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Copper Ore Mining Equipment In Philippines. Gold Ore Crusher - Gold Mining Equipment In . About Ciros Mining Equipment INC. You requested it, and We delivered. copper ore mining equipment. ... Copper, iron ore price drops bring mayhem to mining . ... Mining - Wikipedia. Mining in the Philippines began around 1000 BC. Shanghai XSM (Copper Ore Mining Equipment in Philippines) is professional manufacturer, the main production stone crusher machine. Get More Info. What's stopping the Philippines from mining ... Perhaps the most frustrating case for investors has been the Tampakan gold-copper ... South China Morning Post.

Our Eden dress features a faux wrap design and long sleeve in a beautiful shade of violet. Fabric has a nice stretch and fit is true to size. Modeled in large, 5'4". Paired with our Noelle heel.

Wife of the president, Dame Patience Jonathan has congratulated the wife of the president-elect, Aisha Buhari following the victory of her husband at the polls.In a statement signed by Ayo Adewuyi, Media officer to the First Lady, she appealed to Nigerian women to work with Aisha Buhari and give her the maximum support to make her succeed in her new assignment. “The First Lady Dame Patience Jonathan (Mama Peace) has congratulated the wife of the President elect, Hajia Aisha Buhari on the election of her husband, General Muhammadu Buhari. “The First Lady (Mama Peace) wishes her well in her new task,” the statement read. It would be recalled that at a presidential rally in Ibadan, Patience Jonathan feared that she will be jailed if the All Progressives Congress was voted into government. Text Of A Press Conference Addressed By Chief Femi Fani-Kayode on April 1, 2015.

high strength and wear resistance. Martensitic stainless steels are high carbon-chromium steels. They have been developed for ready processing and a range of applications after cold rolling. Our product range includes steels with improved corrosion resistance.

A novel way developed to estimate and design a reflector for reflective color LCDs which is based on the discovery that the shape of surface bumps on the reflector is actually a concurrence of multiple micro flat mirrors. Scattering of the reflector was calculated from the slope angle distribution of these micro-flat mirrors. This enabled us to determine the ideal bump shape for reflective color LCDs. Accuracy was confirmed by analyzing actual reflectors, and a nearly ideal reflector was fabricated by optimizing bump shape. Copper is a promising candidate to replace aluminum in ULSI metallization and providing better conductivity and reliability. ULSI metallization is conducted by electrodepositing copper from ethylenediamine complex baths using the additives glycine, ammonium sulfate, and a small quantity of 2, 2′-bipyridyl. This bath exhibited good throwing power, and filled trenches and contact holes on silicon wafers by copper deposits with good mechanical properties. As mentioned, application to ULSI metallization formed by electrodeposition of copper using ethylenediamine complex baths appears possible. The effect of laser surface treatment on the resistance of high-temperature oxidation of TiAl intermetallic compound was studied using 500W CO2 gas laser equipment. The diameter of the laser spot was about 100μm and scanning was 95mm·s-1. Laser surface treatment formed a layer solidified by rapid quenching on the TiAl surface. The oxidation of TiAl at 1273 K in a pure O2 atmosphere, which followed the parabolic rate law, was reduced to less than half by laser surface treatment. Scale formed on the laser surface-treated TiAl after the oxidation experiment was thinner than that formed on nontreated TiAl and contained a continuous, dense Al2O3 layer. No such continuous Al2O3 layer was observed for scale formed on nontreated TiAl, indicating that, for laser surface-treated TiAl, the continuous Al2O3 layer in the scale acted as a diffusion species barrier, inhibiting scale growth. Stainless steel sheets were electrolytically etched to fabricate fine patterns on them. They were masked with a negative photoresist stencil and etched in an NaNO3 solution as a function of applied voltage (4-12V), electrode gap (5-40mm), and pattern width (25-1000μm). The etch factor exceeded 1.5 was obtained, showing that electrolytic photoetching was anisotropic. For wider grooves exceeding 200μm, the etch factor increased with increasing applied voltage. The electrode gap had no effect on the etch factor. To form perforations on sheets, a convex edge profile was developed when sheet breakthrough occurred. After certain overetching, however, a straight-edge profile was developed, because current concentrated on convex edges. For etching 50μm-thick stainless steel sheets at an applied voltage of 8V, overetching of about 80s was required to obtain a straight-edge profile. During overetching, etched groove width increased linearly with etching time at a rate of about 1μm/s for 8V etching, independent of pattern width. We applied this technique to realize masks for vacuum evaporation in fabricating electrode patterns for a quartz crystal microbalance and a microthermocouple pattern. The electrode potential of high-purity aluminum foils for electrolytic capacitors moves from a high potential period to a stability period during early DC etching in hot hydrochloric acid. We observed changes in pit structures in transmission electron micrographs of films stripped from etched foils, and measured a potential change using a digital oscilloscope. Pitting attacks occurred around MgAl2O4 spinel or γ-Al2O3. Pits varied from hemispherical to half-cubic, and the etch tunnel growth was promoted by crystallographic dissolutions of the (100) faces. Pit wall surfaces of a half-cubic pit and part of the tips of etch tunnels were passivated. Both MgAl2O4 spinel and γ-Al2O3 crystals were observed at the metal ridges on the aluminum substrate by transmission electron micrographs of ultramicrotomed sections. Pits are considered to be initiated at cracks associated with oxide film crystallizations. MgAl2O4 spinel crystals were observed in a foil containing 123 wt-ppm magnesium after annealing at 445°C for 5h in an Ar gas atmosphere. At 575°C, γ-Al2O3 crystals were only observed in a foil containing 1 wt-ppm magnesium. The growth of MgAl2O4 crystals was accelerated above 1 wt-ppm magnesium.

Аннотация: The surface properties of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) membranes were modified using oxygen and an ammonia radio-frequency (RF, 13.56 MHz) plasma. The plasma treatment procedures used in the study only affected the surface properties, including surface topography, without inducing any significant changes in the crystalline structuПоказать полностьюre of the polymer, with the exception being a power level of 250 W. The wettability of the modified P3HB surfaces was significantly increased after the plasma treatment, irrespective of the treatment procedure used. It was revealed that both surface chemistry and surface roughness changes caused by the plasma treatment affected surface wettability. A treatment-induced surface aging effect was observed and resulted in an increase in the water contact angle and a decrease in the surface free energy. However, the difference in the water contact angle between the polymers that had been treated for 4 weeks and the untreated polymer surfaces was still significant. A dependence between cell adhesion and proliferation and the polar component of the surface energy was revealed. The increase in the polar component after the ammonia plasma modification significantly increased cell adhesion and proliferation on biodegradable polymer surfaces compared to the untreated P3HB and the P3HB modified using an oxygen plasma. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Portmore is an impressive 5 bedroom detached Freehold House. This double fronted home has a dual aspect living room with French doors to the patio, and an open plan, fully fitted, kitchen/dining room with bi-fold doors also leading directly onto the patio. There is a separate utility with back door. There is also a study, two cupboards and cloakroom on the ground floor. Upstairs are the five bedrooms, 2 with fitted wardrobes and en-suite shower rooms plus a family bathroom and a another full-height cupboard. The ground floor has underfloor heating with ceramic tiles in the kitchen and utility room, family room and cloakroom. Outside is the enclosed, turfed rear garden, double garage and parking.

Expert review of the 2019 Toyota Aurion provides the latest look at trim-level features and specs, performance, safety, and comfort. We reviews the 2019 Toyota Aurion Redesign where consumers can find detailed information on specs, fuel economy, transmission and safety. Explore the design, performance and technology features of the 2019 Toyota Aurion. See models and pricing, as well as photos and videos. The 2019 Toyota Aurion Concept goes to excess the right kinds of excess to preserve its best-of status. Find out if the new 2019 Toyota Aurion coupe takes a step forward in our first-drive review. See photos and get the story at Car and Driver. Reviews, videos, latest news, specs and road tests on the 2019 Toyota Aurion. Top Gear reviews the Photo. Terrific refinement, class-leading technology, and incredible interior quality. Want to know more? Read more. We’ve one of the air vents twisting it should close and open it which is a nicelittle touch coming along the dash has a pleasant aggressive bezel above the gauges very clean looking – super minimalistic you’ve gotten some black leather and some grey stitching alongside the sprint as wellthen coming to the touch screen navigation system hitting the house button. Now we have many alternative settings your apple carplay and android auto in fact your audio controls Wi-Fi and then you’ll be able to scroll over to your local weather and see totally different settings like that you would be able to see where all the air is directed what’s on and off extra controls below that after which all of your climate controls are located proper here really cool actually this you spin left and rightand that actually changes the temperature you even have an LCD screen to correspond to that and then over on the correct side this is how you change your fan velocity you get somewhat display screen as well and your analysis a see all of the different buttons your defogger you’re the Alcantara on the shift knob as properly asthe shifter boot very simple to engage you to gear short shifter extremely sighs nice weighted shift knob to offer 2019 Toyota Aurion.

