "In his earlier life, Kennedy had developed a reputation as the family's attack dog. He was a hostile cross-examiner on Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee; a fixer and leg-breaker as JFK's campaign manager; an unforgiving and merciless cutthroat—his father's son right down to Joseph Kennedy's purported observation that \"he hates like me.\"", "He was a hostile cross-examiner on Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee; a fixer and leg-breaker as JFK's campaign manager; an unforgiving and merciless cutthroat—his father's son right down to Joseph Kennedy's purported observation that \"he hates like me.\" Yet Bobby Kennedy somehow became a liberal icon, an antiwar visionary who tried to outflank Lyndon Johnson's Great Society from the left.", "Yet Bobby Kennedy somehow became a liberal icon, an antiwar visionary who tried to outflank Lyndon Johnson's Great Society from the left. On Kennedy's ideological development, his brother John once remarked, \"He might once have been intolerant of liberals as such because his early experience was with that high-minded, high-speaking kind who never got anything done.", "On Kennedy's ideological development, his brother John once remarked, \"He might once have been intolerant of liberals as such because his early experience was with that high-minded, high-speaking kind who never got anything done. That all changed the moment he met a liberal like Walter Reuther.\"", "That all changed the moment he met a liberal like Walter Reuther.\" Religious faith and Greek philosophy Kennedy's Catholicism was central to his politics and personal attitude to life and its purpose; he inherited his faith from his family. He was more religious than his brothers and approached his duties with a Catholic worldview.", "He was more religious than his brothers and approached his duties with a Catholic worldview. Throughout his life, he made reference to his faith, how it informed every area of his life, and how it gave him the strength to re-enter politics following his older brother's assassination.", "Throughout his life, he made reference to his faith, how it informed every area of his life, and how it gave him the strength to re-enter politics following his older brother's assassination. His was not an unresponsive and staid faith, but the faith of a Catholic Radical, perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history.", "His was not an unresponsive and staid faith, but the faith of a Catholic Radical, perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history. In the last years of his life, he also found great solace in the playwrights and poets of ancient Greece, especially the writings of Aeschylus, suggested to him by Jacqueline after JFK's death.", "In the last years of his life, he also found great solace in the playwrights and poets of ancient Greece, especially the writings of Aeschylus, suggested to him by Jacqueline after JFK's death. In his Indianapolis speech on April 4, 1968, on the day of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Kennedy quoted these lines from Aeschylus: Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.", "In his Indianapolis speech on April 4, 1968, on the day of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Kennedy quoted these lines from Aeschylus: Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God. Legacy Kennedy was the first sibling of a president of the United States to serve as U.S. Attorney General.", "Legacy Kennedy was the first sibling of a president of the United States to serve as U.S. Attorney General. Biographer Evan Thomas wrote that at times Kennedy misused his powers by \"modern standards\", but concluded, \"on the whole, even counting his warts, he was a great attorney general.\"", "Biographer Evan Thomas wrote that at times Kennedy misused his powers by \"modern standards\", but concluded, \"on the whole, even counting his warts, he was a great attorney general.\" Walter Isaacson commented that Kennedy \"turned out arguably to be the best attorney general in history\", praising him for his championing of civil rights and other initiatives of the administration.", "Walter Isaacson commented that Kennedy \"turned out arguably to be the best attorney general in history\", praising him for his championing of civil rights and other initiatives of the administration. As Kennedy stepped down from being attorney general in 1964 to assume the office of senator from New York, The New York Times, notably having criticized his appointment three years prior, praised Kennedy for raising the standards of the position.", "As Kennedy stepped down from being attorney general in 1964 to assume the office of senator from New York, The New York Times, notably having criticized his appointment three years prior, praised Kennedy for raising the standards of the position. Some of his successor attorneys general have been unfavorably compared to him, for not displaying the same level of poise in the profession.", "Some of his successor attorneys general have been unfavorably compared to him, for not displaying the same level of poise in the profession. Near the end of his time in office as attorney general under Barack Obama, Eric Holder cited Kennedy as the inspiration for his belief that the Justice Department could be \"a force for that which is right.\"", "Near the end of his time in office as attorney general under Barack Obama, Eric Holder cited Kennedy as the inspiration for his belief that the Justice Department could be \"a force for that which is right.\" Kennedy has also been praised for his oratorical abilities and his skill at creating unity.", "Kennedy has also been praised for his oratorical abilities and his skill at creating unity. Joseph A. Palermo of The Huffington Post observed that Kennedy's words \"could cut through social boundaries and partisan divides in a way that seems nearly impossible today.\"", "Joseph A. Palermo of The Huffington Post observed that Kennedy's words \"could cut through social boundaries and partisan divides in a way that seems nearly impossible today.\" Dolores Huerta and Philip W. Johnston expressed the view that Kennedy, both in his speeches and actions, was unique in his willingness to take political risks.", "Dolores Huerta and Philip W. Johnston expressed the view that Kennedy, both in his speeches and actions, was unique in his willingness to take political risks. That blunt sincerity was said by associates to be authentic; Frank N. Magill wrote that Kennedy's oratorical skills lent their support to minorities and other disenfranchised groups who began seeing him as an ally.", "That blunt sincerity was said by associates to be authentic; Frank N. Magill wrote that Kennedy's oratorical skills lent their support to minorities and other disenfranchised groups who began seeing him as an ally. Kennedy's assassination was a blow to the optimism for a brighter future that his campaign had brought for many Americans who lived through the turbulent 1960s.", "Kennedy's assassination was a blow to the optimism for a brighter future that his campaign had brought for many Americans who lived through the turbulent 1960s. Juan Romero, the busboy who shook hands with Kennedy right before he was shot, later said, \"It made me realize that no matter how much hope you have it can be taken away in a second.\"", "Juan Romero, the busboy who shook hands with Kennedy right before he was shot, later said, \"It made me realize that no matter how much hope you have it can be taken away in a second.\" Kennedy's death has been cited as a significant factor in the Democratic Party's loss of the 1968 presidential election.", "Kennedy's death has been cited as a significant factor in the Democratic Party's loss of the 1968 presidential election. Since his passing, Kennedy has become generally well-respected by liberals and conservatives, which is far from the polarized views of him during his lifetime.", "Since his passing, Kennedy has become generally well-respected by liberals and conservatives, which is far from the polarized views of him during his lifetime. Joe Scarborough, John Ashcroft, Tom Bradley, Mark Dayton, John Kitzhaber, Max Cleland, Tim Cook, Phil Bredesen, Joe Biden, J. K. Rowling, Jim McGreevey, Gavin Newsom, and Ray Mabus have acknowledged Kennedy's influence on them.", "Joe Scarborough, John Ashcroft, Tom Bradley, Mark Dayton, John Kitzhaber, Max Cleland, Tim Cook, Phil Bredesen, Joe Biden, J. K. Rowling, Jim McGreevey, Gavin Newsom, and Ray Mabus have acknowledged Kennedy's influence on them. Josh Zeitz of Politico observed, \"Bobby Kennedy has since become an American folk hero—the tough, crusading liberal gunned down in the prime of life.\"", "Josh Zeitz of Politico observed, \"Bobby Kennedy has since become an American folk hero—the tough, crusading liberal gunned down in the prime of life.\" Kennedy's (and to a lesser extent his older brother's) ideas about using government authority to assist less fortunate peoples became central to American liberalism as a tenet of the \"Kennedy legacy\".", "Kennedy's (and to a lesser extent his older brother's) ideas about using government authority to assist less fortunate peoples became central to American liberalism as a tenet of the \"Kennedy legacy\". Honors In the months and years after Robert F. Kennedy's death, numerous roads, public schools, and other facilities across the United States have been named in his memory.", "Honors In the months and years after Robert F. Kennedy's death, numerous roads, public schools, and other facilities across the United States have been named in his memory. The Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights was founded in 1968, with an international award program to recognize human rights activists.", "The Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights was founded in 1968, with an international award program to recognize human rights activists. The sports stadium in Washington, D.C., was renamed Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in 1969. In 1978 the United States Congress awarded Kennedy its Gold Medal of Honor.", "In 1978 the United States Congress awarded Kennedy its Gold Medal of Honor. On January 12, 1979, a 15-cent commemorative U.S. Postal Service stamp (U.S. #1770) was issued in Washington.D.C., honoring R.F.K. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing distributed 159,297,600 of the perforated, blue-and-white stamps—an unusually-large printing.", "The Bureau of Engraving and Printing distributed 159,297,600 of the perforated, blue-and-white stamps—an unusually-large printing. The stamp design was taken from a family photo suggested by his wife, Ethel.", "The stamp design was taken from a family photo suggested by his wife, Ethel. In 1998 the United States Mint released the Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar, a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy's image on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse.", "In 1998 the United States Mint released the Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar, a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy's image on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse. On November 20, 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft dedicated the Department of Justice headquarters building in Washington, D.C., as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, honoring Kennedy on what would have been his 76th birthday.", "On November 20, 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft dedicated the Department of Justice headquarters building in Washington, D.C., as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, honoring Kennedy on what would have been his 76th birthday. They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph.", "They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph. In a further effort to remember Kennedy and continue his work helping the disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in 1969.", "In a further effort to remember Kennedy and continue his work helping the disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in 1969. The private, nonprofit, Massachusetts-based organization helps more than 800 abused and neglected children each year.", "The private, nonprofit, Massachusetts-based organization helps more than 800 abused and neglected children each year. A bust of Kennedy resides in the library of the University of Virginia School of Law where he obtained his law degree.", "A bust of Kennedy resides in the library of the University of Virginia School of Law where he obtained his law degree. On June 4, 2008 (the eve of the 40th anniversary of his assassination), the New York State Assembly voted to rename the Triborough Bridge in New York City the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge.", "On June 4, 2008 (the eve of the 40th anniversary of his assassination), the New York State Assembly voted to rename the Triborough Bridge in New York City the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge. New York State Governor David Paterson signed the legislation into law on August 8, 2008.", "New York State Governor David Paterson signed the legislation into law on August 8, 2008. The bridge is now commonly known as the RFK-Triborough Bridge. On September 20, 2016, the United States Navy announced the renaming of a refueling ship in honor of Kennedy during a ceremony attended by members of his family.", "On September 20, 2016, the United States Navy announced the renaming of a refueling ship in honor of Kennedy during a ceremony attended by members of his family. Personal items and documents from his office in the Justice Department Building are displayed in a permanent exhibit dedicated to him at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum.", "Personal items and documents from his office in the Justice Department Building are displayed in a permanent exhibit dedicated to him at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Papers from his years as attorney general, senator, peace and civil rights activist and presidential candidate, as well as personal correspondence, are also housed in the library.", "Papers from his years as attorney general, senator, peace and civil rights activist and presidential candidate, as well as personal correspondence, are also housed in the library. Established in 1984, the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives stored at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case.", "Established in 1984, the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives stored at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. Several public institutions jointly honor Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.", "Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. Several public institutions jointly honor Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. In 1969, the former Woodrow Wilson Junior College, a two-year institution and a constituent campus of the City Colleges of Chicago, was renamed Kennedy–King College.", "In 1969, the former Woodrow Wilson Junior College, a two-year institution and a constituent campus of the City Colleges of Chicago, was renamed Kennedy–King College. In 1994 the City of Indianapolis erected the Landmark for Peace Memorial in Robert Kennedy's honor near the space made famous by his speech from the back of a pickup truck the night King died.", "In 1994 the City of Indianapolis erected the Landmark for Peace Memorial in Robert Kennedy's honor near the space made famous by his speech from the back of a pickup truck the night King died. The monument in Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park depicts a sculpture of RFK reaching out from a large metal slab to a sculpture of King, who is part of a similar slab.", "The monument in Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park depicts a sculpture of RFK reaching out from a large metal slab to a sculpture of King, who is part of a similar slab. This is meant to symbolize their attempts in life to bridge the gaps between the races—an attempt that united them even in death.", "This is meant to symbolize their attempts in life to bridge the gaps between the races—an attempt that united them even in death. A state historical marker has also been placed at the site.", "A state historical marker has also been placed at the site. A nephew of King and Indiana U.S. Congresswoman Julia Carson presided over the event; both made speeches from the back of a pickup truck in similar fashion to RFK's speech.", "A nephew of King and Indiana U.S. Congresswoman Julia Carson presided over the event; both made speeches from the back of a pickup truck in similar fashion to RFK's speech. In 2019, Kennedy's \"Speech on the Death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\" (April 4, 1968) was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "In 2019, Kennedy's \"Speech on the Death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\" (April 4, 1968) was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Publications The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions (1960) Just Friends and Brave Enemies (1962) The Pursuit of Justice (1964) To Seek a Newer World, essays (1967) Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, published posthumously (1969) Art, entertainment, and media Kennedy has been the subject of several documentaries and has appeared in various works of popular culture.", "Publications The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions (1960) Just Friends and Brave Enemies (1962) The Pursuit of Justice (1964) To Seek a Newer World, essays (1967) Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, published posthumously (1969) Art, entertainment, and media Kennedy has been the subject of several documentaries and has appeared in various works of popular culture. Kennedy's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis has been dramatized by Martin Sheen in the TV play The Missiles of October (1974) and by Steven Culp in Thirteen Days (2000).", "Kennedy's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis has been dramatized by Martin Sheen in the TV play The Missiles of October (1974) and by Steven Culp in Thirteen Days (2000). The film Bobby (2006) is the story of multiple people's lives leading up to RFK's assassination.", "The film Bobby (2006) is the story of multiple people's lives leading up to RFK's assassination. The film employs stock footage from his presidential campaign, and he is briefly portrayed by Dave Fraunces. Barry Pepper won an Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in The Kennedys (2011), an 8-part miniseries.", "Barry Pepper won an Emmy for his portrayal of Kennedy in The Kennedys (2011), an 8-part miniseries. He is played by Peter Sarsgaard in the film about Jacqueline Kennedy, Jackie (2016). He is played by Jack Huston in Martin Scorsese's film The Irishman (2019).", "He is played by Jack Huston in Martin Scorsese's film The Irishman (2019). See also Kennedy family tree List of assassinated American politicians List of peace activists List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References Citations Bibliography Barnes, John A. Irish-American Landmarks.", "See also Kennedy family tree List of assassinated American politicians List of peace activists List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References Citations Bibliography Barnes, John A. Irish-American Landmarks. Canton, Mich.: Visible Ink, 1995.", "Canton, Mich.: Visible Ink, 1995. Grubin, David, director and producer, RFK. Video. (DVD, VHS). 2hr. WGBH Educ. Found. and David Grubin Productions, 2004. Distrib. by PBS Video Haas, Lawrence J.", "by PBS Video Haas, Lawrence J. The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire (2021) excerpt Hilty, James M. Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector (1997), vol. 1 to 1963. Temple U. Press., 1997. Martin, Zachary J.", "Martin, Zachary J. Martin, Zachary J. The Mindless Menace of Violence: Robert F. Kennedy's Vision and the Fierce Urgency of Now. Lanham, Md. : Hamilton Books, 2009. RFK's speech after the death of Martin Luther King in 1968. Navasky, Victor S. Kennedy Justice (1972).", "Navasky, Victor S. Kennedy Justice (1972). Argues the policies of RFK's Justice Department show the conservatism of justice, the limits of charisma, the inherent tendency in a legal system to support the status quo, and the counterproductive results of many of Kennedy's endeavors in the field of civil rights and crime control.", "Argues the policies of RFK's Justice Department show the conservatism of justice, the limits of charisma, the inherent tendency in a legal system to support the status quo, and the counterproductive results of many of Kennedy's endeavors in the field of civil rights and crime control. Neff, James.", "Neff, James. Neff, James. Vendetta: Bobby Kennedy Versus Jimmy Hoffa (2016) excerpt National Book Award. Schlesinger, Arthur, M. Jr. (2002) [1978], Robert Kennedy And His Times, Mariner Books-Houghton Mifflin Co., .", "Schlesinger, Arthur, M. Jr. (2002) [1978], Robert Kennedy And His Times, Mariner Books-Houghton Mifflin Co., . Schmitt, Edward R. President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty (University of Massachusetts Press, 2010) 324 pp.", "Schmitt, Edward R. President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty (University of Massachusetts Press, 2010) 324 pp. online free External links FBI Records: The Vault – Robert F. Kennedy at fbi.gov Biography at United States Department of Justice Annotated Bibliography for Robert F. Kennedy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues American Experience: RFK, PBS Text, Audio, and Video of Robert Kennedy's Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Edward Kennedy eulogy to Robert Kennedy (text and audio) My Father's Stand on Cuba Travel by Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, The Washington Post'', April 23, 2009 Radio airchecks/recordings of the shooting and death of Senator Kennedy including Mutual Radio's Andrew West's shooting coverage, continued live coverage from CBS Radio, announcements of RFK's death, CBS Radio's complete coverage of funeral mass St. Patrick's Cathedral, and CBS Radio coverage of the train arrival of RFK's body in Washington DC.", "online free External links FBI Records: The Vault – Robert F. Kennedy at fbi.gov Biography at United States Department of Justice Annotated Bibliography for Robert F. Kennedy from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues American Experience: RFK, PBS Text, Audio, and Video of Robert Kennedy's Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Edward Kennedy eulogy to Robert Kennedy (text and audio) My Father's Stand on Cuba Travel by Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, The Washington Post'', April 23, 2009 Radio airchecks/recordings of the shooting and death of Senator Kennedy including Mutual Radio's Andrew West's shooting coverage, continued live coverage from CBS Radio, announcements of RFK's death, CBS Radio's complete coverage of funeral mass St. Patrick's Cathedral, and CBS Radio coverage of the train arrival of RFK's body in Washington DC. KTTV assassination coverage at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television FBI file on the RFK assassination \"The Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives\" – a collection within the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Archives and Special Collections established in 1984 1925 births 1968 deaths 1968 murders in the United States 20th-century American writers 20th-century American politicians United States Navy personnel of World War II American murder victims Anti-poverty advocates Assassinated American politicians Bates College people Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Civil rights movement Congressional Gold Medal recipients People murdered in California Deaths by firearm in California Democratic Party United States senators from New York (state) Harvard Crimson football players Harvard College alumni Kennedy administration cabinet members Kennedy family Lyndon B. Johnson administration cabinet members Male murder victims Massachusetts Democrats Milton Academy alumni Military personnel from Massachusetts New York (state) Democrats New York (state) lawyers People educated at Gibbs School People from Bronxville, New York Politicians from Brookline, Massachusetts People murdered in Los Angeles United States Attorneys General United States Navy officers 1964 United States vice-presidential candidates United States Senate lawyers United States senators from New York (state) University of Virginia School of Law alumni Writers from Boston Writers from New York (state) Riverdale Country School alumni Portsmouth Abbey School alumni" ]

[ "Jason Leonard", "1995-1997" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Jason Leonard (born 14 August 1968) is an English former rugby union player. He won a former record 114 caps for England men’s rugby team during a 14-year international career. A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins.", "A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins. He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps.", "He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps. He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa.", "He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa. He was awarded the MBE for services to rugby in 2002, and an OBE after England's Rugby World Cup success. He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014.", "He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014. Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby.", "Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby. He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker.", "He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker. Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus.", "Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus. Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter.", "Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter. He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989.", "He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989. Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team.", "Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team. England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires.", "England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires. At the age of 21 he was the youngest prop forward to ever play for England. The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War.", "The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War. Leonard describes in his autobiography that the crowd were throwing oranges (among other things) at the England players. The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap.", "The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap. England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard.", "England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard. Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom.", "Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom. The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards.", "The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards. During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992.", "During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992. Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia.", "Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia. In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland.", "In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland. Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match.", "Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match. Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck.", "Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck. Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests.", "Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests. Due to brilliant surgery and his rehabilitation regime, however, he made a full recovery, winning his 11th cap against Canada at Twickenham that autumn without missing an England test. In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand.", "In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. 1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement.", "1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement. There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club.", "There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club. Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's.", "Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's. Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber.", "Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber. In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam.", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam. England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa.", "England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. At the World Cup, England were drawn in Pool B, generally regarded as one of the easier groups in the competition. However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20).", "However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20). In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended.", "In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended. England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place.", "England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place. In November 1996, Leonard skippered England for the first time, against Argentina at Twickenham. The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time.", "The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time. From a rolling maul, Leonard scored a try to level the scores, and a Mike Catt penalty won the game 20–18. The try remains Leonard's only score for England.", "The try remains Leonard's only score for England. In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa.", "In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa. In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach.", "In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach. The Autumn internationals saw England playing Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Against Australia, Leonard found himself selected at loosehead prop again, with Wasps' Will Green winning his first cap at tighthead. For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead.", "For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead. The ability to scrummage effectively on either side of the scrum proved to be one of Leonard's great assets. 1998–2003 Leonard continued to be an England regular under Woodward. In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales.", "In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales. World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France.", "World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France. England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs.", "England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs. This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses.", "This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses. In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa.", "In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa. The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000.", "The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000. 12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance.", "12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance. For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree.", "For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree. In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled.", "In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled. 2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia.", "2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia. The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne.", "The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne. After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup.", "After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup. On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash.", "On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash. He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat.", "He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat. In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.", "In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player.", "It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player. Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time.", "Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time. The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match.", "The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match. Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time.", "Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time. Charity Leonard has worked with and supported numerous charities throughout his career. He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes.", "He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes. In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives.", "In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives. So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported.", "So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported. Jason spends an enormous amount of time working on behalf of many other charities to support fundraising and raise awareness for their causes. Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel.", "Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel. Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\".", "Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\". The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London.", "The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London. In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\".", "In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\". See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C.", "See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C. players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C.", "players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C. players Officers of the Order of the British Empire Rugby union players from Barking, London Rugby union props Saracens F.C. players World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees" ]

[ "Jason Leonard", "1995-1997", "What happened in 1995?", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England," ]

[ "\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2001 as the third and final single from his self-titled album. The song reached number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 2001. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.\n\nContent\nThe song is about man who is giving his woman the option to leave him. He gives her many different options for all the things she can do. At the end he gives her the option to stay with him if she really can’t find anything else to do. He says he will be alright if she leaves, but really it seems he wants her to stay.\n\nChart performance\n\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 3, 2001.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2001 singles\n2000 songs\nGeorge Strait songs\nSongs written by Billy Livsey\nSongs written by Don Schlitz\nSong recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)\nMCA Nashville Records singles", "\"Do Anything\" is the debut single of American pop group Natural Selection. The song was written by group members Elliot Erickson and Frederick Thomas, who also produced the track, and the rap was written and performed by Ingrid Chavez. American actress and singer Niki Haris provides the song's spoken lyrics. A new jack swing and funk-pop song, it is the opening track on Natural Selection's self-titled, only studio album. Released as a single in 1991, \"Do Anything\" became a hit in the United States, where it reached the number-two position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Worldwide, it became a top-10 hit in Australia and New Zealand while peaking at number 24 in Canada.\n\nCritical reception\nRolling Stone magazine featured the song on their list of \"18 Awesome Prince Rip-Offs\", comparing Frederick Thomas's vocals on the song to those of fellow American musician Prince. Music & Media magazine also compared the song to Prince's work, calling its chorus \"snappy\" and its melody \"asserted\", while Tom Breihan of Stereogum referred to the track as \"K-Mart-brand Prince\". Jeff Giles of pop culture website Popdose wrote that the song is \"deeply, deeply silly,\" commenting on its \"horrible\" lyrics, \"dated\" production, and \"painfully bad\" rap, but he noted that the song is difficult to hate overall. He went on to say that if Natural Selection had released this song and nothing else, its popularity would have persisted more, and he also predicted that if American rock band Fall Out Boy covered the song, it would become a summer hit. AllMusic reviewer Alex Henderson called the track \"likeable\" and appreciated that it was original compared to other urban contemporary songs released during the early 1990s.\n\nChart performance\n\"Do Anything\" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 58, becoming the Hot Shot Debut of August 10, 1991. Ten issues later, the song reached its peak of number two, behind only \"Emotions by Mariah Carey. It spent its final week on the Hot 100 at number 27 on December 28, 1991, spending a total of 21 weeks on the listing. It was the United States' 32nd-most-succeful single of 1991. In Canada, after debuting at number 92 on October 5, 1991, the song rose up the chart until reaching number 24 on November 23. \"Do Anything\" was not as successful in Europe, peaking at number 48 on the Dutch Single Top 100 and number 69 on the UK Singles Chart, but in Sweden, it debuted and peaked at number 21 in November 1991. The single became a top-10 hit in both Australia and New Zealand, reaching number 10 in the former nation and number nine in the latter.\n\nTrack listings\n\nUS 12-inch vinyl\nA1. \"Do Anything\" (Justin Strauss Remix) – 6:00\nA2. \"Do Anything\" (Just Dubbin Dub) – 4:30\nB1. \"Do Anything\" (Just Right Mix) – 4:35\nB2. \"Do Anything\" (Just Right Dub) – 4:50\nB3. \"Do Anything\" (radio edit) – 3:55\n\nUS cassette single and European 7-inch single\n \"Do Anything\" (single mix) – 3:55\n \"Do Anything\" (raw mix) – 4:11\n\nUK and European 12-inch vinyl\nA1. \"Do Anything\" (Justin Strauss Remix) – 6:00\nA2. \"Do Anything\" (Just Dubbin Dub) – 4:30\nB1. \"Do Anything\" (Just Right Mix) – 4:35\nB2. \"Do Anything\" (Just Right Dub) – 4:50\n\nPersonnel\nCredits are taken from the US cassette single liner notes and cassette notes.\n Elliot Erickson – keyboards, drum programming, writer, producer, mixer, engineer\n Frederick Thomas – lead and background vocals, writer, producer\n Niki Haris – spoken vocals\n Ingrid Chavez – rap writer\n Brian Malouf – additional production and mixing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n1991 debut singles\nAmerican pop songs\nEast West Records singles\nFunk songs\nNew jack swing songs" ]

[ "Jason Leonard (born 14 August 1968) is an English former rugby union player. He won a former record 114 caps for England men’s rugby team during a 14-year international career. A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins.", "A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins. He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps.", "He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps. He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa.", "He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa. He was awarded the MBE for services to rugby in 2002, and an OBE after England's Rugby World Cup success. He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014.", "He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014. Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby.", "Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby. He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker.", "He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker. Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus.", "Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus. Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter.", "Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter. He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989.", "He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989. Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team.", "Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team. England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires.", "England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires. At the age of 21 he was the youngest prop forward to ever play for England. The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War.", "The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War. Leonard describes in his autobiography that the crowd were throwing oranges (among other things) at the England players. The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap.", "The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap. England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard.", "England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard. Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom.", "Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom. The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards.", "The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards. During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992.", "During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992. Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia.", "Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia. In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland.", "In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland. Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match.", "Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match. Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck.", "Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck. Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests.", "Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests. Due to brilliant surgery and his rehabilitation regime, however, he made a full recovery, winning his 11th cap against Canada at Twickenham that autumn without missing an England test. In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand.", "In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. 1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement.", "1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement. There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club.", "There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club. Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's.", "Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's. Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber.", "Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber. In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam.", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam. England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa.", "England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. At the World Cup, England were drawn in Pool B, generally regarded as one of the easier groups in the competition. However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20).", "However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20). In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended.", "In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended. England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place.", "England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place. In November 1996, Leonard skippered England for the first time, against Argentina at Twickenham. The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time.", "The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time. From a rolling maul, Leonard scored a try to level the scores, and a Mike Catt penalty won the game 20–18. The try remains Leonard's only score for England.", "The try remains Leonard's only score for England. In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa.", "In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa. In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach.", "In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach. The Autumn internationals saw England playing Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Against Australia, Leonard found himself selected at loosehead prop again, with Wasps' Will Green winning his first cap at tighthead. For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead.", "For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead. The ability to scrummage effectively on either side of the scrum proved to be one of Leonard's great assets. 1998–2003 Leonard continued to be an England regular under Woodward. In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales.", "In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales. World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France.", "World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France. England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs.", "England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs. This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses.", "This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses. In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa.", "In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa. The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000.", "The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000. 12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance.", "12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance. For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree.", "For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree. In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled.", "In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled. 2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia.", "2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia. The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne.", "The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne. After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup.", "After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup. On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash.", "On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash. He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat.", "He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat. In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.", "In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player.", "It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player. Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time.", "Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time. The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match.", "The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match. Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time.", "Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time. Charity Leonard has worked with and supported numerous charities throughout his career. He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes.", "He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes. In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives.", "In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives. So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported.", "So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported. Jason spends an enormous amount of time working on behalf of many other charities to support fundraising and raise awareness for their causes. Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel.", "Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel. Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\".", "Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\". The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London.", "The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London. In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\".", "In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\". See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C.", "See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C. players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C.", "players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C. players Officers of the Order of the British Empire Rugby union players from Barking, London Rugby union props Saracens F.C. players World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees" ]

[ "Jason Leonard", "1995-1997", "What happened in 1995?", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England,", "Did he do anything else in 1995?", "). In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended.", "Who beat the record?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Jason Leonard (born 14 August 1968) is an English former rugby union player. He won a former record 114 caps for England men’s rugby team during a 14-year international career. A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins.", "A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins. He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps.", "He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps. He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa.", "He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa. He was awarded the MBE for services to rugby in 2002, and an OBE after England's Rugby World Cup success. He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014.", "He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014. Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby.", "Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby. He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker.", "He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker. Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus.", "Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus. Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter.", "Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter. He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989.", "He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989. Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team.", "Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team. England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires.", "England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires. At the age of 21 he was the youngest prop forward to ever play for England. The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War.", "The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War. Leonard describes in his autobiography that the crowd were throwing oranges (among other things) at the England players. The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap.", "The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap. England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard.", "England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard. Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom.", "Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom. The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards.", "The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards. During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992.", "During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992. Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia.", "Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia. In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland.", "In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland. Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match.", "Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match. Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck.", "Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck. Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests.", "Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests. Due to brilliant surgery and his rehabilitation regime, however, he made a full recovery, winning his 11th cap against Canada at Twickenham that autumn without missing an England test. In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand.", "In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. 1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement.", "1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement. There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club.", "There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club. Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's.", "Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's. Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber.", "Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber. In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam.", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam. England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa.", "England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. At the World Cup, England were drawn in Pool B, generally regarded as one of the easier groups in the competition. However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20).", "However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20). In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended.", "In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended. England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place.", "England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place. In November 1996, Leonard skippered England for the first time, against Argentina at Twickenham. The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time.", "The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time. From a rolling maul, Leonard scored a try to level the scores, and a Mike Catt penalty won the game 20–18. The try remains Leonard's only score for England.", "The try remains Leonard's only score for England. In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa.", "In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa. In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach.", "In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach. The Autumn internationals saw England playing Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Against Australia, Leonard found himself selected at loosehead prop again, with Wasps' Will Green winning his first cap at tighthead. For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead.", "For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead. The ability to scrummage effectively on either side of the scrum proved to be one of Leonard's great assets. 1998–2003 Leonard continued to be an England regular under Woodward. In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales.", "In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales. World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France.", "World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France. England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs.", "England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs. This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses.", "This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses. In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa.", "In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa. The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000.", "The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000. 12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance.", "12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance. For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree.", "For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree. In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled.", "In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled. 2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia.", "2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia. The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne.", "The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne. After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup.", "After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup. On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash.", "On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash. He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat.", "He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat. In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.", "In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player.", "It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player. Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time.", "Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time. The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match.", "The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match. Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time.", "Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time. Charity Leonard has worked with and supported numerous charities throughout his career. He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes.", "He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes. In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives.", "In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives. So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported.", "So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported. Jason spends an enormous amount of time working on behalf of many other charities to support fundraising and raise awareness for their causes. Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel.", "Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel. Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\".", "Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\". The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London.", "The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London. In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\".", "In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\". See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C.", "See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C. players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C.", "players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C. players Officers of the Order of the British Empire Rugby union players from Barking, London Rugby union props Saracens F.C. players World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees" ]

[ "Jason Leonard", "1995-1997", "What happened in 1995?", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England,", "Did he do anything else in 1995?", "). In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended.", "Who beat the record?", "I don't know.", "What happened in 96?", "In November 1996, Leonard skippered England for the first time, against Argentina at Twickenham.", "How did that turn out?", "Leonard scored a try to level the scores, and a Mike Catt penalty won the game 20-18.", "What was the next game?", "In the 1996-1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (" ]