Commercial interest in the environmentally friendly processing of polymer semiconductors is on the rise. To reduce noxious solvent use and to realize water-borne colloids of polymer semiconductors, we developed a universal and eco-friendly miniemulsion process to satisfy four essential criteria: (1) efficient emulsification for synthesizing small and uniform polymer semiconductor particles, (2) efficient coalescence of particles to yield high quality thin films with low roughness and high fill-factors, (3) efficient removal of residual surfactants, and (4) high ordering of polymers within particles. We screened various surfactants to find conditions that satisfied the suggested selection rules regardless of the charge polarity and molecular structure of the polymer semiconductor. Our universal method can be applied to first-generation polythiophene derivatives as well as to the latest p-type, n-type and ambipolar polymers with planar backbones and high charge carrier mobility. Using these results, we fabricated for the first time a high-performance complementary inverter and a photodiode using water as a processing solvent.

industrial coater. The goal of the study is to improve on inter-particle coating uniformity by determining optimal spraying equipment settings in the tumbler. Two Lagrangian passive scalars representing coating thickness are defined: one with source volume confined to one cone above surface, another with source volume confined to two cone volumes and with an effective spray area identical as for the first passive scalar. Using this approach, a single simulation allows for a comparison of the inter-particle coating uniformity for two different spray zones and the result indicates that the two sprays configuration provides a more uniform coating distribution. an increased level of insight into the details of what is going on inside the processes, it enables innovation. With its automated polyhedral meshing technology and comprehensive range of physics models, STAR-CCM+ is a complete multi-disci-plinary simulation toolkit to tackle a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. One capability in STAR-CCM+ that is particularly well-suited for the simulation of tablet manufacturing processes is Discrete Element Modeling (DEM), fully coupled with numerical flow simulations and delivered in a single software environment. Tableting and coating involve a large number of discrete particles that interact with each other and the fluids surrounding them. DEM accurately tracks these interactions and models contact forces and energy transfer due to collision and heat transfer between particles and fluids. The DEM capability in STAR-CCM+ can predict dense particle flows with more than one million particles in a reasonable time, making it practical for analyzing real-world tablet manufacturing processes such as filling, compressing/ compacting, coating and drying. Figure 1 shows the results obtained from a STAR-CCM+ simulation of pre-compression in a tablet press to determine how to overcome common tablet defects such as capping (splitting of the tablet’s upper cap) that often occur as a result of entrapment of air and migration of fine particles during the compression process. DEM is used to track the interaction of the particles with each other and with the die as they are re-arranged and move into the empty spaces during pre-compression. This simulation offers a detailed look at the uniformity of the granule distribution and can help determine the optimal pre-compression force and dwell time required to ensure that fine particles will be locked in place before compression starts, greatly reducing the risk of incurring common tablet defects during production. DEM simulations with particle-fluid interactions also provide realistic solutions to assess uniformity of film coating thickness, a critical parameter for tablet quality. Figure 2 depicts a simulation performed with STAR-CCM+ for the coating process in a fluidized bed where DEM is used to analyze the random movement of particles as their trajecto-ries change while layers of coating are applied. Parameters such as particle velocities, residence time and coating thickness are monitored during the simulation. These can be fed as objective functions into Optimate, a module in STAR-CCM+ that enables intelligent design, to help identify the important factors for equipment design (e.g. nozzle spacing) and to determine optimal equipment operating conditions. In future releases, STAR-CCM+ will also have a novel Lagrangian passive scalar capability, enabling the user to easily monitor the coating thickness and other features of tablets. Right: Figure 3: Simulation with STAR-CCM+ comparing coating thickness variation of one and two sprays in a tumbler.

In the production of battery separators the in-line monitoring of the profile thickness is an important measurement task within the framework of quality assurance. A measurement system with high spatial resolution and a high sampling rate is needed for the determination of the profile structure. This task represents one of the classical fields of application for the laser-based triangulation sensor in the Series ILD 2000. The battery separator is manufactured in an extrusion process. For the thickness measurement the optical sensors are mounted on a welded C-frame. This traverses on air bearings without making physical contact on a hard rock base. In this way the vibration of the top belt is minimized and a precise measurement facilitated.

Light field microscopy is a scanless techniques for high speed 3D imaging of fluorescent specimens. A conventional microscope can be turned into a light field microscope by placing a microlens array in front of the camera allowing for a full spatio-angular capture of the light field in a single snapshot. The recorded information can be used to computationally refocus at a different depth post-acquisition. The aim of this project is to develop an algorithm for computing the refocused images at different depths from a provided raw light field image captured under a multi-focus microlens array light field microscope. Abstract: Light field microscopy is a scanless techniques for high speed 3D imaging of fluorescent specimens. A conventional microscope can be turned into a light field microscope by placing a microlens array in front of the camera allowing for a full spatio-angular capture of the light field in a single snapshot. The recorded information can be used to computationally refocus at a different depth post-acquisition.

Supshare is currently going through some internal changes, because of which we’ll be taking a short break. You can contact us here for any questions. Love, Supshare. Supshare celebrates the diversity of the people living in Amsterdam. What better way to do this than by discovering all the different flavours of our city’s great chefs? Try out one of the many signature dishes your neighbourhood has to offer today! Supshare is a food sharing platform on which you can find and share home-cooked food, made by awesome people from your neighbourhood. We believe that we can strengthen local communities through a shared love of home-cooked food. The food on Supshare is made by people with a passion for cooking, it’s made with love in their own kitchen. To enjoy their home-cooked food, you simply go directly to their house to pick it up. No anonymous chains, but real food, made by real people. Offer an extra portion of your meal on Supshare and eat basically for free. Want to make some serious money? Then cook some more, it's all up to you. Practice makes perfect, but you might not always have enough mouths to feed. Offer any extra meals on Supshare instantly and earn your ingredients costs back. Pursue your cooking dreams while earning some extra cash. Supshare provides an easy-to-use platform where you can reach potential customers. By focusing on non-complex, yet great tasting dishes, we keep the prices low. Supshare provides a healthy and easy alternative to other take-away food. Food is a big part of people's culture. Therefore, we believe food sharing is a great way to get to know your neighbours better. We all lead busy lives and cooking isn't always the top priority on today's schedule. Why don't you pick up a nice meal on the way home from work, the gym or your long day at the university?

Performance wax ribbon for printing high-quality, durable barcodes on Zebra coated and uncoated paper facestocks. Offers unmatched printing for both visible light and infrared scannability. Excellent performance on tough-to-print uncoated and uneven tag stocks, including Tyvek. Prints at speeds up to 8 inches per second.

Mr Porter has teamed up with Japanese retailer Beams on a capsule collection featuring six Japanese brands whose clothes are rare in the UK. Now available from Mr Porter, the collection features garments by Orslow, Sasquatchfabrix, Aloye, Kics Document, Marvy Jamoke and Teatora. Orslow is a denim brand designed by Ishiro Nakatsu. Its name refers to its alternative approach to fast-paced fashion, in which it uses carefully considered production processes to create garments that stand the test of time. Sasquatchfabrix by Daisuke Yokoyama is influenced by 1990s skate and graffiti culture. It mixes avant-garde design with traditional Japanese aesthetics. Teatora by Daisuke Kamide uses technical materials to create pieces designed for comfort and function that are suitable for the travelling urbanite. Marvy Jamoke, “marvellous bad guy” in Japanese, is designed by Masahide Miyazawa. The brand blends tailoring elements with high-tech fabrics. Shirt brand Kics Document makes all of its pieces made using traditional Japanese craft methods, working closely with a factory in Kumamoto. Founded in 2011, Aloye is a Tokyo-based brand led by three graphic designers. Its T-shirts feature a mix of light colours and carefully considered patterns.

The field-driven phase transformation behavior of relaxor ferroelectric single crystal PZN-xPT is discontinuous and displays well-defined forward and reverse coercive fields, whereas the same transformation in PMN-xPT is nearly continuous and occurs over a range of field levels. In analogy to the broad Curie range in relaxor ferroelectrics arising from property fluctuations at the nanometer length scale, the continuous field-driven phase transformations in PMN-xPT are modeled as a step-like series of discontinuous transformations associated with similar spatial property fluctuations. An increase in the applied field gradually increases the volume fraction of the new phase at the expense of the old phase, resulting in a continuous transition between phases. The model simulation produces excellent agreement with the measured material response of < 011 > cut PMN-0.32PT single crystals under conditions of cooperative stress and electric field loading. (c) 2008 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Webber, Kyle, et al. "A distributed step-like switching model of the continuous field-driven phase transformations observed in PMN-xPT relaxor ferroelectric single crystals." Acta Materialia 56 (2008): 2744-2749.

A novel technology using spectroscopy to capture multiple two-dimensional spectral images from a single capture with higher light throughput. The 3D laser spectrometer design is built upon the concept from an emerging field of compressed sensing to make it possible to retrieve 3D spectral information from a screen/camera. In contrast to ordinary spectrometers, the 3D spectrometer uses a wide slit instead of a narrow slit, thus producing a higher throughput of the light and yield higher signal-to-noise ratio. The 3D spectral signal retrieved from the 3D spectrometer is robust for a further post-processing analysis. Current spectrometers are limited to receiving signals in low light conditions due to different spectra throughput from different positions from a material. The narrow slits at the entrance of spectrometers limit the number of photons entering the spectrometer and the spectral resolution is reduced. If wider slits in a spectrometer are used, it will increase the light throughput, but it will lose the spectral resolution and has no way of distinguishing the different spectra coming from the different positions. A novel design of spectrometer combined with advanced numerical technique makes it possible to use a wider slit to increase the light throughput, whilst maintaining the spectral resolution and obtaining all the spectra from the light coming through the slit. This enables users to obtain multiple high-resolution images in a single capture. The retrieved 3D signal is just like a camera with additional spectral information. The 3D laser spectrometer also offers high-quality retrieved 3D spectral information which is robust for further postprocessing analysis. The 3D laser spectrometer design is simple and only requires components similar to the common spectrometers found on the market. A patent has been filed and a prototype is available. Oxford University Innovation is seeking industrial interest from parties wishing to licence and commercialise this technology.

This standard specifies general tolerances of size, form and position for extruded profiles made of thermoplastics, and is intended to simplify drawings and other documents (e.g. delivery conditions). This standard does not apply to extruded profiles for which tolerances have been specified in other standards (e.g. dimensional standards, technical delivery conditions, RAL quality and test specifications).

Gains across Europe and US bourses overnight plus solid gains seen across the Crude Oil price, provided an optimistic tone for the day ahead and the Aussie 200 did not disappoint. In addition to the positive underlying tones overnight, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) cut the reserve rate by 25 basis points to 2.25 per cent, causing our index to leap ahead 82.1 points and our Aussie Dollar to continue its downward spiral, hitting a low of 0.7649. S&P/ASX200 gained 82.1 points or +1.44% on volume of $5.28 billion, closing ­­at 5707.4. ​​​​The Aussie 200 Index has finally broken through recent highs to hit the highest price since May 2008, off the back of the RBA announcement to cut rates, fueling our Banks to hit new recent highs and the Energy sector pushing forward an impressive 3.93 per cent. During this recent run up, we’ve hardly had any time for profit taking as the index continues to push forward and with new blue sky territory available, it will be interesting to see where traders take our market. Commodities have now started to rebound and the Real Estate Investment Trust Sector and Financials are continuing their stellar capital gains with momentum well and truly favouring the bulls, although there is a small amount of bearish divergence creeping in. Support is currently sitting at 5670 and below that at 5630 with resistance appearing futile with near term blue sky territory, given we have just hit the highest price since 2008. 8% of stocks are showing oversold levels, 56% are showing overbought levels and 56% of stocks are currently above their long term moving average as of close of trading today. View the image below to better understand overbought and oversold levels.

With over 30 years of experience in the business, you can have peace of mind knowing you are obtaining the best home mortgage refinance loan from us. Looking for a low interest home loan mortgage Refinance Loan from a home loan mortgage company that you can trust? Ocean Pacific Capital is a 30-plus year old licensed California and Colorado home loan mortgage company that offers low rates on home mortgage loans and the trusted, expert services that you deserve without the hidden home loan costs. We have access to over 130 lenders competing for your business, so with us you'll have the peace of mind of knowing you're getting the lowest rates possible for your situtation. Home Loan Mortgage Refinance Loan Include; Customized pricing, Rate Lock - if you choose it, Bad Credit, Slow Credit, Divorce or Past Bankruptcy is accepted. Consolidate all your debts into this new Home Loan Mortgage Refinance Loan within days, not months!

is mounted on a stationary base, and contains two optical strain gauges, made up of Fibre Bragg Gratings, which are connected to an Optical Interrogator via a fibre optic cable. When immersed, the DFF sensor bends under the force of the flow and quantifies the drag force, allowing the user to determine in-process properties of materials. The data collected allows for optimised cycle times, reduced costs, and improved product quality and consistency.

Club Penguin Cheats by Mimo777 Club Penguin Cheats by Mimo777: Club Penguin Sneak Peek: The Fair! The Club Penguin Fair is coming up sooo soon! So check out below for some cool new things! What are you looking forward to most about The Fair!? Hey, Mimo. Just wanted to visit for old times in Club Penguin. to this new ticketing system. I have very exciting news! Rookie was online today about 1 or 2 hours ago. He was on the server Belly Slide. I met him in the Snow Forts. He stayed i the room for like, 5 to 10 seconds. Hardly a minute! It was amazing! I wish I could show you the picture. Keep on keeping on! And I will be most excited for everything! I've been in this party twice with several different accounts. And what's awesome is that the tickets we get won't go away when we log off! Awesome! See ya! I'm pretty sure that you joined CP after 2010. Back in 2006- 2007 there were absolutely no member rooms, no quests and no giant dragons, robots and volcanos. Parties were about partying, not destroying evil creatures and solving mysteries. It seems to me that CP has lost its touch. I think they try to make CP an action-kinda game, to make it more interesting, but it doesn't work at all. Disney just milks CP in order to make money. First, they had a MARVEL party to promote the comics. Then, here comes the "Music Jam" (had nothing to do with the music jam though) which promoted a Disney TV show. Then, the Adventure party, which once again had nothing to do with the previous parties, promoted some smoothies.What are they planning to do next? I guess the Fair will promote a circus or something, the ninja party will promote a martial arts school and the holidays party will promote "Disney on Ice". Also, is it necessary to have a "famous" penguin in every single party? Am I the only one who is getting annoyed by that Rookie? He was funny in the missions, but now he is just plain annoying! Whew, that was a long post. Well, that's all. Thanks for reading (if you did). Mimo, if the CP staff reads your blog, I'd be glad if they saw my comment. I'm excited for EVERYTHING! :D I'm glad there's no member room this time! Club Penguin is finally doing stuff for all penguins!

THE STAND-ALONE PLASMA-ACTIVATION (SPA) TOOL IS A SMALL FOOTPRINT TOOL DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A REACTIVE SURFACE TO BOND SILICON WAFERS AND HETEROGENEOUS SUBSTRATES. The SiGen PA Tool allows room-temperature bonding up to 80% of bulk covalent bond strength. The plasma technology utilizes proprietary dual-frequency RF sources to activate wafer substrates prior to bonding. The stand-alone system allows the integration of SiGen's PA benefits for high yield and throughput substrate production using non-plasma bond equipment. Plasma Activation offers room temperature bonding with a bond strength up to 80% of bulk silicon (i.e., 80% of the force necessary to pull a silicon wafer apart at any lattice plane). A short, relatively low-temperature anneal brings the bond strength to 100% of bulk silicon. The process chamber is a dual frequency parallel plate reactor that consists of top and bottom parallel plate electrodes. The top electrode serves as the "source" electrode with the bottom electrode as the "bias" electrode. Each electrode is connected to an RF generator via an RF match. The top lid swings open on a hinge assembly to allow for wafer introduction into and retrieval from the chamber. At the bottom of the chamber body, there are an exhaust port and inlet for process gas. Mass Flow Controllers (MFC) regulate the gas flow. The electronics components are housed in a separate control rack.