[ "Do-support (or do-insertion), in English grammar, is the use of the auxiliary verb do, including its inflected forms does and did, to form negated clauses and questions as well as other constructions in which subject–auxiliary inversion is required.\n\nThe verb \"do\" can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, and it usually serves to add emphasis, as in \"I did shut the fridge.\" However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the conventions of Modern English syntax permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present. It is not idiomatic in Modern English to add the negating word not to a lexical verb with finite form; not can be added only to an auxiliary or copular verb. For example, the sentence I am not with the copula be is fully idiomatic, but I know not with a finite lexical verb, while grammatical, is archaic. If there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary do is used to produce a form like I do not (don't) know. The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions: inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb so it is not idiomatic to say Know you him?; today's English usually substitutes Do you know him?\n\nDo-support is not used when there is already an auxiliary or copular verb present or with non-finite verb forms (infinitives and participles). It is sometimes used with subjunctive forms. Furthermore, the use of do as an auxiliary should be distinguished from the use of do as a normal lexical verb, as in They do their homework.\n\nCommon uses\nDo-support appears to accommodate a number of varying grammatical constructions:\nquestion formation,\nthe appearance of the negation not, and\nnegative inversion.\nThese constructions often cannot occur without do-support or the presence of some other auxiliary verb.\n\nIn questions\nThe presence of an auxiliary (or copular) verb allows subject–auxiliary inversion to take place, as is required in most interrogative sentences in English. If there is already an auxiliary or copula present, do-support is not required when forming questions:\n\n He will laugh. → Will he laugh? (the auxiliary will inverts with the subject he)\n She is at home. → Is she at home? (the copula is inverts with the subject she)\n\nThis applies not only in yes–no questions but also in questions formed using interrogative words:\n\n When will he laugh?\n\nHowever, if there is no auxiliary or copula present, inversion requires the introduction of an auxiliary in the form of do-support:\n\n I know. → Do I know? (Compare: *Know I?)\n He laughs. → Does he laugh? (Compare: *Laughs he?)\n She came home. → Did she come home? (Compare: *Came she home?)\n\nThe finite (inflected) verb is now the auxiliary do; the following verb is a bare infinitive which does not inflect: does he laugh? (not laughs); did she come? (not came).\n\nIn negated questions, the negating word not may appear either following the subject, or attached to the auxiliary in the contracted form n't. That applies both to do-support and to other auxiliaries:\n\n Why are you not playing? / Why aren't you playing?\n Do you not want to try? / Don't you want to try?\n\nThe above principles do not apply to wh-questions if the interrogative word is the subject or part of the subject. Then, there is no inversion and so there is no need for do-support: Who lives here?, Whose dog bit you?\n\nThe verb have, in the sense of possession, is sometimes used without do-support as if it were an auxiliary, but this is considered dated. The version with do-support is also correct:\n\n Have you any idea what is going on here?\n Do you have any idea what is going on here?\n (Have you got any idea what is going on here? – the order is similar to the first example, but have is an auxiliary verb here)\n\nFor elliptical questions and tag questions, see the elliptical sentences section below.\n\nWith not\nIn the same way that the presence of an auxiliary allows question formation, the appearance of the negating word not is allowed as well. Then too, if no other auxiliary or copular verb is present, do-support is required.\n\n He will laugh. → He will not laugh. (not attaches to the auxiliary will)\n She laughs. → She does not laugh. (not attaches to the added auxiliary does)\n\nIn the second sentence, do-support is required because idiomatic Modern English does not allow forms like *She laughs not. The verb have, in the sense of possession, is sometimes negated thus:\n\n I haven't the foggiest idea.\n\nMost combinations of auxiliary/copula plus not have a contracted form ending in -n't, such as isn't, won't, etc. The relevant contractions for negations formed using do-support are don't, doesn't and didn't. Such forms are used very frequently in informal English.\n\nDo-support is required for negated imperatives even when the verb is the copula be:\n\nDo not do that.\nDon't be silly.\n\nHowever, there is no do-support with non-finite, as they are negated by a preceding not:\n\nIt would be a crime not to help him (the infinitive to help is negated)\nNot knowing what else to do, I stood my ground (the present participle knowing is negated)\nNot eating vegetables can harm your health (the gerund eating is negated)\n\nWith subjunctive verb forms, as a present subjunctive, do is infrequently used for negation, which is frequently considered ambiguous or incorrect because it resembles the indicative. The usual method to negate the present subjunctive is to precede the verb with a not, especially if the verb is be (as do-support with it, whether it be indicative or subjunctive, is ungrammatical):\n\nI suggest that he not receive any more funding (the present subjunctive receive is negated)\nIt is important that he not be there (the present subjunctive be is negated)\n\nAs a past subjunctive, however, did is needed for negation (unless the verb is be, whose past subjunctive is were):\n\nI wish that he did not know it\nI wish that he were not here\n\nThe negation in the examples negates the non-finite predicate. Compare the following competing formulations:\n\nI did not try to laugh. vs. I tried not to laugh.\nThey do not want to go. vs. They want not to go.\n\nThere are two predicates in each of the verb chains in the sentences. Do-support is needed when the higher of the two is negated; it is not needed to negate the lower nonfinite predicate.\n\nFor negated questions, see the questions section above. For negated elliptical sentences, see the elliptical sentences section below.\n\nNegative inversion\nThe same principles as for question formation apply to other clauses in which subject–auxiliary inversion is required, particularly after negative expressions and expressions involving only (negative inversion):\n\n Never did he run that fast again. (wrong: *Never he did run that fast again. *Never ran he that fast again.)\n Only here do I feel at home. (wrong: *Only here feel I at home.)\n\nFurther uses\nIn addition to providing do-support in questions and negated clauses as described above, the auxiliary verb do can also be used in clauses that do not require do-support. In such cases, do-support may appear for pragmatic reasons.\n\nFor emphasis\nThe auxiliary generally appears for purposes of emphasis, for instance to establish a contrast or to express a correction:\n Did Bill eat his breakfast? Yes, he did eat his breakfast (did emphasizes the positive answer, which may be unexpected).\n Bill doesn't sing, then. No, he does sing (does emphasizes the correction of the previous statement).\n\nAs before, the main verb following the auxiliary becomes a bare infinitive, which is not inflected (one cannot say *did ate or *does sings in the above examples).\n\nAs with typical do-support, that usage of do does not occur with other auxiliaries or a copular verb. Then, emphasis can be obtained by adding stress to the auxiliary or copular:\n\n Would you take the risk? Yes, I would take the risk.\n Bill isn't singing, then. No, he is singing.\n\n(Some auxiliaries, such as can, change their pronunciation when stressed; see Weak and strong forms in English.)\n\nIn negative sentences, emphasis can be obtained by adding stress either to the negating word (if used in full) or to the contracted form ending in n't. That applies whether or not do-support is used:\n\n I wouldn't (or would not) take the risk.\n They don't (or do not) appear on the list.\n\nEmphatic do can also be used with imperatives, including with the copula be:\n\n Do take care! Do be careful!\n\nIn elliptical sentences\nThe auxiliary do is also used in various types of elliptical sentences, where the main verb is omitted (it can be said to be \"understood\", usually because it would be the same verb as was used in a preceding sentence or clause). That includes the following types:\n\nTag questions:\n He plays well, doesn't he?\n You don't like Sara, do you?\nElliptical questions:\n I like pasta. Do you?\n I went to the party. Why didn't you?\nElliptical statements:\n They swam, but I didn't.\n He looks smart, and so do you.\n You fell asleep, and I did, too.\n\nSuch uses include cases that do-support would have been used in a complete clause (questions, negatives, inversion) but also cases that (as in the last example) the complete clause would normally have been constructed without do (I fell asleep too). In such instances do may be said to be acting as a pro-verb since it effectively takes the place of a verb or verb phrase: did substitutes for fell asleep.\n\nAs in the principal cases of do-support, do does not normally occur when there is already an auxiliary or copula present; the auxiliary or copula is retained in the elliptical sentence:\n\nHe is playing well, isn't he?\nI can cook pasta. Can you?\nYou should get some sleep, and I should too.\n\nHowever, it is possible to use do as a pro-verb (see below section #Pro-verbs & Do-so Substitution even after auxiliaries in some dialects:\n\nHave you put the shelf up yet? I haven't done (or I haven't), but I will do (or I will).\n(However it is not normally used in this way as a to-infinitive: Have you put the shelf up? I plan to, rather than *I plan to do; or as a passive participle: Was it built? Yes, it was, not *Yes, it was done.)\n\nPro-verbal uses of do are also found in the imperative: Please do. Don't!\n\nPro-verbs and do-so substitution\nThe phrases do so and do what for questions are pro-verb forms in English. They can be used as substitutes for verbs in x-bar theory grammar to test verb phrase completeness. Bare infinitives forms often are used in place of the missing pro-verb forms.\n\nExamples from Santorini and Kroch:\n\nTests for constituenthood of a verb-phrase in X'-grammar\nThe do so construction can be used to test if a verb-phrase is a constituent phrase in X'-grammar by substitution similarly to how other pro-forms can be used to test for noun-phrases, etc.\n\nIn X-bar theory, the verb-phrase projects three bar-levels such as this:\n\n VP\n / \\\n ZP X'\n / \\\n X' YP\n |\n X \n |\n head\n\nWith a simple sentence:\n\n S\n |\n VP\n / \\\n / \\\n / \\\n / \\\n NP \\\n / \\ \\ \n DP N' V'\n | | / \\\nThe children / \\\n / \\\n V' PP\n / \\ /_\\\n / \\ with gusto\n V NP\n | /_\\\n ate the pizza\n\nHere again exemplified by Santorini and Kroch, do so substitution for testing constituent verb phrases in the above sample sentence:\n\n S\n |\n VP\n / \\\n / \\\n / \\\n / \\\n NP \\\n / \\ \\ \n DP N' V'\n | | / \\\nThe children / \\\n / \\\n V' PP\n / \\ /_\\\n / \\ with gusto\n V NP\n | /_\\\n did so the pizza\n\nUse of do as main verb\nApart from its uses as an auxiliary, the verb do (with its inflected forms does, did, done, doing) can be used as an ordinary lexical verb (main verb):\n\nDo your homework!\nWhat are you doing?\n\nLike other non-auxiliary verbs, do cannot be directly negated with not and cannot participate in inversion so it may itself require do-support, with both auxiliary and lexical instances of do appearing together:\n\n They didn't do the laundry on Sunday. (did is the auxiliary, do is the main verb)\n Why do you do karate? (the first do is the auxiliary, the second is the main verb)\n How do you do? (a set phrase used as a polite greeting)\n\nMeaning contribution\nIn the various cases seen above that require do-support, the auxiliary verb do makes no apparent contribution to the meaning of the sentence so it is sometimes called a dummy auxiliary. Historically, however, in Middle English, auxiliary do apparently had a meaning contribution, serving as a marker of aspect (probably perfective aspect, but in some cases, the meaning may have been imperfective). In Early Modern English, the semantic value was lost, and the usage of forms with do began to approximate that found today.\n\nOrigins\n\nSome form of auxiliary \"do\" occurs in all West Germanic languages except Afrikaans. It is generally accepted that the past tense of Germanic weak verbs (in English, -ed) was formed from a combination of the infinitive with a past tense form of \"do\", as exemplified in Gothic. The origins of the construction in English are debated: some scholars argue it was already present in Old English, but not written due to stigmatization. Scholars disagree whether the construction arose from the use of \"do\" as a lexical verb in its own right, or whether periphrastic \"do\" arose from a causative meaning of the verb or vice versa. Examples of auxiliary \"do\" in Old English writing appear to be limited to its use in a causative sense, which is parallel to the earliest uses in other West Germanic languages. Others argue that the construction arose either via the influence of Celtic speakers or that the construction arose as a form of creolization when native speakers addressed foreigners and children.\n\nSee also\n\nEnglish verbs\nEnglish clause syntax\nIntensifier\n\nReferences\n\nEnglish grammar\nWord order\nSyntax\nGenerative syntax", "In linguistics, a pro-verb is a verb or partial phrase that substitutes for a contextually recognizable verb phrase (via a process known as grammatical gapping), obviating the need to repeat an antecedent verb phrase. A pro-verb is a type of anaphora that falls within the general group of word classes called pro-forms.\n\nIn English\nEnglish does not have dedicated pro-verbs; however, a bare infinitive can generally be implied rather than expressed, such that the verbs that take bare infinitives (including most of the auxiliary verbs) can be said to double as pro-verbs. Additionally, have and be can double as pro-verbs for perfect, progressive, and passive constructions (by eliding the participle). Finally, the dummy auxiliary verb do can be used when there is no other auxiliary verb, except if the main verb is be. The following are some examples of these kinds of pro-verb:\n\nWho can tell? —No-one can .\nWhy can't he do it? —He can , he just won't .\nI like pie, as does he .\nWhy did you break the jar? —He made me .\nCan you go to the park? No, I cannot [go to the park].\nNote that, when there are multiple auxiliary verbs, some of these may be elided as well. For example, in reply to \"Who's been leaving the milk out of the refrigerator?\", any of \"You've been doing it\", \"You have been\", or \"You have\" would have the same meaning.\n\nSince a to-infinitive is just the particle to plus a bare infinitive, and a bare infinitive can be elided, the particle to doubles as a pro-verb for a to-infinitive:Clean your room! —I don't want to .He refused to clean his room when I told him to .Finally, even in dialects where bare infinitives and participles can be elided, there does exist the pro-verb do so: \"He asked me to leave, so I did so\". This pro-verb, unlike the above-described pro-verbs, can be used in any grammatical context; however, in contexts where another pro-verb could be used, it can be overly formal. For example, in \"I want to get an 'A', but to do so, I need to get a perfect score on the next test,\" there is no other pro-verb that could be used; whereas in \"I want to get an 'A', but I can't do so,\" the do so'' could simply be elided, and doing so would make the sentence sound less formal.\n\nReferences\n\nParts of speech" ]

[ "Jason Leonard (born 14 August 1968) is an English former rugby union player. He won a former record 114 caps for England men’s rugby team during a 14-year international career. A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins.", "A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins. He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps.", "He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps. He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa.", "He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa. He was awarded the MBE for services to rugby in 2002, and an OBE after England's Rugby World Cup success. He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014.", "He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014. Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby.", "Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby. He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker.", "He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker. Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus.", "Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus. Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter.", "Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter. He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989.", "He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989. Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team.", "Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team. England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires.", "England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires. At the age of 21 he was the youngest prop forward to ever play for England. The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War.", "The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War. Leonard describes in his autobiography that the crowd were throwing oranges (among other things) at the England players. The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap.", "The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap. England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard.", "England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard. Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom.", "Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom. The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards.", "The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards. During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992.", "During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992. Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia.", "Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia. In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland.", "In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland. Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match.", "Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match. Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck.", "Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck. Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests.", "Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests. Due to brilliant surgery and his rehabilitation regime, however, he made a full recovery, winning his 11th cap against Canada at Twickenham that autumn without missing an England test. In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand.", "In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. 1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement.", "1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement. There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club.", "There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club. Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's.", "Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's. Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber.", "Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber. In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam.", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam. England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa.", "England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. At the World Cup, England were drawn in Pool B, generally regarded as one of the easier groups in the competition. However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20).", "However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20). In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended.", "In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended. England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place.", "England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place. In November 1996, Leonard skippered England for the first time, against Argentina at Twickenham. The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time.", "The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time. From a rolling maul, Leonard scored a try to level the scores, and a Mike Catt penalty won the game 20–18. The try remains Leonard's only score for England.", "The try remains Leonard's only score for England. In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa.", "In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa. In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach.", "In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach. The Autumn internationals saw England playing Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Against Australia, Leonard found himself selected at loosehead prop again, with Wasps' Will Green winning his first cap at tighthead. For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead.", "For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead. The ability to scrummage effectively on either side of the scrum proved to be one of Leonard's great assets. 1998–2003 Leonard continued to be an England regular under Woodward. In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales.", "In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales. World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France.", "World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France. England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs.", "England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs. This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses.", "This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses. In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa.", "In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa. The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000.", "The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000. 12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance.", "12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance. For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree.", "For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree. In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled.", "In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled. 2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia.", "2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia. The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne.", "The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne. After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup.", "After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup. On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash.", "On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash. He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat.", "He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat. In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.", "In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player.", "It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player. Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time.", "Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time. The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match.", "The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match. Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time.", "Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time. Charity Leonard has worked with and supported numerous charities throughout his career. He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes.", "He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes. In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives.", "In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives. So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported.", "So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported. Jason spends an enormous amount of time working on behalf of many other charities to support fundraising and raise awareness for their causes. Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel.", "Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel. Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\".", "Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\". The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London.", "The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London. In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\".", "In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\". See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C.", "See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C. players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C.", "players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C. players Officers of the Order of the British Empire Rugby union players from Barking, London Rugby union props Saracens F.C. players World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees" ]

[ "Jason Leonard", "1995-1997", "What happened in 1995?", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England,", "Did he do anything else in 1995?", "). In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended.", "Who beat the record?", "I don't know.", "What happened in 96?", "In November 1996, Leonard skippered England for the first time, against Argentina at Twickenham.", "How did that turn out?", "Leonard scored a try to level the scores, and a Mike Catt penalty won the game 20-18.", "What was the next game?", "In the 1996-1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (", "Did he do well there?", "Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "England held high hopes for the upcoming Rugby World Cup in South Africa." ]

[ "Gorilla Biscuits is the first album, released as a 7\" EP, by the hardcore band Gorilla Biscuits. It was later released on CD.\n\nCritical reception\nAllMusic gave the album a mixed review, writing that \"the first release from hardcore legends Gorilla Biscuits is a vital part of the band's history but still far from the classic Start Today LP issued only a year later.\"\n\nTrack listing - 7\"\nAll songs written by Walter Schreifels.\n\nSide A\n \"High Hopes\" – 2:25\n \"Big Mouth\" – 2:00\n \"No Reason Why\" – 1:53\n \"GM2\" – 0:21\nSide B\n \"Hold Your Ground\" – 2:02\n \"Breaking Free\" – 1:13\n \"Finish What You Started\" – 1:41\n\nTrack listing - CD\n \"High Hopes\" – 2:25\n \"Big Mouth\" – 2:00\n \"No Reason Why\" – 1:53\n \"GM2\" – 0:21\n \"Hold Your Ground\" – 2:02\n \"Breaking Free\" – 1:13\n \"Finish What You Started\" – 1:41\n \"Sitting Round at Home\" (Buzzcocks cover) – 1:43 \n \"Biscuit Power\" – 1:24 (song also known elsewhere as \"Gorilla Biscuits\")\n \"Short End of the Stick\" – 1:32 \n \"Hold Your Ground\" (Different lyrics) – 2:04 \n \"GM2\" – 1:13 (song also known elsewhere as \"Slut\")\n Tracks 8 to 12 are unlisted.\n\nMembers\n CIV - vocals\n Walter Schreifels - guitar\n Arthur Smilios - bass guitar\n Luke Abbey - drums\n\nReferences\n\n1988 debut albums\nGorilla Biscuits albums\nRevelation Records albums\nAlbums produced by Don Fury", "High Hopes may refer to:\n\nFilm and television\nHigh Hopes (1988 film), a 1988 British film\nHigh Hopes (2006 film), a 2005 U.S. film\nHigh Hopes (Canadian TV series), a Canadian soap opera\nHigh Hopes (British TV series), a British situation comedy\n\nMusic\n\nAlbums and EPs\nHigh Hopes (album), a 2014 album by Bruce Springsteen, or its title song (see below)\nHigh Hopes (EP), a 2007 EP by The Amity Affliction\n\nSongs\n\"High Hopes\" (Frank Sinatra song), 1959\n\"High Hopes\" (The S.O.S. Band song), 1982\n\"High Hopes\" (Tim Scott McConnell song), 1987\n\"High Hopes\" (Pink Floyd song), 1994\n\"High Hopes\" (Kodaline song), 2013\n\"High Hopes\" (Panic! at the Disco song), 2018\n\"High Hopes\", a song by Sammy Hagar from Unboxed\n\"High Hopes\", a song by Neil Halstead from Sleeping on Roads" ]

[ "Jason Leonard (born 14 August 1968) is an English former rugby union player. He won a former record 114 caps for England men’s rugby team during a 14-year international career. A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins.", "A prop, Leonard played club rugby for Barking RFC, Saracens and Harlequins. He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps.", "He played in England teams which won four Grand Slams (1991, 1992, 1995 and 2003) and the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played for the British & Irish Lions on three tours, winning five more caps. He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa.", "He was part of the Lions squad that won the test series during their 1997 tour of South Africa. He was awarded the MBE for services to rugby in 2002, and an OBE after England's Rugby World Cup success. He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014.", "He was also inducted to the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2014. Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby.", "Since his retirement in 2004, Leonard has been active in the governance of rugby. He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker.", "He was President of the RFU from 2015-2016, and is the current Chairman of the British & Irish Lions In 2008, Leonard joined Besso Group, and has since worked as a senior advisor for the established Lloyd's broker. Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus.", "Leonard has launched his own special event service, the FunBus. Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter.", "Club rugby Leonard's lengthy career straddled both the amateur and professional eras and he had a job as a carpenter. He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989.", "He began playing for his home club, Barking and his school teams as a youth, and as his playing talents became recognised, interest was shown by London club Saracens, where he moved in 1989. Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team.", "Following a year at Saracens, he moved to Harlequins, where he stayed until his professional retirement in May 2004, making a total of 290 appearances for the team. England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires.", "England career 1990–1993 Leonard won his first cap on 28 July 1990, against Argentina in Buenos Aires. At the age of 21 he was the youngest prop forward to ever play for England. The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War.", "The visitors were made to feel unwelcome, however, as the game was played on the 8th anniversary of the Falklands War. Leonard describes in his autobiography that the crowd were throwing oranges (among other things) at the England players. The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap.", "The most interesting object he saw on the pitch was a bathroom tap. England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard.", "England eventually won the game 25–12; it proved a baptism of fire for the young Leonard. Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom.", "Leonard played his whole England career in a largely dominant pack and in his early career played with established forwards such as Brian Moore, Wade Dooley, Dean Richards, Mick Skinner, Mike Teague and Peter Winterbottom. The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards.", "The England pack of this era helped England Rugby win much success, often playing a limited 10-man game that suited the large and physical England forwards. During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992.", "During this period, England won back-to-back Grand Slams in 1991 and 1992. Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia.", "Despite losing the opening pool match to New Zealand 18–12, England made it to the Rugby World Cup Final in 1991, losing 12–6 to pre-tournament favourites Australia. In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland.", "In that game, England played open rugby, like they had in the Five Nations in 1990, although it was the forward-dominated 10-man game which earlier in 1991 had won them the Five Nations Grand Slam, as well as the quarter-final against France and semi-final against Scotland. Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match.", "Against Wales in 1992, Leonard suffered a neck injury: he experienced a numbing sensation in his right arm, but had no idea he had ruptured a vertebra in his neck, so played out the remainder of the match. Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck.", "Later, he required emergency surgery, where bone from his hip had to be grafted into his neck. Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests.", "Leonard's career was in grave doubt, after only 10 tests. Due to brilliant surgery and his rehabilitation regime, however, he made a full recovery, winning his 11th cap against Canada at Twickenham that autumn without missing an England test. In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand.", "In 1993, Leonard was selected for his first British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. 1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement.", "1995–1997 With Dick Best no longer England head coach, the RFU appointed well-known and highly successful Bath coach Jack Rowell as his replacement. There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club.", "There was much speculation amongst many established England players as to what changes the new coach would bring to the England setup, particularly one with such close ties to a successful Bath Rugby Club. Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's.", "Rowell claimed he would rid England of the cautious, forward-dominated 10-man game which had done so well for them earlier in the decade, and play running rugby more similar to Bath's. Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber.", "Leonard kept his place in the England team, which now included several new players such as Mike Catt, Ben Clarke, Victor Ubogu, Steve Ojomoh (all Bath players) and Tim Rodber. In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam.", "In the 1995 Five Nations, Leonard won a record (for a prop) 38th cap for England, playing against Scotland, and the victory meant his third Grand Slam. England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa.", "England held high hopes for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. At the World Cup, England were drawn in Pool B, generally regarded as one of the easier groups in the competition. However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20).", "However, England experienced setbacks, gaining only narrow victories over Argentina (24–18) and Italy (27–20). In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended.", "In England's final pool match against Western Samoa, Leonard was rested and his record of 40 consecutive England caps ended. England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place.", "England won that match 44–22 and also won the subsequent quarter-final against Australia 25–22, before losing the semi-final to New Zealand 29–45 and finishing the tournament in fourth place. In November 1996, Leonard skippered England for the first time, against Argentina at Twickenham. The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time.", "The game was very close, with Argentina taking a narrow lead close to full-time. From a rolling maul, Leonard scored a try to level the scores, and a Mike Catt penalty won the game 20–18. The try remains Leonard's only score for England.", "The try remains Leonard's only score for England. In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa.", "In the 1996–1997 season, Leonard began to play for England at tighthead prop (number 3) to make room for Leicester Tigers loosehead prop (number 1), Graham Rowntree, and in 1997, Leonard was selected for his second British and Irish Lions tour, this time to South Africa. In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach.", "In September 1997, the RFU appointed Clive Woodward as head coach. The Autumn internationals saw England playing Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Against Australia, Leonard found himself selected at loosehead prop again, with Wasps' Will Green winning his first cap at tighthead. For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead.", "For the remaining two tests, Leonard was moved back to tighthead. The ability to scrummage effectively on either side of the scrum proved to be one of Leonard's great assets. 1998–2003 Leonard continued to be an England regular under Woodward. In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales.", "In 1999, England competed in the Rugby World Cup, hosted this time by Wales. World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France.", "World Cup matches were also played throughout the rest of the British Isles and in France. England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs.", "England had shown signs of improvement under Woodward, who had been looking to play a more expansive game, but were denied a Grand Slam prior to the World Cup due to Neil Jenkins' boot and a last-minute try by Scott Gibbs. This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses.", "This, however, was to be the first of four consecutive near-misses. In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa.", "In the 1999 World Cup, England were drawn in Pool 2 with New Zealand, Italy and Tonga, but were knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage by South Africa. The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000.", "The new Millennium saw Leonard break several records; he surpassed Rory Underwood as England's most capped player with his 86th cap against Argentina in November 2000. 12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance.", "12 months later against Romania he overtook former New Zealand captain Sean Fitzpatrick as the world's most-capped forward in his 93rd appearance. For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree.", "For the 2000 Autumn internationals, Leonard was dropped to the bench and replaced by Graham Rowntree. In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled.", "In 2001, although England had scored 28 tries in their first four Six Nations matches, they lost the fifth to Ireland after the match had been rescheduled. 2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia.", "2001 also saw a tour of the British and Irish Lions, coached by Graham Henry, to Australia. The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne.", "The Wallabies won the Test series 2–1, though the Lions had convincingly won the first Test and were in the driving seat at half-time during the second Test in Melbourne. After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup.", "After this, England began to notch up regular victories against the big guns of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand, South Africa and Australia), culminating in the 2003 World Cup. On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash.", "On 15 February 2003, Jason Leonard became the first-ever front-row forward to make 100 international appearances, when he started against France in a Six Nations clash. He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat.", "He was also the first Englishman and overall third player (after Philippe Sella and David Campese) to achieve this feat. In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.", "In March, Jason played a key role in securing England's Grand Slam with a win over Ireland at Lansdowne Road and in August he captained England for the second time in a crushing 43–9 victory over Wales at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player.", "It was Leonard's versatility along with his proven ability and experience which earned him a spot in the World Cup Squad and he made appearances in all seven matches of the tournament, including the semi-final against France during which he overtook Sella as the world's most-capped player. Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time.", "Leonard appeared in his second World Cup final as an extra-time substitute for Vickery and played a key role in reducing the scrummage penalty count which was high during normal time. The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match.", "The then coach Clive Woodward later wrote in his autobiography that Leonard's introduction was the key substitution which helped England to win the match. Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time.", "Leonard played one more match for England in the subsequent Six Nations Championship against Italy before announcing his retirement as the most-capped forward of all time. Charity Leonard has worked with and supported numerous charities throughout his career. He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes.", "He has been holding Annual Dinners since 2004, which have to date raised over £2 million for charities and good causes. In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives.", "In 2014, he founded The Atlas Foundation, which exists to help deprived children around the world work towards a better future through rugby communities and initiatives. So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported.", "So far over £1 million has been raised, and over 50,000 children have been supported. Jason spends an enormous amount of time working on behalf of many other charities to support fundraising and raise awareness for their causes. Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel.", "Miscellaneous Jason Leonard was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel. Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\".", "Until 5 August 2011, when it was renamed \"Southend City on Sea\", a class 357 EMU train (number 357 003) operated by c2c on the London, Tilbury and Southend line had the nameplate \"Jason Leonard\". The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London.", "The line serves his hometown of Barking, East London. In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\".", "In 2012, Leonard was the second recipient of \"The Prince Obolensky Award\" presented by the Prince Obolensky Association to people associated with the game of Rugby Union who embody the \"Corinthian Spirit\". See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C.", "See also List of rugby union test caps leaders References External links Jason Leonard Official Website Jason Leonard's Funbus The Atlas Foundation 1968 births Living people Barbarian F.C. players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C.", "players Barking Rugby Football Club players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Harlequin F.C. players Officers of the Order of the British Empire Rugby union players from Barking, London Rugby union props Saracens F.C. players World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees" ]

[ "Dev Anand", "Romantic hero image in the 1960s" ]

[ "Kill Dil () is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language romantic action comedy film directed by Shaad Ali and produced by Aditya Chopra under the Yash Raj Films banner. The film stars Ranveer Singh, Ali Zafar and Parineeti Chopra in lead roles with Govinda portraying the antagonist. The film was released on 13 November 2014. Many shots of the movie has been filmed in Gautam Buddha University.\n\nPlot\nTutu (Ali Zafar) and Dev Dharma (Ranveer Singh) are two orphans who were raised by a local gangster Bhaiyaji (Govinda) to be assassins. Their life takes a turn when they meet Disha (Parineeti Chopra) at a club and she and Dev fall in love with each other. Dev's indifference towards work starts irritating Bhaiyaji, but Tutu defends Dev. When Dev is unable to kill one of their targets, he decides to change his life. This enrages Bhaiyaji and he threatens to kill Dev. Tutu intervenes and suggests Dev lookout for a job but should accompany him every time Bhaiyaji calls them to give killing contracts.\n\nTutu gets Dev a fake MBA degree which helps Dev join an insurance company. Dev and Disha make plans to get married, while Disha is unaware of Dev's past. Bhaiyaji on learning the truth about Dev's job decides to play a trick to get him back. He sends one of his goons, Batuk, to kill Dev and informs Tutu. He also calls up Disha and tells her about Dev and Tutu's real identity. Just when Batuk is about to kill Dev, Tutu shoots him down in front of Disha. Disha is shocked with the reality and breaks up with Dev. This results in Dev again becoming an assassin.\n\nBhaiyaji gives them a fresh contract to kill his arch-enemy Baban Pehlwan. Dev and Tutu record a video telling the tale of how they became gangsters and send it to Disha. During a shootout, Dev is again unable to fire the gun and gets shot. Tutu takes him to the hospital, where after an operation, Dev finds Disha waiting for him and they both reconcile. Bhaiyaji gets killed by Baban Pehlwan. Dev and Disha get married while Tutu has a job interview in the same insurance company with a fake MBA degree.\n\nCast\n Govinda as Bhaiyaji\n Ali Zafar as Tutu\n Ranveer Singh as Dev Sharma, Disha's husband \n Parineeti Chopra as Disha, Dev's wife\n Alok Nath as Jeewan Sambandh Insurance Owner\n Jass Bhatia as Chimsy\n Maanvi Gagroo as Jenny\n Rocky Verma as Snake Ladder Player\n Sukhwinder Singh as Dulha in \"Happy Budday\" song\n\nProduction\nParineeti Chopra signed to the film, with Govinda as the antagonist.\n\nEarly on in February 2014, many shots of the movie were taken in Greater Noida's Gautam Buddha University and Galgotias Campus One and at The Grand Venice Mall. Ali, Ranveer Singh and Govinda share the dance floor in the movie. Through March the film was shot at various locations in Delhi. Later in April 2014, a schedule of the film with leads Ali Zafar, Ranveer Singh and Parineeti Chopra was shot at Lavasa And (Kharghar) Mumbai in Maharashtra.\n\nCritical reception\nSukanya Verma of Rediff said \"It has random songs, birdbrained logic and a romance that's about as exciting as toothpaste.\" Saibal Chaterjee from NDTV gave the film 2 stars and said \"Watch Kill Dil if you have plenty of time to kill. It is unlikely to deliver much joy to your dil, though.\" Koimoi gave 2 stars and said the film has bad writing and poor direction. DNA said that it fails to connect with audiences and gave 2 stars, while praising Govinda's performance.\n\nBox office reception\nThe film grossed in India on its opening weekend, recouping most of its budget. Overseas it collected across its opening weekend, making worldwide in its first three days. In Pakistan, Kill Dil had the third-highest opening weekend gross of 2014 behind Kick and Happy New Year. In its first week it collected a total of according to Box Office India.\n\nSoundtrack\n\nThe music of Kill Dil was composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy (Shankar Mahadevan, Ehsaan Noorani and Loy Mendonsa), with lyrics by Gulzar. The soundtrack comprises 8 songs. The soundtrack was released on 9 October 2014.\n\nThe title song of the film sung by Sonu Nigam and Shankar Mahadevan was released on 25 September 2014.\n\nAnother single, \"Sweeta\", sung by Adnan Sami, was released on 2 October 2014.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nIndian romantic comedy films\nIndian action comedy films\nIndian films\n2010s Hindi-language films\nYash Raj Films films\n2014 films\nFilms shot in Maharashtra\nIndian gangster films\n2014 action comedy films\n2014 romantic comedy films\nIndian romantic action films\nFilms directed by Shaad Ali\n2010s romantic action films", "Coffee Bloom is a 2014 Indian romantic drama film directed by debutant director Manu Warrier. It stars Arjun Mathur and Sugandha Garg in lead roles. The film is produced by Speaking Tree Productions. It tells the story of a young man Dev, who sells his family coffee estate as a statement underlining his renunciation of the world.\n\nThe film was premiered at Mumbai Film Festival, organized by Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image (MAMI), last year under the 'New Faces of Indian Cinema' category. The film was released in India, USA and UK on 6 March 2015.\n\nPlot\nDev Arjun Mathur, though a self-proclaimed wise man finds comfort in being a loser, having given up on life as a result of a love gone wrong. A life-changing event takes him on a journey to a coffee plantation. There he meets Anika Sugandha Garg, once the love of his life, now his boss. Love blooms in an idyllic setting, bringing Dev out of his self-imposed funk and Dev finds a new reason to live. A terrible misunderstanding pushes him into taking drastic measures. Much is at stake as the yearly bloom is round the corner. And Dev is confronted with his past, present, and future – all at once. \nHe reaches the plantation where Srinivas the estate owner and Anika is his wife. Srinivas doesn't know much about coffee and relies on Dev to maintain the plantation. It is revealed that Dev consumed the poison while Anika did not and their love story ended over there. In the plantation gets some weed. Srinivas gets shot in an ambush on the plantation. Shonda confronts Dev about why he didn't tell her about Anika and didn't tell Anika that this plantation belonged to him. ASI confronts Dev and asked him how Srinivas was shot. He is brought into police custody and Anika hires a lawyer and took him out of the police custody. She informed Dev that Srinivas told everyone that he misfired the gun and gives the plantation paper to Dev. She also told him that she knows Dev sabotaged the bloom by clinically planting the rust. She and Dev both cries and part ways knowing that they broke Srinivas's trust.\n\nCast\nArjun Mathur\nSugandha Garg\nMohan Kapoor\nSharath Parvathavani\nNandini Sen\nIshwari Bose-Bhattacharya\n Prerit\n\nProduction\nThe film is produced by Speaking Tree Pictures Pvt Ltd, led by Line Producer Harish Amin. Long Live Cinema Private Limited, spearheaded by Shiladitya Bora will distribute film in Indian and USA market.\n\nRelease\nCoffee Bloom was released on 6 March 2015. In India, movie was released across theatres in Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Kochi and Ahmedabad. In the US, it released in Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay Area, Chicago, Seattle and New Jersey - Bergen County, and in Canada, it hit theatres in Toronto. Upon Release Coffee Bloom received positive to mixed reviews with critics praising Arjun and Sugandha's performances.\n\nReception\nUpon release Coffee Bloom opened to a mix response among critics. With glowing reviews from Martin D'Souza called \"Fascinating Poetry in motion\", Anna Vetticad found it \"a well-acted and unexpectedly satisfying film\", Bharadwaj Rangan termed it as \"A well-acted drama about how the past never leaves us\", Sweta Kaushal from Hindustan Times called \"A warm beverage brewed at leisure\", Nishi Tiwari from rediff found it to be \"beautiful, poetic in parts\", with positive reviews there were also negative ones from Rahul Desai of Mumbai Mirror who found the film to be \"Cold and Automated\". Several reviews praised the performance of the lead actors.\n\nSoundtrack \nThe Soundtrack was composed by Prasad Ruparel and the lyrics were penned by Pranab Gohain.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2010s Hindi-language films\n2014 films\nIndian films\nIndian romantic drama films" ]

[ "Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand (26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011), better known as Dev Anand, was an Indian film actor, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema, through a career that spanned over six decades. He was one of the most successful actors in the Indian film industry.", "He was one of the most successful actors in the Indian film industry. Early life Anand was born Dharam Dev Anand on 26 September 1923 in the Shakargarh tehsil of the Gurdaspur district in Punjab (British India). His father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate in Gurdaspur District Court.", "His father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate in Gurdaspur District Court. Dev was the third of four sons born to Anand. One of Dev's younger sisters is Sheel Kanta Kapur, who is the mother of film director Shekhar Kapur. His older brothers were Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist.", "His older brothers were Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist. Court) and Chetan Anand and the younger one was Vijay Anand. He did his schooling till matriculation from Sacred Heart School, Dalhousie, (then in Punjab) and went to Government college Dharamshala before going to Lahore to study. Later Dev completed a B.A.", "Later Dev completed a B.A. Later Dev completed a B.A. degree in English Literature from the Government College, Lahore in British India. Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand.", "Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand. Career After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India, now in Pakistan), Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s.", "Career After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India, now in Pakistan), Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s. He began his career in the military censor's office at Churchgate, for a monthly salary of Rs. 65.", "65. 65. Later, he worked as a clerk in an accounting firm for a salary of Rs. 85. He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).", "He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA). Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet.", "Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet. Dev Anand quoted in an interview that \"I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios.", "Dev Anand quoted in an interview that \"I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios. At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'\"", "At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'\" Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis.", "Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis. While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt.", "While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt. Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful.", "Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful. They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it.", "They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it. Late 1940s and romance with Suraiya In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films.", "Late 1940s and romance with Suraiya In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films. While shooting these films, they became romantically involved.", "While shooting these films, they became romantically involved. The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Do Sitare (1951) and Sanam (1951), all of which were successful at the box office.", "The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Do Sitare (1951) and Sanam (1951), all of which were successful at the box office. In these films, Suraiya was always first-biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand.", "In these films, Suraiya was always first-biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand. She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning.", "She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning. Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Dev Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them.", "Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Dev Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them. The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous.", "The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous. During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000.", "During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000. Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried.", "Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried. They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together.", "They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together. Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya.", "Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya. Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities.", "Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities. Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive, and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvouz with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines.", "Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive, and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvouz with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines. Break and the 1950s Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar.", "Break and the 1950s Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar. He spotted Anand hanging around in the studios and picked him as the hero for the Bombay Talkies production Ziddi (1948), co-starring Kamini Kaushal, which became an instant success. After Ziddis success, Anand decided that he would start producing films.", "After Ziddis success, Anand decided that he would start producing films. It was in the film Ziddi, where the first ever Kishore-Lata duet, \"Yeh Kaun Aaya Karke Yeh Sola Singhar\", was recorded. This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began.", "This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began. This continued for the next four decades. His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – \"Marne Ki Duayen\" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi.", "His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – \"Marne Ki Duayen\" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi. Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film.", "Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film. In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means \"New Banner\"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films.", "In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means \"New Banner\"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films. Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair.", "Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair. Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951).", "Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951). The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s.", "The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s. The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director.", "The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director. The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together.", "The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together. They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No.", "They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No. 44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too.", "44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too. During the making of the film Taxi Driver, the couple fell in love and Dev proposed marriage to his heroine Kalpana. In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony.", "In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony. The couple had a son, Suneil Anand in 1956 and later a daughter, Devina, was born. After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further.", "After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further. Nau Do Gyarah was the couple's last movie together. A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No.", "A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No. 44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D.", "44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D. (1956) and Paying Guest (1957).", "(1956) and Paying Guest (1957). In the 1950s his films were of the mystery genre or light comedy love stories or were films with social relevance such as Ek Ke Baad Ek (1959) and Funtoosh (1956). His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated.", "His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated. He starred in a string of box office successes for the remainder of the 1950s opposite newcomer Waheeda Rehman in C.I.D. (1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962).", "(1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962). Waheeda first became a star when C.I.D became a hit. The pair acted in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film) and Prem Pujari later.", "The pair acted in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film) and Prem Pujari later. In 1955, he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in Insaniyat.", "In 1955, he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in Insaniyat. With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film.", "With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film. He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them.", "He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them. Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar.", "Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar. Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s.", "Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s. His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara.", "His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara. From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Anand ruled the roost.", "From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Anand ruled the roost. Romantic hero image in the 1960s In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda.", "Romantic hero image in the 1960s In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda. In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy.", "In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy. One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani).", "One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani). Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship with.", "Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship with. Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit.", "Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit. His first colour film, Guide with Waheeda Rehman was based on the novel of the same name by R. K. Narayan. Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book.", "Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book. He met and persuaded Narayan to give his assent to the project. Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965.", "Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965. Guide, directed by younger brother Vijay Anand, was an acclaimed movie. Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom.", "Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom. He is not above thoughtlessly exploiting her for personal gains. Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation.", "Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation. He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful.", "He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful. Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit.", "Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit. It was Johnny Mera Naam which made Hema Malini a big star. In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. Directorial debut and the Versatile Hero Image in 1970s His directorial debut, the espionage drama Prem Pujari, was a flop but has developed a cult following over the years. The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the lead female artiste.", "The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the lead female artiste. He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture.", "He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture. His find Zeenat Aman, who played the mini-skirt sporting, pot-smoking Janice, became an overnight sensation. Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes.", "Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes. The same year, he starred with Mumtaz in Tere Mere Sapne, an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel, The Citadel. The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful.", "The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful. In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success.", "In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success. In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of fathers in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office.", "In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of fathers in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office. Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—three each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Jaaneman, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishq Ishq Ishq, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man.", "Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—three each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Jaaneman, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishq Ishq Ishq, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man. He bounced back with the double role film Banarasi Babu in 1973.", "He bounced back with the double role film Banarasi Babu in 1973. He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara, with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975) Kalabaaz and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976).The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties.", "He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara, with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975) Kalabaaz and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976).The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties. He attempted different genres of films so acquired versatile hero image.", "He attempted different genres of films so acquired versatile hero image. He was already 55 when he was paired with Tina Munim in 1978 in Des Pardes, which became among the top five grossing films of the year. Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s Dev Anand has also been politically active.", "Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s Dev Anand has also been politically active. He led a group of film personalities who stood up against the Internal Emergency imposed by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977.", "He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977. He also formed a party called the \"National Party of India\", which he later disbanded.", "He also formed a party called the \"National Party of India\", which he later disbanded. Later career and Evergreen Hero Image The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Hero.", "Later career and Evergreen Hero Image The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Hero. Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee.", "Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee. Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim) and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits.", "Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim) and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits. Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero.", "Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero. He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D.", "He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D. Burman. He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more.", "He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more. But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics.", "But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics. Awwal Number (1990), where Dev Anand co-starred with Aditya Pancholi and Aamir Khan became an average grosser in the year 1990.", "Awwal Number (1990), where Dev Anand co-starred with Aditya Pancholi and Aamir Khan became an average grosser in the year 1990. Aamir said in an interview that Awwal Number is the only film he signed without reading the script because it was being directed by his senior Dev Anand.", "Aamir said in an interview that Awwal Number is the only film he signed without reading the script because it was being directed by his senior Dev Anand. Aamir quoted: \"Dev saab was an icon for many generations and entertained us throughout his life\".", "Aamir quoted: \"Dev saab was an icon for many generations and entertained us throughout his life\". He was already 60 years old in 1983 when he acted opposite Christine O'Neil and alongside Rati Agnihotri and Padmini Kolhapure in Swami Dada. In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released.", "In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released. Though critically acclaimed, it was a commercial failure. His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar (film) was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office.", "His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar (film) was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office. Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither being producer nor director of the film.", "Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither being producer nor director of the film. He directed Pyar Ka Tarana in 1993, without casting himself in any role. His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene of an unknown actress, though the movie was released uncut.", "His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene of an unknown actress, though the movie was released uncut. He received offers to star in lead role in outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released.", "He received offers to star in lead role in outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released. Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures.", "Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures. His films Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed.", "His films Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed. His performance and direction in the 1991 film Sau Crore was appreciated as it was a movie ahead of its time dealing with real life murder of badminton star Syed Modi and the arrest being made of the wife and her ex-lover.", "His performance and direction in the 1991 film Sau Crore was appreciated as it was a movie ahead of its time dealing with real life murder of badminton star Syed Modi and the arrest being made of the wife and her ex-lover. Sau Crore remains the last commercial hit film of Dev Anand as the lead hero as well as a director.", "Sau Crore remains the last commercial hit film of Dev Anand as the lead hero as well as a director. His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board.", "His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board. He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version).", "He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version). The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production which couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture.", "The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production which couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture. Of the 114 Hindi films he appeared in in 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance.", "Of the 114 Hindi films he appeared in in 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance. By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106.", "By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106. Comparisons with Gregory Peck Often compared to the famous actor Gregory Peck the world over, Dev Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tag line bestowed on him in his heyday.", "Comparisons with Gregory Peck Often compared to the famous actor Gregory Peck the world over, Dev Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tag line bestowed on him in his heyday. \"When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona.", "\"When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona. I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand\".", "I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand\". Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai.", "Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai. Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954, on Peck's stopover from a schedule at Sri Lanka after shooting for The Purple Plain.", "Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954, on Peck's stopover from a schedule at Sri Lanka after shooting for The Purple Plain. He knew of the \"Indian Star\" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines, and they had a chat.", "He knew of the \"Indian Star\" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines, and they had a chat. The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, he visited him on the set of Roman Holiday.", "The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, he visited him on the set of Roman Holiday. \"I was returning from the Venice film fest. I stopped my car and joined the crowd watching the shoot, hoping that his eyes would fall on me.", "I stopped my car and joined the crowd watching the shoot, hoping that his eyes would fall on me. As expected, he nodded and I walked up to him. He remembered me and we exchanged pleasantries.\" The third meeting was at London on the set of Moby Dick.", "The third meeting was at London on the set of Moby Dick. However, Suraiya asked for an exclusive meeting with her idol at her house. Though Anand says jealousy was natural for anyone in love, he didn't mind that he was not invited. \"I didn't quite feel anything.", "\"I didn't quite feel anything. It wasn't as if they were going to fall in love or make love. Even if they would have, it wouldn't have mattered. I was mature enough. Moreover, he wasn't my rival. I too was a big star by then,\" says Anand.", "I too was a big star by then,\" says Anand. Critical appraisal Dev Anand has directed 19 films and produced 35 films. Off the 35 films he produced, 18 were commercially successful at the box office and off the 19 films directed by him 10 were hits. He wrote the stories for 13 of his films.", "He wrote the stories for 13 of his films. Critics say his directorial ventures have always been ahead of their time. Dev Anand's films are well known for their hit songs. He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films.", "He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films. His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar,Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs.", "His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar,Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs. Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D.", "Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D. Burman, Shammi Kapoor and R.D. Burman were his closest friends from the film industry.", "Burman were his closest friends from the film industry. In September 2007, Dev's autobiography Romancing with Life was released at a birthday party with the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released.", "In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released. Dev Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishq Ishq Ishq, Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan.", "Dev Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishq Ishq Ishq, Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan. Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s.", "Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s. He adds, \"The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it.\"", "He adds, \"The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it.\" Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler.", "Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler. Sinha quoted: \"Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him\".", "Sinha quoted: \"Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him\". It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D.", "It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D. Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina.", "Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina. Personal life Anand had a love affair with actress Suraiya from 1948 to 1951, but they never married, because of opposition by Suraiya's maternal grandmother.", "Personal life Anand had a love affair with actress Suraiya from 1948 to 1951, but they never married, because of opposition by Suraiya's maternal grandmother. Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004.", "Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004. In 1954, Dev married Kalpana Kartik (actual name Mona Singha), a Bollywood actress from Shimla, in a private marriage during the shooting of the film Taxi Driver. They have two children, son Suneil and daughter Devina.", "They have two children, son Suneil and daughter Devina. Ban on 'black coat' According to a Hindustan Times article, in 1958 an incident occurred during the release of his film Kala Pani during which Dev looked so handsome in a black coat that mesmerised by his look a girl allegedly ended her life.", "Ban on 'black coat' According to a Hindustan Times article, in 1958 an incident occurred during the release of his film Kala Pani during which Dev looked so handsome in a black coat that mesmerised by his look a girl allegedly ended her life. After the incident he reportedly did not wear black suit in public.", "After the incident he reportedly did not wear black suit in public. Death Dev Anand died in his room at The Washington Mayfair Hotel in London at the age of 88 on 3 December 2011 (4 December 2011 I.S.T.) of a cardiac arrest.", "of a cardiac arrest. of a cardiac arrest. His death came just two months after the release of his last film Chargesheet, which he directed and produced. Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death.", "Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death. On 10 December, his funeral service was held at a small chapel in London after which his casket was taken to the Putney Vale Crematorium in southwest London. His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River.", "His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River. Awards, honours and recognitions The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contribution to Indian cinema.", "Awards, honours and recognitions The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contribution to Indian cinema. His career spanned more than 65 years, acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 had him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films.", "His career spanned more than 65 years, acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 had him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films. He was the recipient of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performances in Kala Pani and Guide, the latter being India's official entry to the Oscars.", "He was the recipient of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performances in Kala Pani and Guide, the latter being India's official entry to the Oscars. Civilian award 2001 – Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India) National Film Awards Winner 1965 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for Guide 2002 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence Filmfare awards Winner 1959 – Best Actor for Kala Pani 1967 – Best Actor for Guide 1967 – Best Film for Guide 1993 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award National honours and recognitions 1995 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his \"Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema\" in New Delhi 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai 2001 – Special Screen Award for his contribution to Indian cinema 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York 2003 – Lifetime Achievement Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema\" at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States) 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry 2005 – Sony Gold Award 2006 – ANR National Award by the Akkineni International Foundation 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment.", "Civilian award 2001 – Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India) National Film Awards Winner 1965 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for Guide 2002 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence Filmfare awards Winner 1959 – Best Actor for Kala Pani 1967 – Best Actor for Guide 1967 – Best Film for Guide 1993 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award National honours and recognitions 1995 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his \"Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema\" in New Delhi 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai 2001 – Special Screen Award for his contribution to Indian cinema 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York 2003 – Lifetime Achievement Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema\" at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States) 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry 2005 – Sony Gold Award 2006 – ANR National Award by the Akkineni International Foundation 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment. 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards 2009 – Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh 2011 – NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Rahul Dravid Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute.", "2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards 2009 – Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh 2011 – NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Rahul Dravid Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute. 2013 – To honour him, a brass statue in his likeness was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in February 2013.", "2013 – To honour him, a brass statue in his likeness was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in February 2013. 2013 – On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. International honours and recognitions In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his \"Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema\".", "2013 – On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. International honours and recognitions In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his \"Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema\". In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association \"Star of the Millennium\" Award in Silicon Valley, California.", "In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association \"Star of the Millennium\" Award in Silicon Valley, California. Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a \"New York State Assembly Citation\" for his \"Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York\" on 1 May 2001.", "Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a \"New York State Assembly Citation\" for his \"Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York\" on 1 May 2001. In 2005, he was honoured with a \"Special National Film Award\" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm.", "In 2005, he was honoured with a \"Special National Film Award\" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm. In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands.", "In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands. He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission.", "He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission. Filmography Further reading Cinema Modern: Navketan Story, by Sidharth Bhatia. Harpercollins, 2011. . Evergreen Dev Anand (An Anthology of Dev Anand's Contribution to Cinema), by Kamal Dhiman.", "Evergreen Dev Anand (An Anthology of Dev Anand's Contribution to Cinema), by Kamal Dhiman. Nikita Publications, 2014. .", "Nikita Publications, 2014. . Nikita Publications, 2014. . References External links RIP Dev Anand – Bollywood Mourns Dev Anand's Death The Telegraph – Dev Anand Bio and Obituary Indian male film actors 1923 births 2011 deaths Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Hindi film producers Male actors in Hindi cinema Film directors from Mumbai Film producers from Mumbai Male actors from Mumbai Government College University, Lahore alumni People from Gurdaspur Punjabi people 20th-century Indian male actors 20th-century Indian film directors 21st-century Indian film directors Filmfare Awards winners People from Narowal District" ]

[ "Dev Anand", "Romantic hero image in the 1960s", "How did Dev get his romantic image?", "In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan," ]

[ "Image of the Beast (1968) is a horror erotic novel by American writer Philip José Farmer.\n\nBackground\nThe story follows Herald Childe, a private detective, who is sent a snuff film of his partner being murdered by what appears to be a vampire. His investigation into the identity of the killers leads him into a world of apparent monsters who have a predilection for brutal and supernatural sex. The monsters including vampires, werewolves, snake-women, and other undefined shape-changers.\n \nThe first printing or first edition of Image of the Beast was written for sf-porn publisher Essex House. It was paperback selling at $1.95.\n\nThe sequel to this novel is Blown.\n\nImage of the Beast was adapted by artist Tim Boxell (under the pseudonym \"Grisly\") as a comic book published by Last Gasp in 1973, with a second printing in 1979.\n\nReferences \n\n1968 American novels\nAmerican erotic novels\nAmerican horror novels\nAmerican science fiction novels\nNovels by Philip José Farmer\nScience fiction erotica\nAmerican vampire novels\nSnuff films in fiction", "Semillas que el mar arrastra is a 2008 documentary film.\n\nSynopsis\nIn Africa there are many children that dream of crossing the sea, leaving their families and homes behind, believing that they'll have a real chance on the other side. Those that manage to make the crossing soon discover that reality is far from what they had imagined when they find themselves in the internment centers. This documentary lends its voice to those under age immigrants that long for a better life.\n\nAwards\n Festival Image & Vie 2007\n\nExternal links\n\n2008 films\nSenegalese films\nSpanish films\nSenegalese documentary films\nSpanish documentary films\n2008 documentary films\nDocumentary films about immigration" ]

[ "Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand (26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011), better known as Dev Anand, was an Indian film actor, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema, through a career that spanned over six decades. He was one of the most successful actors in the Indian film industry.", "He was one of the most successful actors in the Indian film industry. Early life Anand was born Dharam Dev Anand on 26 September 1923 in the Shakargarh tehsil of the Gurdaspur district in Punjab (British India). His father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate in Gurdaspur District Court.", "His father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate in Gurdaspur District Court. Dev was the third of four sons born to Anand. One of Dev's younger sisters is Sheel Kanta Kapur, who is the mother of film director Shekhar Kapur. His older brothers were Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist.", "His older brothers were Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist. Court) and Chetan Anand and the younger one was Vijay Anand. He did his schooling till matriculation from Sacred Heart School, Dalhousie, (then in Punjab) and went to Government college Dharamshala before going to Lahore to study. Later Dev completed a B.A.", "Later Dev completed a B.A. Later Dev completed a B.A. degree in English Literature from the Government College, Lahore in British India. Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand.", "Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand. Career After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India, now in Pakistan), Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s.", "Career After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India, now in Pakistan), Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s. He began his career in the military censor's office at Churchgate, for a monthly salary of Rs. 65.", "65. 65. Later, he worked as a clerk in an accounting firm for a salary of Rs. 85. He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).", "He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA). Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet.", "Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet. Dev Anand quoted in an interview that \"I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios.", "Dev Anand quoted in an interview that \"I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios. At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'\"", "At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'\" Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis.", "Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis. While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt.", "While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt. Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful.", "Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful. They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it.", "They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it. Late 1940s and romance with Suraiya In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films.", "Late 1940s and romance with Suraiya In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films. While shooting these films, they became romantically involved.", "While shooting these films, they became romantically involved. The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Do Sitare (1951) and Sanam (1951), all of which were successful at the box office.", "The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Do Sitare (1951) and Sanam (1951), all of which were successful at the box office. In these films, Suraiya was always first-biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand.", "In these films, Suraiya was always first-biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand. She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning.", "She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning. Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Dev Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them.", "Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Dev Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them. The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous.", "The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous. During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000.", "During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000. Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried.", "Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried. They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together.", "They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together. Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya.", "Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya. Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities.", "Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities. Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive, and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvouz with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines.", "Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive, and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvouz with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines. Break and the 1950s Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar.", "Break and the 1950s Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar. He spotted Anand hanging around in the studios and picked him as the hero for the Bombay Talkies production Ziddi (1948), co-starring Kamini Kaushal, which became an instant success. After Ziddis success, Anand decided that he would start producing films.", "After Ziddis success, Anand decided that he would start producing films. It was in the film Ziddi, where the first ever Kishore-Lata duet, \"Yeh Kaun Aaya Karke Yeh Sola Singhar\", was recorded. This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began.", "This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began. This continued for the next four decades. His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – \"Marne Ki Duayen\" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi.", "His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – \"Marne Ki Duayen\" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi. Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film.", "Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film. In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means \"New Banner\"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films.", "In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means \"New Banner\"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films. Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair.", "Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair. Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951).", "Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951). The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s.", "The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s. The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director.", "The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director. The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together.", "The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together. They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No.", "They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No. 44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too.", "44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too. During the making of the film Taxi Driver, the couple fell in love and Dev proposed marriage to his heroine Kalpana. In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony.", "In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony. The couple had a son, Suneil Anand in 1956 and later a daughter, Devina, was born. After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further.", "After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further. Nau Do Gyarah was the couple's last movie together. A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No.", "A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No. 44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D.", "44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D. (1956) and Paying Guest (1957).", "(1956) and Paying Guest (1957). In the 1950s his films were of the mystery genre or light comedy love stories or were films with social relevance such as Ek Ke Baad Ek (1959) and Funtoosh (1956). His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated.", "His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated. He starred in a string of box office successes for the remainder of the 1950s opposite newcomer Waheeda Rehman in C.I.D. (1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962).", "(1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962). Waheeda first became a star when C.I.D became a hit. The pair acted in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film) and Prem Pujari later.", "The pair acted in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film) and Prem Pujari later. In 1955, he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in Insaniyat.", "In 1955, he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in Insaniyat. With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film.", "With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film. He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them.", "He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them. Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar.", "Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar. Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s.", "Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s. His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara.", "His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara. From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Anand ruled the roost.", "From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Anand ruled the roost. Romantic hero image in the 1960s In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda.", "Romantic hero image in the 1960s In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda. In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy.", "In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy. One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani).", "One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani). Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship with.", "Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship with. Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit.", "Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit. His first colour film, Guide with Waheeda Rehman was based on the novel of the same name by R. K. Narayan. Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book.", "Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book. He met and persuaded Narayan to give his assent to the project. Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965.", "Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965. Guide, directed by younger brother Vijay Anand, was an acclaimed movie. Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom.", "Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom. He is not above thoughtlessly exploiting her for personal gains. Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation.", "Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation. He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful.", "He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful. Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit.", "Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit. It was Johnny Mera Naam which made Hema Malini a big star. In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. Directorial debut and the Versatile Hero Image in 1970s His directorial debut, the espionage drama Prem Pujari, was a flop but has developed a cult following over the years. The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the lead female artiste.", "The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the lead female artiste. He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture.", "He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture. His find Zeenat Aman, who played the mini-skirt sporting, pot-smoking Janice, became an overnight sensation. Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes.", "Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes. The same year, he starred with Mumtaz in Tere Mere Sapne, an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel, The Citadel. The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful.", "The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful. In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success.", "In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success. In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of fathers in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office.", "In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of fathers in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office. Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—three each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Jaaneman, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishq Ishq Ishq, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man.", "Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—three each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Jaaneman, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishq Ishq Ishq, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man. He bounced back with the double role film Banarasi Babu in 1973.", "He bounced back with the double role film Banarasi Babu in 1973. He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara, with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975) Kalabaaz and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976).The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties.", "He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara, with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975) Kalabaaz and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976).The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties. He attempted different genres of films so acquired versatile hero image.", "He attempted different genres of films so acquired versatile hero image. He was already 55 when he was paired with Tina Munim in 1978 in Des Pardes, which became among the top five grossing films of the year. Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s Dev Anand has also been politically active.", "Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s Dev Anand has also been politically active. He led a group of film personalities who stood up against the Internal Emergency imposed by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977.", "He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977. He also formed a party called the \"National Party of India\", which he later disbanded.", "He also formed a party called the \"National Party of India\", which he later disbanded. Later career and Evergreen Hero Image The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Hero.", "Later career and Evergreen Hero Image The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Hero. Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee.", "Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee. Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim) and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits.", "Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim) and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits. Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero.", "Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero. He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D.", "He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D. Burman. He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more.", "He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more. But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics.", "But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics. Awwal Number (1990), where Dev Anand co-starred with Aditya Pancholi and Aamir Khan became an average grosser in the year 1990.", "Awwal Number (1990), where Dev Anand co-starred with Aditya Pancholi and Aamir Khan became an average grosser in the year 1990. Aamir said in an interview that Awwal Number is the only film he signed without reading the script because it was being directed by his senior Dev Anand.", "Aamir said in an interview that Awwal Number is the only film he signed without reading the script because it was being directed by his senior Dev Anand. Aamir quoted: \"Dev saab was an icon for many generations and entertained us throughout his life\".", "Aamir quoted: \"Dev saab was an icon for many generations and entertained us throughout his life\". He was already 60 years old in 1983 when he acted opposite Christine O'Neil and alongside Rati Agnihotri and Padmini Kolhapure in Swami Dada. In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released.", "In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released. Though critically acclaimed, it was a commercial failure. His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar (film) was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office.", "His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar (film) was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office. Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither being producer nor director of the film.", "Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither being producer nor director of the film. He directed Pyar Ka Tarana in 1993, without casting himself in any role. His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene of an unknown actress, though the movie was released uncut.", "His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene of an unknown actress, though the movie was released uncut. He received offers to star in lead role in outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released.", "He received offers to star in lead role in outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released. Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures.", "Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures. His films Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed.", "His films Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed. His performance and direction in the 1991 film Sau Crore was appreciated as it was a movie ahead of its time dealing with real life murder of badminton star Syed Modi and the arrest being made of the wife and her ex-lover.", "His performance and direction in the 1991 film Sau Crore was appreciated as it was a movie ahead of its time dealing with real life murder of badminton star Syed Modi and the arrest being made of the wife and her ex-lover. Sau Crore remains the last commercial hit film of Dev Anand as the lead hero as well as a director.", "Sau Crore remains the last commercial hit film of Dev Anand as the lead hero as well as a director. His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board.", "His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board. He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version).", "He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version). The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production which couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture.", "The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production which couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture. Of the 114 Hindi films he appeared in in 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance.", "Of the 114 Hindi films he appeared in in 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance. By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106.", "By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106. Comparisons with Gregory Peck Often compared to the famous actor Gregory Peck the world over, Dev Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tag line bestowed on him in his heyday.", "Comparisons with Gregory Peck Often compared to the famous actor Gregory Peck the world over, Dev Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tag line bestowed on him in his heyday. \"When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona.", "\"When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona. I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand\".", "I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand\". Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai.", "Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai. Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954, on Peck's stopover from a schedule at Sri Lanka after shooting for The Purple Plain.", "Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954, on Peck's stopover from a schedule at Sri Lanka after shooting for The Purple Plain. He knew of the \"Indian Star\" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines, and they had a chat.", "He knew of the \"Indian Star\" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines, and they had a chat. The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, he visited him on the set of Roman Holiday.", "The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, he visited him on the set of Roman Holiday. \"I was returning from the Venice film fest. I stopped my car and joined the crowd watching the shoot, hoping that his eyes would fall on me.", "I stopped my car and joined the crowd watching the shoot, hoping that his eyes would fall on me. As expected, he nodded and I walked up to him. He remembered me and we exchanged pleasantries.\" The third meeting was at London on the set of Moby Dick.", "The third meeting was at London on the set of Moby Dick. However, Suraiya asked for an exclusive meeting with her idol at her house. Though Anand says jealousy was natural for anyone in love, he didn't mind that he was not invited. \"I didn't quite feel anything.", "\"I didn't quite feel anything. It wasn't as if they were going to fall in love or make love. Even if they would have, it wouldn't have mattered. I was mature enough. Moreover, he wasn't my rival. I too was a big star by then,\" says Anand.", "I too was a big star by then,\" says Anand. Critical appraisal Dev Anand has directed 19 films and produced 35 films. Off the 35 films he produced, 18 were commercially successful at the box office and off the 19 films directed by him 10 were hits. He wrote the stories for 13 of his films.", "He wrote the stories for 13 of his films. Critics say his directorial ventures have always been ahead of their time. Dev Anand's films are well known for their hit songs. He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films.", "He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films. His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar,Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs.", "His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar,Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs. Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D.", "Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D. Burman, Shammi Kapoor and R.D. Burman were his closest friends from the film industry.", "Burman were his closest friends from the film industry. In September 2007, Dev's autobiography Romancing with Life was released at a birthday party with the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released.", "In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released. Dev Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishq Ishq Ishq, Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan.", "Dev Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishq Ishq Ishq, Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan. Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s.", "Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s. He adds, \"The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it.\"", "He adds, \"The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it.\" Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler.", "Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler. Sinha quoted: \"Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him\".", "Sinha quoted: \"Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him\". It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D.", "It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D. Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina.", "Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina. Personal life Anand had a love affair with actress Suraiya from 1948 to 1951, but they never married, because of opposition by Suraiya's maternal grandmother.", "Personal life Anand had a love affair with actress Suraiya from 1948 to 1951, but they never married, because of opposition by Suraiya's maternal grandmother. Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004.", "Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004. In 1954, Dev married Kalpana Kartik (actual name Mona Singha), a Bollywood actress from Shimla, in a private marriage during the shooting of the film Taxi Driver. They have two children, son Suneil and daughter Devina.", "They have two children, son Suneil and daughter Devina. Ban on 'black coat' According to a Hindustan Times article, in 1958 an incident occurred during the release of his film Kala Pani during which Dev looked so handsome in a black coat that mesmerised by his look a girl allegedly ended her life.", "Ban on 'black coat' According to a Hindustan Times article, in 1958 an incident occurred during the release of his film Kala Pani during which Dev looked so handsome in a black coat that mesmerised by his look a girl allegedly ended her life. After the incident he reportedly did not wear black suit in public.", "After the incident he reportedly did not wear black suit in public. Death Dev Anand died in his room at The Washington Mayfair Hotel in London at the age of 88 on 3 December 2011 (4 December 2011 I.S.T.) of a cardiac arrest.", "of a cardiac arrest. of a cardiac arrest. His death came just two months after the release of his last film Chargesheet, which he directed and produced. Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death.", "Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death. On 10 December, his funeral service was held at a small chapel in London after which his casket was taken to the Putney Vale Crematorium in southwest London. His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River.", "His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River. Awards, honours and recognitions The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contribution to Indian cinema.", "Awards, honours and recognitions The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contribution to Indian cinema. His career spanned more than 65 years, acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 had him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films.", "His career spanned more than 65 years, acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 had him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films. He was the recipient of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performances in Kala Pani and Guide, the latter being India's official entry to the Oscars.", "He was the recipient of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performances in Kala Pani and Guide, the latter being India's official entry to the Oscars. Civilian award 2001 – Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India) National Film Awards Winner 1965 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for Guide 2002 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence Filmfare awards Winner 1959 – Best Actor for Kala Pani 1967 – Best Actor for Guide 1967 – Best Film for Guide 1993 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award National honours and recognitions 1995 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his \"Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema\" in New Delhi 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai 2001 – Special Screen Award for his contribution to Indian cinema 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York 2003 – Lifetime Achievement Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema\" at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States) 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry 2005 – Sony Gold Award 2006 – ANR National Award by the Akkineni International Foundation 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment.", "Civilian award 2001 – Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India) National Film Awards Winner 1965 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for Guide 2002 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence Filmfare awards Winner 1959 – Best Actor for Kala Pani 1967 – Best Actor for Guide 1967 – Best Film for Guide 1993 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award National honours and recognitions 1995 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his \"Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema\" in New Delhi 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai 2001 – Special Screen Award for his contribution to Indian cinema 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York 2003 – Lifetime Achievement Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema\" at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States) 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry 2005 – Sony Gold Award 2006 – ANR National Award by the Akkineni International Foundation 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment. 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards 2009 – Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh 2011 – NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Rahul Dravid Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute.", "2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards 2009 – Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh 2011 – NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Rahul Dravid Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute. 2013 – To honour him, a brass statue in his likeness was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in February 2013.", "2013 – To honour him, a brass statue in his likeness was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in February 2013. 2013 – On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. International honours and recognitions In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his \"Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema\".", "2013 – On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. International honours and recognitions In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his \"Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema\". In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association \"Star of the Millennium\" Award in Silicon Valley, California.", "In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association \"Star of the Millennium\" Award in Silicon Valley, California. Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a \"New York State Assembly Citation\" for his \"Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York\" on 1 May 2001.", "Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a \"New York State Assembly Citation\" for his \"Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York\" on 1 May 2001. In 2005, he was honoured with a \"Special National Film Award\" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm.", "In 2005, he was honoured with a \"Special National Film Award\" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm. In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands.", "In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands. He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission.", "He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission. Filmography Further reading Cinema Modern: Navketan Story, by Sidharth Bhatia. Harpercollins, 2011. . Evergreen Dev Anand (An Anthology of Dev Anand's Contribution to Cinema), by Kamal Dhiman.", "Evergreen Dev Anand (An Anthology of Dev Anand's Contribution to Cinema), by Kamal Dhiman. Nikita Publications, 2014. .", "Nikita Publications, 2014. . Nikita Publications, 2014. . References External links RIP Dev Anand – Bollywood Mourns Dev Anand's Death The Telegraph – Dev Anand Bio and Obituary Indian male film actors 1923 births 2011 deaths Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Hindi film producers Male actors in Hindi cinema Film directors from Mumbai Film producers from Mumbai Male actors from Mumbai Government College University, Lahore alumni People from Gurdaspur Punjabi people 20th-century Indian male actors 20th-century Indian film directors 21st-century Indian film directors Filmfare Awards winners People from Narowal District" ]

[ "Dev Anand", "Romantic hero image in the 1960s", "How did Dev get his romantic image?", "In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan,", "What other films gave him this image?", "In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy." ]

[ "Star Movies India is an Indian English-language movie channel owned by Star India, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company India. This is the Indian version of Star Movies which mainly broadcasts Hollywood films.\n\nHistory \nStar Movies launched by Star TV, then it was brought by News Corporation and formed Star India to operate the channel.\n\nIn March 2019, The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox with $71 million.\n\nThe channel ceased broadcasting in Sri Lanka from 1 February 2015 due to content rights issues, leaving the country with no Star Movies or Fox Movies channel.\n\nThe channel was relaunched in Sri Lanka in 2019 after 4 years.\n\nProgramming \nStar Movies has exclusive content deal with 20th Century Studios and Walt Disney studios since 2006. Star Movies also shows movies from other studios.\n\nStar Movies India HD\nStar Movies India launched their HD feed on 15 October 2013.\n\nOther channels \nStar India additionally launched an other channel with star movies name attached.\n\n Star Movies Select HD and Star Movies Select\n\nDefunct channels \n\n Star Movies Action\n\nReferences \n\nThe Walt Disney Company subsidiaries\nMovie channels in India\nTelevision channels and stations established in 1992\nEnglish-language television stations in India\nStar India", "Star Movies is an Asian pay television network originally owned by Disney Networks Group Asia, Middle East, Disney Networks Group Taiwan and Star TV India. In March 2019, The Walt Disney Company acquired Star TV for $71 billion with 21st Century Fox. Star Movies was originally launched as a single channel broadcast across Asia, but it was regionalised into different localised channels since then. Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific have since rebranded some of the network's international feeds in Hong Kong, Taiwan (SD Feed Only) and Southeast Asia as Fox Movies, but retains the Star Movies brand in Mainland China (Hong Kong),Taiwan (HD Feed),Middle East & South Asia (except Maldives). Star India continues to operate the Indian feed of the network as a channel specialised in Western films, while the Middle Eastern feed, operated by Fox Networks Group Middle East, co-exists with Fox Movies. Star Movies HD in Taiwan is operated by Disney Networks Group Taiwan which was the advertisement-free offering of Fox Movies Taiwan. However, from March 2021 Star Movies Taiwan started doing short advertisement breaks in between movies. Star Movies in Middle East is operated by Fox Network Group Middle East. Star Movies has been changed into Star Movies HD on January 10, 2021.\n\nHistory\nSTAR Movies was split up from STAR Plus on 1 May 1994, which usually aired movies in the early years of STAR TV from 1991 to 1994. At launch, its programming lineup was consisted of both Hollywood and Chinese films and catered to pan-Asian audiences.\n\nAs Star TV planned to remove BBC World Service Television from its channel lineup for Northeast Asia by mid-April 1994, the company planned to replace it with a Chinese-language film channel. Star Movies would focus on Western world films from then on. Star TV has since regionalized the channel's operation.\n\nA localised feed intended for the Philippines was launched on 1 January 2010. Four months later, a high-definition channel, Star Movies HD, was launched. A video on demand channel was also launched on 16 September of that same year.\n\nOn 1 January 2012, Star Movies was rebranded as Fox Movies Premium and available in Hong Kong, the Maldives and most of Southeast Asia.\n\nOn 10 June 2017, the Philippine feed of the channel was rebranded as Fox Movies Philippines.\n\nOn 1 November 2017, the Vietnamese feed of Star Movies was rebranded as Fox Movies Vietnam.\n\nOn 1 October 2021, Star Movies China officially shut down its transmission.\n\nOn 1 January 2022, Fox Movies Taiwan was rebranded to Star Movies Gold. Star Movies HD will remain active and it kept its own programming and its own logo.\n\nStar Movies changes\nStar Movies was changed into Star Movies HD on January 10, 2021.\n\nNow Available In English, Hindi and Tamil.\n\nOn 24 November 2021, Star Movies\nHD was replaced with Star Movies Select HD in Bangladesh.\n\nOn 1 February 2022, it will change into channel Star Movies, Star Movies Hindi & Star Movies Tamil.\n\nProgramming\nStar Movies has first-run contracts for movies distributed by Disney (20th Century Studios, Pixar, Marvel Studios) And Columbia Pictures and sub-run contracts for movies from countries where Star Movies is available. It also features movies from other movie distributors including: Lions Gate Entertainment, Summit Entertainment and The Weinstein Company. Star Movies mainly airs Disney Movies during the daytime hours. Star Movies India does fewer premieres compared to sometimes showing programs like Masterchef Australia and pushing more premium movies into their OTT platform Disney+ Hotstar.\n\nOperating channels\n\nStar Movies Asia\nStar Movies Asia was formerly broadcast in Southeast Asia, parts of South Asia and China as a single, ad-free channel.\n\nAs of 2017, Star Movies Asia is limited to subscribers in China due to the gradual rebrand of the channel's localised feeds to Fox Movies Premium.\n\nStar Movies Vietnam used to air a program called \"Thảm đỏ (Red Carpet)\" to introduce the movies which are scheduled to broadcast on the channel, all in Vietnamese language and hosted by Vietnamese presenters.\n\nAfter the rebranding of Star Movies to Fox Movies Premium, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka were switched over to the ad supported Indian version of Star Movies.\n\nIt ceases operations on 1 October 2021, after which the channel space created by BBC World Service Television in 1991, folded and ceased to exist.\n\nStar Movies India\n\nStar Movies India is distributed by Walt Disney Studios, Pixar, Marvel Studios and 20th Century Studios in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh and is ad supported. Movie premieres are less frequent compared to other feeds\n\nAvailable language audio feed In Hindi, Tamil and Telugu.\ncitc need\nThe channel ceased broadcasting in Sri Lanka from 1 February 2015 due to content rights issues, leaving the country with no Star Movies or Fox Movies channel. The channel was relaunched in Sri Lanka in 2019 after 4 years.\n\nStar Movies Select HD was launched in 2015 showcasing niche films.\n\nStar Movies MENA\nStar Movies Middle East and Africa features a hardcoded Arabic-language subtitle track (except for Israel). The channel is available on both OSN and beIN.\n\nStar Movies Gold and HD Taiwan\nAn ad-supported feed of Star Movies was launched for Taiwan specifically. It was the most localised feed of the television network, since most voice-overs in promotions for up-coming movies were done in Mandarin Chinese. The SD feed of the channel was rebranded as Fox Movies Taiwan on 18 January 2018, while the HD feed still retains is independent programming and branding. On January 1, 2022, Fox Movies Taiwan was rebranded to Star Movies Gold.\n\nStar Movies Philippines\nStar Movies was launched on 30 November 2009 in the Philippines as an ad-supported channel. It used to simulcast with the Southeast Asian and Chinese feeds until 31 December 2009, when a localised feed was launched specifically for the Philippines. After the rebranding of Star Movies Asia as Fox Movies Premium on 1 January 2012 in most of Southeast Asia, the Philippine feed remained broadcasting until 10 June 2017 when it followed suit.\n\nStar Movies Action\nIt was launched on 2 June 2013 only in India, replacing Fox Action Movies (not to be confused with its Southeast Asian counterpart) after its temporal closedown on 11 May 2013. The channel airs action- and horror-themed movies . In 2017, the channel was shut down.\n\nSee also\nFox Movies Southeast Asia\nFox Family Movies\nFox Action Movies\n\nSee Studio\n Walt Disney Pictures\n 20th Century Studios\n Sony Pictures\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nDisney television networks\nMovie channels in India\nMovie channels in Taiwan\nMovie channels in Vietnam\nMovie channels in China\nTelevision channels and stations established in 1994\nEnglish-language television stations in India\nStar India" ]