In this study, fatigue behavior of the optical fiber sensor embedded in composite laminate was investigated. Static tensile and fatigue tests were performed for three types of laminated composite specimens with embedded optical fiber sensor in the neutral plane ; [0/sub 6//OF/0/sub 6/]/sub T/, [0/sub 2//90/sub 4//OF/90/sub 4//0/sub 2/]/sub T/ and [0/sub 3//90/sub 3//OF/90/sub 3//0/sub 3/]/sub T/. The fracture of the embedded optical fiber sensor was detected by the intensity drop off of laser signal transmitted through the optical fiber sensors embedded within laminated composite specimen. The maximum fatigue stress applied to laminated specimen was compared with the average tensile stress at which the fracture of the embedded optical fiber within the laminate occurred under static tensile loading. From the experiments, firstly it is observed that the decrease in the life of optical fiber sensors embedded within unidirectional-ply laminate by the fatigue loading is relatively small compared to that of cross-ply laminate. Secondly, the optical fiber embedded in unidirectional-ply laminate is fractured by the fatigue damage due to the growth of internal defects of optical fiber, however the optical fiber embedded in cross-ply laminate is fractured by the growth of transverse matrix crack.

The Materials and Manufacturing Technology (MMT) group research focuses on evolving material technologies and manufacturing systems. Materials research is focused on mixed-material lightweight solutions and joining methods involving metals, plastics, and polymer composites. Manufacturing research focuses on next-generation technologies such as additive manufacturing, innovative tooling methods, augmented reality, and internet-of-things to improve production system performance. MMT provides industry support with technology benchmarking and business analysis to streamline product development and manufacturing. This group strives to bring automakers, suppliers, and other stakeholders together in unbiased working groups to steer future decision making. Want to know more about this group? Contact Abhay (Abe) Vadhavkar today.

Akina Nakamori (中森明菜, Nakamori Akina, born on July 13, 1965) is a Japanese female pop sangster an actress. She wis ane o the maist popular sanger o the 1980s in Japan. She is kent for her deep, powerful vyce. ↑ Eremenko, Alexey. "Biography: Akina Nakamori". Allmusic. Retrieved 10 April 2010. This page wis last eeditit on 1 Mairch 2018, at 00:38.

Dr. Sylvain Aldighieri is a French National, he earned an MD from the University of Marseille, he is qualified in Tropical Medicine from the University of Paris, and has followed postgraduate studies in Epidemiology and Tropical Microbiology from the Institut Pasteur Paris. During the last 20 years he has been posted in various locations in Africa and the Americas as a Medical Officer for the French Government and for the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Dr. Aldighieri is currently the coordinator of the International Health Regulations, Alert and Response and Epidemic Diseases Unit with PAHO/WHO.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) gels were formed in y-butyrolactone; the critical polymer concentration for gel formation was 4.5 g per 100 cm 3. Gelation was caused by liquid-liquid phase separation, even if solid-liquid phase separation by crystallization occurred in the late stage of gelation, as shown by the formation of transparent gel, a relatively small enthalpy of gel formation and the existence of two types of crystal structures. In the dried gel films many spherulites connected by tie molecules were observed by scanning electron microscopy; the existence of such tie molecules is likely to make the formation of the gel films possible. Thermoreversible gelation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in -butyrolactone solution / Jae Whan Cho* and Ha Yool Song and Sang Yong Kim // Polymer. – 1993. – Vol 34. – P. 1024-1027. Thermoreversible gelation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in -butyrolactone solution - Завантажити.

Welcome to the 122nd episode of Our Hen House, featuring Chloe Jo Davis of Girlie Girl Army. In today’s episode, we discuss an annoying article regarding the sentience of peas. We talk about tactics for getting non-vegan family and friends to try the non-hummus dishes at vegan restaurants. We give you the skinny on Mariann’s recent talk on animal law, and we ruminate on whether or not to get a hybrid. Joining us today is Chloe Jo Davis, founder of GirlieGirlArmy.com, and vegan fashionista extraordinaire. Chloe will talk to us about everything from vegan pregnancy and parenting, to current trends within vegan fashion, to tips on getting the animal message seen and heard in mainstream media. For our review, we’ll give you our thoughts on the newest vegan cheese out there — vegan cheese shreds this time — thanks to Galaxy Nutritional Foods. Don’t miss this review of – okay, we’ll ruin it – the best vegan cheese Jasmin has ever had. Today’s episode is being sponsored by The Seed: A Vegan Experience, coming to NYC on June 16 and 17. Explore a compassionate and scrumptious plant-based world at The Seed: A Vegan Experience, featuring two full days of the finest food from New York’s famed vegan restaurant scene – the best in the world! Discover and delight in the latest cruelty-free products and services, world-renowned speakers, athletes and chefs, screenings of award-winning films, and eye-opening cooking demonstrations. Experience music and art that will make your heart sing, and enjoy stellar giveaways that will make your friends jealous. Episode 246: “In order to change something, don’t struggle to change the existing model.

Gary Pearson trains rigorously to avoid carpal tunnel syndrome. He consumes content as readily as Donald Trump watches Fox News. A sports journalist, freelance writer and content marketing specialist, Gary finds nothing more fulfilling than non-fictional storytelling. Well-versed in all communication forms, Gary is a former social media strategist and public relations manager. He is an aficionado of sports and has an insatiable thirst for travel, believing that learning about different cultures is one of the most valuable education forms. He has lived in five continents and currently resides in Vancouver, Canada. Hailing from Calgary, the home of the Calgary Stampede, 1988 Winter Olympics and the 1989 Stanley Cup Champions, Gary hopes he will see his beloved Flames win another Stanley Cup while he’s still young enough to celebrate in style. Gary’s family is from Essex, England, where his cultural roots remain deeply embedded. He regularly contributes to Fansided – a Time Inc. Warner and Sports Illustrated subsidiary – and is the Managing Editor of Hotspur HQ. Gary also contributes to a number of travel publications, including GoNomad. He believed, until Trump took office, that it’s always a good day to read the news. He has since realized that’s simply not true. Take a break, grab a tea and delve into an article that will bring you glee. If not, crush a beer, be a dear, roam the site and stay near.

Leaf blowers are produced to make the responsibility of raking leaves somewhat easier. They had been initially developed in the late’ 50s as a unit for spraying chemicals onto gardens & fields. Nevertheless, many customers had been just taking out the chemical packs and working with the blower thing in their driveways and yards. It didn’t take manufacturers long to notice the financial value of this item and they were quickly being made as a useful garden tool. Since that time, a few businesses have produced their own variations of this particular device and improved upon the initial style. There are some different kinds of blowers available nowadays. Like other big yard tools, they can be bought in both gas powered or even electric powered models. With developments in technologies, it’s also easy to purchase an electric blower which is also cordless. Some models have a backpack making it easier to take with you. This is particularly useful for individuals with quite huge yards to work within. Several of the bigger models are installed on wheels, letting them be pressed from one aspect of the property on the other person. Something to look for in a brand new leaf blower is the environmentally friendly impact it is going to leave behind. A number of versions are noted to create thicker emissions than others. A lot of companies are trying to enhance the way their blowers perform and are searching for solutions to make them more effectively for the earth. Naturally, good maintenance on any product can help lower harmful emissions from being introduced into the environment. It may also be a smart idea to look around for a blower which doesn’t take a great deal of work to ensure that it stays tuned up. Selecting one that has to be taken in the dealer for regular maintenance kind of defeats the job. Before making some purchases take time to do a little research. Read customer reviews. Read the packaging to find out which ones fill up the demand for the using a leaf-blower. Like picking leaves or getting rid of dead leaves with a leaf blower, splitting and storing wood for winter can be a hefty job. And using an axe is the most traditional way to do it. But there are other methods that can make your life easier. There’s far more to selecting the right leaf blower than purchasing the very first one in the retailer or even online. Search for styles with a reduced environmental impact which is very easy to hold in top form, and it is simple to use. With a bit of comparative shopping, the most excellent option is going to make itself known. Each and every customer has a unique demand and planned usage for leaf blowers. Therefore the same design is not right for everybody.

WSC Q & A 100-107 The Lord’s Prayer. Q & A 100-107 The Lord’s Prayer. Q. 100 What does the preface of the Lord’s prayer teach us? A. 100 The preface of the Lord’s prayer (which is, ‘Our Father in heaven’), teaches us to draw near to God with all holy reverence and confidence, as children to a father, able and ready to help us; and that we should pray with and for others. The catechism may call these words a ‘preface’, but the fact is that the Lord included this in his answer to the disciples, showing that there is more to prayer than just ‘petitions’ (Mt. 6:9a; Lk. 11:2a). In fact, what we have here is the immanence and transcendence of God, reflective of the first two commandments (Mt. 6:9). Our Father, places us in an exclusive covenant relationship with the biblical God alone. This is the very lead in and basis of the Ten Commandments (Ex. 20:1), and thus we are praying, in effect, that we would keep the first commandment (Ex. 20:2-3; Dt. 5:6-7). We then read ‘in heaven’, so that here we see our repudiation of idolatry, which is the making of elements of the created order a god (Ex. 20:4-6; Dt. 5:8-10). Instead we pray to the God who is qualitatively, ontologically separate from that which he has created (Is. 40:18). Prayer that the LORD receives is prayer from those who are in this personal covenant relationship with the Biblical God alone, through the Lord Jesus Christ. Because of sin, only those adopted by His grace are in such a position to refer to this God as ‘our Father’, through the work of the Spirit (Rom. 8:15; Eph. 6:18). Through the Spirit, and in Christ, we have this confidence, that as our Father he will hear us and grant unto us all good things (Ps. 145:19; Mt. 7:11; Eph. 3:12, 20). A. 101 In the first petition (which is ‘Hallowed be Your name’), we pray that God would enable us and others to glorify him in all that whereby he makes himself known; and that he would dispose all things to his own glory. This clearly is a prayer that we do not take the name of the LORD our God in vain – the third commandment (Mt. 6:9b; Lk. 11:2b; Ex. 20:7; Dt. 5:11). The very same passages referred to concerning this commandment, can certainly be referred to here. God’s name refers to his entire character, ad is reflective of it. All nations, indeed as God’s creatures, have this obligation to honour the Creator (Ps. 67:1-3; Rom. 11:36). It was Jesus’ prayer that the Father would glorify His name, to which the Father replied, “I have both glorified it, and will glorify it again” (Jn. 12:28). Clearly, “God cannot deny himself (II Tim. 2:13). How much more ought we to pray and seek the same? This was ultimately Moses’ concern (Ex. 32:11-13), and Abraham (Gen. 18:23-32). As it is written, ‘He who glories, let him glory in the Lord’” (I Cor. 1:31-31; Jer. 9:23-24). A. 102 In the second petition (which is ‘Your kingdom come’), we pray that Satan’s kingdom may be destroyed, and that the kingdom of grace may be advanced, ourselves and others brought into it, and kept in it, and that the kingdom of glory may be hastened. First of all, it is again important to see this petition in relationship to the fourth commandment (Mt. 6:10a; Lk. 11:2c; Ex. 20:8-10; Dt. 5:12-14). When God created the heavens and the earth he was engaged in kingdom work, and when he created humanity, he created those who would bear the image of his reign. Likewise, when we rest on the Christian Sabbath or Lord’s Day, we rest from our kingdom work, which we do in his strength, and for his glory, in all of life. This kingdom work, which is now the kingdom given to the Messiah, we all shall ultimately rest from, when Jesus defeats the last enemy death, and transfers his kingdom back to the Father (I Cor. 15:20-28 Cf. Ps. 2). Secondly, this kingdom was given to the Son when he ascended to sit on the heavenly throne, at the right hand of the Father, and he has ever since been bringing his enemies to subjection under his feet. Those that hate him will be forced to flee (Ps. 68:1). Instead kings and nations will be made to serve him (Ps. 72:11). As it states at Psalm 110, he reigns as the Priest-King, therefore this reign is extended through the Great Commission, the preaching of the gospel, and the doing of all he has commanded in all areas of life (Mt. 28:18-20). The corollary to the building and expansion of his kingdom, is that Satan’s is more and more being destroyed. Jesus said that he saw Satan fall from heaven, at the very time he gave authority to the seventy to carry forward the message of the gospel, accompanied by signs and wonders of the Spirit’s power (Lk. 10:18-20). Likewise Paul, hearkening back to the first gospel promise of Genesis 3:15, told the readers of the letter to the Romans that “the God of peace will crush Satan under Your feet shortly” (Rom. 16:19). Even so, we must continue to pray that the word of the Lord would continue to be glorified to this end (II Th. 3:1). This kingdom will ultimately come (Cf. Dan. 4:35), and so we pray accordingly. This kingdom certainly starts within each of us (Lk. 17:20-21), but it does not remain a private matter. If it is truly within us, it will show in how we pray and work. It is a kingdom in opposition to that of the evil one (Jn. 18:36), and “the spirit that now works in the sons of disobedience” (Eph. 2:2). It has its beginning with the seed of the gospel message – “the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes” (Rom. 1;16). Furthermore, Christ’s kingdom is further advanced, not with the physical weapons of warfare, but in the battle of ideas. “The kingdom of Christ is also antithetical in method. For, as Paul once wrote, “the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strongholds; casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalts itself against the knowledge of God” (II Cor. 10:4-5). A. 103 In the third petition (which is ‘Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven), we pray that God by his grace, would make us able and willing to know, obey, and submit to his will in all things, as the angels do in heaven. It is largely recognized that in the fifth commandment, to honour one’s parents, one is also honouring all those who occupy positions of leadership on the earth, whether civil or ecclesiastical (Mt. 6:10b; Lk. 11:2d; Ex. 20:12; Dt. 5:16). Keeping this commandment has attached to it a promise, that one will enjoy peace and prosperity in the earth. It is certainly important that we as individuals live according to God’s will on earth, but to do so as it is done in heaven, means that his will is done from top to bottom in every sphere of life, and this requires that leaders also do his will, and lead in this goal. God’s will is done because those who he has regenerated he also continues to empower to do his will (Rom. 12:1-2; Phil. 2:13). He opens our eyes to see “wondrous things” out of his law (Ps. 119:18). Jesus set an example for us when he prayed to the Father “Your will be done” (Mt. 26:42). In this sense, it also means accepting the Lord’s acts of providence (Cf. Job 1:21; 2:9-10). However, in this regard we must be careful – we do not always understand providence, but we do know the clear commands of scripture (Acts 21:14). Joseph is a clear example of this (Gen. 39:10-12). “The secret things belong to the LORD our God, but those things which are revealed belong to us and to our children, that we may do all the words of this law” (Dt. 29:29 Cf. Is. 8:20). To do his will as it is done in heaven means that we, like the angels, ought to “do his word, heeding the voice of his word” (Ps. 103:20). This is what individuals and leaders of state and church will also be judged by. Doing the Father’s will is evidence that we are destined for heavenly rest (Mt. 7:21). “Thus we have seen that the second petition is a means to the fulfillment of the first. Here we further note that (the most important part of God’s kingdom lies in His will being done” (Calvin). So the third petition is a means to the fulfillment of the second.” (Williamson 338). A. 104 In the fourth petition (which is ‘Give us this day our daily bread’), we pray that of God’s free gift we may receive a competent portion of the good things of this life, and enjoy his blessing with them. Bread is regarded as the staple of life, often used, as here in this command, to signify life itself. Therefore, when we pray this, we are praying that the Lord would continue to sustain our lives that we might do his will and thus glorify him as his image bearers in the earth (Cf. Ps. 90:17). This is the positive side of the sixth commandment, that we not only refrain from murder, but that we do everything in our power to preserve our lives, and that of our neighbours (Mt. 6:11; Lk. 11:3; Ex. 20:13; Dt. 5:17). We are to pray that we suffer neither from poverty nor riches, for it is a daily petition (Pr. 30:8). All people are directly dependent on God for the necessities of life, and all else besides. Q. 105 What do we pray for in the fifth petition? A. 105 In the fifth petition (which is ‘And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors’), we pray that God, for Christ’s sake, would freely pardon all our sins; which we are the rather encouraged to ask, because by his grace we are enabled from the heart to forgive others. The words translated as ‘debts’ and ‘debtors’ here, is not a common one employed in scripture. Some translations use the word ‘sins’ and ‘sinned’, but there is something unique about these words. ‘Ophellema’ ‘debts’ refers explicitly to “something owed” (Strong’s). ‘Debtors’ ‘ophelleo’ are those who are under obligation for that which is owed. Paul stated that we are not debtors to the flesh (Rom. 8:12), but he did owe a debt to both Jews and Greeks, to preach the gospel, even as the Gentiles were debtors, in material things, to the Jewish saints in Jerusalem, since they had received so many spiritual benefits from them (Rom. 15:27). Matthew also reinforces this understanding of a debt owed at 18:30-32. This is more than sin or sins in general. These are debts owed. Is this related to the seventh commandment (Mt. 6:12; Lk. 11:4; Ex. 20:14; Dt. 5:18)? Paul made the point that sexual sin is unique in that it is a sin against one’s own body. All other sins are external to the body. “Flee sexual immorality. Every sin that a man does is outside the body, but he who commits sexual immorality sins against his own body” (I Cor. 6:18). The prohibition against adultery is unique among the commandments for this reason. All who commit sexual sins, represented here by adultery, sin in being debtors to these particular sins of the flesh. For this reason, we are to petition the Lord that we be forgiven this debt we have committed, and also forgive those who fail to honour this debt to us. Matthew 6:14-15, on the other hand, uses the word which the NKJV and KJV translate as ‘trespasses’. ‘Paraptoma’ can refer to an unintentional side-slip or error, but can also mean a willful transgression or offence. The petition of Matthew 6:12 is a deliberate act in thought and deed. We all have a debt to protect that which we owe to ourselves and our own, and also that of our neighbours. To this end we also have an obligation to seek forgiveness for a failure in this regard, and to be ready also to forgive others of this failure. Q. 106 What do we pray for in the sixth petition? A. 106 In the sixth petition (which is ‘And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil), we pray that God would either keep us from being tempted to sin, or support and deliver us when we are tempted. In this sixth petition (Mt. 6:13a; Lk. 11:4b), we see a desire to fulfill the eighth commandment – “You shall not steal” (Ex. 20:15; Dt. 5:19). This petition is for contentment. We find an expansion of this petition in the prayer we find in Proverbs. “Two things I request of You (deprive me not before I die): Remove falsehood and lies far from me; Give me neither poverty nor riches – feed me with the food allotted to me; lest I be full and deny You, and say, “Who is the LORD?” Or lest I be poor and steal, and profane the name of my God” (30:7-9). It is also important to understand that God cannot be tempted, nor does he tempt anyone to sin (Js. 1:13). Rather, “every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust and enticed (v. 14). Therefore, we must continuously watch and pray that we not enter into temptation (Mt. 26:41), that we also be kept from presumptuous sins (Ps. 19:3). Also, when we do fall, we need to pray afresh for our hearts to be cleansed and renewed (Ps. 51:10), and that the joy of his salvation might be restored to us (Ps. 51:12). However, there are also temptations that are in fact testings, which do not necessarily denote sin on our part, depending on how we respond to the them. So there is a sense in which what we pray for here is that when we are tested, we would have the discipline to do what is right (Mt. 26:41; Mk. 14:38; Lk. 8:13). This was the experience of the generation of wilderness wanderers – they sinned in their response to the testings or trials which they had experienced (Dt. 4:34; 7:19; 29:3; Ps. 95:8 Cf. vv. 7c-11; Heb. 3:7-11). In their trials, which were part and parcel of their deliverance, they tried God. Q. 107 What does the conclusion of the Lord’s Prayer teach us? A. 107 The conclusion of the Lord’s Prayer (which is ‘For Yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen”), teaches us to take our encouragement in prayer from God only, and in our prayers to praise him, ascribing kingdom, power, and glory to him; and in testimony