[ "Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand (26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011), better known as Dev Anand, was an Indian film actor, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema, through a career that spanned over six decades. He was one of the most successful actors in the Indian film industry.", "He was one of the most successful actors in the Indian film industry. Early life Anand was born Dharam Dev Anand on 26 September 1923 in the Shakargarh tehsil of the Gurdaspur district in Punjab (British India). His father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate in Gurdaspur District Court.", "His father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate in Gurdaspur District Court. Dev was the third of four sons born to Anand. One of Dev's younger sisters is Sheel Kanta Kapur, who is the mother of film director Shekhar Kapur. His older brothers were Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist.", "His older brothers were Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist. Court) and Chetan Anand and the younger one was Vijay Anand. He did his schooling till matriculation from Sacred Heart School, Dalhousie, (then in Punjab) and went to Government college Dharamshala before going to Lahore to study. Later Dev completed a B.A.", "Later Dev completed a B.A. Later Dev completed a B.A. degree in English Literature from the Government College, Lahore in British India. Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand.", "Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand. Career After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India, now in Pakistan), Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s.", "Career After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India, now in Pakistan), Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s. He began his career in the military censor's office at Churchgate, for a monthly salary of Rs. 65.", "65. 65. Later, he worked as a clerk in an accounting firm for a salary of Rs. 85. He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).", "He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA). Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet.", "Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet. Dev Anand quoted in an interview that \"I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios.", "Dev Anand quoted in an interview that \"I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios. At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'\"", "At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'\" Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis.", "Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis. While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt.", "While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt. Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful.", "Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful. They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it.", "They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it. Late 1940s and romance with Suraiya In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films.", "Late 1940s and romance with Suraiya In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films. While shooting these films, they became romantically involved.", "While shooting these films, they became romantically involved. The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Do Sitare (1951) and Sanam (1951), all of which were successful at the box office.", "The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Do Sitare (1951) and Sanam (1951), all of which were successful at the box office. In these films, Suraiya was always first-biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand.", "In these films, Suraiya was always first-biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand. She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning.", "She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning. Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Dev Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them.", "Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Dev Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them. The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous.", "The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous. During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000.", "During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000. Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried.", "Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried. They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together.", "They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together. Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya.", "Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya. Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities.", "Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities. Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive, and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvouz with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines.", "Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive, and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvouz with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines. Break and the 1950s Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar.", "Break and the 1950s Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar. He spotted Anand hanging around in the studios and picked him as the hero for the Bombay Talkies production Ziddi (1948), co-starring Kamini Kaushal, which became an instant success. After Ziddis success, Anand decided that he would start producing films.", "After Ziddis success, Anand decided that he would start producing films. It was in the film Ziddi, where the first ever Kishore-Lata duet, \"Yeh Kaun Aaya Karke Yeh Sola Singhar\", was recorded. This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began.", "This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began. This continued for the next four decades. His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – \"Marne Ki Duayen\" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi.", "His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – \"Marne Ki Duayen\" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi. Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film.", "Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film. In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means \"New Banner\"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films.", "In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means \"New Banner\"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films. Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair.", "Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair. Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951).", "Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951). The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s.", "The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s. The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director.", "The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director. The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together.", "The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together. They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No.", "They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No. 44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too.", "44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too. During the making of the film Taxi Driver, the couple fell in love and Dev proposed marriage to his heroine Kalpana. In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony.", "In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony. The couple had a son, Suneil Anand in 1956 and later a daughter, Devina, was born. After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further.", "After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further. Nau Do Gyarah was the couple's last movie together. A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No.", "A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No. 44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D.", "44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D. (1956) and Paying Guest (1957).", "(1956) and Paying Guest (1957). In the 1950s his films were of the mystery genre or light comedy love stories or were films with social relevance such as Ek Ke Baad Ek (1959) and Funtoosh (1956). His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated.", "His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated. He starred in a string of box office successes for the remainder of the 1950s opposite newcomer Waheeda Rehman in C.I.D. (1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962).", "(1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962). Waheeda first became a star when C.I.D became a hit. The pair acted in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film) and Prem Pujari later.", "The pair acted in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film) and Prem Pujari later. In 1955, he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in Insaniyat.", "In 1955, he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in Insaniyat. With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film.", "With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film. He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them.", "He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them. Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar.", "Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar. Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s.", "Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s. His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara.", "His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara. From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Anand ruled the roost.", "From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Anand ruled the roost. Romantic hero image in the 1960s In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda.", "Romantic hero image in the 1960s In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda. In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy.", "In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy. One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani).", "One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani). Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship with.", "Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship with. Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit.", "Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit. His first colour film, Guide with Waheeda Rehman was based on the novel of the same name by R. K. Narayan. Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book.", "Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book. He met and persuaded Narayan to give his assent to the project. Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965.", "Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965. Guide, directed by younger brother Vijay Anand, was an acclaimed movie. Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom.", "Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom. He is not above thoughtlessly exploiting her for personal gains. Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation.", "Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation. He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful.", "He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful. Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit.", "Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit. It was Johnny Mera Naam which made Hema Malini a big star. In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. Directorial debut and the Versatile Hero Image in 1970s His directorial debut, the espionage drama Prem Pujari, was a flop but has developed a cult following over the years. The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the lead female artiste.", "The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the lead female artiste. He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture.", "He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture. His find Zeenat Aman, who played the mini-skirt sporting, pot-smoking Janice, became an overnight sensation. Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes.", "Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes. The same year, he starred with Mumtaz in Tere Mere Sapne, an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel, The Citadel. The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful.", "The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful. In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success.", "In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success. In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of fathers in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office.", "In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of fathers in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office. Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—three each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Jaaneman, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishq Ishq Ishq, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man.", "Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—three each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Jaaneman, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishq Ishq Ishq, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man. He bounced back with the double role film Banarasi Babu in 1973.", "He bounced back with the double role film Banarasi Babu in 1973. He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara, with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975) Kalabaaz and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976).The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties.", "He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara, with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975) Kalabaaz and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976).The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties. He attempted different genres of films so acquired versatile hero image.", "He attempted different genres of films so acquired versatile hero image. He was already 55 when he was paired with Tina Munim in 1978 in Des Pardes, which became among the top five grossing films of the year. Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s Dev Anand has also been politically active.", "Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s Dev Anand has also been politically active. He led a group of film personalities who stood up against the Internal Emergency imposed by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977.", "He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977. He also formed a party called the \"National Party of India\", which he later disbanded.", "He also formed a party called the \"National Party of India\", which he later disbanded. Later career and Evergreen Hero Image The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Hero.", "Later career and Evergreen Hero Image The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Hero. Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee.", "Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee. Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim) and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits.", "Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim) and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits. Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero.", "Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero. He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D.", "He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D. Burman. He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more.", "He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more. But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics.", "But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics. Awwal Number (1990), where Dev Anand co-starred with Aditya Pancholi and Aamir Khan became an average grosser in the year 1990.", "Awwal Number (1990), where Dev Anand co-starred with Aditya Pancholi and Aamir Khan became an average grosser in the year 1990. Aamir said in an interview that Awwal Number is the only film he signed without reading the script because it was being directed by his senior Dev Anand.", "Aamir said in an interview that Awwal Number is the only film he signed without reading the script because it was being directed by his senior Dev Anand. Aamir quoted: \"Dev saab was an icon for many generations and entertained us throughout his life\".", "Aamir quoted: \"Dev saab was an icon for many generations and entertained us throughout his life\". He was already 60 years old in 1983 when he acted opposite Christine O'Neil and alongside Rati Agnihotri and Padmini Kolhapure in Swami Dada. In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released.", "In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released. Though critically acclaimed, it was a commercial failure. His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar (film) was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office.", "His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar (film) was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office. Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither being producer nor director of the film.", "Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither being producer nor director of the film. He directed Pyar Ka Tarana in 1993, without casting himself in any role. His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene of an unknown actress, though the movie was released uncut.", "His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene of an unknown actress, though the movie was released uncut. He received offers to star in lead role in outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released.", "He received offers to star in lead role in outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released. Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures.", "Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures. His films Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed.", "His films Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed. His performance and direction in the 1991 film Sau Crore was appreciated as it was a movie ahead of its time dealing with real life murder of badminton star Syed Modi and the arrest being made of the wife and her ex-lover.", "His performance and direction in the 1991 film Sau Crore was appreciated as it was a movie ahead of its time dealing with real life murder of badminton star Syed Modi and the arrest being made of the wife and her ex-lover. Sau Crore remains the last commercial hit film of Dev Anand as the lead hero as well as a director.", "Sau Crore remains the last commercial hit film of Dev Anand as the lead hero as well as a director. His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board.", "His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board. He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version).", "He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version). The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production which couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture.", "The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production which couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture. Of the 114 Hindi films he appeared in in 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance.", "Of the 114 Hindi films he appeared in in 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance. By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106.", "By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106. Comparisons with Gregory Peck Often compared to the famous actor Gregory Peck the world over, Dev Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tag line bestowed on him in his heyday.", "Comparisons with Gregory Peck Often compared to the famous actor Gregory Peck the world over, Dev Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tag line bestowed on him in his heyday. \"When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona.", "\"When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona. I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand\".", "I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand\". Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai.", "Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai. Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954, on Peck's stopover from a schedule at Sri Lanka after shooting for The Purple Plain.", "Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954, on Peck's stopover from a schedule at Sri Lanka after shooting for The Purple Plain. He knew of the \"Indian Star\" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines, and they had a chat.", "He knew of the \"Indian Star\" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines, and they had a chat. The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, he visited him on the set of Roman Holiday.", "The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, he visited him on the set of Roman Holiday. \"I was returning from the Venice film fest. I stopped my car and joined the crowd watching the shoot, hoping that his eyes would fall on me.", "I stopped my car and joined the crowd watching the shoot, hoping that his eyes would fall on me. As expected, he nodded and I walked up to him. He remembered me and we exchanged pleasantries.\" The third meeting was at London on the set of Moby Dick.", "The third meeting was at London on the set of Moby Dick. However, Suraiya asked for an exclusive meeting with her idol at her house. Though Anand says jealousy was natural for anyone in love, he didn't mind that he was not invited. \"I didn't quite feel anything.", "\"I didn't quite feel anything. It wasn't as if they were going to fall in love or make love. Even if they would have, it wouldn't have mattered. I was mature enough. Moreover, he wasn't my rival. I too was a big star by then,\" says Anand.", "I too was a big star by then,\" says Anand. Critical appraisal Dev Anand has directed 19 films and produced 35 films. Off the 35 films he produced, 18 were commercially successful at the box office and off the 19 films directed by him 10 were hits. He wrote the stories for 13 of his films.", "He wrote the stories for 13 of his films. Critics say his directorial ventures have always been ahead of their time. Dev Anand's films are well known for their hit songs. He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films.", "He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films. His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar,Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs.", "His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar,Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs. Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D.", "Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D. Burman, Shammi Kapoor and R.D. Burman were his closest friends from the film industry.", "Burman were his closest friends from the film industry. In September 2007, Dev's autobiography Romancing with Life was released at a birthday party with the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released.", "In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released. Dev Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishq Ishq Ishq, Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan.", "Dev Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishq Ishq Ishq, Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan. Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s.", "Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s. He adds, \"The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it.\"", "He adds, \"The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it.\" Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler.", "Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler. Sinha quoted: \"Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him\".", "Sinha quoted: \"Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him\". It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D.", "It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D. Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina.", "Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina. Personal life Anand had a love affair with actress Suraiya from 1948 to 1951, but they never married, because of opposition by Suraiya's maternal grandmother.", "Personal life Anand had a love affair with actress Suraiya from 1948 to 1951, but they never married, because of opposition by Suraiya's maternal grandmother. Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004.", "Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004. In 1954, Dev married Kalpana Kartik (actual name Mona Singha), a Bollywood actress from Shimla, in a private marriage during the shooting of the film Taxi Driver. They have two children, son Suneil and daughter Devina.", "They have two children, son Suneil and daughter Devina. Ban on 'black coat' According to a Hindustan Times article, in 1958 an incident occurred during the release of his film Kala Pani during which Dev looked so handsome in a black coat that mesmerised by his look a girl allegedly ended her life.", "Ban on 'black coat' According to a Hindustan Times article, in 1958 an incident occurred during the release of his film Kala Pani during which Dev looked so handsome in a black coat that mesmerised by his look a girl allegedly ended her life. After the incident he reportedly did not wear black suit in public.", "After the incident he reportedly did not wear black suit in public. Death Dev Anand died in his room at The Washington Mayfair Hotel in London at the age of 88 on 3 December 2011 (4 December 2011 I.S.T.) of a cardiac arrest.", "of a cardiac arrest. of a cardiac arrest. His death came just two months after the release of his last film Chargesheet, which he directed and produced. Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death.", "Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death. On 10 December, his funeral service was held at a small chapel in London after which his casket was taken to the Putney Vale Crematorium in southwest London. His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River.", "His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River. Awards, honours and recognitions The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contribution to Indian cinema.", "Awards, honours and recognitions The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contribution to Indian cinema. His career spanned more than 65 years, acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 had him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films.", "His career spanned more than 65 years, acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 had him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films. He was the recipient of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performances in Kala Pani and Guide, the latter being India's official entry to the Oscars.", "He was the recipient of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performances in Kala Pani and Guide, the latter being India's official entry to the Oscars. Civilian award 2001 – Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India) National Film Awards Winner 1965 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for Guide 2002 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence Filmfare awards Winner 1959 – Best Actor for Kala Pani 1967 – Best Actor for Guide 1967 – Best Film for Guide 1993 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award National honours and recognitions 1995 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his \"Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema\" in New Delhi 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai 2001 – Special Screen Award for his contribution to Indian cinema 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York 2003 – Lifetime Achievement Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema\" at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States) 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry 2005 – Sony Gold Award 2006 – ANR National Award by the Akkineni International Foundation 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment.", "Civilian award 2001 – Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India) National Film Awards Winner 1965 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for Guide 2002 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence Filmfare awards Winner 1959 – Best Actor for Kala Pani 1967 – Best Actor for Guide 1967 – Best Film for Guide 1993 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award National honours and recognitions 1995 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his \"Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema\" in New Delhi 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai 2001 – Special Screen Award for his contribution to Indian cinema 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York 2003 – Lifetime Achievement Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema\" at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States) 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry 2005 – Sony Gold Award 2006 – ANR National Award by the Akkineni International Foundation 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment. 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards 2009 – Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh 2011 – NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Rahul Dravid Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute.", "2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards 2009 – Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh 2011 – NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Rahul Dravid Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute. 2013 – To honour him, a brass statue in his likeness was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in February 2013.", "2013 – To honour him, a brass statue in his likeness was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in February 2013. 2013 – On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. International honours and recognitions In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his \"Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema\".", "2013 – On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. International honours and recognitions In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his \"Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema\". In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association \"Star of the Millennium\" Award in Silicon Valley, California.", "In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association \"Star of the Millennium\" Award in Silicon Valley, California. Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a \"New York State Assembly Citation\" for his \"Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York\" on 1 May 2001.", "Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a \"New York State Assembly Citation\" for his \"Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York\" on 1 May 2001. In 2005, he was honoured with a \"Special National Film Award\" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm.", "In 2005, he was honoured with a \"Special National Film Award\" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm. In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands.", "In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands. He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission.", "He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission. Filmography Further reading Cinema Modern: Navketan Story, by Sidharth Bhatia. Harpercollins, 2011. . Evergreen Dev Anand (An Anthology of Dev Anand's Contribution to Cinema), by Kamal Dhiman.", "Evergreen Dev Anand (An Anthology of Dev Anand's Contribution to Cinema), by Kamal Dhiman. Nikita Publications, 2014. .", "Nikita Publications, 2014. . Nikita Publications, 2014. . References External links RIP Dev Anand – Bollywood Mourns Dev Anand's Death The Telegraph – Dev Anand Bio and Obituary Indian male film actors 1923 births 2011 deaths Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Hindi film producers Male actors in Hindi cinema Film directors from Mumbai Film producers from Mumbai Male actors from Mumbai Government College University, Lahore alumni People from Gurdaspur Punjabi people 20th-century Indian male actors 20th-century Indian film directors 21st-century Indian film directors Filmfare Awards winners People from Narowal District" ]

[ "Dev Anand", "Romantic hero image in the 1960s", "How did Dev get his romantic image?", "In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan,", "What other films gave him this image?", "In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy.", "Did he star in any other movies?", "His first colour film, Guide with Waheeda Rehman was based on the novel of the same name by R. K. Narayan." ]

[ "Prem Kumar, known mononymously as Prem, is an Indian film actor who works in Kannada films. He made his acting debut in 2004 through the film Praana. However, he earned much recognition and won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for Nenapirali in the year 2005 and for Charminar in 2013. He is popularly known as Lovely Star in Kannada films.\n\nEarly life\nPrem Kumar was born as the eldest son to a power loom weaver. He completed his schooling in Kalyani School, and started working as weaver like his father, for 13 years after schooling. Speaking of his interest in films as a child, he said, \"I would spend more than half of my earnings on watching films, buying film-related magazines, books and newspapers. I do not have a film background per se, but I used to watch 150-200 films per year in theatres. Though I started working after school, I would watch 3-4 films a week. Sometimes, I would watch three films a day.\"\n\nHe began working in TV soaps on the insistence of a friend, who worked as a car driver to T. N. Seetharam, a popular soap director at the time. Kumar appeared in his soap Manvantara for eight episodes as a junior artist, receiving a remuneration of 300 per episode. He also appeared in one episode of Ardha Satya. This was when he took to acting seriously and auditioned for a role in Praana, which would become his debut film.\n\nCareer\nPrem debuted in film with the 2004 Kannada film Praana. It was by a team of newcomers: director Prakash, composer Allwyn and the actress Preeti were all new besides Prem. The film did not do well at the box office. But the next year, Prem bounced back with a memorable performance in Rathnaja's debut film, Nenapirali. The film had him play the role of a young man faking love for a girl, and ultimately falling in love. It hit the pulse of the audience, and catapulted Prem to instant stardom. Prem picked up a Best Actor Filmfare Award for his performance in the film. In 2006, Prem further consolidated his position as a bankable star with his single release Jothe Jotheyali with the actress Ramya. The film was also a love story, directed by the debutant director Dinakar Toogudeep. It was one of the major successes of 2006; 25 weeks, then he got the name \"Lovely Star\". After the release of the film, Prem promised the public that he would not be seen in a remake film. This move backfired as Prem's original choices sank at the box office one after the other. His next releases Pallakki did well for 100 days. Gunavanthawas average and Savi Savi Nenapu did well by the critics and he had done double acting for the first time.\n\nIn 2008, Prem teamed up with Rathnaja once more for the film Honganasu. Prem had high hopes on the film and had involved himself heavily in the film, but this too sank without a trace. It was a critical failure as well. After these losses, Prem announced that he was open to act in remake films and promptly signed up to act in Ghauttham, a remake of the Tamil film Aahaa..! in 2009. In 2010, he teamed up with heroine Ramya for the film Jothegara. Other films which he signed are Sihi Muttu, alongside Dhyan and Pooja Chopra, Januma Janumadallu with Andrita Ray, a cameo in Shivarajkumar's travel extravaganza Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu and also in Eradane Maduve.\n\nPrem began his 2011 career with a cameo appearance in the multi-starrer film Eradane Maduve, which had Ananth Nag and Suhasini in the main lead. Later he starred in I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona, a film which made news for its controversial kiss scene between the lead pair. The initial release of the film was for very short duration due to the controversies. However, it saw a re-release in the same year and was appreciated for its content. Even after its second release, the film did not do well at the box office. The other film of the year was Dhan Dhana Dhan opposite Sharmila Mandre, which also failed to get the box office collections.\n\nAfter a string of flops and no release in the year 2012, Prem had a big release in 2013 beginning with acclaimed director Roopa Iyer for her directorial Chandra, a Tamil - Kannada bilingual project opposite Shriya Saran. The film was marred with controversies, involving a major scuffle between him and the director. While the Kannada version got a good opening, the Tamil version failed to open even at the box office. This was followed by R. Chandru's Charminar which found success and his performance was talked about with IBNLive.com praising him that \"this\" could well be considered his best film. He got his second Filmfare Best Actor award for this film. His next release was the two-year-old long pending project Shatru, which featured him in the role of a police officer for the first time. Though he got favorable reviews for his performance, the film failed at the box office.\n\nHis other long pending projects like Shatru and Athi Aparoopa released to a cold response at the box office in 2014. However, his other 2014 release Fair & Lovely with director Raghuram performed extremely well at the box office and earned him many accolades and awards. In 2015, Prem re-associated with R. Chandru through the film Male opposite Amulya. The film met with average response both critically and commercially. His next release was a cameo appearance in the all-women crew film Ring Road followed by a lead role in a romantic film Mast Mohabbat in 2016. In 2017, Prem starred as one of the jail inmates in the Dwarakish's 50th production multistarrer film Chowka, which went on to become one of the highest-grossing films of the year.\n\nThe project announced in 2014, Prashant Raj's Dalapathi, is under production as of August 2017 and features Prem opposite Kriti Kharbanda. Also in the making is director Dinakar Thoogudeepa's Life Jothe Ondu Selfie co-starring Prajwal Devaraj and Hariprriya.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2011/lovely-star-premkumar-action-hero-shatru-220711-aid0062.html\n http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/prem-launches-website-190110.html\n\nMale actors in Kannada cinema\nLiving people\nFilmfare Awards South winners\nIndian male film actors\nKannada people\n21st-century Indian male actors\nMale actors from Mysore\n1976 births", "A Ne'er-do-well is a good-for-nothing person.\n\nNe'er-do-well may also refer to:\n The Ne'er-do-Weel, an 1878 play by W. S. Gilbert, revived soon afterwards as The Vagabond\n The Ne'er-Do-Well, a 1911 novel by Rex Beach, adapted for film several times in the silent era\n The Ne'er-Do-Well (1916 film), a 1916 American silent adventure crime drama film\n\n The Ne'er-Do-Well, a 1923 silent film directed by Alfred E. Green\n\n Ne'er-Do-Well, a 1956 novel by Dornford Yates\n\n Ne'er Do Wells, a rock band" ]

[ "Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand (26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011), better known as Dev Anand, was an Indian film actor, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema, through a career that spanned over six decades. He was one of the most successful actors in the Indian film industry.", "He was one of the most successful actors in the Indian film industry. Early life Anand was born Dharam Dev Anand on 26 September 1923 in the Shakargarh tehsil of the Gurdaspur district in Punjab (British India). His father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate in Gurdaspur District Court.", "His father Pishori Lal Anand was a well-to-do advocate in Gurdaspur District Court. Dev was the third of four sons born to Anand. One of Dev's younger sisters is Sheel Kanta Kapur, who is the mother of film director Shekhar Kapur. His older brothers were Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist.", "His older brothers were Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist. Court) and Chetan Anand and the younger one was Vijay Anand. He did his schooling till matriculation from Sacred Heart School, Dalhousie, (then in Punjab) and went to Government college Dharamshala before going to Lahore to study. Later Dev completed a B.A.", "Later Dev completed a B.A. Later Dev completed a B.A. degree in English Literature from the Government College, Lahore in British India. Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand.", "Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand. Career After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India, now in Pakistan), Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s.", "Career After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India, now in Pakistan), Dev Anand left his home-town for Bombay in the early 1940s. He began his career in the military censor's office at Churchgate, for a monthly salary of Rs. 65.", "65. 65. Later, he worked as a clerk in an accounting firm for a salary of Rs. 85. He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).", "He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA). Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet.", "Dev Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet. Dev Anand quoted in an interview that \"I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios.", "Dev Anand quoted in an interview that \"I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios. At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'\"", "At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'\" Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis.", "Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis. While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt.", "While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt. Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful.", "Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful. They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it.", "They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it. Late 1940s and romance with Suraiya In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films.", "Late 1940s and romance with Suraiya In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films. While shooting these films, they became romantically involved.", "While shooting these films, they became romantically involved. The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Do Sitare (1951) and Sanam (1951), all of which were successful at the box office.", "The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Do Sitare (1951) and Sanam (1951), all of which were successful at the box office. In these films, Suraiya was always first-biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand.", "In these films, Suraiya was always first-biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand. She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning.", "She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning. Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Dev Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them.", "Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Dev Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them. The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous.", "The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous. During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000.", "During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000. Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried.", "Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, and so, Suraiya remained unmarried. They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together.", "They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together. Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya.", "Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya. Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities.", "Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities. Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive, and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvouz with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines.", "Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive, and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvouz with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines. Break and the 1950s Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar.", "Break and the 1950s Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar. He spotted Anand hanging around in the studios and picked him as the hero for the Bombay Talkies production Ziddi (1948), co-starring Kamini Kaushal, which became an instant success. After Ziddis success, Anand decided that he would start producing films.", "After Ziddis success, Anand decided that he would start producing films. It was in the film Ziddi, where the first ever Kishore-Lata duet, \"Yeh Kaun Aaya Karke Yeh Sola Singhar\", was recorded. This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began.", "This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began. This continued for the next four decades. His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – \"Marne Ki Duayen\" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi.", "His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – \"Marne Ki Duayen\" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi. Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film.", "Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film. In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means \"New Banner\"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films.", "In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means \"New Banner\"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films. Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair.", "Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair. Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951).", "Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951). The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s.", "The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s. The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director.", "The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director. The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together.", "The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together. They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No.", "They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No. 44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too.", "44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too. During the making of the film Taxi Driver, the couple fell in love and Dev proposed marriage to his heroine Kalpana. In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony.", "In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony. The couple had a son, Suneil Anand in 1956 and later a daughter, Devina, was born. After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further.", "After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further. Nau Do Gyarah was the couple's last movie together. A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No.", "A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No. 44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D.", "44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D. (1956) and Paying Guest (1957).", "(1956) and Paying Guest (1957). In the 1950s his films were of the mystery genre or light comedy love stories or were films with social relevance such as Ek Ke Baad Ek (1959) and Funtoosh (1956). His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated.", "His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated. He starred in a string of box office successes for the remainder of the 1950s opposite newcomer Waheeda Rehman in C.I.D. (1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962).", "(1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962). Waheeda first became a star when C.I.D became a hit. The pair acted in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film) and Prem Pujari later.", "The pair acted in Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film) and Prem Pujari later. In 1955, he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in Insaniyat.", "In 1955, he also co-starred with Dilip Kumar in Insaniyat. With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film.", "With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film. He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them.", "He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them. Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar.", "Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar. Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s.", "Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan and Waheeda Rehman was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s. His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara.", "His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara. From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Anand ruled the roost.", "From the early fifties till mid sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Anand ruled the roost. Romantic hero image in the 1960s In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda.", "Romantic hero image in the 1960s In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda. In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy.", "In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy. One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani).", "One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani). Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship with.", "Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship with. Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit.", "Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit. His first colour film, Guide with Waheeda Rehman was based on the novel of the same name by R. K. Narayan. Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book.", "Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book. He met and persuaded Narayan to give his assent to the project. Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965.", "Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965. Guide, directed by younger brother Vijay Anand, was an acclaimed movie. Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom.", "Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom. He is not above thoughtlessly exploiting her for personal gains. Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation.", "Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame and salvation. He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful.", "He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief, based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful. Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit.", "Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a big hit. It was Johnny Mera Naam which made Hema Malini a big star. In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. Directorial debut and the Versatile Hero Image in 1970s His directorial debut, the espionage drama Prem Pujari, was a flop but has developed a cult following over the years. The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the lead female artiste.", "The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the lead female artiste. He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture.", "He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture. His find Zeenat Aman, who played the mini-skirt sporting, pot-smoking Janice, became an overnight sensation. Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes.", "Dev also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes. The same year, he starred with Mumtaz in Tere Mere Sapne, an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel, The Citadel. The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful.", "The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay and was also successful. In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success.", "In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success. In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of fathers in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office.", "In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of fathers in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office. Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—three each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Jaaneman, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishq Ishq Ishq, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man.", "Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—three each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Jaaneman, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishq Ishq Ishq, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as leading man. He bounced back with the double role film Banarasi Babu in 1973.", "He bounced back with the double role film Banarasi Babu in 1973. He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara, with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975) Kalabaaz and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976).The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties.", "He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara, with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975) Kalabaaz and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976).The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Dev's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties. He attempted different genres of films so acquired versatile hero image.", "He attempted different genres of films so acquired versatile hero image. He was already 55 when he was paired with Tina Munim in 1978 in Des Pardes, which became among the top five grossing films of the year. Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s Dev Anand has also been politically active.", "Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s Dev Anand has also been politically active. He led a group of film personalities who stood up against the Internal Emergency imposed by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977.", "He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in Indian parliamentary elections in 1977. He also formed a party called the \"National Party of India\", which he later disbanded.", "He also formed a party called the \"National Party of India\", which he later disbanded. Later career and Evergreen Hero Image The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Hero.", "Later career and Evergreen Hero Image The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Hero. Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee.", "Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee. Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim) and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits.", "Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim) and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits. Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero.", "Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero. He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D.", "He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D. Burman. He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more.", "He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more. But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics.", "But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics. Awwal Number (1990), where Dev Anand co-starred with Aditya Pancholi and Aamir Khan became an average grosser in the year 1990.", "Awwal Number (1990), where Dev Anand co-starred with Aditya Pancholi and Aamir Khan became an average grosser in the year 1990. Aamir said in an interview that Awwal Number is the only film he signed without reading the script because it was being directed by his senior Dev Anand.", "Aamir said in an interview that Awwal Number is the only film he signed without reading the script because it was being directed by his senior Dev Anand. Aamir quoted: \"Dev saab was an icon for many generations and entertained us throughout his life\".", "Aamir quoted: \"Dev saab was an icon for many generations and entertained us throughout his life\". He was already 60 years old in 1983 when he acted opposite Christine O'Neil and alongside Rati Agnihotri and Padmini Kolhapure in Swami Dada. In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released.", "In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released. Though critically acclaimed, it was a commercial failure. His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar (film) was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office.", "His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar (film) was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office. Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither being producer nor director of the film.", "Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither being producer nor director of the film. He directed Pyar Ka Tarana in 1993, without casting himself in any role. His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene of an unknown actress, though the movie was released uncut.", "His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene of an unknown actress, though the movie was released uncut. He received offers to star in lead role in outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released.", "He received offers to star in lead role in outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released. Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures.", "Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures. His films Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed.", "His films Sau Crore (1991) and Censor (2000) were critically acclaimed. His performance and direction in the 1991 film Sau Crore was appreciated as it was a movie ahead of its time dealing with real life murder of badminton star Syed Modi and the arrest being made of the wife and her ex-lover.", "His performance and direction in the 1991 film Sau Crore was appreciated as it was a movie ahead of its time dealing with real life murder of badminton star Syed Modi and the arrest being made of the wife and her ex-lover. Sau Crore remains the last commercial hit film of Dev Anand as the lead hero as well as a director.", "Sau Crore remains the last commercial hit film of Dev Anand as the lead hero as well as a director. His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board.", "His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board. He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version).", "He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version). The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production which couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture.", "The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production which couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture. Of the 114 Hindi films he appeared in in 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance.", "Of the 114 Hindi films he appeared in in 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance. By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106.", "By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106. Comparisons with Gregory Peck Often compared to the famous actor Gregory Peck the world over, Dev Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tag line bestowed on him in his heyday.", "Comparisons with Gregory Peck Often compared to the famous actor Gregory Peck the world over, Dev Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tag line bestowed on him in his heyday. \"When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona.", "\"When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona. I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand\".", "I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand\". Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai.", "Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai. Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954, on Peck's stopover from a schedule at Sri Lanka after shooting for The Purple Plain.", "Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954, on Peck's stopover from a schedule at Sri Lanka after shooting for The Purple Plain. He knew of the \"Indian Star\" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines, and they had a chat.", "He knew of the \"Indian Star\" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines, and they had a chat. The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, he visited him on the set of Roman Holiday.", "The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, he visited him on the set of Roman Holiday. \"I was returning from the Venice film fest. I stopped my car and joined the crowd watching the shoot, hoping that his eyes would fall on me.", "I stopped my car and joined the crowd watching the shoot, hoping that his eyes would fall on me. As expected, he nodded and I walked up to him. He remembered me and we exchanged pleasantries.\" The third meeting was at London on the set of Moby Dick.", "The third meeting was at London on the set of Moby Dick. However, Suraiya asked for an exclusive meeting with her idol at her house. Though Anand says jealousy was natural for anyone in love, he didn't mind that he was not invited. \"I didn't quite feel anything.", "\"I didn't quite feel anything. It wasn't as if they were going to fall in love or make love. Even if they would have, it wouldn't have mattered. I was mature enough. Moreover, he wasn't my rival. I too was a big star by then,\" says Anand.", "I too was a big star by then,\" says Anand. Critical appraisal Dev Anand has directed 19 films and produced 35 films. Off the 35 films he produced, 18 were commercially successful at the box office and off the 19 films directed by him 10 were hits. He wrote the stories for 13 of his films.", "He wrote the stories for 13 of his films. Critics say his directorial ventures have always been ahead of their time. Dev Anand's films are well known for their hit songs. He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films.", "He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films. His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar,Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs.", "His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar,Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs. Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D.", "Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D. Burman, Shammi Kapoor and R.D. Burman were his closest friends from the film industry.", "Burman were his closest friends from the film industry. In September 2007, Dev's autobiography Romancing with Life was released at a birthday party with the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released.", "In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released. Dev Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishq Ishq Ishq, Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan.", "Dev Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishq Ishq Ishq, Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada, Tabu in Hum Naujawan and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan. Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s.", "Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s. He adds, \"The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it.\"", "He adds, \"The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it.\" Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler.", "Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler. Sinha quoted: \"Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him\".", "Sinha quoted: \"Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him\". It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D.", "It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D. Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina.", "Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina. Personal life Anand had a love affair with actress Suraiya from 1948 to 1951, but they never married, because of opposition by Suraiya's maternal grandmother.", "Personal life Anand had a love affair with actress Suraiya from 1948 to 1951, but they never married, because of opposition by Suraiya's maternal grandmother. Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004.", "Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004. In 1954, Dev married Kalpana Kartik (actual name Mona Singha), a Bollywood actress from Shimla, in a private marriage during the shooting of the film Taxi Driver. They have two children, son Suneil and daughter Devina.", "They have two children, son Suneil and daughter Devina. Ban on 'black coat' According to a Hindustan Times article, in 1958 an incident occurred during the release of his film Kala Pani during which Dev looked so handsome in a black coat that mesmerised by his look a girl allegedly ended her life.", "Ban on 'black coat' According to a Hindustan Times article, in 1958 an incident occurred during the release of his film Kala Pani during which Dev looked so handsome in a black coat that mesmerised by his look a girl allegedly ended her life. After the incident he reportedly did not wear black suit in public.", "After the incident he reportedly did not wear black suit in public. Death Dev Anand died in his room at The Washington Mayfair Hotel in London at the age of 88 on 3 December 2011 (4 December 2011 I.S.T.) of a cardiac arrest.", "of a cardiac arrest. of a cardiac arrest. His death came just two months after the release of his last film Chargesheet, which he directed and produced. Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death.", "Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death. On 10 December, his funeral service was held at a small chapel in London after which his casket was taken to the Putney Vale Crematorium in southwest London. His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River.", "His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River. Awards, honours and recognitions The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contribution to Indian cinema.", "Awards, honours and recognitions The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002 for his contribution to Indian cinema. His career spanned more than 65 years, acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 had him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films.", "His career spanned more than 65 years, acting in 114 Hindi films, of which 92 had him play the main solo lead hero, and he did two English films. He was the recipient of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performances in Kala Pani and Guide, the latter being India's official entry to the Oscars.", "He was the recipient of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performances in Kala Pani and Guide, the latter being India's official entry to the Oscars. Civilian award 2001 – Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India) National Film Awards Winner 1965 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for Guide 2002 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence Filmfare awards Winner 1959 – Best Actor for Kala Pani 1967 – Best Actor for Guide 1967 – Best Film for Guide 1993 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award National honours and recognitions 1995 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his \"Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema\" in New Delhi 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai 2001 – Special Screen Award for his contribution to Indian cinema 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York 2003 – Lifetime Achievement Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema\" at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States) 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry 2005 – Sony Gold Award 2006 – ANR National Award by the Akkineni International Foundation 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment.", "Civilian award 2001 – Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India) National Film Awards Winner 1965 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for Guide 2002 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award for cinematic excellence Filmfare awards Winner 1959 – Best Actor for Kala Pani 1967 – Best Actor for Guide 1967 – Best Film for Guide 1993 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award National honours and recognitions 1995 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his \"Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema\" in New Delhi 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai 2001 – Special Screen Award for his contribution to Indian cinema 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York 2003 – Lifetime Achievement Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema\" at IIFA Award in Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States) 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry 2005 – Sony Gold Award 2006 – ANR National Award by the Akkineni International Foundation 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution in the field of art and entertainment. 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards 2009 – Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh 2011 – NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Rahul Dravid Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute.", "2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards 2009 – Outstanding contribution to Indian cinema at the Max Stardust Awards 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh 2011 – NDTV Indian of the Year's Lifetime Achievement Award with Rahul Dravid Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute. 2013 – To honour him, a brass statue in his likeness was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in February 2013.", "2013 – To honour him, a brass statue in his likeness was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in February 2013. 2013 – On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. International honours and recognitions In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his \"Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema\".", "2013 – On the occasion of 100 years of the Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. International honours and recognitions In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his \"Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema\". In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association \"Star of the Millennium\" Award in Silicon Valley, California.", "In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association \"Star of the Millennium\" Award in Silicon Valley, California. Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a \"New York State Assembly Citation\" for his \"Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York\" on 1 May 2001.", "Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a \"New York State Assembly Citation\" for his \"Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York\" on 1 May 2001. In 2005, he was honoured with a \"Special National Film Award\" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm.", "In 2005, he was honoured with a \"Special National Film Award\" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm. In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands.", "In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands. He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission.", "He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission. Filmography Further reading Cinema Modern: Navketan Story, by Sidharth Bhatia. Harpercollins, 2011. . Evergreen Dev Anand (An Anthology of Dev Anand's Contribution to Cinema), by Kamal Dhiman.", "Evergreen Dev Anand (An Anthology of Dev Anand's Contribution to Cinema), by Kamal Dhiman. Nikita Publications, 2014. .", "Nikita Publications, 2014. . Nikita Publications, 2014. . References External links RIP Dev Anand – Bollywood Mourns Dev Anand's Death The Telegraph – Dev Anand Bio and Obituary Indian male film actors 1923 births 2011 deaths Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Hindi-language film directors Hindi film producers Male actors in Hindi cinema Film directors from Mumbai Film producers from Mumbai Male actors from Mumbai Government College University, Lahore alumni People from Gurdaspur Punjabi people 20th-century Indian male actors 20th-century Indian film directors 21st-century Indian film directors Filmfare Awards winners People from Narowal District" ]