of our desire and assurance to be heard, we say, ‘Amen’. In what the catechism calls the conclusion of the Lord’s Prayer, we find, as part of prayer, this testimony or confession, that we first of all, pray that we would bear true witness concerning the worthiness of the Lord, and the worthiness of serving him. Unlike the petition (Your kingdom come), we have here a testimony, a bearing witness to the worthiness of the Lord for his worship, in both his person and his power or rule. This expression also is the foundation for bearing true witness concerning our neighbour, for where there was two or three witnesses to a capital crime God’s law, there the punishment is death (Dt. 17:6; 19:15-20). God bears witness when people bear witness – true or false, and his kingdom is ruled accordingly (Mt. 6:13b; Ex. 20:16; Dt. 5:20). ‘Amen’ speaks to the contentment we ought to have with God and his kingdom rule, here expressed as a model prayer. This is the sum of the tenth commandment also – not coveting that which the Lord has given unto our neighbour, and what he rightfully owns under God (Mt. 6:13c; Ex. 20:17; Dt. 5:21). Paul pointed out the pivotal nature of the tenth commandment, referring to that internal discontent that all are guilty of (Rom. 7:7-12). The guard against covetousness is persistence in prayer (Cf. Js. 4:2). This is why Luke places particular emphasis on this point following upon his record of this model prayer (11:5-13), and also that this kingdom cannot be divided, but all his children must pray ‘Amen’ to his kingdom (vv. 14-23). The other kingdom is that of the evil one (Mt. 6:13a; Lk. 11:4d; 24-26). WSC Q & A 91-97 The Sacraments Of Baptism And The Lord’s Supper. Q & A 91-97 The Sacraments Of Baptism And The Lord’s Supper. A. 91 The sacraments become effectual means of salvation, not from any virtue in them, or in him that administers them, but only by the blessing of Christ, and the working of his Spirit in them that by faith receive them. Although it is essential that those who administer the sacraments be genuine believers, the sacrament in no way demands on the spiritual condition of those who administer them. “So then neither he who plants is anything, nor he who waters, but God who gives the increase” (I Cor. 3:7). A. 92 A sacrament is a holy ordinance instituted by Christ, wherein, by sensible signs, Christ, and the benefits of the new covenant, are represented, sealed, and applied to believers. The outward symbols signify the benefits of salvation. Like circumcision under the old covenant, baptism under the new is a sign and seal of the righteousness of faith (Rom. 4:11). Baptism signifies the dying to sin and living to God, “by the resurrection of Jesus Christ” (I Pet. 3:21). The Lord’s supper, which is the Christian Passover, shows forth the Lord’s death also (I Cor. 11:26). Q. 94 What is baptism? A. 94 Baptism is a sacrament, wherein the washing with water in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, does signify and seal our ingrafting into Christ, and partaking of the benefits of the covenant of grace, and our engagement to be the Lord’s. Since there is but one covenant of grace, there is no indication in the New Testament that the infants, who were included in the sacraments of the Old Testament, were in any way excluded in the New (Gen. 17:10; Col. 2:11-12; Heb. 13:20). A. 95 Baptism is not to be administered to any that are out of the visible church till they profess their faith in Christ, and obedience to him, but the infants of such as are members of the visible church are to be baptized. Baptism was reiterated by the Lord as an ongoing practice among his disciples, when he issued the great commission (Mt. 28:18-20). Being taught and practiced by the apostles, including Paul (Acts 2:39; 8:36-37; Gal. 3:27), being “buried with him by baptism into death; that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life” (Rom. 6:4). It also included all the members of one’s house, including infants (I Cor. 7:14). There is also no indication that the mode was of necessity by immersion. This is just tradition being put forth as scriptural mandate by those of the immersionist persuasion. Physical baptism is likened unto the baptism of the Spirit, which is described as a pouring (Mt. 3:11; Acts 1:5, 8; 2:17ff.). We are also said to be sprinkled by the blood of Christ (Heb. 12:24). The only ones we know who were immersed were the Egyptians in the Red Sea (Ex. 14:22, 28). Q. 96 What is the Lord’s supper? A. 96 The Lord’s supper is a sacrament, wherein, by giving and receiving bread and wine, according to Christ’s appointment, his death is showed forth; and the worthy receivers are, not after a corporal and carnal manner, but by faith, made partakers of his body and blood, with all his benefits, to their spiritual nourishment, and growth in grace. It was during the celebration of the Passover that the Lord gave instructions that with his coming, this Passover meal now be kept in remembrance of him. It is his sprinkled blood (Heb. 12:24), “as of a lamb without blemish and without spot” (I Pet. 1:19), who now delivers the true members of the new covenant from death (Lk. 22:19-20). Just as baptism replaces circumcision as a sign and seal of entrance into the covenant, even so the Lord’s supper replaces the Passover to express the continuing life within the covenant. “For indeed Christ, our Passover lamb, was sacrificed for us” (I Cor. 5:7 Cf. Ex. 12:5). Unlike the previous section on baptism, on the subject of the Lord’s supper, they should have also asked the question which is there asked concerning who may partake of the supper. Q & A 97 assumes that one must be an adult, for all the things required in what follows. However, the very same requirements of repentance and faith are required of adults receiving baptism, but still there was a provision, based on scripture, for the infants of believing parents, and one ought also to add the mentally incapable, for being included in the covenant administrations. The Passover, from a biblical perspective, clearly mandated that all the members of the household(s) were to be included (Ex. 12:3-4). All were to take refuge in one’s house, and all were to partake of the meal together (vv. 7-8). Therefore, it is inconsistent for those who administer the sign of covenantal inclusion, to withhold the sign and seal of covenantal continuation, because the “demands” for adults are identical, and infants certainly are “persons”. Q. 97 What is required to the worthy receiving of the Lord’s supper? A. 97 It is required of them that would worthily partake of the Lord’s supper, that they examine themselves of their knowledge to discern the Lord’s body, of their faith to feed upon him, of their repentance, love, and new obedience, lest, coming unworthily, they eat and drink judgment to themselves. There is also another misconception of Paul’s stipulations. Paul made clear that when he wrote about the body of Christ, he was referring to the church. It is therefore very strange that the focus gets solely directed to somehow examining Christ’s actual body when people look at what it means to examine oneself. Paul’s injunction here is that each would examine themselves in terms of their relationship with the body as the church (I Cor. 11:28-31). This is why he also says at 14:1 that we follow love in the body – this is in fact his primary focus in this entire section (Chs. 11-14). In fact it started even earlier in his letter, where when after he referred to Christ as our Passover lamb (I Cor. 5:7), he then stated that we (plural –the body), ought to “keep the feast,” (the Christian Passover), “with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth” (v. 8). Jesus said that if one is offering a gift at the altar, which is in effect what we do in the supper, and remember that a brother has something against us, we are to rectify that situation before we come to offer our gift (Mt. 5:23). This is Paul’s focus here, which is not something which would be applicable to infants, or the mentally challenged. Certainly, it is important for adults, that we examine ourselves as to whether we are in the faith (II Cor. 13:5). However, this is something that must be included in baptism as well, and indeed throughout our Christian lives. The most important sacrifice or gift that the individual can offer to God is, “a broken and contrite heart” (Ps. 51:17), but also thanksgiving that the gift that we offer to God is the gift of the Lord Jesus Christ for us. “But of Him you are in Christ Jesus, who became for us wisdom from God-and righteousness and sanctification and redemption-that, as it is written, ‘He who glories, let him glory in the Lord’” (I Cor. 1:30-31; Jer. 9:23-24). WSC Q & A 89-90 The Word Is Made Effectual. Q & A 89-90 The Word Is Made Effectual. A. 89 The Spirit of God makes the reading, but especially the preaching of the word, an effectual means of convincing and converting sinners, and of building them up in holiness and comfort, through faith, unto salvation. There are things which are unique to the word of God, given that it has been given by divine inspiration. “For the word the word of God is living and powerful” (Heb. 4:12a). Quite apart from the application of the word by the Spirit, the word itself carries with it a living and powerful dynamic that is not present in any other book. “The gospel…is the power of God unto salvation to everyone that believes” (Rom. 1:16). However, on behalf of the elect, there is also the effectual application of the word in faith and repentance by the Spirit, and all else involved in the Christian faith. It converts the soul (Ps. 19:7), and builds the saints up in the inheritance that is given to the elect, for their sanctification (Acts 20:32). The Ethiopian is an example of a person who both read the word and had it explained to him (Acts 8:27-28). The Bereans also were those who searched the scriptures themselves, and then had the truth explained to them (Acts 17:11-12). Paul stated the following with respect to those in Thessalonica. “When you received the word of God which you heard from us, you welcomed it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which also effectively works in you who believe” (II Th. 2:13). They knew this was the case because, they became imitators of those who brought the message. How important it is then that Christians, and preachers especially, live the word (Cf. Js. 1:23-24)! A. 90 That the word may become effectual to salvation, we must attend thereunto with diligence, preparation, and prayer, receive it with faith and love, lay it up in our hearts, and practice in our lives. There is the outward means appointed for the salvation of God’s elect, and the inward gifts granted. It is important to regard these as separate, for many are exposed to the outward means who have not been granted the inward gifts. There is the sound of words, but for some there is not the listening of faith (Pr. 8:34). Those of faith pray that their eyes might be opened to see “wondrous things” out of God’s law (Ps. 119:18). Those who are of faith “desire the pure milk of the word” (I Pet. 2:2). For many, even the word preached does not profit them, because it is not mixed with faith (Heb. 4:2). If one is going to be saved, and grow in grace, one must love the truth (II Th. 2:10). We must say with the psalmist: “Your word I have hid in my heart that I might not sin against You” (Ps. 119:11), “being not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work” (Js. 1:25). “Therefore take heed how you hear” (Lk. 8:18a). Moreover, we must not be content with the milk of the word, we must also progress forward to the meat, in doctrine and life (Eph. 4:14; Heb. 5:14). XII. WSC Law And Gospel Q & A 82-90 – Q & A 82-84 The Law Convicts Of Sin. Q & A 82-84 The Law Convicts Of Sin. A. 82 No mere man since the fall is able in this life perfectly to keep the commandments of God, but does daily break them in thought, word and deed. One of the uses of the law is to convict people of their sinful condition, that they might seek after a remedy (Eccl. 7:20). Our sinful condition goes to the very core of who we are (Gen. 8:21). We all offend in many ways, including in our speech (Js. 3:2, 8). A. 83 Some sins in themselves, and by reason of several aggravations, are more heinous in the sight of God than others. He that delivered the Lord up to be crucified had the greater sin (Jn. 19:11). It has always been the case that covetousness was every bit as important as the other nine, and it shows the internal nature of the corruption of sin. However, it is also true that people were never given a law or mandate to punish people based on what they thought, which of course only God, and perhaps the offender, alone would be able to know. Certain sins impact the social fabric of society, and the church corporate, that are clearly more heinous in their scope and impact. Also, we know that murder is on a different level than stealing, for example. Some sins could be addressed with repentance and restitution to injured parties. Furthermore, the biblical record overflows with constant examples of God’s grace, where judgment comes only after great patience on God’s part. Q. 84 What does every sin deserve? A. 84 Every sin deserves God’s wrath and curse, both in this life, and that which is to come. All have sinned in Adam, to which we all add our own personal iniquities, so that all deserve the sentence of death, physical and spiritual. The real wonder is grace, that the LORD would redeem any.