[ "Frankie Laine", "At Beltone and Atlas", "What was Beltone?", "company called \"Beltone Records." ]

[ "The Atlas Theatre, also known as the Atlas Building, at 213 W. 16th St. in Cheyenne, Wyoming, was dating from 1887 and was built out as a theatre in 1908. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.\n\nIt \"is located in what has historically been the heart of Cheyenne's downtown business district,\n\" and, at the time of NRHP listing, was \"still surrounded by commercial activity\".\n\nDuring 1887 to 1908 the upper floors of the three-story building were used for professional offices and the ground floor was a confectionery shop. The theatre was not the first or most extravagant of theatres in Cheyenne; the Capitol Avenue Theatre, built in 1905 \"was probably more impressive than the Atlas. Nevertheless, at that time there apparently was room in Cheyenne for another facility, one which could provide low-cost amusement, and thus the Atlas was built.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAtlas Theatre, 213 West Sixteenth Street, Cheyenne, Laramie, WY at the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS)\n\nTheatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming\nTheatres completed in 1887\nLaramie County, Wyoming\nHistoric American Buildings Survey in Wyoming\nNational Register of Historic Places in Cheyenne, Wyoming\n1887 establishments in Wyoming Territory", "Nonconnah, Tennessee was a populated place along Nonconnah Creek in what is now Memphis.\n\nNonconnah was located just to the east of West Junction, Tennessee.\n\nSources\nGoogle maps map for Nonconnah\n2009 Rand McNally Road Atlas, p. 94\nEncyclopædia Britannica Atlas, 1958 Edition, Plate 111.\n\nGeography of Shelby County, Tennessee\nFormer populated places in Tennessee" ]

[ "Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr.", "Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\".", "Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!", "His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe! \", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\".", "\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\". He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K.", "He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western.", "Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues.", "Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version.", "He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version. Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No.", "Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death.", "The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death. Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno).", "Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No.", "His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in.", "14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone.", "His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters.", "Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters. The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home.", "The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams.", "He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool.", "He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool. Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business.", "Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business. Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom.", "Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night.", "At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled.", "Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day.", "I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up. When I got done, the tears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience.", "I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't like me.", "I thought that the people didn't like me. Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label.", "Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side.", "It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement.", "The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It was my first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them!", "I just knew I had to hear more of them! — Frankie Laine Another singer who influenced him at this time was falsetto crooner, Gene Austin. Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers.", "Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers. He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs.", "He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs. Many years later, Laine related the story to Austin when both were guests on the popular television variety show Shower of Stars. He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte.", "He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte. Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932).", "Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932). Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour.", "Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour. During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller).", "During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller). Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole.", "Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole. Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum.", "Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum. Cole recorded a song, \"It Only Happens Once\", that fledgling songwriter Laine had composed. They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral.", "They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral. His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine.", "His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine. Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig.", "Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig. Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company.", "Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company. Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant.", "Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant. It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant).", "It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant). Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park.", "Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park. I would sneak into hotel rooms and sleep on the floor. In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels.", "In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels. I stayed in YMCAs and with anyone who would let me flop. Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park.", "Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park. I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day.", "I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day. — Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS.", "— Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school.", "The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school. Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane.", "Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane. It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him.", "WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC.", "With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC. As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.", "As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military. Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at a salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career.", "He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer.", "While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.", "The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent. In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn.", "In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954.", "It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\"", "Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\" When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis.", "When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following.", "Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them.", "In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived.", "In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing.", "Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\".", "Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\". First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\"", "First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\" The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression.", "The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression. The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole.", "The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole. Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\".", "Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\". Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore.", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\".", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\". It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\"", "It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show.", "He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\"", "In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number.", "The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.", "It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following. First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's.", "First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\".", "His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\". Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland.", "Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written.", "He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note.", "After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note. Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing.", "Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts.", "She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts. \"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\"", "\"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\" He was soon recording for the fledgling Mercury label, and \"That's My Desire\" was one of the songs cut in his first recording session there. It quickly took the No.", "It quickly took the No. It quickly took the No. 3 spot on the R&B charts, and listeners initially thought Laine was black. The record also made it to the No. 4 spot on the Mainstream charts.", "4 spot on the Mainstream charts. Although it was quickly covered by many other artists, including Sammy Kaye who took it to the No. 2 spot, it was Laine's version that became the standard. \"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world.", "\"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world. He had been over $7,000 in debt, on the day before he recorded this song.\" His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount.", "His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount. Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come.", "Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come. The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later.", "The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later. A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others.", "A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others. Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records.", "Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records. Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number.", "Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number. He was also known as Mr. Rhythm for his driving jazzy style.", "Rhythm for his driving jazzy style. Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era.", "Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era. This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come.", "This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come. As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes.", "As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes. Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism.", "Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism. First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid.", "First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid. In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance.", "In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance. He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time.", "He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time. His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others.", "His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others. Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray.", "Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray. I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll.", "I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll. A lot of singers who sing with a passionate demeanor—Frank was and is definitely that. I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.'", "I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.' And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them.", "And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them. – Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K.", "– Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide.", "Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide. His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song.", "His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song. You can't categorize him.", "You can't categorize him. You can't categorize him. He's one of those singers that's not in one track. And yet and still I think that his records had more excitement and life into it. And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy.", "And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy. You know when you hear his records it was dynamite energy. — Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s.", "— Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s. Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label.", "Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label. He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor.", "He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor. Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release.", "Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release. It was also Laine's fifth Gold record.", "It was also Laine's fifth Gold record. \"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end.", "\"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end. The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously.", "The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously. \"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\"", "\"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\" \"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West.", "\"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West. \"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\"", "\"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\" The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era.", "The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era. Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\".", "Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\". \"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C.", "\"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C. McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900.", "McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900. The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of.", "The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of. It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well.", "It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well. \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records).", "\"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records). The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett.", "The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett. Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement.", "Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement. \"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook.", "\"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook. In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\"", "In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\" The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek.", "The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek. The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect.", "The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect. \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts. It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame.", "It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame. Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\".", "Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\". \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon. Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\"", "Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\" Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later.", "Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later. Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\"", "Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\" (Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.)", "(Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.) In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy.", "In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy. He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears.", "He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears. And that's why many fine artists were not good record sellers. For instance, Lena Horne.", "For instance, Lena Horne. For instance, Lena Horne. Fabulous artist but she never sold many records till that last album of hers. But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was.", "But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was. And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both.", "And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both. — Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there.", "— Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there. Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well.", "Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well. Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later.", "Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later. Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3).", "Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3). Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\"", "Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\" (#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3).", "(#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3). One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\"", "One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\" at the woman who has destroyed him.", "at the woman who has destroyed him. In Laine's words, the song uses \"flamenco rhythms to whip up an atmosphere of sexual frustration and hatred while a guy berated the woman who'd done him wrong.\" \"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly.", "\"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit.", "It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit. From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles.", "From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles. At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country.", "At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country. Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad.", "Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad. \"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\".", "\"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\". It was also there that he broke attendance records when appearing at the Palladium, and where he launched his first successful television series (with songstress Connie Haines). Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists.", "Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists. He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\").", "He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\"). Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him.", "Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him. His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print.", "His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print. His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta.", "His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta. His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads.", "His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads. Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream.", "Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream. Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word.", "Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word. Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model).", "Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model). His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais.", "His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais. Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\".", "Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\". Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again.", "Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again. In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\"", "In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\" and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well).", "and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well). In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold.", "In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold. In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career.", "In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career. By the end of the decade, he remained far ahead of Elvis Presley as the most successful artist on the British charts. See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details.", "See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details. \"I Believe\" is listed as the second most popular song of all time on the British charts as well. \"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual.", "\"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual. A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\"", "A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\" Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey!", "Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey! Hey! Jesus.\" Mr.", "Hey! Jesus.\" Mr. Mr. Rhythm In 1953, Laine recorded his first long playing album that was released, domestically, solely as an album (prior to this his albums had been compiled from previously released singles). The album was titled \"Mr.", "The album was titled \"Mr. Rhythm\", as Laine was often known at that time, and featured many jazz-flavored, rhythm numbers similar in style to his work on the Mercury label. The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards.", "The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards. The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\"", "The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\" The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer.", "The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer. Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music.", "Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music. Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford.", "Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford. The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\"", "The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\" Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a.", "Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a. \"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?", "\"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? \", and \"When It's Sleepy Time Down South\", along with a pair of cuts taken from his \"Mr. Rhythm\" album.", "Rhythm\" album. Rhythm\" album. Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson.", "Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson. The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\".", "The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\". The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite.", "The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite. An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's.", "An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's. Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\".", "Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\". The album produced one hit, \"Rain!", "The album produced one hit, \"Rain! Rain! Rain! \", along with tracks such as \"Remember Me\", \"I Feel That My Time Ain't Long\", and \"Didn't He Moan\". The last four tracks were recorded during a later session.", "The last four tracks were recorded during a later session. Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra.", "Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra. Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions).", "Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\".", "Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\". The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name.", "The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it.", "Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it. With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958.", "With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.", "The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil.", "The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil. Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\"", "Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\" Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French).", "Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\".", "Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\". André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\"", "André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\" With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo.", "With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\".", "He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\". As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song.", "As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song. A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy.", "A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work.", "Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances).", "His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite.", "His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax.", "He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\".", "Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\". Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album.", "Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson et al.. This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol.", "This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs).", "Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists such as Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml.", "Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later.", "The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later. Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later.", "Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later. John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams.", "John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams. Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew.", "Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did.", "He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away.", "You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time.", "And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. — John Williams.", "— John Williams. — John Williams. Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s.", "Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album.", "The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album. The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K.", "The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\".", "Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\". Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album).", "Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme.", "Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme. \"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell.", "\"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\"", "The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\" Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan.", "Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan. The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy.", "The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.", "The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years. Wanderlust Wanderlust was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. \"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites.", "\"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites. Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince.", "Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince. Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.", "Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s. Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated.", "Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.", "The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it. At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature).", "At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.", "He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour. After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\".", "After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\". Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip.", "Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts.", "Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins).", "A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins). The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever.", "The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the Billboard Hot 100 chart (peaking at No. 86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\".", "86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\". Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein.", "Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\"", "The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\" A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970.", "A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970. His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\".", "His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\". It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites.", "It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites. Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, could not adequately promote them at the time. However, they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.", "After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today. Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards.", "Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956.", "The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956. The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury.", "The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury. Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States.", "Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States. On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56.", "On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56. The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer.", "The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer. Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.", "Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen. He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart.", "He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes.", "But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine.", "He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. — Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand.", "— Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand. He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line.", "He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line. Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\"", "Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\" In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law.", "In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law. His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit.", "His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit. Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango.", "Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango. In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II.", "In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II. Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 (Mule Train), 1960 (The Hanging Tree), and 1975 (Blazing Saddles). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised.", "Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981, he performed a medley of his hits on American Bandstands 30th Anniversary Special\", where he received a standing ovation. Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006.", "Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006. Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s.", "Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale).", "When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue.", "Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue. In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches.", "In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches. Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\".", "Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.", "Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race. Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army.", "Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\".", "Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\". He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village.", "He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.", "He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation. Personal life Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 – July 1993) and adopted her daughters Pam and Jan from a previous marriage to jockey Jackie Westrope. Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death.", "Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death. Laine and Nan guest-starred on a November 18, 1960, episode of Rawhide: \"Incident on the Road to Yesterday.\" They played long-lost lovers. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999.", "Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This marriage lasted for the remainder of his life. Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities.", "Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities. In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\".", "In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\". His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004).", "His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004). In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts.", "In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time.", "Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time. He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America.", "He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY.", "The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY. On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton.", "On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton. On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure.", "On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure. Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles.", "Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles. Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation.", "Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation. It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music.", "It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music. Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego.", "A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.", "The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well.", "Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.", "Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others. He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008.", "He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008. In 2010, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street.", "The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street. Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter?", "Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter? (with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For?", "(with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For? (with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K.", "(with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003.", "Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003. Narrated by Lou Rawls.", "Narrated by Lou Rawls. Narrated by Lou Rawls. Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others.", "Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others. See also List of best-selling music artists References External links Interview with Frankie Laine The Frankie Laine International Appreciation Society Frankie Laine at the Latin Quarter, 1955 performance review NAMM Oral History Interview with Frankie Laine November 12, 2000 1913 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American singers 20th-century American male singers American Roman Catholics American crooners American jazz singers American male jazz musicians American male singer-songwriters American people of Italian descent Columbia Records artists Jazz musicians from Illinois Latin-language singers Mercury Records artists Singers from Chicago Spanish-language singers of the United States Swing singers Torch singers Traditional pop music singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Frankie Laine", "At Beltone and Atlas", "What was Beltone?", "company called \"Beltone Records.", "What was atlas?", "Atlas Records," ]

[ "Element 9 is a music company founded by Stu Pflaum in 2005. The company is based in Cleveland, Ohio and has three divisions with specializations in music publishing, digital marketing and a record label.\n\nCompany history\nThe Element 9 music company was launched in 2005 as a promotional outlet for aspiring hip hop artists. The company was founded by Stu Pflaum while he was a senior at Ohio University. Pflaum formerly performed as a DJ on college radio before launching the company. Upon graduation from Ohio University, Pflaum moved the company to New York City where he split the company into two divisions, Element 9 Recordings, specializing in music publishing and Element 9.0, specializing in digital marketing.\n\nElement 9 Recordings was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2008 in the category of Best Rap Song for their role as music publisher for Crank That (Soulja Boy) by Soulja Boy.\n\nIn November 2009, the record label division, Element 9 Muzik, was formed. Shortly after, the company announced a partnership with Fontana Distribution, the independent distribution arm of Universal Music Group, for international distribution for artists signed to the label. The label division is headed by music industry veteran Tony Franklin. Stu Pflaum serves as Vice President for the label.\n\nThe first release from the Element 9 record label was Arms & Hammers by West Coast rap group Strong Arm Steady. The album was released in February 2011.\n\nIn November 2011, the company released Habits of the Heart by Idle Warship, which is composed of rapper Talib Kweli and singer Res. Prior to the album's official street date, the label released the album through the Spotify music service. The advance release was the first instance in which a United States based music company debuted a project far in advance using the Spotify service. The move was viewed as bold by music and technology critics and a counterweight to the release strategies of artists such as Coldplay and Adele, who had refused to make their music available through Spotify.\n\nReleases\n2011: Strong Arm Steady - Arms & Hammers\n2011: Idle Warship - Habits of the Heart\n\nAwards and nominations\nGrammy Awards\n2008: Best Rap Song: \"Crank That (Soulja Boy)\" (Nominated)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nSee also \n List of record labels\n\nRecord labels established in 2005\nHip hop record labels\nAmerican record labels\nContemporary R&B record labels\nMusic of Cleveland", "\"OK\" is a song by German DJ and record producer Robin Schulz. The song was released on 19 May 2017 as the second single from his third studio album, Uncovered (2017). It features vocals by English singer-songwriter James Blunt.\n\nBackground \nThe song was originally written by Blunt for his album The Afterlove but did not make the final cut. Blunt told Sodajerker, a podcast about songwriting, that the record company thought the song was a hit, but that he himself did not think he \"nailed it\" and refused to release it. Later he met his friend Schulz, who, to Blunt's surprise, had heard the unreleased song and had been \"fucking with it\". Blunt said that the dj had \"added the Robin Schulz magic\", and admitted that the record company had been right about the song's potential.\n\nThe song was performed by Schulz for an audience of 8,500 fans at the König Pilsener Arena.\n\nMusic video \nThe official music video of the song was released on 19 May 2017 through Robin Schulz's YouTube account. It was directed by Liza Minou Morberg and is an obvious homage to the film The Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n2017 singles\n2017 songs\nDeep house songs\nElectronic songs\nNumber-one singles in Poland\nRobin Schulz songs\nSongs written by James Blunt\nSongs written by Mozella\nSongs written by Steve Mac" ]

[ "Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr.", "Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\".", "Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!", "His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe! \", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\".", "\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\". He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K.", "He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western.", "Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues.", "Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version.", "He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version. Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No.", "Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death.", "The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death. Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno).", "Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No.", "His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in.", "14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone.", "His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters.", "Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters. The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home.", "The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams.", "He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool.", "He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool. Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business.", "Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business. Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom.", "Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night.", "At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled.", "Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day.", "I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up. When I got done, the tears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience.", "I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't like me.", "I thought that the people didn't like me. Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label.", "Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side.", "It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement.", "The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It was my first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them!", "I just knew I had to hear more of them! — Frankie Laine Another singer who influenced him at this time was falsetto crooner, Gene Austin. Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers.", "Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers. He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs.", "He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs. Many years later, Laine related the story to Austin when both were guests on the popular television variety show Shower of Stars. He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte.", "He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte. Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932).", "Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932). Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour.", "Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour. During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller).", "During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller). Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole.", "Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole. Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum.", "Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum. Cole recorded a song, \"It Only Happens Once\", that fledgling songwriter Laine had composed. They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral.", "They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral. His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine.", "His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine. Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig.", "Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig. Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company.", "Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company. Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant.", "Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant. It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant).", "It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant). Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park.", "Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park. I would sneak into hotel rooms and sleep on the floor. In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels.", "In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels. I stayed in YMCAs and with anyone who would let me flop. Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park.", "Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park. I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day.", "I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day. — Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS.", "— Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school.", "The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school. Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane.", "Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane. It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him.", "WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC.", "With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC. As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.", "As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military. Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at a salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career.", "He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer.", "While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.", "The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent. In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn.", "In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954.", "It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\"", "Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\" When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis.", "When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following.", "Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them.", "In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived.", "In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing.", "Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\".", "Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\". First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\"", "First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\" The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression.", "The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression. The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole.", "The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole. Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\".", "Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\". Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore.", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\".", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\". It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\"", "It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show.", "He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\"", "In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number.", "The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.", "It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following. First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's.", "First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\".", "His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\". Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland.", "Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written.", "He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note.", "After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note. Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing.", "Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts.", "She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts. \"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\"", "\"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\" He was soon recording for the fledgling Mercury label, and \"That's My Desire\" was one of the songs cut in his first recording session there. It quickly took the No.", "It quickly took the No. It quickly took the No. 3 spot on the R&B charts, and listeners initially thought Laine was black. The record also made it to the No. 4 spot on the Mainstream charts.", "4 spot on the Mainstream charts. Although it was quickly covered by many other artists, including Sammy Kaye who took it to the No. 2 spot, it was Laine's version that became the standard. \"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world.", "\"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world. He had been over $7,000 in debt, on the day before he recorded this song.\" His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount.", "His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount. Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come.", "Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come. The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later.", "The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later. A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others.", "A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others. Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records.", "Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records. Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number.", "Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number. He was also known as Mr. Rhythm for his driving jazzy style.", "Rhythm for his driving jazzy style. Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era.", "Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era. This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come.", "This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come. As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes.", "As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes. Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism.", "Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism. First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid.", "First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid. In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance.", "In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance. He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time.", "He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time. His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others.", "His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others. Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray.", "Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray. I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll.", "I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll. A lot of singers who sing with a passionate demeanor—Frank was and is definitely that. I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.'", "I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.' And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them.", "And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them. – Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K.", "– Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide.", "Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide. His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song.", "His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song. You can't categorize him.", "You can't categorize him. You can't categorize him. He's one of those singers that's not in one track. And yet and still I think that his records had more excitement and life into it. And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy.", "And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy. You know when you hear his records it was dynamite energy. — Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s.", "— Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s. Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label.", "Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label. He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor.", "He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor. Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release.", "Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release. It was also Laine's fifth Gold record.", "It was also Laine's fifth Gold record. \"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end.", "\"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end. The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously.", "The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously. \"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\"", "\"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\" \"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West.", "\"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West. \"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\"", "\"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\" The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era.", "The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era. Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\".", "Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\". \"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C.", "\"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C. McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900.", "McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900. The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of.", "The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of. It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well.", "It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well. \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records).", "\"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records). The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett.", "The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett. Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement.", "Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement. \"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook.", "\"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook. In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\"", "In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\" The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek.", "The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek. The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect.", "The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect. \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts. It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame.", "It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame. Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\".", "Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\". \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon. Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\"", "Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\" Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later.", "Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later. Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\"", "Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\" (Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.)", "(Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.) In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy.", "In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy. He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears.", "He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears. And that's why many fine artists were not good record sellers. For instance, Lena Horne.", "For instance, Lena Horne. For instance, Lena Horne. Fabulous artist but she never sold many records till that last album of hers. But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was.", "But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was. And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both.", "And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both. — Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there.", "— Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there. Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well.", "Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well. Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later.", "Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later. Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3).", "Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3). Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\"", "Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\" (#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3).", "(#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3). One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\"", "One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\" at the woman who has destroyed him.", "at the woman who has destroyed him. In Laine's words, the song uses \"flamenco rhythms to whip up an atmosphere of sexual frustration and hatred while a guy berated the woman who'd done him wrong.\" \"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly.", "\"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit.", "It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit. From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles.", "From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles. At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country.", "At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country. Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad.", "Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad. \"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\".", "\"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\". It was also there that he broke attendance records when appearing at the Palladium, and where he launched his first successful television series (with songstress Connie Haines). Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists.", "Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists. He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\").", "He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\"). Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him.", "Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him. His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print.", "His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print. His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta.", "His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta. His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads.", "His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads. Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream.", "Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream. Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word.", "Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word. Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model).", "Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model). His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais.", "His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais. Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\".", "Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\". Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again.", "Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again. In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\"", "In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\" and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well).", "and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well). In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold.", "In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold. In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career.", "In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career. By the end of the decade, he remained far ahead of Elvis Presley as the most successful artist on the British charts. See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details.", "See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details. \"I Believe\" is listed as the second most popular song of all time on the British charts as well. \"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual.", "\"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual. A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\"", "A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\" Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey!", "Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey! Hey! Jesus.\" Mr.", "Hey! Jesus.\" Mr. Mr. Rhythm In 1953, Laine recorded his first long playing album that was released, domestically, solely as an album (prior to this his albums had been compiled from previously released singles). The album was titled \"Mr.", "The album was titled \"Mr. Rhythm\", as Laine was often known at that time, and featured many jazz-flavored, rhythm numbers similar in style to his work on the Mercury label. The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards.", "The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards. The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\"", "The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\" The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer.", "The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer. Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music.", "Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music. Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford.", "Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford. The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\"", "The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\" Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a.", "Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a. \"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?", "\"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? \", and \"When It's Sleepy Time Down South\", along with a pair of cuts taken from his \"Mr. Rhythm\" album.", "Rhythm\" album. Rhythm\" album. Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson.", "Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson. The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\".", "The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\". The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite.", "The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite. An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's.", "An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's. Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\".", "Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\". The album produced one hit, \"Rain!", "The album produced one hit, \"Rain! Rain! Rain! \", along with tracks such as \"Remember Me\", \"I Feel That My Time Ain't Long\", and \"Didn't He Moan\". The last four tracks were recorded during a later session.", "The last four tracks were recorded during a later session. Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra.", "Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra. Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions).", "Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\".", "Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\". The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name.", "The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it.", "Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it. With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958.", "With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.", "The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil.", "The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil. Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\"", "Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\" Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French).", "Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\".", "Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\". André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\"", "André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\" With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo.", "With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\".", "He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\". As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song.", "As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song. A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy.", "A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work.", "Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances).", "His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite.", "His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax.", "He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\".", "Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\". Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album.", "Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson et al.. This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol.", "This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs).", "Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists such as Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml.", "Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later.", "The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later. Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later.", "Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later. John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams.", "John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams. Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew.", "Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did.", "He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away.", "You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time.", "And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. — John Williams.", "— John Williams. — John Williams. Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s.", "Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album.", "The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album. The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K.", "The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\".", "Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\". Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album).", "Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme.", "Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme. \"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell.", "\"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\"", "The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\" Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan.", "Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan. The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy.", "The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.", "The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years. Wanderlust Wanderlust was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. \"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites.", "\"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites. Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince.", "Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince. Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.", "Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s. Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated.", "Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.", "The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it. At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature).", "At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.", "He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour. After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\".", "After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\". Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip.", "Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts.", "Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins).", "A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins). The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever.", "The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the Billboard Hot 100 chart (peaking at No. 86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\".", "86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\". Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein.", "Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\"", "The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\" A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970.", "A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970. His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\".", "His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\". It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites.", "It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites. Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, could not adequately promote them at the time. However, they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.", "After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today. Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards.", "Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956.", "The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956. The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury.", "The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury. Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States.", "Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States. On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56.", "On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56. The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer.", "The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer. Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.", "Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen. He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart.", "He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes.", "But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine.", "He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. — Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand.", "— Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand. He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line.", "He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line. Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\"", "Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\" In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law.", "In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law. His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit.", "His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit. Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango.", "Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango. In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II.", "In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II. Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 (Mule Train), 1960 (The Hanging Tree), and 1975 (Blazing Saddles). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised.", "Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981, he performed a medley of his hits on American Bandstands 30th Anniversary Special\", where he received a standing ovation. Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006.", "Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006. Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s.", "Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale).", "When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue.", "Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue. In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches.", "In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches. Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\".", "Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.", "Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race. Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army.", "Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\".", "Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\". He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village.", "He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.", "He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation. Personal life Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 – July 1993) and adopted her daughters Pam and Jan from a previous marriage to jockey Jackie Westrope. Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death.", "Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death. Laine and Nan guest-starred on a November 18, 1960, episode of Rawhide: \"Incident on the Road to Yesterday.\" They played long-lost lovers. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999.", "Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This marriage lasted for the remainder of his life. Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities.", "Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities. In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\".", "In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\". His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004).", "His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004). In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts.", "In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time.", "Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time. He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America.", "He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY.", "The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY. On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton.", "On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton. On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure.", "On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure. Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles.", "Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles. Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation.", "Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation. It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music.", "It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music. Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego.", "A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.", "The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well.", "Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.", "Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others. He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008.", "He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008. In 2010, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street.", "The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street. Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter?", "Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter? (with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For?", "(with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For? (with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K.", "(with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003.", "Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003. Narrated by Lou Rawls.", "Narrated by Lou Rawls. Narrated by Lou Rawls. Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others.", "Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others. See also List of best-selling music artists References External links Interview with Frankie Laine The Frankie Laine International Appreciation Society Frankie Laine at the Latin Quarter, 1955 performance review NAMM Oral History Interview with Frankie Laine November 12, 2000 1913 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American singers 20th-century American male singers American Roman Catholics American crooners American jazz singers American male jazz musicians American male singer-songwriters American people of Italian descent Columbia Records artists Jazz musicians from Illinois Latin-language singers Mercury Records artists Singers from Chicago Spanish-language singers of the United States Swing singers Torch singers Traditional pop music singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Frankie Laine", "At Beltone and Atlas", "What was Beltone?", "company called \"Beltone Records.", "What was atlas?", "Atlas Records,", "Did the record company make any music?", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode," ]

[ "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim", "\"Costa Rica\" is a song by Swedish singer Benjamin Ingrosso. It was released as a single on 12 July 2019 by TEN Music Group. The song peaked at number 17 on the Swedish Singles Chart.\n\nBackground\nIt's about Ingrosso ending his relationship with Linnea Wildmark. Talking about the song, Ingrosso said, \"This song is incredibly personal to me. It's about that stage after a break up where you feel bitter about what happened and you haven’t really let the person go. If you listen carefully to the lyrics – you know exactly what the song is about.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n2019 songs\n2019 singles\nBenjamin Ingrosso songs\nEnglish-language Swedish songs\nSongs written by Benjamin Ingrosso" ]

[ "Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr.", "Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\".", "Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!", "His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe! \", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\".", "\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\". He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K.", "He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western.", "Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues.", "Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version.", "He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version. Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No.", "Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death.", "The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death. Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno).", "Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No.", "His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in.", "14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone.", "His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters.", "Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters. The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home.", "The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams.", "He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool.", "He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool. Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business.", "Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business. Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom.", "Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night.", "At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled.", "Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day.", "I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up. When I got done, the tears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience.", "I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't like me.", "I thought that the people didn't like me. Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label.", "Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side.", "It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement.", "The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It was my first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them!", "I just knew I had to hear more of them! — Frankie Laine Another singer who influenced him at this time was falsetto crooner, Gene Austin. Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers.", "Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers. He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs.", "He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs. Many years later, Laine related the story to Austin when both were guests on the popular television variety show Shower of Stars. He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte.", "He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte. Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932).", "Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932). Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour.", "Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour. During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller).", "During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller). Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole.", "Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole. Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum.", "Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum. Cole recorded a song, \"It Only Happens Once\", that fledgling songwriter Laine had composed. They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral.", "They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral. His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine.", "His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine. Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig.", "Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig. Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company.", "Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company. Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant.", "Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant. It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant).", "It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant). Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park.", "Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park. I would sneak into hotel rooms and sleep on the floor. In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels.", "In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels. I stayed in YMCAs and with anyone who would let me flop. Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park.", "Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park. I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day.", "I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day. — Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS.", "— Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school.", "The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school. Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane.", "Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane. It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him.", "WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC.", "With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC. As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.", "As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military. Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at a salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career.", "He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer.", "While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.", "The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent. In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn.", "In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954.", "It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\"", "Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\" When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis.", "When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following.", "Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them.", "In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived.", "In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing.", "Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\".", "Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\". First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\"", "First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\" The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression.", "The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression. The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole.", "The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole. Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\".", "Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\". Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore.", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\".", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\". It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\"", "It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show.", "He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\"", "In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number.", "The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.", "It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following. First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's.", "First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\".", "His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\". Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland.", "Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written.", "He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note.", "After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note. Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing.", "Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts.", "She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts. \"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\"", "\"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\" He was soon recording for the fledgling Mercury label, and \"That's My Desire\" was one of the songs cut in his first recording session there. It quickly took the No.", "It quickly took the No. It quickly took the No. 3 spot on the R&B charts, and listeners initially thought Laine was black. The record also made it to the No. 4 spot on the Mainstream charts.", "4 spot on the Mainstream charts. Although it was quickly covered by many other artists, including Sammy Kaye who took it to the No. 2 spot, it was Laine's version that became the standard. \"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world.", "\"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world. He had been over $7,000 in debt, on the day before he recorded this song.\" His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount.", "His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount. Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come.", "Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come. The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later.", "The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later. A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others.", "A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others. Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records.", "Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records. Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number.", "Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number. He was also known as Mr. Rhythm for his driving jazzy style.", "Rhythm for his driving jazzy style. Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era.", "Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era. This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come.", "This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come. As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes.", "As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes. Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism.", "Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism. First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid.", "First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid. In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance.", "In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance. He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time.", "He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time. His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others.", "His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others. Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray.", "Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray. I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll.", "I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll. A lot of singers who sing with a passionate demeanor—Frank was and is definitely that. I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.'", "I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.' And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them.", "And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them. – Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K.", "– Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide.", "Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide. His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song.", "His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song. You can't categorize him.", "You can't categorize him. You can't categorize him. He's one of those singers that's not in one track. And yet and still I think that his records had more excitement and life into it. And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy.", "And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy. You know when you hear his records it was dynamite energy. — Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s.", "— Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s. Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label.", "Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label. He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor.", "He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor. Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release.", "Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release. It was also Laine's fifth Gold record.", "It was also Laine's fifth Gold record. \"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end.", "\"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end. The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously.", "The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously. \"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\"", "\"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\" \"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West.", "\"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West. \"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\"", "\"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\" The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era.", "The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era. Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\".", "Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\". \"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C.", "\"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C. McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900.", "McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900. The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of.", "The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of. It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well.", "It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well. \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records).", "\"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records). The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett.", "The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett. Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement.", "Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement. \"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook.", "\"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook. In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\"", "In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\" The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek.", "The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek. The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect.", "The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect. \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts. It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame.", "It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame. Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\".", "Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\". \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon. Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\"", "Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\" Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later.", "Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later. Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\"", "Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\" (Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.)", "(Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.) In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy.", "In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy. He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears.", "He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears. And that's why many fine artists were not good record sellers. For instance, Lena Horne.", "For instance, Lena Horne. For instance, Lena Horne. Fabulous artist but she never sold many records till that last album of hers. But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was.", "But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was. And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both.", "And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both. — Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there.", "— Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there. Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well.", "Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well. Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later.", "Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later. Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3).", "Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3). Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\"", "Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\" (#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3).", "(#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3). One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\"", "One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\" at the woman who has destroyed him.", "at the woman who has destroyed him. In Laine's words, the song uses \"flamenco rhythms to whip up an atmosphere of sexual frustration and hatred while a guy berated the woman who'd done him wrong.\" \"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly.", "\"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit.", "It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit. From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles.", "From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles. At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country.", "At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country. Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad.", "Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad. \"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\".", "\"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\". It was also there that he broke attendance records when appearing at the Palladium, and where he launched his first successful television series (with songstress Connie Haines). Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists.", "Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists. He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\").", "He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\"). Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him.", "Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him. His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print.", "His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print. His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta.", "His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta. His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads.", "His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads. Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream.", "Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream. Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word.", "Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word. Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model).", "Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model). His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais.", "His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais. Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\".", "Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\". Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again.", "Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again. In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\"", "In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\" and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well).", "and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well). In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold.", "In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold. In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career.", "In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career. By the end of the decade, he remained far ahead of Elvis Presley as the most successful artist on the British charts. See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details.", "See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details. \"I Believe\" is listed as the second most popular song of all time on the British charts as well. \"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual.", "\"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual. A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\"", "A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\" Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey!", "Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey! Hey! Jesus.\" Mr.", "Hey! Jesus.\" Mr. Mr. Rhythm In 1953, Laine recorded his first long playing album that was released, domestically, solely as an album (prior to this his albums had been compiled from previously released singles). The album was titled \"Mr.", "The album was titled \"Mr. Rhythm\", as Laine was often known at that time, and featured many jazz-flavored, rhythm numbers similar in style to his work on the Mercury label. The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards.", "The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards. The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\"", "The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\" The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer.", "The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer. Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music.", "Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music. Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford.", "Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford. The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\"", "The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\" Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a.", "Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a. \"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?", "\"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? \", and \"When It's Sleepy Time Down South\", along with a pair of cuts taken from his \"Mr. Rhythm\" album.", "Rhythm\" album. Rhythm\" album. Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson.", "Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson. The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\".", "The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\". The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite.", "The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite. An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's.", "An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's. Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\".", "Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\". The album produced one hit, \"Rain!", "The album produced one hit, \"Rain! Rain! Rain! \", along with tracks such as \"Remember Me\", \"I Feel That My Time Ain't Long\", and \"Didn't He Moan\". The last four tracks were recorded during a later session.", "The last four tracks were recorded during a later session. Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra.", "Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra. Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions).", "Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\".", "Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\". The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name.", "The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it.", "Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it. With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958.", "With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.", "The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil.", "The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil. Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\"", "Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\" Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French).", "Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\".", "Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\". André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\"", "André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\" With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo.", "With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\".", "He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\". As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song.", "As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song. A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy.", "A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work.", "Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances).", "His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite.", "His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax.", "He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\".", "Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\". Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album.", "Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson et al.. This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol.", "This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs).", "Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists such as Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml.", "Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later.", "The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later. Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later.", "Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later. John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams.", "John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams. Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew.", "Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did.", "He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away.", "You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time.", "And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. — John Williams.", "— John Williams. — John Williams. Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s.", "Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album.", "The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album. The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K.", "The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\".", "Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\". Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album).", "Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme.", "Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme. \"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell.", "\"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\"", "The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\" Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan.", "Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan. The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy.", "The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.", "The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years. Wanderlust Wanderlust was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. \"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites.", "\"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites. Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince.", "Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince. Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.", "Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s. Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated.", "Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.", "The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it. At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature).", "At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.", "He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour. After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\".", "After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\". Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip.", "Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts.", "Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins).", "A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins). The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever.", "The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the Billboard Hot 100 chart (peaking at No. 86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\".", "86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\". Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein.", "Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\"", "The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\" A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970.", "A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970. His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\".", "His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\". It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites.", "It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites. Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, could not adequately promote them at the time. However, they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.", "After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today. Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards.", "Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956.", "The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956. The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury.", "The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury. Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States.", "Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States. On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56.", "On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56. The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer.", "The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer. Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.", "Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen. He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart.", "He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes.", "But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine.", "He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. — Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand.", "— Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand. He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line.", "He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line. Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\"", "Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\" In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law.", "In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law. His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit.", "His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit. Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango.", "Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango. In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II.", "In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II. Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 (Mule Train), 1960 (The Hanging Tree), and 1975 (Blazing Saddles). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised.", "Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981, he performed a medley of his hits on American Bandstands 30th Anniversary Special\", where he received a standing ovation. Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006.", "Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006. Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s.", "Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale).", "When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue.", "Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue. In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches.", "In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches. Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\".", "Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.", "Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race. Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army.", "Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\".", "Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\". He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village.", "He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.", "He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation. Personal life Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 – July 1993) and adopted her daughters Pam and Jan from a previous marriage to jockey Jackie Westrope. Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death.", "Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death. Laine and Nan guest-starred on a November 18, 1960, episode of Rawhide: \"Incident on the Road to Yesterday.\" They played long-lost lovers. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999.", "Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This marriage lasted for the remainder of his life. Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities.", "Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities. In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\".", "In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\". His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004).", "His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004). In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts.", "In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time.", "Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time. He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America.", "He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY.", "The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY. On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton.", "On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton. On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure.", "On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure. Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles.", "Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles. Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation.", "Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation. It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music.", "It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music. Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego.", "A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.", "The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well.", "Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.", "Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others. He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008.", "He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008. In 2010, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street.", "The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street. Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter?", "Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter? (with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For?", "(with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For? (with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K.", "(with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003.", "Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003. Narrated by Lou Rawls.", "Narrated by Lou Rawls. Narrated by Lou Rawls. Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others.", "Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others. See also List of best-selling music artists References External links Interview with Frankie Laine The Frankie Laine International Appreciation Society Frankie Laine at the Latin Quarter, 1955 performance review NAMM Oral History Interview with Frankie Laine November 12, 2000 1913 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American singers 20th-century American male singers American Roman Catholics American crooners American jazz singers American male jazz musicians American male singer-songwriters American people of Italian descent Columbia Records artists Jazz musicians from Illinois Latin-language singers Mercury Records artists Singers from Chicago Spanish-language singers of the United States Swing singers Torch singers Traditional pop music singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Frankie Laine", "At Beltone and Atlas", "What was Beltone?", "company called \"Beltone Records.", "What was atlas?", "Atlas Records,", "Did the record company make any music?", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode,", "What happened with these songs?", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market." ]

[ "James Ruse (9 August17595 September 1837) was a Cornish farmer who, at the age of 23, was convicted of burglary and was sentenced to seven years' transportation to Australia. He arrived at Sydney Cove, New South Wales, on the First Fleet with 18 months of his sentence remaining. Ruse applied to Colony Governor Arthur Phillip for a land grant, stating that he had been bred for farming. Governor Phillip, desperate to make the colony self-sufficient, allocated Ruse an allotment at Rose Hill (now Rosehill, near Parramatta), where he proved himself industrious and showed that it was possible for a family to survive through farming. Ruse received a land grant, from which he grew and sold 600 bushels of corn . Ruse was the recipient of the first land grant in New South Wales. Ruse would later exchange the Rose Hill grant for more fertile land on the Hawkesbury River. later in his life, after almost losing his farm and thus going bankrupt because of flooding, Ruse found work as a seaman, and later, a farm \noverseer.\n\nEarly life\n\nJames Ruse was born at Lawhitton, Cornwall, England on 9 August 1759. In 1782, he was tried at the Bodmin Assizes and sentenced to death for \"seriously breaking and entering the dwelling house of Thomas Olive and stealing thereout 2 silver watches and other goods\". He was reprieved and sentenced to transportation for seven years. He was sent on the Scarborough, one of the First Fleet, and arrived in Australia on 22 January 1788.\n\nPioneering farmer \nIn 1789, Ruse produced the first successful corn harvest in New South Wales. That harvest failed to yield sufficient corn to make flour for the colony, but Ruse produced enough seeds for the next year's crop, which was successful. Such was the colony's need for a food supply that Governor Phillip rewarded Ruse for his success with the first land grant made in New South Wales, along with a gift of pigs and chickens. In February 1791, Ruse declared to the authorities that he was self-sufficient, and two months later, in March, he was granted a further 30 acres.\nRuse expected to reap about eight bushels (290 litres) to the acre. After Ruse's sentence expired in 1792, the title of his land was deeded to him, the first land grant in the colony. In 1793, he sold his land to Dr. John Harris of the New South Wales Corps for 40 pounds. The property is now the Experiment Farm Cottage Museum of the National Trust of Australia.\n\nIn 1794, Ruse moved further out, to the junction of the Hawkesbury River with South Creek, and became a fairly successful farmer. Later, however, his livelihood was wiped out by flooding, which was always a risk involved with farming in the Hawkesbury. Ruse seems to have been away from his family for some time and it has been theorised that he went to sea at the same time that he had his son James the younger indentured to Kable and Underwood. This left his wife Elizabeth to take care of the family on her own. During this period, she had two children with convict James Kiss. These children were Ann Ruse Kiss (b. 1801) and William James Ruse Kiss (1806−1853). James Ruse was heavily in debt and it is suggested that the hard work of his wife Elizabeth saved him from bankruptcy. Elizabeth is shown in the records as supplying crops to the stores in her own right.\n\nFrom 1828, James was employed as an overseer of Denham Court. In 1836, James Ruse and James Kiss were received into the Catholic church together. Ruse died at Campbelltown on 5 September 1837 and is buried with wife Elizabeth and daughter Mary. \n\nRuse's gravestone, parts of which he carved himself, reads:\n\"Gloria in Axcelsis\n\nSACRED TO THE MEMEREY OF JAMES RUSE WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE SEPT. 5TH IN THE YEAR OF HOURE LORD 1837 NATEF OF CORNWELL AND ARIVED IN THIS COLENEY BY THE FIRST FLEET AGED 78\n\nMY MOTHER REREAD ME TENDERELY WITH ME SHE TOCK MUCH PAINES AND WHEN I ARIVED IN THIS COELNEY I SOWD THE FORST GRAIN AND NOW WITH MY HEVENLY FATHER I HOPE\n\nFOR EVER TO REMAIN\"\n\nFamily life \nJames Ruse married Susannah Norcott in Cornwall, England in 1779. They had one daughter, Elizabeth (1779−1779) and one son, Richard (1780−1842).\n\nAfter being transported for his crime and creating a new life in New South Wales, Ruse married fellow convict Elizabeth Parry (1769 – 27 May 1836) on 5 September 1790. They had five children together – Rebecah (1791−1792), James (1793−1866), Elizabeth (1794−1875), Susannah (1796 – 1872), and Mary (1798−1871).\n\nAlthough the family history of James Ruse is well-documented, historical records never identified the parents of Ann Ruse Kiss (b. 1801) and William James Ruse Kiss (1806−1853), who were believed to have been adopted by the Ruse family. In 2019, genetic testing of their descendants indicated that they were in fact the children of Elizabeth Ruse and James Kiss. It is unknown whether James Ruse was aware of Kiss' involvement with Elizabeth.\n\nLegacy \nThe memory of James Ruse is perpetuated in the naming of key locations in Sydney, including James Ruse Agricultural High School in Carlingford; James Ruse Drive, running from Granville to Northmead, near Parramatta; and Ruse, a suburb in southwest Sydney.\n\nA replica of his tombstone stands in the front garden of Barrengarry House, the administration block at James Ruse Agricultural High School. The original headstone, carved by Ruse himself, was moved by his descendants to a secure location after vandals damaged some headstones in the Old St Johns cemetery at Campbelltown. The headstone is now in the care of the Campbelltown and Airds Historical Society at Glenalvon House in Lithgow Street, Campbelltown.\n\nIn 1980, the noted Cornish folk singer Brenda Wootton wrote and recorded the song \"James Ruse\" which uses as a chorus the last four lines of the headstone's inscription.\n\nSee also\n\nList of convicts transported to Australia\n\nReferences \n\n1759 births\n1837 deaths\nPeople from Launceston, Cornwall\nConvicts transported to Australia on the First Fleet\nAustralian farmers\nFarmers from Cornwall\nAustralian people of Cornish descent\nBritish emigrants to Australia", "Ruse is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 40 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown.\n\nHistory\nRuse was named after James Ruse, known as Australia's first farmer. Prior to the 1960s, the area was part of Kentlyn and mostly farm and bushland. The area was then declared open for development and turned into a residential housing estate. It was at this time the name Ruse was proclaimed. Other names were suggested, such as Fisher and Marlow, however the mayor of the day overturned these.\n\nLocal infrastructure\nThe main street of Ruse is Junction Road, which contains the small Ruse Village Shopping Centre and Ruse Primary School. Both opened in the late 1970s and the school is notable for its hexagonal buildings. In between is Worrell Park which hosts rugby league matches including lower grade teams from the Western Suburbs Magpies.\n\nPeople\nAccording to the 2006 census, Ruse recorded a population of 5,625 in 1,986 properties. There were higher than average numbers of people who owned their homes outright (34%) or were paying them off (47%) while the number of renters (15%) was almost half the national average. The median family income of $1350 per week was higher than the national average as was the median housing loan repayment of $1408 per month.\n\nReferences\n\nSuburbs of Sydney\nCity of Campbelltown (New South Wales)" ]

[ "Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr.", "Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\".", "Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!", "His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe! \", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\".", "\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\". He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K.", "He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western.", "Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues.", "Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version.", "He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version. Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No.", "Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death.", "The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death. Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno).", "Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No.", "His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in.", "14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone.", "His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters.", "Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters. The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home.", "The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams.", "He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool.", "He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool. Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business.", "Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business. Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom.", "Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night.", "At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled.", "Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day.", "I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up. When I got done, the tears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience.", "I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't like me.", "I thought that the people didn't like me. Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label.", "Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side.", "It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement.", "The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It was my first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them!", "I just knew I had to hear more of them! — Frankie Laine Another singer who influenced him at this time was falsetto crooner, Gene Austin. Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers.", "Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers. He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs.", "He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs. Many years later, Laine related the story to Austin when both were guests on the popular television variety show Shower of Stars. He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte.", "He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte. Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932).", "Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932). Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour.", "Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour. During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller).", "During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller). Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole.", "Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole. Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum.", "Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum. Cole recorded a song, \"It Only Happens Once\", that fledgling songwriter Laine had composed. They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral.", "They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral. His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine.", "His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine. Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig.", "Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig. Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company.", "Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company. Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant.", "Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant. It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant).", "It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant). Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park.", "Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park. I would sneak into hotel rooms and sleep on the floor. In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels.", "In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels. I stayed in YMCAs and with anyone who would let me flop. Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park.", "Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park. I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day.", "I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day. — Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS.", "— Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school.", "The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school. Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane.", "Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane. It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him.", "WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC.", "With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC. As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.", "As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military. Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at a salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career.", "He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer.", "While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.", "The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent. In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn.", "In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954.", "It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\"", "Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\" When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis.", "When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following.", "Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them.", "In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived.", "In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing.", "Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\".", "Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\". First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\"", "First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\" The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression.", "The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression. The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole.", "The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole. Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\".", "Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\". Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore.", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\".", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\". It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\"", "It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show.", "He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\"", "In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number.", "The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.", "It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following. First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's.", "First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\".", "His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\". Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland.", "Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written.", "He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note.", "After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note. Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing.", "Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts.", "She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts. \"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\"", "\"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\" He was soon recording for the fledgling Mercury label, and \"That's My Desire\" was one of the songs cut in his first recording session there. It quickly took the No.", "It quickly took the No. It quickly took the No. 3 spot on the R&B charts, and listeners initially thought Laine was black. The record also made it to the No. 4 spot on the Mainstream charts.", "4 spot on the Mainstream charts. Although it was quickly covered by many other artists, including Sammy Kaye who took it to the No. 2 spot, it was Laine's version that became the standard. \"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world.", "\"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world. He had been over $7,000 in debt, on the day before he recorded this song.\" His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount.", "His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount. Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come.", "Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come. The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later.", "The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later. A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others.", "A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others. Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records.", "Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records. Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number.", "Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number. He was also known as Mr. Rhythm for his driving jazzy style.", "Rhythm for his driving jazzy style. Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era.", "Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era. This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come.", "This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come. As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes.", "As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes. Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism.", "Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism. First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid.", "First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid. In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance.", "In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance. He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time.", "He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time. His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others.", "His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others. Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray.", "Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray. I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll.", "I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll. A lot of singers who sing with a passionate demeanor—Frank was and is definitely that. I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.'", "I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.' And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them.", "And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them. – Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K.", "– Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide.", "Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide. His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song.", "His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song. You can't categorize him.", "You can't categorize him. You can't categorize him. He's one of those singers that's not in one track. And yet and still I think that his records had more excitement and life into it. And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy.", "And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy. You know when you hear his records it was dynamite energy. — Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s.", "— Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s. Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label.", "Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label. He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor.", "He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor. Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release.", "Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release. It was also Laine's fifth Gold record.", "It was also Laine's fifth Gold record. \"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end.", "\"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end. The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously.", "The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously. \"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\"", "\"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\" \"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West.", "\"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West. \"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\"", "\"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\" The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era.", "The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era. Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\".", "Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\". \"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C.", "\"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C. McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900.", "McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900. The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of.", "The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of. It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well.", "It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well. \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records).", "\"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records). The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett.", "The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett. Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement.", "Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement. \"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook.", "\"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook. In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\"", "In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\" The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek.", "The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek. The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect.", "The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect. \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts. It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame.", "It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame. Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\".", "Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\". \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon. Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\"", "Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\" Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later.", "Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later. Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\"", "Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\" (Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.)", "(Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.) In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy.", "In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy. He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears.", "He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears. And that's why many fine artists were not good record sellers. For instance, Lena Horne.", "For instance, Lena Horne. For instance, Lena Horne. Fabulous artist but she never sold many records till that last album of hers. But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was.", "But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was. And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both.", "And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both. — Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there.", "— Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there. Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well.", "Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well. Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later.", "Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later. Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3).", "Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3). Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\"", "Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\" (#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3).", "(#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3). One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\"", "One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\" at the woman who has destroyed him.", "at the woman who has destroyed him. In Laine's words, the song uses \"flamenco rhythms to whip up an atmosphere of sexual frustration and hatred while a guy berated the woman who'd done him wrong.\" \"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly.", "\"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit.", "It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit. From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles.", "From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles. At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country.", "At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country. Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad.", "Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad. \"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\".", "\"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\". It was also there that he broke attendance records when appearing at the Palladium, and where he launched his first successful television series (with songstress Connie Haines). Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists.", "Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists. He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\").", "He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\"). Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him.", "Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him. His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print.", "His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print. His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta.", "His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta. His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads.", "His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads. Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream.", "Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream. Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word.", "Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word. Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model).", "Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model). His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais.", "His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais. Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\".", "Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\". Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again.", "Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again. In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\"", "In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\" and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well).", "and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well). In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold.", "In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold. In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career.", "In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career. By the end of the decade, he remained far ahead of Elvis Presley as the most successful artist on the British charts. See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details.", "See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details. \"I Believe\" is listed as the second most popular song of all time on the British charts as well. \"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual.", "\"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual. A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\"", "A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\" Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey!", "Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey! Hey! Jesus.\" Mr.", "Hey! Jesus.\" Mr. Mr. Rhythm In 1953, Laine recorded his first long playing album that was released, domestically, solely as an album (prior to this his albums had been compiled from previously released singles). The album was titled \"Mr.", "The album was titled \"Mr. Rhythm\", as Laine was often known at that time, and featured many jazz-flavored, rhythm numbers similar in style to his work on the Mercury label. The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards.", "The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards. The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\"", "The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\" The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer.", "The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer. Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music.", "Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music. Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford.", "Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford. The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\"", "The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\" Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a.", "Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a. \"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?", "\"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? \", and \"When It's Sleepy Time Down South\", along with a pair of cuts taken from his \"Mr. Rhythm\" album.", "Rhythm\" album. Rhythm\" album. Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson.", "Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson. The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\".", "The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\". The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite.", "The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite. An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's.", "An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's. Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\".", "Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\". The album produced one hit, \"Rain!", "The album produced one hit, \"Rain! Rain! Rain! \", along with tracks such as \"Remember Me\", \"I Feel That My Time Ain't Long\", and \"Didn't He Moan\". The last four tracks were recorded during a later session.", "The last four tracks were recorded during a later session. Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra.", "Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra. Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions).", "Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\".", "Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\". The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name.", "The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it.", "Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it. With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958.", "With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.", "The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil.", "The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil. Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\"", "Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\" Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French).", "Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\".", "Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\". André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\"", "André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\" With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo.", "With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\".", "He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\". As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song.", "As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song. A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy.", "A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work.", "Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances).", "His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite.", "His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax.", "He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\".", "Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\". Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album.", "Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson et al.. This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol.", "This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs).", "Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists such as Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml.", "Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later.", "The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later. Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later.", "Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later. John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams.", "John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams. Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew.", "Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did.", "He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away.", "You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time.", "And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. — John Williams.", "— John Williams. — John Williams. Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s.", "Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album.", "The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album. The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K.", "The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\".", "Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\". Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album).", "Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme.", "Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme. \"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell.", "\"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\"", "The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\" Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan.", "Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan. The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy.", "The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.", "The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years. Wanderlust Wanderlust was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. \"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites.", "\"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites. Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince.", "Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince. Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.", "Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s. Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated.", "Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.", "The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it. At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature).", "At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.", "He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour. After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\".", "After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\". Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip.", "Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts.", "Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins).", "A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins). The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever.", "The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the Billboard Hot 100 chart (peaking at No. 86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\".", "86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\". Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein.", "Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\"", "The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\" A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970.", "A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970. His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\".", "His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\". It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites.", "It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites. Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, could not adequately promote them at the time. However, they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.", "After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today. Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards.", "Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956.", "The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956. The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury.", "The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury. Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States.", "Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States. On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56.", "On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56. The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer.", "The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer. Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.", "Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen. He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart.", "He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes.", "But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine.", "He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. — Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand.", "— Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand. He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line.", "He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line. Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\"", "Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\" In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law.", "In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law. His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit.", "His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit. Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango.", "Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango. In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II.", "In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II. Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 (Mule Train), 1960 (The Hanging Tree), and 1975 (Blazing Saddles). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised.", "Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981, he performed a medley of his hits on American Bandstands 30th Anniversary Special\", where he received a standing ovation. Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006.", "Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006. Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s.", "Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale).", "When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue.", "Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue. In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches.", "In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches. Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\".", "Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.", "Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race. Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army.", "Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\".", "Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\". He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village.", "He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.", "He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation. Personal life Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 – July 1993) and adopted her daughters Pam and Jan from a previous marriage to jockey Jackie Westrope. Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death.", "Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death. Laine and Nan guest-starred on a November 18, 1960, episode of Rawhide: \"Incident on the Road to Yesterday.\" They played long-lost lovers. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999.", "Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This marriage lasted for the remainder of his life. Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities.", "Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities. In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\".", "In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\". His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004).", "His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004). In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts.", "In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time.", "Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time. He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America.", "He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY.", "The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY. On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton.", "On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton. On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure.", "On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure. Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles.", "Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles. Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation.", "Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation. It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music.", "It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music. Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego.", "A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.", "The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well.", "Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.", "Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others. He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008.", "He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008. In 2010, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street.", "The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street. Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter?", "Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter? (with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For?", "(with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For? (with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K.", "(with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003.", "Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003. Narrated by Lou Rawls.", "Narrated by Lou Rawls. Narrated by Lou Rawls. Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others.", "Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others. See also List of best-selling music artists References External links Interview with Frankie Laine The Frankie Laine International Appreciation Society Frankie Laine at the Latin Quarter, 1955 performance review NAMM Oral History Interview with Frankie Laine November 12, 2000 1913 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American singers 20th-century American male singers American Roman Catholics American crooners American jazz singers American male jazz musicians American male singer-songwriters American people of Italian descent Columbia Records artists Jazz musicians from Illinois Latin-language singers Mercury Records artists Singers from Chicago Spanish-language singers of the United States Swing singers Torch singers Traditional pop music singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Frankie Laine", "At Beltone and Atlas", "What was Beltone?", "company called \"Beltone Records.", "What was atlas?", "Atlas Records,", "Did the record company make any music?", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode,", "What happened with these songs?", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "What was the ruse?", "backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "What Happened to Jones may refer to:\n What Happened to Jones (1897 play), a play by George Broadhurst\n What Happened to Jones (1915 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1920 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1926 film), a silent film comedy" ]

[ "Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr.", "Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\".", "Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!", "His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe! \", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\".", "\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\". He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K.", "He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western.", "Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues.", "Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version.", "He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version. Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No.", "Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death.", "The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death. Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno).", "Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No.", "His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in.", "14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone.", "His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters.", "Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters. The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home.", "The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams.", "He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool.", "He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool. Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business.", "Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business. Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom.", "Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night.", "At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled.", "Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day.", "I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up. When I got done, the tears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience.", "I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't like me.", "I thought that the people didn't like me. Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label.", "Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side.", "It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement.", "The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It was my first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them!", "I just knew I had to hear more of them! — Frankie Laine Another singer who influenced him at this time was falsetto crooner, Gene Austin. Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers.", "Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers. He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs.", "He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs. Many years later, Laine related the story to Austin when both were guests on the popular television variety show Shower of Stars. He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte.", "He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte. Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932).", "Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932). Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour.", "Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour. During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller).", "During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller). Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole.", "Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole. Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum.", "Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum. Cole recorded a song, \"It Only Happens Once\", that fledgling songwriter Laine had composed. They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral.", "They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral. His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine.", "His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine. Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig.", "Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig. Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company.", "Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company. Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant.", "Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant. It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant).", "It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant). Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park.", "Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park. I would sneak into hotel rooms and sleep on the floor. In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels.", "In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels. I stayed in YMCAs and with anyone who would let me flop. Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park.", "Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park. I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day.", "I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day. — Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS.", "— Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school.", "The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school. Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane.", "Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane. It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him.", "WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC.", "With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC. As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.", "As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military. Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at a salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career.", "He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer.", "While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.", "The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent. In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn.", "In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954.", "It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\"", "Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\" When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis.", "When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following.", "Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them.", "In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived.", "In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing.", "Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\".", "Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\". First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\"", "First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\" The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression.", "The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression. The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole.", "The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole. Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\".", "Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\". Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore.", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\".", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\". It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\"", "It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show.", "He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\"", "In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number.", "The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.", "It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following. First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's.", "First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\".", "His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\". Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland.", "Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written.", "He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note.", "After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note. Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing.", "Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts.", "She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts. \"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\"", "\"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\" He was soon recording for the fledgling Mercury label, and \"That's My Desire\" was one of the songs cut in his first recording session there. It quickly took the No.", "It quickly took the No. It quickly took the No. 3 spot on the R&B charts, and listeners initially thought Laine was black. The record also made it to the No. 4 spot on the Mainstream charts.", "4 spot on the Mainstream charts. Although it was quickly covered by many other artists, including Sammy Kaye who took it to the No. 2 spot, it was Laine's version that became the standard. \"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world.", "\"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world. He had been over $7,000 in debt, on the day before he recorded this song.\" His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount.", "His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount. Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come.", "Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come. The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later.", "The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later. A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others.", "A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others. Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records.", "Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records. Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number.", "Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number. He was also known as Mr. Rhythm for his driving jazzy style.", "Rhythm for his driving jazzy style. Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era.", "Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era. This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come.", "This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come. As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes.", "As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes. Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism.", "Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism. First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid.", "First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid. In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance.", "In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance. He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time.", "He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time. His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others.", "His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others. Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray.", "Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray. I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll.", "I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll. A lot of singers who sing with a passionate demeanor—Frank was and is definitely that. I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.'", "I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.' And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them.", "And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them. – Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K.", "– Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide.", "Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide. His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song.", "His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song. You can't categorize him.", "You can't categorize him. You can't categorize him. He's one of those singers that's not in one track. And yet and still I think that his records had more excitement and life into it. And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy.", "And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy. You know when you hear his records it was dynamite energy. — Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s.", "— Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s. Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label.", "Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label. He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor.", "He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor. Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release.", "Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release. It was also Laine's fifth Gold record.", "It was also Laine's fifth Gold record. \"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end.", "\"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end. The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously.", "The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously. \"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\"", "\"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\" \"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West.", "\"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West. \"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\"", "\"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\" The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era.", "The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era. Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\".", "Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\". \"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C.", "\"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C. McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900.", "McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900. The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of.", "The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of. It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well.", "It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well. \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records).", "\"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records). The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett.", "The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett. Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement.", "Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement. \"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook.", "\"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook. In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\"", "In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\" The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek.", "The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek. The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect.", "The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect. \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts. It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame.", "It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame. Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\".", "Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\". \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon. Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\"", "Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\" Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later.", "Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later. Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\"", "Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\" (Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.)", "(Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.) In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy.", "In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy. He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears.", "He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears. And that's why many fine artists were not good record sellers. For instance, Lena Horne.", "For instance, Lena Horne. For instance, Lena Horne. Fabulous artist but she never sold many records till that last album of hers. But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was.", "But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was. And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both.", "And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both. — Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there.", "— Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there. Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well.", "Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well. Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later.", "Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later. Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3).", "Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3). Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\"", "Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\" (#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3).", "(#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3). One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\"", "One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\" at the woman who has destroyed him.", "at the woman who has destroyed him. In Laine's words, the song uses \"flamenco rhythms to whip up an atmosphere of sexual frustration and hatred while a guy berated the woman who'd done him wrong.\" \"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly.", "\"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit.", "It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit. From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles.", "From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles. At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country.", "At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country. Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad.", "Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad. \"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\".", "\"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\". It was also there that he broke attendance records when appearing at the Palladium, and where he launched his first successful television series (with songstress Connie Haines). Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists.", "Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists. He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\").", "He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\"). Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him.", "Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him. His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print.", "His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print. His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta.", "His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta. His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads.", "His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads. Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream.", "Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream. Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word.", "Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word. Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model).", "Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model). His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais.", "His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais. Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\".", "Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\". Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again.", "Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again. In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\"", "In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\" and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well).", "and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well). In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold.", "In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold. In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career.", "In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career. By the end of the decade, he remained far ahead of Elvis Presley as the most successful artist on the British charts. See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details.", "See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details. \"I Believe\" is listed as the second most popular song of all time on the British charts as well. \"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual.", "\"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual. A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\"", "A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\" Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey!", "Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey! Hey! Jesus.\" Mr.", "Hey! Jesus.\" Mr. Mr. Rhythm In 1953, Laine recorded his first long playing album that was released, domestically, solely as an album (prior to this his albums had been compiled from previously released singles). The album was titled \"Mr.", "The album was titled \"Mr. Rhythm\", as Laine was often known at that time, and featured many jazz-flavored, rhythm numbers similar in style to his work on the Mercury label. The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards.", "The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards. The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\"", "The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\" The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer.", "The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer. Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music.", "Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music. Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford.", "Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford. The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\"", "The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\" Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a.", "Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a. \"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?", "\"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? \", and \"When It's Sleepy Time Down South\", along with a pair of cuts taken from his \"Mr. Rhythm\" album.", "Rhythm\" album. Rhythm\" album. Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson.", "Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson. The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\".", "The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\". The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite.", "The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite. An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's.", "An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's. Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\".", "Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\". The album produced one hit, \"Rain!", "The album produced one hit, \"Rain! Rain! Rain! \", along with tracks such as \"Remember Me\", \"I Feel That My Time Ain't Long\", and \"Didn't He Moan\". The last four tracks were recorded during a later session.", "The last four tracks were recorded during a later session. Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra.", "Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra. Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions).", "Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\".", "Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\". The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name.", "The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it.", "Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it. With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958.", "With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.", "The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil.", "The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil. Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\"", "Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\" Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French).", "Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\".", "Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\". André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\"", "André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\" With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo.", "With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\".", "He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\". As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song.", "As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song. A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy.", "A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work.", "Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances).", "His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite.", "His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax.", "He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\".", "Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\". Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album.", "Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson et al.. This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol.", "This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs).", "Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists such as Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml.", "Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later.", "The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later. Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later.", "Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later. John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams.", "John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams. Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew.", "Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did.", "He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away.", "You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time.", "And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. — John Williams.", "— John Williams. — John Williams. Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s.", "Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album.", "The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album. The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K.", "The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\".", "Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\". Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album).", "Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme.", "Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme. \"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell.", "\"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\"", "The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\" Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan.", "Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan. The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy.", "The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.", "The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years. Wanderlust Wanderlust was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. \"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites.", "\"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites. Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince.", "Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince. Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.", "Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s. Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated.", "Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.", "The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it. At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature).", "At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.", "He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour. After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\".", "After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\". Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip.", "Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts.", "Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins).", "A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins). The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever.", "The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the Billboard Hot 100 chart (peaking at No. 86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\".", "86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\". Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein.", "Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\"", "The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\" A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970.", "A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970. His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\".", "His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\". It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites.", "It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites. Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, could not adequately promote them at the time. However, they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.", "After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today. Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards.", "Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956.", "The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956. The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury.", "The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury. Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States.", "Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States. On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56.", "On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56. The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer.", "The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer. Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.", "Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen. He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart.", "He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes.", "But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine.", "He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. — Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand.", "— Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand. He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line.", "He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line. Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\"", "Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\" In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law.", "In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law. His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit.", "His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit. Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango.", "Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango. In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II.", "In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II. Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 (Mule Train), 1960 (The Hanging Tree), and 1975 (Blazing Saddles). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised.", "Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981, he performed a medley of his hits on American Bandstands 30th Anniversary Special\", where he received a standing ovation. Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006.", "Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006. Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s.", "Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale).", "When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue.", "Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue. In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches.", "In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches. Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\".", "Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.", "Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race. Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army.", "Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\".", "Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\". He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village.", "He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.", "He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation. Personal life Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 – July 1993) and adopted her daughters Pam and Jan from a previous marriage to jockey Jackie Westrope. Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death.", "Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death. Laine and Nan guest-starred on a November 18, 1960, episode of Rawhide: \"Incident on the Road to Yesterday.\" They played long-lost lovers. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999.", "Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This marriage lasted for the remainder of his life. Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities.", "Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities. In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\".", "In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\". His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004).", "His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004). In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts.", "In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time.", "Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time. He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America.", "He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY.", "The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY. On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton.", "On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton. On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure.", "On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure. Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles.", "Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles. Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation.", "Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation. It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music.", "It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music. Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego.", "A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.", "The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well.", "Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.", "Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others. He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008.", "He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008. In 2010, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street.", "The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street. Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter?", "Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter? (with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For?", "(with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For? (with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K.", "(with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003.", "Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003. Narrated by Lou Rawls.", "Narrated by Lou Rawls. Narrated by Lou Rawls. Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others.", "Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others. See also List of best-selling music artists References External links Interview with Frankie Laine The Frankie Laine International Appreciation Society Frankie Laine at the Latin Quarter, 1955 performance review NAMM Oral History Interview with Frankie Laine November 12, 2000 1913 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American singers 20th-century American male singers American Roman Catholics American crooners American jazz singers American male jazz musicians American male singer-songwriters American people of Italian descent Columbia Records artists Jazz musicians from Illinois Latin-language singers Mercury Records artists Singers from Chicago Spanish-language singers of the United States Swing singers Torch singers Traditional pop music singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Frankie Laine", "At Beltone and Atlas", "What was Beltone?", "company called \"Beltone Records.", "What was atlas?", "Atlas Records,", "Did the record company make any music?", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode,", "What happened with these songs?", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "What was the ruse?", "backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist", "What happened after that?", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style,", "What was his style?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Cupid? is the first album by Canadian rock band Stabilo with a major record label and their first with their new modified name (originally \"Stabilo Boss\"). It contains seven songs, including the hit \"Everybody\". The songs \"Stone\", \"Any Other Girl\" and \"Enemy\" were new songs recorded specifically for the album. \"Paperboy\", \"Everybody\", \"One More Pill\" and \"?\" were re-recordings of older material.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Paperboy\" – 3:26\n\"Everybody\" – 3:35\n\"Stone\" – 3:53\n\"Any Other Girl\" – 4:44\n\"One More Pill\" – 3:49\n\"?\" – 4:27\n\"Enemy\" – 3:42\n\nStabilo (band) albums\n2004 albums\nCupid in music", "\"Set My World on Fire\" is a song by British pop rock band The Feeling. Released in May 2011, it is the lead single and opening track of their third album Together We Were Made.\n\nCritical reception\nRobert Leedham for Drowned in Sound gave a mixed response, saying he \"understand[s] why [it] was chosen as a lead single: its placement at the time of writing on Radio 2's 'A List' probably justifies the decision. As a song though, it's wet.\"\n\nChart performance\nThe single peaked at #128 in the UK Singles Chart. This compares to the #9 peak position of \"I Thought It Was Over\", the lead single for the band's previous album Join With Us. It did not chart in any other countries, except for Scotland where it peaked at #92.\n\nReferences \n\n2011 singles\nThe Feeling songs\n2011 songs\nIsland Records singles\nSongs written by Dan Gillespie Sells\nSongs written by Richard Jones (The Feeling)\nSongs written by Kevin Jeremiah\nSongs written by Ciaran Jeremiah\nSongs written by Paul Stewart (musician)" ]