The Make It Collective would like to invite you to our Mega launch party on Friday 23rd June 6pm-9pm. There will be MUSIC, NIBBLES, SHOPPING and in the gallery we will have a GIANT colouring wall for you to get your creative juices flowing. That's right you get to put your mark on the walls at The make It Collective Shop. Come along and enjoy a fun evening celebrating handmade and leave with some fantastic finds! The Make it Collective Shop Maker space is chock full of handmade goodies made by Artisans from Melbourne and surrounds. With thanks to Active Spaces in Darebin for their amazing support.

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The Kid Game Jam is a game development event that happenend from October the 24th to the 25th, where children decide the artist vision and the rules and professionals create the game. I had the pleasure to work with 5 crazy boys, fully motivated to see their ideas being concretely playable. Our team name (that the children chose) was Epic Players. First thing on Saturday morning, we played a game where we had to draw the most evil and disgusting monster (I draw Kroko-Capital, a capitalist crocodile) and after draw the biggest fear of this monster (I draw Meow Zedong). This little creation game put our kids in context. We created the team, centered around the few programmers and then we brainstomred the ideas. Of course, kids always had too complicated ideas, but I was there to guide them on some simpler idea. We settled for a action game where the players incarnated Fire Monsters and killed villagers and fire-fighters that threw them water. They began to draw and quickly finished all the required assets and then began to disturb me in my programming process. It was to be expected from this game jam, but we could have some educator who could take care of children when the developers were working. At te end of the day, I continued to work back and finished the programming part of the game on the Saturday evening. The Sunday, I took the assets of the children and put them in the game. It was a quick process, finishing the game around 2pm, with a deadline at 4pm (when the parents were coming back). As soon as the game was finished, children could play it and they never stopped. They were seriously playing from 2pm until 5pm, the game they created. In term of game design, there were a lot of flaws in the game, with broken mechanic. But they still managed to play it over and over again. They had the pleasure to show it to their parents at 4pm. My family also came to see the results. Superb mood with the children and this enfantine touch in the games. Children always happy with their game, even with horrible flaws. At the end, it was a wonderful experience, being myself a bit child-in-heart adult, the fact that children had pleasures filled me up. I would be ready to participate next year again! So, see you Musée du Jeu Suisse and see you in January for Global Game Jam. Thanks for sharing this Elias. I agree, next time there should be someone dedicated to just take the kids out for a while.