[ "Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr.", "Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\".", "Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!", "His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe! \", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\".", "\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\". He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K.", "He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western.", "Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues.", "Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version.", "He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version. Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No.", "Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death.", "The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death. Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno).", "Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No.", "His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in.", "14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone.", "His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters.", "Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters. The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home.", "The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams.", "He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool.", "He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool. Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business.", "Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business. Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom.", "Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night.", "At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled.", "Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day.", "I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up. When I got done, the tears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience.", "I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't like me.", "I thought that the people didn't like me. Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label.", "Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side.", "It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement.", "The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It was my first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them!", "I just knew I had to hear more of them! — Frankie Laine Another singer who influenced him at this time was falsetto crooner, Gene Austin. Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers.", "Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers. He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs.", "He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs. Many years later, Laine related the story to Austin when both were guests on the popular television variety show Shower of Stars. He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte.", "He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte. Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932).", "Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932). Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour.", "Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour. During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller).", "During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller). Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole.", "Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole. Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum.", "Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum. Cole recorded a song, \"It Only Happens Once\", that fledgling songwriter Laine had composed. They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral.", "They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral. His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine.", "His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine. Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig.", "Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig. Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company.", "Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company. Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant.", "Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant. It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant).", "It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant). Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park.", "Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park. I would sneak into hotel rooms and sleep on the floor. In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels.", "In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels. I stayed in YMCAs and with anyone who would let me flop. Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park.", "Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park. I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day.", "I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day. — Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS.", "— Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school.", "The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school. Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane.", "Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane. It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him.", "WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC.", "With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC. As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.", "As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military. Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at a salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career.", "He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer.", "While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.", "The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent. In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn.", "In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954.", "It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\"", "Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\" When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis.", "When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following.", "Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them.", "In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived.", "In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing.", "Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\".", "Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\". First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\"", "First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\" The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression.", "The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression. The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole.", "The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole. Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\".", "Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\". Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore.", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\".", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\". It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\"", "It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show.", "He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\"", "In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number.", "The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.", "It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following. First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's.", "First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\".", "His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\". Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland.", "Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written.", "He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note.", "After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note. Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing.", "Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts.", "She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts. \"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\"", "\"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\" He was soon recording for the fledgling Mercury label, and \"That's My Desire\" was one of the songs cut in his first recording session there. It quickly took the No.", "It quickly took the No. It quickly took the No. 3 spot on the R&B charts, and listeners initially thought Laine was black. The record also made it to the No. 4 spot on the Mainstream charts.", "4 spot on the Mainstream charts. Although it was quickly covered by many other artists, including Sammy Kaye who took it to the No. 2 spot, it was Laine's version that became the standard. \"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world.", "\"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world. He had been over $7,000 in debt, on the day before he recorded this song.\" His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount.", "His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount. Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come.", "Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come. The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later.", "The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later. A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others.", "A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others. Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records.", "Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records. Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number.", "Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number. He was also known as Mr. Rhythm for his driving jazzy style.", "Rhythm for his driving jazzy style. Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era.", "Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era. This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come.", "This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come. As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes.", "As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes. Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism.", "Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism. First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid.", "First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid. In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance.", "In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance. He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time.", "He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time. His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others.", "His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others. Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray.", "Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray. I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll.", "I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll. A lot of singers who sing with a passionate demeanor—Frank was and is definitely that. I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.'", "I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.' And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them.", "And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them. – Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K.", "– Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide.", "Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide. His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song.", "His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song. You can't categorize him.", "You can't categorize him. You can't categorize him. He's one of those singers that's not in one track. And yet and still I think that his records had more excitement and life into it. And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy.", "And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy. You know when you hear his records it was dynamite energy. — Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s.", "— Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s. Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label.", "Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label. He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor.", "He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor. Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release.", "Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release. It was also Laine's fifth Gold record.", "It was also Laine's fifth Gold record. \"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end.", "\"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end. The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously.", "The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously. \"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\"", "\"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\" \"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West.", "\"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West. \"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\"", "\"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\" The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era.", "The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era. Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\".", "Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\". \"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C.", "\"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C. McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900.", "McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900. The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of.", "The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of. It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well.", "It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well. \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records).", "\"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records). The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett.", "The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett. Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement.", "Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement. \"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook.", "\"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook. In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\"", "In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\" The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek.", "The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek. The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect.", "The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect. \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts. It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame.", "It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame. Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\".", "Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\". \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon. Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\"", "Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\" Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later.", "Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later. Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\"", "Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\" (Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.)", "(Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.) In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy.", "In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy. He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears.", "He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears. And that's why many fine artists were not good record sellers. For instance, Lena Horne.", "For instance, Lena Horne. For instance, Lena Horne. Fabulous artist but she never sold many records till that last album of hers. But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was.", "But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was. And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both.", "And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both. — Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there.", "— Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there. Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well.", "Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well. Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later.", "Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later. Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3).", "Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3). Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\"", "Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\" (#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3).", "(#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3). One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\"", "One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\" at the woman who has destroyed him.", "at the woman who has destroyed him. In Laine's words, the song uses \"flamenco rhythms to whip up an atmosphere of sexual frustration and hatred while a guy berated the woman who'd done him wrong.\" \"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly.", "\"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit.", "It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit. From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles.", "From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles. At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country.", "At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country. Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad.", "Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad. \"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\".", "\"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\". It was also there that he broke attendance records when appearing at the Palladium, and where he launched his first successful television series (with songstress Connie Haines). Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists.", "Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists. He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\").", "He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\"). Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him.", "Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him. His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print.", "His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print. His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta.", "His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta. His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads.", "His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads. Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream.", "Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream. Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word.", "Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word. Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model).", "Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model). His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais.", "His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais. Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\".", "Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\". Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again.", "Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again. In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\"", "In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\" and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well).", "and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well). In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold.", "In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold. In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career.", "In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career. By the end of the decade, he remained far ahead of Elvis Presley as the most successful artist on the British charts. See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details.", "See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details. \"I Believe\" is listed as the second most popular song of all time on the British charts as well. \"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual.", "\"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual. A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\"", "A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\" Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey!", "Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey! Hey! Jesus.\" Mr.", "Hey! Jesus.\" Mr. Mr. Rhythm In 1953, Laine recorded his first long playing album that was released, domestically, solely as an album (prior to this his albums had been compiled from previously released singles). The album was titled \"Mr.", "The album was titled \"Mr. Rhythm\", as Laine was often known at that time, and featured many jazz-flavored, rhythm numbers similar in style to his work on the Mercury label. The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards.", "The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards. The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\"", "The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\" The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer.", "The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer. Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music.", "Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music. Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford.", "Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford. The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\"", "The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\" Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a.", "Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a. \"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?", "\"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? \", and \"When It's Sleepy Time Down South\", along with a pair of cuts taken from his \"Mr. Rhythm\" album.", "Rhythm\" album. Rhythm\" album. Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson.", "Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson. The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\".", "The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\". The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite.", "The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite. An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's.", "An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's. Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\".", "Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\". The album produced one hit, \"Rain!", "The album produced one hit, \"Rain! Rain! Rain! \", along with tracks such as \"Remember Me\", \"I Feel That My Time Ain't Long\", and \"Didn't He Moan\". The last four tracks were recorded during a later session.", "The last four tracks were recorded during a later session. Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra.", "Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra. Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions).", "Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\".", "Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\". The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name.", "The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it.", "Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it. With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958.", "With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.", "The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil.", "The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil. Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\"", "Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\" Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French).", "Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\".", "Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\". André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\"", "André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\" With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo.", "With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\".", "He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\". As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song.", "As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song. A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy.", "A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work.", "Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances).", "His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite.", "His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax.", "He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\".", "Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\". Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album.", "Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson et al.. This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol.", "This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs).", "Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists such as Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml.", "Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later.", "The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later. Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later.", "Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later. John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams.", "John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams. Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew.", "Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did.", "He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away.", "You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time.", "And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. — John Williams.", "— John Williams. — John Williams. Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s.", "Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album.", "The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album. The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K.", "The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\".", "Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\". Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album).", "Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme.", "Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme. \"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell.", "\"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\"", "The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\" Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan.", "Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan. The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy.", "The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.", "The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years. Wanderlust Wanderlust was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. \"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites.", "\"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites. Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince.", "Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince. Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.", "Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s. Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated.", "Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.", "The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it. At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature).", "At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.", "He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour. After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\".", "After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\". Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip.", "Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts.", "Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins).", "A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins). The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever.", "The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the Billboard Hot 100 chart (peaking at No. 86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\".", "86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\". Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein.", "Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\"", "The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\" A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970.", "A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970. His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\".", "His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\". It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites.", "It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites. Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, could not adequately promote them at the time. However, they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.", "After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today. Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards.", "Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956.", "The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956. The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury.", "The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury. Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States.", "Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States. On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56.", "On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56. The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer.", "The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer. Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.", "Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen. He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart.", "He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes.", "But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine.", "He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. — Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand.", "— Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand. He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line.", "He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line. Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\"", "Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\" In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law.", "In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law. His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit.", "His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit. Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango.", "Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango. In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II.", "In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II. Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 (Mule Train), 1960 (The Hanging Tree), and 1975 (Blazing Saddles). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised.", "Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981, he performed a medley of his hits on American Bandstands 30th Anniversary Special\", where he received a standing ovation. Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006.", "Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006. Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s.", "Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale).", "When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue.", "Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue. In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches.", "In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches. Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\".", "Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.", "Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race. Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army.", "Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\".", "Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\". He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village.", "He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.", "He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation. Personal life Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 – July 1993) and adopted her daughters Pam and Jan from a previous marriage to jockey Jackie Westrope. Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death.", "Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death. Laine and Nan guest-starred on a November 18, 1960, episode of Rawhide: \"Incident on the Road to Yesterday.\" They played long-lost lovers. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999.", "Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This marriage lasted for the remainder of his life. Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities.", "Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities. In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\".", "In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\". His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004).", "His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004). In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts.", "In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time.", "Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time. He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America.", "He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY.", "The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY. On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton.", "On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton. On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure.", "On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure. Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles.", "Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles. Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation.", "Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation. It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music.", "It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music. Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego.", "A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.", "The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well.", "Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.", "Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others. He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008.", "He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008. In 2010, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street.", "The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street. Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter?", "Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter? (with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For?", "(with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For? (with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K.", "(with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003.", "Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003. Narrated by Lou Rawls.", "Narrated by Lou Rawls. Narrated by Lou Rawls. Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others.", "Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others. See also List of best-selling music artists References External links Interview with Frankie Laine The Frankie Laine International Appreciation Society Frankie Laine at the Latin Quarter, 1955 performance review NAMM Oral History Interview with Frankie Laine November 12, 2000 1913 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American singers 20th-century American male singers American Roman Catholics American crooners American jazz singers American male jazz musicians American male singer-songwriters American people of Italian descent Columbia Records artists Jazz musicians from Illinois Latin-language singers Mercury Records artists Singers from Chicago Spanish-language singers of the United States Swing singers Torch singers Traditional pop music singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Frankie Laine", "At Beltone and Atlas", "What was Beltone?", "company called \"Beltone Records.", "What was atlas?", "Atlas Records,", "Did the record company make any music?", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode,", "What happened with these songs?", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "What was the ruse?", "backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist", "What happened after that?", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style,", "What was his style?", "I don't know.", "Were any other songs made?", "\"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong", "Were any of these songs successful?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison", "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Whether a batted ball is fair or foul is determined by the location of the ball at the appropriate reference point, as follows:\n\n if the ball leaves the playing field without touching anything, the point where the ball leaves the field;\n else, if the ball first lands past first or third base without touching anything, the point where the ball lands;\n else, if the ball rolls or bounces past first or third base without touching anything other than the ground, the point where the ball passes the base;\n else, if the ball touches anything other than the ground (such as an umpire, a player, or any equipment left on the field) before any of the above happens, the point of such touching;\n else (the ball comes to a rest before reaching first or third base), the point where the ball comes to a rest.\n\nIf any part of the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; else it is foul. Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. However, certain exceptions exist:\n\n A ball that touches first, second, or third base is always fair.\n Under Rule 5.09(a)(7)-(8), if a batted ball touches the batter or his bat while the batter is in the batter's box and not intentionally interfering with the course of the ball, the ball is foul.\n A ball that hits the foul pole without first having touched anything else off the bat is fair.\n Ground rules may provide whether a ball hitting specific objects (e.g. roof, overhead speaker) is fair or foul.\n\nOn a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method.\n\nReferences\n\nBaseball rules" ]

[ "Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr.", "Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\".", "Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!", "His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe! \", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\".", "\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\". He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K.", "He sang well-known theme songs for many movie Western soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western.", "Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues.", "Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version.", "He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon, which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit, nor did he sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version. Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No.", "Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death.", "The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four years after his death. Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno).", "Early life Frankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No.", "His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in.", "14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone.", "His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangster Al Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters.", "Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters. The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home.", "The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams.", "He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool.", "He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool. Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business.", "Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business. Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom.", "Early career and stylistic influences Even in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night.", "At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled.", "Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing: Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day.", "I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up. When I got done, the tears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience.", "I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't like me.", "I thought that the people didn't like me. Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label.", "Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection: I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purple label. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side.", "It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement.", "The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It was my first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them!", "I just knew I had to hear more of them! — Frankie Laine Another singer who influenced him at this time was falsetto crooner, Gene Austin. Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers.", "Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit records by Gene Austin over their loudspeakers. He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs.", "He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs. Many years later, Laine related the story to Austin when both were guests on the popular television variety show Shower of Stars. He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte.", "He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte. Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932).", "Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathon dance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932). Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour.", "Still billed as Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour. During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller).", "During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including Rose Marie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller). Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole.", "Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole. Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum.", "Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum. Cole recorded a song, \"It Only Happens Once\", that fledgling songwriter Laine had composed. They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral.", "They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral. His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine.", "His next big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine. Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig.", "Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine the money to travel to a possible gig. Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company.", "Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company. Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant.", "Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years \"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist at a defense plant. It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant).", "It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant). Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park.", "Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases, he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park. I would sneak into hotel rooms and sleep on the floor. In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels.", "In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels. I stayed in YMCAs and with anyone who would let me flop. Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park.", "Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park. I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day.", "I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candy bars and rationed myself to one a day. — Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS.", "— Frankie Laine He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school.", "The program director, Jack Coombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school. Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane.", "Frankie added the \"i\" to avoid confusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane. It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him.", "WINS, deciding that they no longer needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC.", "With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (nonsponsored) radio show at NBC. As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.", "As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland and all sustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military. Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at a salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career.", "He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth or sixth time of his already long career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer.", "While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.", "The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convinced Laine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent. In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn.", "In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in the Danny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954.", "It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner, musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\"", "Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'll Be Together Again.\" When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis.", "When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following.", "Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Laine soon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them.", "In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived.", "In late 1946, Hoagy Carmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing.", "Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\" when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\".", "Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place, Baby\". First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\"", "First recordings Laine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\" The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression.", "The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused with the Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression. The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole.", "The label soon folded, and Laine was picked up by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole. Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\".", "Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he had previously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\". Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore.", "Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&B artist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market.", "The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the \"race\" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\".", "Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\". It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\"", "It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show.", "He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\"", "In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number.", "The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.", "It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following. First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's.", "First successes Even after his discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\".", "His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's My Desire\". Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland.", "Laine had picked up the song from songstress June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written.", "He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire at Berg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note.", "After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executives took note. Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing.", "Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts.", "She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her own version of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts. \"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\"", "\"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\" He was soon recording for the fledgling Mercury label, and \"That's My Desire\" was one of the songs cut in his first recording session there. It quickly took the No.", "It quickly took the No. It quickly took the No. 3 spot on the R&B charts, and listeners initially thought Laine was black. The record also made it to the No. 4 spot on the Mainstream charts.", "4 spot on the Mainstream charts. Although it was quickly covered by many other artists, including Sammy Kaye who took it to the No. 2 spot, it was Laine's version that became the standard. \"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world.", "\"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold Record, and established him as a force in the music world. He had been over $7,000 in debt, on the day before he recorded this song.\" His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount.", "His first paycheck for royalties was over five times this amount. Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come.", "Laine paid off all of his debts except one—fellow singer Perry Como refused to let Laine pay him back, and would kid him about the money owed for years to come. The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later.", "The loan to Laine during the time when both men were still struggling singers was one of the few secrets Como kept from his wife, Roselle, who learned of it many years later. A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others.", "A series of hit singles quickly followed, including \"Black and Blue\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Two Loves Have I\", \"Shine\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", \"Monday Again\", and many others. Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records.", "Style A clarion-voiced singer with much style, able to fill halls without a microphone, and one of the biggest hit-makers of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Laine had more than 70 charted records, 21 gold records, and worldwide sales of over 100 million records. Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number.", "Originally a rhythm and blues influenced jazz singer, Laine excelled at virtually every music style, eventually expanding to such varied genres as popular standards, gospel, folk, country, western/Americana, rock 'n' roll, and the occasional novelty number. He was also known as Mr. Rhythm for his driving jazzy style.", "Rhythm for his driving jazzy style. Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era.", "Laine was the first and biggest of a new breed of singers who rose to prominence in the post–World War II era. This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come.", "This new, raw, emotionally charged style seemed at the time to signal the end of the previous era's singing styles and was, indeed, a harbinger of the rock 'n' roll music that was to come. As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes.", "As music historian Jonny Whiteside wrote:In the Hollywood clubs, a new breed of performers laid down a baffling hip array of new sounds...Most important of all these, though, was Frankie Laine, a big lad with 'steel tonsils' who belted out torch blues while stomping his size twelve foot in joints like Billy Berg's, Club Hangover and the Bandbox...Laine's intense vocal style owed nothing to Crosby, Sinatra, or Dick Haymes. Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism.", "Instead he drew from Billy Eckstine, Big Joe Turner, Jimmy Rushing, and with it Laine had sown the seeds from which an entire new perception and audience would grow...Frank Sinatra represented perhaps the highest flowering of a quarter century tradition of crooning but suddenly found himself an anachronism. First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid.", "First Frankie Laine, then Tony Bennett, and now Johnnie (Ray), dubbed 'the Belters' and 'the Exciters,' came along with a brash vibrancy and vulgar beat that made the old bandstand routine which Frank meticulously perfected seem almost invalid. In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance.", "In the words of Jazz critic Richard Grudens: Frank's style was very innovative, which was why he had such difficulty with early acceptance. He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time.", "He would bend notes and sing about the chordal context of a note rather than to sing the note directly, and he stressed each rhythmic downbeat, which was different from the smooth balladeer of his time. His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others.", "His 1946 recording of \"That's My Desire\" remains a landmark record signaling the end of both the dominance of the big bands and the crooning styles favored by contemporary Dick Haymes and others. Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray.", "Often called the first of the blue-eyed soul singers, Laine's style cleared the way for many artists who arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s, including Kay Starr, Tony Bennett, and Johnnie Ray. I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll.", "I think that Frank probably was one of the forerunner of...blues, of...rock 'n' roll. A lot of singers who sing with a passionate demeanor—Frank was and is definitely that. I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.'", "I always used to love to mimic him with 'That's...my...desire.' And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them.", "And then later Johnnie Ray came along that made all of those kind of movements, but Frank had already done them. – Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K.", "– Patti Page Throughout the 1950s, Laine enjoyed a second career singing the title songs over the opening credits of Hollywood films and television shows, including Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide.", "Corral, 3:10 to Yuma, Bullwhip, and Rawhide. His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song.", "His rendition of the title song for Mel Brooks's 1974 hit movie Blazing Saddles won an Oscar nomination for Best Song, and on television, Laine's featured recording of \"Rawhide\" for the series of the same name became a popular theme song. You can't categorize him.", "You can't categorize him. You can't categorize him. He's one of those singers that's not in one track. And yet and still I think that his records had more excitement and life into it. And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy.", "And I think that was his big selling point, that he was so full of energy. You know when you hear his records it was dynamite energy. — Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s.", "— Herb Jeffries From strength to strength Laine was a jazz singer in the late 1940s. Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label.", "Accompanied by Carl Fischer and some of the best jazz men in the business, he was singing standards like \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Rockin' Chair\", \"West End Blues\", \"At the End of the Road\", \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman\", \"That Ain't Right\", \"Exactly Like You\", \"Shine\" and \"Sleepy Ol' River\" on the Mercury label. He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor.", "He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor. Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release.", "Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release. It was also Laine's fifth Gold record.", "It was also Laine's fifth Gold record. \"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end.", "\"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end. The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously.", "The song was knocked down to the number two position by Laine and Miller's second collaboration, \"Mule Train\", which proved an even bigger hit, making Laine the first artist to hold the Number One and Two positions simultaneously. \"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\"", "\"Mule Train\", with its whip cracks and echo, has been cited as the first song to use an \"aural texture\" that \"set the pattern for virtually the entire first decade of rock.\" \"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West.", "\"Mule Train\" represents a second direction in which Laine's music would be simultaneously heading under the guidance of Mitch Miller: as the voice of the great outdoors and the American West. \"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\"", "\"Mule Train\" is a slice of life in the mid-19th century West in which the contents of the packages being delivered by the mule train provide a snapshot into frontier life: \"There's some cotton, thread and needles for the folks a-way up yonder/A shovel for a miner who left his home to wander/Some rheumatism pills for the settlers in the hills.\" The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era.", "The collaboration producing a run of top forty hits that lasted into the early years of the rock and roll era. Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\".", "Other hits included \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\", \"Stars and Stripes Forever\", \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Swamp Girl\", \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\", and \"Music, Maestro Please\". \"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C.", "\"Shine\", written in 1910 by Cecil Mack (R.C. McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900.", "McPherson), a ground-breaking African-American songwriter and publisher, was believed to be based on a real-life friend of vaudevillian George Walker, who was with him during the New York City race riots of 1900. The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of.", "The song takes what was then an ethnic slur, \"shine\", and turns it into something to be proud of. It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well.", "It had been a hit for Laine's idol Louis Armstrong, who would cover several of Laine's hits as well. \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records).", "\"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\" is the prototype of another recurring motif in Laine's oeuvre, the \"Lorelei\" or \"Jezebel\" song (both of which would be the titles of later Laine records). The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett.", "The song, which has a loosely structured melody that switches in tone and rhythm throughout, was pitched to Laine by a young song plugger, Tony Benedetto, who would later go on to achieve success as Tony Bennett. Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement.", "Laine recognized the younger singer's talent, and gave him encouragement. \"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook.", "\"Swamp Girl\" is another entry with the \"Lorelei\"/\"Jezebel\" motif in the Laine songbook. In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\"", "In this decidedly gothic tale of a ghostly female spirit who inhabits a metaphorical \"swamp\", the femme fatale attempts to lure the singer to his death, calling \"Come to the deep where your sleep is without a dream.\" The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek.", "The swamp girl is voiced (in an obligato) by coloratura Loulie Jean Norman, who would later go on to provide a similar vocal for the theme song of the television series Star Trek. The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect.", "The coloratura contrasts well with Laine's rough, masculine voice, and disembodied female voices would continue to appear in the background of many of his records, to great effect. \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" would be Laine's last number one hit on the American charts. It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame.", "It was written by folksinger Terry Gilkyson, of The Easy Riders fame. Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\".", "Gilkyson would write many more songs for Laine over the next decade, and he and The Easy Riders would back him on the hit single, \"Love Is a Golden Ring\". \"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon.", "\"Cry of the Wild Goose\" falls into the \"voice of the great outdoors\" category of Laine songs, with the opening line of its chorus, \"My heart knows what the wild goose knows\", becoming a part of the American lexicon. Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\"", "Laine's influence on today's music can be clearly evidenced in his rendition of the Hoagy Carmichael standard, \"Georgia on My Mind.\" Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later.", "Laine's slow, soulful version was a model for the iconic remake by Ray Charles a decade later. Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\"", "Charles would follow up \"Georgia\" with remakes of other Frankie Laine hits, including \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", and \"That Lucky Old Sun.\" (Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.)", "(Elvis Presley also remade several of Laine's hits, and his early influence on The Beatles has been well documented.) In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy.", "In an interview, Mitch Miller described the basis of Laine's appeal: He was my kind of guy. He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears.", "He was very dramatic in his singing...and you must remember that in those days there were no videos so you had to depend on the image that the record made in the listener's ears. And that's why many fine artists were not good record sellers. For instance, Lena Horne.", "For instance, Lena Horne. For instance, Lena Horne. Fabulous artist but she never sold many records till that last album of hers. But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was.", "But she would always sell out the house no matter where she was. And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both.", "And there were others who sold a lot of records but couldn't get to first base in personal appearances, but Frankie had it both. — Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there.", "— Mitch Miller But the biggest label of all was Columbia Records, and in 1950 Mitch Miller left Mercury to embark upon his phenomenally successful career as the A&R man there. Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well.", "Laine's contract at Mercury would be up for renewal the following year, and Miller soon brought Laine to Columbia as well. Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later.", "Laine's contract with Columbia was the most lucrative in the industry until RCA bought Elvis Presley's contract five years later. Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3).", "Starring with Columbia Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3). Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\"", "Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\" (#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3).", "(#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3). One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\"", "One of the signature songs of the early 1950s, \"Jezebel\" takes the \"Lorelei\" motif to its end, with Laine shouting \"Jezebel!\" at the woman who has destroyed him.", "at the woman who has destroyed him. In Laine's words, the song uses \"flamenco rhythms to whip up an atmosphere of sexual frustration and hatred while a guy berated the woman who'd done him wrong.\" \"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly.", "\"High Noon\" was the theme song from the western motion picture starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit.", "It had been sung by cowboy star Tex Ritter in the film, but it was Laine's recording that became the big hit. From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles.", "From this point on, Laine would sing the theme songs over the opening credits of many Hollywood and television westerns, becoming so identified with these title songs that Mel Brooks would hire him to sing the theme song for his classic cult film western spoof Blazing Saddles. At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country.", "At this time, Laine had become more popular in the United Kingdom than in the US, as many of his hit records in the UK were only minor hits in his native country. Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad.", "Songs like \"The Gandy Dancer's Ball\", \"The Rock of Gibraltar\", and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" were much bigger hits for him abroad. \"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\".", "\"Answer Me\" would later provide the inspiration for Paul McCartney's composition \"Yesterday\". It was also there that he broke attendance records when appearing at the Palladium, and where he launched his first successful television series (with songstress Connie Haines). Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists.", "Mitch Miller teamed Laine with many of Mercury and Columbia's biggest artists. He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\").", "He scored hits with Patti Page (\"I Love You for That\") at Mercury, Doris Day (\"Sugarbush\"), Jo Stafford (\"Hey Good Lookin'\", \"Gambella (The Gambling Lady)\", \"Hambone\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and many others), Jimmy Boyd (\"Tell Me a Story\", \"The Little Boy and the Old Man\"), the Four Lads (\"Rain, Rain, Rain\") and Johnnie Ray (\"Up Above My Head (I Hear Music in the Air)\"). Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him.", "Laine scored a total of 39 hit records on the charts while at Columbia, and it is many of his songs from this period that are most readily associated with him. His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print.", "His Greatest Hits album, released in 1957, has been a perennial best seller that has never gone out of print. His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta.", "His songs at Columbia included everything from pop and jazz standards, novelties, gospel, spirituals, R&B numbers, country, western, folk, rock 'n' roll, calypso, foreign language, children's music, film and television themes, tangos, light operetta. His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads.", "His vocal style could range anywhere from shouting out lines to rhythm numbers to romantic ballads. Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream.", "Both in collaboration with Jo Stafford and as a solo artist, Laine was one of the earliest, and most frequent, Columbia artists to bring country numbers into the mainstream. Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word.", "Late in his career, Laine would go on to record two straight country albums (\"A Country Laine\" and \"The Nashville Connection\") that would fully demonstrate his ability to inflect multiple levels of emotional nuances into a line or word. Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model).", "Many of his pop-country hits from the early 1950s featured the steel guitar playing of Speedy West (who played a custom built, three-neck, four-pedal model). His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais.", "His duets with Doris Day were folk-pop adaptations of traditional South African folk songs, translated by folk singer Josef Marais. Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\".", "Marais would also provide Laine and Jo Stafford with a similar translation of a song which Stafford seems to have particularly disliked called \"Chow Willy\". Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again.", "Although \"Sugarbush\" brought Laine & Day a gold record, they would never team up again. In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\"", "In 1953 he set two more records (this time on the UK charts): weeks at No 1 for a song (\"I Believe\", which held the number one spot for 18 weeks), and weeks at No 1 for an artist in a single year (27 weeks), when \"Hey Joe!\" and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well).", "and \"Answer Me, O Lord\" became number one hits as well). In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold.", "In spite of the popularity of rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, fifty-plus years later, both of Laine's records still hold. In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career.", "In 1954, Laine gave a Royal Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II which he cites as one of the highlights of his career. By the end of the decade, he remained far ahead of Elvis Presley as the most successful artist on the British charts. See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details.", "See the \"Chart of All Time\" for details. \"I Believe\" is listed as the second most popular song of all time on the British charts as well. \"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual.", "\"I Believe\" marked yet another direction for Laine's music, that of the spiritual. A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\"", "A devout Roman Catholic from childhood, Laine would continue to record songs of faith and inspiration throughout his career; beginning with his rocking gospel album with the Four Lads, which, along with the hit song \"Rain, Rain, Rain\", included renditions of such songs as \"Remember Me\", \"Didn't He Moan\", \"I Feel Like My Time Ain't Long\", and \"I Hear the Angels Singing.\" Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey!", "Other Laine spirituals would include \"My Friend\", \"In the Beginning\", \"Make Me a Child Again\", \"My God and I\", and \"Hey! Hey! Jesus.\" Mr.", "Hey! Jesus.\" Mr. Mr. Rhythm In 1953, Laine recorded his first long playing album that was released, domestically, solely as an album (prior to this his albums had been compiled from previously released singles). The album was titled \"Mr.", "The album was titled \"Mr. Rhythm\", as Laine was often known at that time, and featured many jazz-flavored, rhythm numbers similar in style to his work on the Mercury label. The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards.", "The album's songlist was made up of \"Great American Songbook\" standards. The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\"", "The tracks were \"Some Day, Sweetheart\", \"A Hundred Years from Today\", \"Laughing at Life\", \"Lullaby in Rhythm\", \"Willow, Weep for Me\", \"My Ohio Home\", \"Judy\" and \"After You've Gone.\" The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer.", "The final number features a rare vocal duet with his accompanist/musical director, Carl Fischer. Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music.", "Paul Weston's orchestra provided the music. Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford.", "Portrait of New Orleans Released as a 10\" in 1953, and a 12\" in 1954, this album features the talents of Laine, Jo Stafford and bandleader Paul Weston, a Tommy Dorsey alumnus who led one of the top bands of the 1950s, and was the husband of Stafford. The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\"", "The album was a mix of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, \"Make Love to Me\", \"Shrimp Boats\", and \"Jambalaya.\" Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a.", "Laine and Stafford duetted on \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\", \"Floatin' Down to Cotton Town\", and \"Basin Street Blues\"; and Laine soloed on \"New Orleans\" (not to be confused with \"New Orleans\" a.k.a. \"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?", "\"The House of the Rising Sun\" which Laine later recorded), \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? \", and \"When It's Sleepy Time Down South\", along with a pair of cuts taken from his \"Mr. Rhythm\" album.", "Rhythm\" album. Rhythm\" album. Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson.", "Jazz Spectacular This album featured not only jazz vocals by Laine, but jazz licks on trumpet by a former featured player in the Count Basie orchestra, Buck Clayton, and trombonists J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding, and piano by Sir Charles Thompson. The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\".", "The tracks included several songs that had long been a standard part of the Laine repertoire over the years: \"Sposin'\", \"Baby, Baby, All the Time\", and \"Roses of Picardy\" along with standards such as \"Stars Fell on Alabama\", \"That Old Feeling\", and \"Taking a Chance on Love\". The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite.", "The album proved popular with jazz and popular music fans, and was often cited by Laine as his personal favorite. An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's.", "An improvised tone is apparent throughout, with Laine at one point reminiscing with one of the musicians about the days they performed together at Billy Berg's. Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\".", "Frankie Laine and the Four Lads The Four Lads (Bernie Toorish, Jimmy Arnold, Frank Busseri and Connie Codarini) had begun as a Canadian-based gospel group, who first gained fame as the backup singer on Johnnie Ray's early chart-busters (\"Cry\", \"The Little White Cloud that Cried\"), but garnered a following of their own with songs such as \"The Mocking Bird\", and \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\". The album produced one hit, \"Rain!", "The album produced one hit, \"Rain! Rain! Rain! \", along with tracks such as \"Remember Me\", \"I Feel That My Time Ain't Long\", and \"Didn't He Moan\". The last four tracks were recorded during a later session.", "The last four tracks were recorded during a later session. Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra.", "Rockin' One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra. Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions).", "Two of the remakes (\"That Lucky Old Sun\" and \"We'll Be Together Again\") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\".", "Other songs on this album include: \"Rockin' Chair\", \"By the River Sainte Marie\", \"Black and Blue\", \"Blue Turning Grey Over You\", \"Shine\", and \"West End Blues\". The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name.", "The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it.", "Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as \"rock 'n' roll\", and was anxious to try his hand at it. With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958.", "With Michel Legrand French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.", "The first, A Foreign Affair, was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil.", "The album produced a pair of international hits: \"La Paloma\" in Argentina, and \"Não tem solucão\" in Brazil. Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\"", "Other tracks included \"Mona Lisa\", \"Mam'selle\", \"Torna a Sorriento\", \"Besame Mucho\", and \"Autumn Leaves.\" Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French).", "Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled Reunion in Rhythm, with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\".", "Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as \"Blue Moon\", \"Lover, Come Back to Me\", \"Marie\", \"September in the Rain\", \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" \"I Would Do Most Anything for You\", \"Too Marvelous for Words\", and \"I Forget the Time\". André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\"", "André Previn was the studio pianist on \"I'm Confessin'\", \"Baby Just For Me,\" \"You're Just The Kind,\" and \"I Forget The Time.\" With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo.", "With Frank Comstock Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, Torchin, which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\".", "He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: \"A Cottage for Sale\", \"I Cover the Waterfront\", \"You've Changed\", \"These Foolish Things\", \"I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)\", \"It's the Talk of the Town\", and \"Body and Soul\". As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song.", "As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song. A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy.", "A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work.", "Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), You Are My Love is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances).", "His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having \"the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal,\" and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite.", "His recording of the wedding standard, \"Because\", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax.", "He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\".", "Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: \"I Married an Angel\", \"To My Wife\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", \"Side by Side\", and a version of \"The Touch of Your Lips\". Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album.", "Balladeer Recorded in 1959, \"Balladeer\" was a folk-blues album. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson et al.. This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol.", "This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine \"Satan Wears a Satin Gown\") and Frank DeVol. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs).", "Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the \"Lucy D\" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists such as Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml.", "Bland, Huddie \"Leadbelly\" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later.", "The closing track, \"And Doesn't She Roll\" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's Graceland album two decades later. Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later.", "Included are renditions of \"Rocks and Gravel\", \"Careless Love\", \"Sixteen Tons\", \"The Jelly Coal Man\", \"On a Monday\", \"Lucy D\" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, \"Scarborough Fair\", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\", \"Stack of Blues\", \"Old Blue\", \"Cherry Red\", and \"New Orleans\" (better known as \"The House of the Rising Sun\"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later. John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams.", "John Williams arrangements Laine's last four albums at Columbia, Hell Bent for Leather, Deuces Wild, Call of the Wild, and Wanderlust were arranged by a young John Williams. Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew.", "Williams recently said the following words about Laine: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did.", "He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away.", "You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time.", "And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. — John Williams.", "— John Williams. — John Williams. Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s.", "Hell Bent for Leather This album of western classics by Laine established him as \"a cowboy singer\" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album.", "The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, Rawhide, which appears on the album. The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K.", "The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: \"The Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"Mule Train\", \"Gunfight at O.K. Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\".", "Corral\", and \"The 3:10 to Yuma\", as well as new material, including the western rocker, \"Wanted Man\", and a musical narrative, \"Bowie Knife\". Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album).", "Deuces Wild Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, \"Moonlight Gambler\" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme.", "Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme. \"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell.", "\"The Hard Way\" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\"", "The second track is Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\" Other songs on this album include: \"Luck Be a Lady\" (from the hit musical Guys and Dolls), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of Get Rich Quick; \"Horses and Women\" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); \"Deuces Wild\", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and \"Dead Man's Hand.\" Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan.", "Call of the Wild This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as \"On the Trail\", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers\", Bob Nolan. The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy.", "The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on \"the great outdoors\", with titles such as: \"Song of the Open Road\", \"North to Alaska\", \"Beyond the Blue Horizon\", \"Rolling Stone\", and \"The New Frontier\", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.", "The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years. Wanderlust Wanderlust was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. \"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites.", "\"De Glory Road\" is one of both Laine's personal favorites. Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince.", "Other songs on this album include (Ghost) \"Riders in the Sky\" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, The Student Prince. Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.", "Also included on this album is a version of \"I Let Her Go\"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, \"On the Road to Mandalay\", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of \"Wagon Wheels\" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s. Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated.", "Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.", "The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it. At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature).", "At Capitol, ABC, and beyond In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.", "He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour. After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\".", "After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, \"I'll Take Care of Your Cares\". Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip.", "Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, \"Cares\" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts.", "Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins).", "A string of hits followed including \"Making Memories\", \"You Wanted Someone to Play With\", \"Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)\", \"To Each His Own\", \"I Found You\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain\" (which was written by Marty Robbins). The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever.", "The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the Billboard Hot 100 chart (peaking at No. 86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\".", "86 national) was \"Dammit Isn't God's Last Name\". Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein.", "Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\"", "The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"I Believe\", \"Jezebel\", \"Shine\", and \"Moonlight Gambler.\" A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970.", "A re-recorded single of \"On The Sunny Side Of The Street\" reached the Cashbox \"Looking Ahead\" chart in 1970. His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\".", "His second album for Amos was called \"A Brand New Day\" and, along with the title song, was original material including \"Mr. Bojangles\", \"Proud Mary\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\", \"My God and I\", and \"Talk About the Good Times\". It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites.", "It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites. Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, could not adequately promote them at the time. However, they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.", "After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today. Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards.", "Film and television Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956.", "The films were: Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949; When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950; Sunny Side Of The Street – Columbia, 1951; Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952; Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955; He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956; and Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956. The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury.", "The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing Hell Hath No Fury. Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States.", "Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States. On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56.", "On television, he hosted three variety shows: The Frankie Laine Hour in 1950, The Frankie Laine Show (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and Frankie Laine Time in 1955–56. The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer.", "The latter was a summer replacement for The Arthur Godfrey Show that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer. Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.", "Frankie Laine Time featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen. He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart.", "He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes.", "But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine.", "He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. — Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand.", "— Connie Haines Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including Shower of Stars, The Steve Allen Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, What's My Line?, This is Your Life, Bachelor Father, The Sinatra Show, The Walter Winchell Show, The Perry Como Show, The Garry Moore Show, Masquerade Party, The Mike Douglas Show, and American Bandstand. He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line.", "He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of What's My Line. Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\"", "Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on Perry Mason in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in \"The Case of the Jaded Joker.\" In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law.", "In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as Laugh-In, but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like Rawhide, and Burke's Law. His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit.", "His theme song for Rawhide proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit. Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango.", "Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included Gunslinger, and Rango. In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II.", "In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" for the documentary All This and World War II. Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 (Mule Train), 1960 (The Hanging Tree), and 1975 (Blazing Saddles). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised.", "Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981, he performed a medley of his hits on American Bandstands 30th Anniversary Special\", where he received a standing ovation. Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006.", "Later appearances include Nashville Now, 1989 and My Music, 2006. Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s.", "Social activism Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale).", "When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue.", "Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue. In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches.", "In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches. Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\".", "Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, \"Shine\" and Fats Waller's \"Black and Blue\". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.", "Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race. Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army.", "Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\".", "Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide \"Shoes for the Homeless\". He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village.", "He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.", "He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation. Personal life Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 – July 1993) and adopted her daughters Pam and Jan from a previous marriage to jockey Jackie Westrope. Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death.", "Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death. Laine and Nan guest-starred on a November 18, 1960, episode of Rawhide: \"Incident on the Road to Yesterday.\" They played long-lost lovers. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999.", "Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This marriage lasted for the remainder of his life. Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities.", "Later years Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities. In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\".", "In 2000 the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him \"The Prince of Point Loma\". His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004).", "His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including Wheels Of A Dream (1998), Old Man Jazz (2002) and The Nashville Connection (2004). In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts.", "In 1986, he recorded an album, Round Up with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time.", "Laine was reportedly pleased and amused having also placed songs on the rhythm and blues, and popular charts in his time. He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America.", "He recorded his last song, \"Taps/My Buddy\", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY.", "The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to FDNY. On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton.", "On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton. On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure.", "On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure. Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles.", "Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles. Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation.", "Final appearance In 2006, he appeared on the PBS My Music special despite a recent stroke, performing \"That's My Desire\", and received a standing ovation. It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music.", "It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music. Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego.", "A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.", "The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well.", "Legacy While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of \"race music\" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.", "Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others. He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008.", "He was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame 2008. In 2010, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street.", "The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street. Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter?", "Discography Lyrics by Laine It Ain't Gonna Be Like That (with Mel Tormé) It Only Happens Once (words and music by Laine) Put Yourself In My Place (with Hoagy Carmichael) We'll Be Together Again (with Carl T. Fischer) Our Dream (words and music) I Haven't the Heart (with Matt Dennis) I'd Give My Life (with Carl T. Fischer) What Could Be Sweeter? (with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For?", "(with Carl T. Fischer) Baby, Just for Me (with Carl T. Fischer) Satan Wears a Satin Gown (with Jacques Wilson and Fred Katz) Don't Cry Little Children (with Norman Wallace) When You're In Love (with Carl T. Fischer) Only If We Love (with Al Lerner) Torchin (with Al Lerner) The Love of Loves (with Carl T. Fischer) Magnificent Obsession (with Fred Karger) Forever More (with Carl T. Fischer) You Are My Love (with Carl T. Fischer) My Little Love (with Carl Eugster) And Doesn't She Roll (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) God Bless This House (with Jack Wilson and Fred Katz) Horses and Women (words and music) Deuces Wild (with Mike Oatman and Ray Barr) Cow-Cow Boogie (with Don Raye, Gene DePaul and Benny Carter) The High Road (with Margaret Bristol and Leo Kempinski) The Moment of Truth (with Nell Western and Fred Katz) What Am I Here For? (with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K.", "(with Duke Ellington) Pretty Little Princess (with Michael Nesmith) Please Forgive Me (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Silver Kisses and Golden Love (with Robert Doyle) Allegra (with Matt Dennis and Dunham) Fresh out of tears (with Morgan) The Secret of Happiness (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) If I Did Not Believe in You (with Larry Kusik and Eddie Snyder) Going to Newport (with Larry Sanders) Forevermore (words and music) End Of Session Blues (words and music) Nan (words and music) Filmography Acting Make Believe Ballroom – Columbia, 1949 When You're Smiling – Columbia, 1950 Sunny Side of the Street – Columbia, 1951 Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder – Columbia, 1952 Bring Your Smile Along – Columbia, 1955 He Laughed Last – Columbia, 1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas – MGM, 1956 Sang title song Blowing Wild – Warner, 1953 Man Without a Star – Universal, 1955 Strange Lady in Town – Warner, 1955 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003.", "Corral – Paramount, 1957 3:10 to Yuma – Columbia, 1957 Bullwhip – Republic, 1958 Blazing Saddles – Warner/Crossbow, 1974 Included in soundtrack The Last Picture Show – sang \"Rose, Rose, I Love You\", Columbia, 1971 All This and World War II – sang \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\", Deluxe, 1976 House Calls – sang \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\", Universal, 1978 Lemon Popsicle – sang \"My Little One\", 1978 Going Steady – sang \"My Little One\", 1980 Raging Bull – sang \"That's My Desire\", United Artists, 1980 Whore – sang \"The Love of Loves\", 1991 Chopper – sang \"Don't Fence Me In\", 2000 Television The Frankie Laine Hour – 1950 The Frankie Laine Show – 1954–55 Frankie Laine Time – 1955–56 Rawhide – 1959–66 (sang the theme song) Gunslinger – 1961 (sang the theme song) Rango – 1967 (sang the theme song, \"Rango\") The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo – 1979–81 (sang the theme song for the first season) Guest star appearances Perry Mason – CBS, 1959 Make Room for Daddy – CBS, 1959 Rawhide – CBS, 1960 Bachelor Father – ABC, 1961 Burke's Law – ABC, 1963 Hee Haw – season 4 episodes 20 and 23 – syndication, 1973 Biographies Video documentary Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer, 2003. Narrated by Lou Rawls.", "Narrated by Lou Rawls. Narrated by Lou Rawls. Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others.", "Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others. See also List of best-selling music artists References External links Interview with Frankie Laine The Frankie Laine International Appreciation Society Frankie Laine at the Latin Quarter, 1955 performance review NAMM Oral History Interview with Frankie Laine November 12, 2000 1913 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American singers 20th-century American male singers American Roman Catholics American crooners American jazz singers American male jazz musicians American male singer-songwriters American people of Italian descent Columbia Records artists Jazz musicians from Illinois Latin-language singers Mercury Records artists Singers from Chicago Spanish-language singers of the United States Swing singers Torch singers Traditional pop music singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Symphony X", "Iconoclast (2011-2013)" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "In computer science, the happened-before relation (denoted: ) is a relation between the result of two events, such that if one event should happen before another event, the result must reflect that, even if those events are in reality executed out of order (usually to optimize program flow). This involves ordering events based on the potential causal relationship of pairs of events in a concurrent system, especially asynchronous distributed systems. It was formulated by Leslie Lamport.\n\nThe happened-before relation is formally defined as the least strict partial order on events such that:\n If events and occur on the same process, if the occurrence of event preceded the occurrence of event .\n If event is the sending of a message and event is the reception of the message sent in event , .\n\nIf two events happen in different isolated processes (that do not exchange messages directly or indirectly via third-party processes), then the two processes are said to be concurrent, that is neither nor is true. \n\nIf there are other causal relationships between events in a given system, such as between the creation of a process and its first event, these relationships are also added to the definition.\nFor example, in some programming languages such as Java, C, C++ or Rust, a happens-before edge exists if memory written to by statement A is visible to statement B, that is, if statement A completes its write before statement B starts its read.\n\nLike all strict partial orders, the happened-before relation is transitive, irreflexive and antisymmetric, i.e.:\n , if and , then (transitivity). This means that for any three events , if happened before , and happened before , then must have happened before .\n (irreflexivity). This means that no event can happen before itself.\n where , if then (antisymmetry). This means that for any two distinct events , if happened before then cannot have happened before .\n\nThe processes that make up a distributed system have no knowledge of the happened-before relation unless they use a logical clock, like a Lamport clock or a vector clock. This allows one to design algorithms for mutual exclusion, and tasks like debugging or optimising distributed systems.\n\nSee also\n Race condition\n Java Memory Model\n Lamport timestamps\n Logical clock\n\nReferences\n\nCausality\nLogical clock algorithms\nDistributed computing problems" ]

[ "Symphony X is an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey. Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond.", "Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond. They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200.", "They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200. Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know?", "Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know? So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\"", "So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\" History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella.", "History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella. The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan.", "The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan. Romeo then recruited bassist Thomas Miller, drummer Jason Rullo, and vocalist Rod Tyler. Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation.", "Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation. The band's second studio album, The Damnation Game, followed six months later. Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen.", "Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen. The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles.", "The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles. It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13.", "It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13. The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow.", "The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow. At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues.", "At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998.", "Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998. That year also saw the first live performances from the band, which by then had already gathered many fans from around the globe. Their first official show happened in 1998, in Japan. It was soon followed by a world tour.", "It was soon followed by a world tour. Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year. A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998.", "A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998. As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals.", "As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals. V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000.", "V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000. It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music.", "It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music. The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis.", "The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis. The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music.", "The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music. The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever.", "The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever. In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey.", "In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey. In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax.", "In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.", "Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006. Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007.", "Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically.", "The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The album included a special DVD of footage shot by the band throughout their history, available in FYE stores. The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007.", "The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007. The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East.", "The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East. Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week.", "Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers Chart. Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007.", "Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007. It was followed by a video for \"Set the World on Fire\", released on January 11, 2008. The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009.", "The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009. Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album.", "Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album. The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\"", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\" On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack.", "On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack. Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week.", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart.", "The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart. The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history.", "The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history. On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\".", "On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\". Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\".", "Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\". During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\".", "During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\". On February 27, 2013, it was announced that, during the previous week, drummer Jason Rullo was admitted to hospital for heart failure. Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days.", "Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days. He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care. John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover.", "John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover. Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD.", "Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD. Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing.", "Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing. SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active.", "SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active. The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015.", "The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015. Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them.", "Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them. He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there.", "He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there. It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years.", "It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years. So I think our fans will really like this one. It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\"", "It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\" As of December 11, 2014, recording of the drums, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, and bass were complete. With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks.", "With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks. On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete.", "On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete. On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015.", "On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015. The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015.", "The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015. The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download.", "The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download. According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld.", "According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld. On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager.", "On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager. In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra.", "In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra. In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019.", "In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019. Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'. Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004.", "Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004. Another solo album, \"Ascension\", was released in 2014. Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005.", "Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005. With this album, Allen took a different musical direction from that seen in his work with Symphony X. It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album.", "It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album. Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\".", "Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\". The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014.", "The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014. In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group.", "In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group. They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017).", "They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017). Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014.", "Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014. It features guest performances from guitarist Mike Chlasciak (Halford, Testament), lead guitarist, drum producer and Symphony X bandmate Michael Romeo, and vocalist Alan Tecchio (Hades, Watchtower). LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar.", "LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. Michael Romeo's second solo album, War of the Worlds, Pt. 1, was released on July 27, 2018. The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums.", "The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums. It was Romeo's first solo album since The Dark Chapter, which was released in 1994. War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 will be released in 2022.", "2 will be released in 2022. Musical style Symphony X is often compared to other progressive metal bands such as Dream Theater, Fates Warning, and Shadow Gallery. Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock.", "Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock. It also contains strong neo-classical elements reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, Cacophony, Randy Rhoads, and other bands. The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal.", "The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal. Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo.", "Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo. The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself.", "The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself. Line-up Current members Michael Romeo − guitars, backing vocals (1994–present) Michael Pinnella − keyboards, backing vocals (1994–present) Jason Rullo – drums (1994–1997, 1998–present) Russell Allen − lead vocals (1995–present) Michael Lepond − bass, backing vocals (1999–present) Former members Thomas Miller − bass (1994−1998) Rod Tyler − lead vocals (1994) Thomas Walling − drums (1997−1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Symphony X (1994) The Damnation Game (1995) The Divine Wings of Tragedy (1996) Twilight in Olympus (1998) V: The New Mythology Suite (2000) The Odyssey (2002) Paradise Lost (2007) Iconoclast (2011) Underworld (2015) Singles The End of Innocence (2011) Nevermore (2015) Without You (2015) Other albums Prelude to the Millennium (1999) Live on the Edge of Forever (2001) References External links 1994 establishments in New Jersey American power metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups American symphonic metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey Inside Out Music artists Metal Blade Records artists Middletown Township, New Jersey Musical groups established in 1994 Musical quintets Nuclear Blast artists" ]

[ "Symphony X", "Iconoclast (2011-2013)", "what event happened in 2011?", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011" ]

[ "What's My Name? was a 30-minute radio program in the United States. The program was hosted by Arlene Francis and was among the first radio shows to offer cash prizes to contestants.\n\nFormat\nContestants on What's My Name? had to identify a person from a maximum of 10 clues given by the show's two hosts. People to be identified were celebrities and historical characters. In the show's early days, a correct guess on the first clue earned the contestant $10; the amount earned dropped by $1 with each additional clue. In 1948, the top prize was increased to $100, with $50 and $25 prizes, respectively, for identification on the second and third clues.\n\nThe program also involved listener participation to some extent, as listeners could send in questions to be used on the air. People who submitted questions received $10 for each question used.\n\nA review of the first episode of What's My Name? offered little hope for its future, calling it \"a rather drab show.\" The reviewer explained: \"The program got off to a bad start in that the participants, for the most part, were unable to guess the identities of the characters asked for in the game until long after the listeners got the drift of the proceedings.\" The reviewer did, however, note that the show was \"ably conducted by Bud Hulick and Arlene Francis.\"\n\nFrancis was a constant on What's My Name?, serving as the hostess in all eight of its iterations on radio while her male counterparts changed. Hulick was the host in three versions. Other hosts over the years were Fred Uttal, John Reed King, Ward Wilson and Carl Frank. Harry Salter and his orchestra provided the music.\n\nOne source noted that What's My Name? \"helped make a broadcasting fixture out of Arlene Francis.\"\n\nA 1942 review gave What's My Name? a much better evaluation than the earlier review mentioned above. Paul Ackerman wrote in The Billboard, \"Name is well produced, moves quickly and manages to maintain an informal atmosphere directly traceable to Miss Francis's and Mr. King's manner with the contestants.\"\n\nBackground\nWhat's My Name? was the brainchild of radio writers Joe Cross and Ed Byron. An August 1940 magazine article related that, after listening to a program called Professor Quiz, \"the two of them shut themselves up in a hotel room, vowing they wouldn't come out until they'd thought up a game program that was as much fun as Professor Quiz. What's My Name? was the result.\"\n\nTelevision\n\nA version of What's My Name? was incorporated into the Paul Winchell-Jerry Mahoney Show on television. The program (originally titled The Speidel Show after its sponsor) ran from September 18, 1950 to May 23, 1954. In the show's early years, each episode began with a comedy skit featuring Winchell and Mahoney. That skit was followed by a quiz segment, What's My Name?, similar to the radio program. The host for the quiz was Ted Brown.\n\nThe TV version of the quiz failed to achieve the success of its radio predecessor. A review in The Billboard in August 1951 said: Speidel has tried hard all season to combine the very accomplished Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney team and the former What's My Name? format into a successful stanza. The attempt has failed and, if anything, the talents of the ventriloquist and his little pal have been blunted by misuse.\"\n\nBy 1953, the What's My Name? component of the Paul Winchell-Jerry Mahoney Show had been removed.\n\nBroadcast Schedule\n\nNote: \"NA\"—information was not listed on the cited page.\n\nReferences \n\nAmerican game shows\n1930s American radio programs\n1940s American radio programs\n1950s American radio programs\nAmerican radio game shows\n1930s American game shows\n1940s American game shows\n1950s American game shows\nMutual Broadcasting System programs\nNBC radio programs\nABC radio programs", "Cascabel is a ghost town in Cochise County, Arizona, United States.\n\nIt is located at 32.291N / 110.378W, on the banks of the San Pedro River, east of Tucson and about 37 km north-northwest of Benson.\n\nThe name Cascabel derives from Spanish for \"rattle\", because an early settler killed a large rattlesnake here. Cascabel was a small farming community. The post office was started by Alex Herron, a small ranch and store owner, in 1916. When deciding what to name the Cascabel post office, Herron, while on the way to Benson, met a Mexican man with a dead rattlesnake. Herron asked what the name of the snake was and the man replied \"Cascabel.\" This was the name Herron decided to name the post office. The post office was in operation until 1936.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \"Cascabel\" entry at GhostTowns.com\n\nGhost towns in Arizona\nFormer populated places in Cochise County, Arizona\nSan Pedro Valley (Arizona)" ]

[ "Symphony X is an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey. Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond.", "Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond. They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200.", "They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200. Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know?", "Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know? So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\"", "So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\" History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella.", "History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella. The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan.", "The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan. Romeo then recruited bassist Thomas Miller, drummer Jason Rullo, and vocalist Rod Tyler. Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation.", "Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation. The band's second studio album, The Damnation Game, followed six months later. Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen.", "Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen. The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles.", "The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles. It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13.", "It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13. The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow.", "The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow. At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues.", "At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998.", "Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998. That year also saw the first live performances from the band, which by then had already gathered many fans from around the globe. Their first official show happened in 1998, in Japan. It was soon followed by a world tour.", "It was soon followed by a world tour. Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year. A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998.", "A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998. As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals.", "As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals. V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000.", "V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000. It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music.", "It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music. The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis.", "The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis. The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music.", "The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music. The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever.", "The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever. In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey.", "In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey. In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax.", "In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.", "Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006. Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007.", "Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically.", "The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The album included a special DVD of footage shot by the band throughout their history, available in FYE stores. The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007.", "The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007. The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East.", "The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East. Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week.", "Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers Chart. Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007.", "Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007. It was followed by a video for \"Set the World on Fire\", released on January 11, 2008. The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009.", "The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009. Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album.", "Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album. The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\"", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\" On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack.", "On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack. Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week.", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart.", "The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart. The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history.", "The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history. On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\".", "On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\". Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\".", "Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\". During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\".", "During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\". On February 27, 2013, it was announced that, during the previous week, drummer Jason Rullo was admitted to hospital for heart failure. Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days.", "Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days. He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care. John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover.", "John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover. Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD.", "Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD. Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing.", "Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing. SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active.", "SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active. The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015.", "The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015. Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them.", "Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them. He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there.", "He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there. It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years.", "It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years. So I think our fans will really like this one. It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\"", "It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\" As of December 11, 2014, recording of the drums, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, and bass were complete. With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks.", "With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks. On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete.", "On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete. On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015.", "On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015. The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015.", "The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015. The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download.", "The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download. According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld.", "According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld. On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager.", "On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager. In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra.", "In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra. In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019.", "In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019. Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'. Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004.", "Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004. Another solo album, \"Ascension\", was released in 2014. Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005.", "Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005. With this album, Allen took a different musical direction from that seen in his work with Symphony X. It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album.", "It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album. Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\".", "Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\". The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014.", "The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014. In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group.", "In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group. They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017).", "They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017). Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014.", "Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014. It features guest performances from guitarist Mike Chlasciak (Halford, Testament), lead guitarist, drum producer and Symphony X bandmate Michael Romeo, and vocalist Alan Tecchio (Hades, Watchtower). LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar.", "LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. Michael Romeo's second solo album, War of the Worlds, Pt. 1, was released on July 27, 2018. The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums.", "The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums. It was Romeo's first solo album since The Dark Chapter, which was released in 1994. War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 will be released in 2022.", "2 will be released in 2022. Musical style Symphony X is often compared to other progressive metal bands such as Dream Theater, Fates Warning, and Shadow Gallery. Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock.", "Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock. It also contains strong neo-classical elements reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, Cacophony, Randy Rhoads, and other bands. The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal.", "The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal. Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo.", "Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo. The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself.", "The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself. Line-up Current members Michael Romeo − guitars, backing vocals (1994–present) Michael Pinnella − keyboards, backing vocals (1994–present) Jason Rullo – drums (1994–1997, 1998–present) Russell Allen − lead vocals (1995–present) Michael Lepond − bass, backing vocals (1999–present) Former members Thomas Miller − bass (1994−1998) Rod Tyler − lead vocals (1994) Thomas Walling − drums (1997−1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Symphony X (1994) The Damnation Game (1995) The Divine Wings of Tragedy (1996) Twilight in Olympus (1998) V: The New Mythology Suite (2000) The Odyssey (2002) Paradise Lost (2007) Iconoclast (2011) Underworld (2015) Singles The End of Innocence (2011) Nevermore (2015) Without You (2015) Other albums Prelude to the Millennium (1999) Live on the Edge of Forever (2001) References External links 1994 establishments in New Jersey American power metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups American symphonic metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey Inside Out Music artists Metal Blade Records artists Middletown Township, New Jersey Musical groups established in 1994 Musical quintets Nuclear Blast artists" ]

[ "Symphony X", "Iconoclast (2011-2013)", "what event happened in 2011?", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011", "what was it's name?", "Iconoclast" ]

[ "You Boyz Make Big Noize is a song by the British rock band Slade, released in 1987 as a non-album single. It was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by Lea. Named after the band's 1987 album of the same name, the song reached No. 94 in the UK, remaining in the chart for the one week.\n\nThe song did not appear on the UK/European release of the You Boyz Make Big Noize album. However, later editions would add the song as the thirteenth track. For the album's CBS release in the United States, \"You Boyz Make Big Noize\" was included, replacing the fourth track \"Fools Go Crazy\".\n\nBackground\nShortly prior to the release of Slade's fourteenth studio album You Boyz Make Big Noize, the band returned to the recording studio to record a song of the same name. After the album failed to generate the expected level of commercial success, RCA opted not to release the song of the same name, but allowed the band to release it on the independent label Cheapskate. Released in July 1987, it reached No. 94 in the UK. CBS, Slade's American label, liked the song and had it included on the album which was released later in the year.\n\n\"You Boyz Make Big Noize\" features Beastie Boys rap-styled verses. Prior to the song's release, guitarist Dave Hill described the song as \"a rock rap thing with a Beastie Boys feel to it.\" The song featured vocals from Vicki Brown, and in a 1987 fan club interview, Lea explained how Brown came to be on the song: \"She was wandering along a corridor and Noddy said \"ere, you're female, do you want to be on our record?\" She was not supposed to sing, she was supposed to say two lines but she sang one of the lines and she had this amazing voice. I wish we had written more for her.\"\n\nRelease\n\"You Boyz Make Big Noize\" was released on 7\" and 12\" vinyl by Cheapskate Records in the UK only. The B-side, \"Boyz (Instrumental)\", was exclusive to the single and would later appear on the band's 2007 compilation B-Sides. On the 12\" single, an extended version of \"You Boyz Make Big Noize\", dubbed as the \"Noize Remix\", was featured as the A-side. The lead guitar on the remix was played by Lea. A second B-side was also included; the \"U.S.A Mix\" of the song. The artwork for the single is the same as that of the You Boyz Make Big Noize album.\n\nPromotion\nNo music video was filmed to promote the single. In the UK, on 15 August, the band appeared on the ITV show Get Fresh to perform the song. Bren Laidler featured with the band, miming Brown's part in the song.\n\nCritical reception\nUpon release, Kerrang! were favourable of the song, particularly the \"Noize Remix\". They said that Holder's rap \"proves they've got the measure of those nasty Beasties, who could learn a lesson or two from the original rabble rousers\". In a review of the You Boyz Make Big Noize album, American newspaper Record-Journal described the song as a \"rock-rap novelty cut\".\n\nFormats\n7\" Single\n\"You Boyz Make Big Noize\" - 3:01\n\"Boyz (Instrumental)\" - 3:02\n\n12\" Single\n\"You Boyz Make Big Noize (Noize Remix)\" - 5:31\n\"You Boyz Make Big Noize (Instrumental Boyz Version)\" - 3:01\n\"You Boyz Make Big Noize (The USA Mix)\" - 3:00\n\nChart performance\n\nPersonnel\nSlade\nNoddy Holder - lead vocals\nJim Lea - bass, vocals, producer\nDave Hill - lead guitar, vocals\nDon Powell - drums\n\nAdditional personnel\nVicki Brown - vocals\n\nReferences\n\n1987 songs\n1987 singles\nSlade songs\nSongs written by Noddy Holder\nSongs written by Jim Lea\nSong recordings produced by Jim Lea", "Successful, Bitch & Beautiful is an album released in 2000 by an Estonian industrial metal band No-Big-Silence.\n\nIt was recorded by Finnish record company Cyberware Productions.\n\nIt did well on release and in 2001 went on sale in other countries.\n\nThe homepage of Cyberware states that the album of No-Big-Silence is a magnificent masterpiece and regards it as one of the label's strongest releases today. According to Cyberware, the bonus video \"Star DeLuxe\" on the Western version of the album gives a good overview of the band's glamorous live-show and enthusiastic fanbase.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Porn's Got You\" – 3:24\n \"Reaction\" – 5:16\n \"Make Them Bleed\" – 4:06\n \"The Fail\" – 3:56\n \"On the Hunt\" – 3:48\n \"Modern Whore\" – 2:53\n \"The Fixing\" – 3:44\n \"Vamp-o-Drama\" – 4:22\n \"Star DeLuxe\" – 3:06\n \"Save Me Again\" – 5:44\n \"Otherside\" – 4:30\n \"Blowjob\" – 5:07\n\nPersonnel\nVocals – Cram\nBass, backing vocals, guitar – Willem\nGuitar, keyboards and programming, bass – Kristo K\nDrums – Marko Atso on 8 and 12\nDrums – Kristo Rajasaare on 1,2,3,6,7,9,10,11\nEditing, Mixing – Kristo Kotkas\nProducing – No-Big-Silence\nArtwork – Harijis Brants\nLayout – Harijis Brants and Jensen\n\n2000 albums\nNo-Big-Silence albums" ]

[ "Symphony X is an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey. Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond.", "Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond. They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200.", "They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200. Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know?", "Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know? So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\"", "So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\" History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella.", "History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella. The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan.", "The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan. Romeo then recruited bassist Thomas Miller, drummer Jason Rullo, and vocalist Rod Tyler. Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation.", "Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation. The band's second studio album, The Damnation Game, followed six months later. Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen.", "Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen. The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles.", "The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles. It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13.", "It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13. The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow.", "The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow. At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues.", "At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998.", "Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998. That year also saw the first live performances from the band, which by then had already gathered many fans from around the globe. Their first official show happened in 1998, in Japan. It was soon followed by a world tour.", "It was soon followed by a world tour. Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year. A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998.", "A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998. As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals.", "As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals. V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000.", "V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000. It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music.", "It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music. The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis.", "The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis. The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music.", "The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music. The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever.", "The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever. In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey.", "In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey. In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax.", "In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.", "Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006. Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007.", "Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically.", "The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The album included a special DVD of footage shot by the band throughout their history, available in FYE stores. The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007.", "The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007. The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East.", "The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East. Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week.", "Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers Chart. Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007.", "Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007. It was followed by a video for \"Set the World on Fire\", released on January 11, 2008. The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009.", "The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009. Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album.", "Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album. The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\"", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\" On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack.", "On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack. Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week.", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart.", "The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart. The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history.", "The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history. On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\".", "On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\". Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\".", "Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\". During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\".", "During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\". On February 27, 2013, it was announced that, during the previous week, drummer Jason Rullo was admitted to hospital for heart failure. Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days.", "Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days. He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care. John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover.", "John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover. Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD.", "Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD. Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing.", "Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing. SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active.", "SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active. The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015.", "The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015. Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them.", "Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them. He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there.", "He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there. It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years.", "It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years. So I think our fans will really like this one. It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\"", "It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\" As of December 11, 2014, recording of the drums, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, and bass were complete. With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks.", "With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks. On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete.", "On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete. On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015.", "On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015. The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015.", "The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015. The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download.", "The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download. According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld.", "According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld. On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager.", "On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager. In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra.", "In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra. In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019.", "In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019. Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'. Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004.", "Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004. Another solo album, \"Ascension\", was released in 2014. Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005.", "Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005. With this album, Allen took a different musical direction from that seen in his work with Symphony X. It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album.", "It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album. Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\".", "Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\". The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014.", "The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014. In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group.", "In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group. They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017).", "They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017). Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014.", "Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014. It features guest performances from guitarist Mike Chlasciak (Halford, Testament), lead guitarist, drum producer and Symphony X bandmate Michael Romeo, and vocalist Alan Tecchio (Hades, Watchtower). LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar.", "LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. Michael Romeo's second solo album, War of the Worlds, Pt. 1, was released on July 27, 2018. The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums.", "The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums. It was Romeo's first solo album since The Dark Chapter, which was released in 1994. War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 will be released in 2022.", "2 will be released in 2022. Musical style Symphony X is often compared to other progressive metal bands such as Dream Theater, Fates Warning, and Shadow Gallery. Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock.", "Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock. It also contains strong neo-classical elements reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, Cacophony, Randy Rhoads, and other bands. The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal.", "The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal. Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo.", "Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo. The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself.", "The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself. Line-up Current members Michael Romeo − guitars, backing vocals (1994–present) Michael Pinnella − keyboards, backing vocals (1994–present) Jason Rullo – drums (1994–1997, 1998–present) Russell Allen − lead vocals (1995–present) Michael Lepond − bass, backing vocals (1999–present) Former members Thomas Miller − bass (1994−1998) Rod Tyler − lead vocals (1994) Thomas Walling − drums (1997−1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Symphony X (1994) The Damnation Game (1995) The Divine Wings of Tragedy (1996) Twilight in Olympus (1998) V: The New Mythology Suite (2000) The Odyssey (2002) Paradise Lost (2007) Iconoclast (2011) Underworld (2015) Singles The End of Innocence (2011) Nevermore (2015) Without You (2015) Other albums Prelude to the Millennium (1999) Live on the Edge of Forever (2001) References External links 1994 establishments in New Jersey American power metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups American symphonic metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey Inside Out Music artists Metal Blade Records artists Middletown Township, New Jersey Musical groups established in 1994 Musical quintets Nuclear Blast artists" ]