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Distance between Belfield and Banagher. How many miles from Belfield to Banagher. The straight distance between Belfield (Dublin) and Banagher (Offaly) is 73.79 mi, but the driving distance is 90.98 mi. It takes to go from Belfield to Banagher.

The performance of the prototype SENSKIN system will be thoroughly investigated through a comprehensive programme of closely-controlled laboratory tests. The repeatability and reproducibility of the output from the sensors will be determined from small-scale calibration/proving tests undertaken on concrete blocks and steel specimens. Tensile, compressive, shear and torsional strains will be induced in the specimens. The tests will determine how the output from the sensors varies with (a) the applied strain (type and magnitude), and (b) environmental conditions (temperature, humidity and moisture ingress). The measurements will be analysed to determine (a) the sensitivity of the output from the sensors to (i) cyclic loading, and (ii) near-field vibrations, and (b) the propensity of the sensors to long-term creep under a constant applied load. Following analysis of the results from the initial small-scale tests - and any necessary adjustment to the method used to apply the sensors and/or the data logging system – larger-scale tests will be undertaken on steel and reinforced concrete (a) beam and (b) frame specimens. The beam tests will determine the response of the sensors to flexural, shear, and torsional forces, while the frame tests will assess the ability of the sensors to detect the strains that develop in the test specimens during the formation of a hinge. The response of the sensors and of the SENSKIN integrated device as a whole will be assessed, as far as is practicable, to complex static and dynamic loading. Specimens will be fabricated and tested under closely-controlled laboratory conditions. Procedures for installing the sensors on concrete and steel substrates will be developed. In addition to the testing of the individual devices, the operation of the system at a network level will also be evaluated.

I have waited for over 50 years. This summer it finally happened. You see, my father, long deceased, was the only member of his family to have escaped Poland. The Second World War had everything to do with that unplanned and painful departure. But that is another story for another time. The rest of the Korczynski family struggled on. Most survived that war’s tragedies. Survivors were caught up in the massive migration of refugees following the redrawing of the map of Europe in 1945. After that, they endured life under the heel of the Soviet Union until its eventual collapse. It was not easy for them or for hundreds of thousands of others. But not only did they survive; they have been flourishing during these last decades. Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw. Click to enlarge. One cannot travel to Poland … this was my first visit … and fail to notice the long, dark shadows still cast by the tragedies of WWII and the ensuing Communist era. They are everywhere, whether you are looking for them or not. My cousins served as generous tour guides for my wife and me. They determined for us what was essential to see and understand about their long suffering country. It became evident to us early and often that we were walking in those dual shadows of war and its grim aftermath. In Warsaw, for example, the city centre is dominated by a stark, monolithic building, a “gift from the Russian people” in the 1950s. It still elicits strong (usually negative) emotions from many Poles. A visit to one of the city’s main cemeteries saw us standing before a huge monument erected as a reminder of the tragedy of the Smolensk air disaster which, in 2010, saw 96 deaths (perhaps assassinations?), including the country’s president and several cabinet ministers. Concerns about a new and emerging “Russian Empire” under Vladimir Putin are real. Smolensk Memorial, Warsaw. Click to enlarge. The most casual walk through Warsaw’s restored old town reveals plaques and markers noting the places where Poles were summarily executed by the Nazis. Even travelling along the most non-descript side street can yield a neighbourhood memorial to the ill-fated Warsaw uprising of 1944. Such memorials often feature fresh flowers or burning vigil candles, gestures by people who still grieve those tragedies. The Little Insurgent Monument, Warsaw Old Town. Click to Enlarge. And if you happen to miss these smaller Warsaw memorials, you cannot miss the more grand gestures, many of them museums dedicated to the memory of these tragic events. The Warsaw Uprising Museum; the Museum of the History of Jews in Poland; the Polish Military Museum; the Cathedral of the Polish Military, to name but a few. Visits to Poland’s other major cities feature similar sites and memorials, for me perhaps the most memorable was Oswiecim … better known to the world as Auschwitz/Birkenau. All of which has provided much food for thought. And for comparison. A rose left on the Auschwitz main gate. A stroll through Kingston’s picturesque City Park, and undoubtedly the central parks of most Canadian cities, invariably leads to an encounter with at least one, if not more, war memorials. But the images invoked, and the stories they attempt to elicit, seem out of sync with my recent experiences in Poland. My Canadian experience, with rare exceptions, might be characterized as encounters with historic memory … graven images of military personnel, allusions to heroic sacrifice, the defence of freedom, acts of patriotism, and ultimately, military victories. And I have found few, if any, recently placed bouquets or burning candles (except around November 11, of course). Main Gate, Auschwitz. Click to enlarge. World War I Memorial, Kingston, Ontario. Click to Enlarge. As I see it, most Polish memorials are anchored in the experiences of the victims, the oppressed, the suffering and the brutalized. My Canadian experience has more often than not offered the perspective of the victor, underscoring the unquestioned valour of those who served in the military, with little or no explicit reference to the broader tragedy that war always brings. For me, it is not just a difference of tone; it is a difference of substance. Memorials to war and conflict are important. Indeed, the collective memory they help to nurture is vital. But perspective also is critical. Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East, Warsaw. Click to enlarge. Memorials do invite us to consider, if not honour, the heroic service and sacrifices of those who have served in the branches of the military. But they also must invoke the larger questions. Not only why these tragic events unfolded as they did, but how they can be prevented in the future. Memorials, such is prominent in Hiroshima’s Peace Park, challenge us to work for peace. The present flow of refugees from the Middle East is only one of the latest tragic consequences of unresolved conflict. Hiroshima Peace Park. Click to enlarge. At a time when nations have the nuclear capacity to annihilate the entire world many times over, questions about restoring and preserving peace must consume more of our time and energies, at both personal and political levels. After all, if we fail, there may be few remaining to build any memorial suitable enough to commemorate a lifeless planet. Having visited most of the places in Poland Mr.Korczynski mentioned in his blog got me to thinking. Unlike him my family did not come from Poland. However, after visiting war memorials in Poland and other countries I realize we must ask how war can be prevented and how we can achieve peace. Bronek is right we must work for peace at the personal and political level. As November 11 approaches I am more confident that our government will be listening to our pleas.

Most of us spend a lot of become old in our cars — along with commuting, government errands, transporting others, or long trips, we usually log many hours a week in our vehicles. later that in mind, you probably desire a car that’s not just transportation, but in addition to a kind area to be — a pleasurable spot once nice materials laid out in a logical, thoughtful manner, and most likely even one that’s nice to look at. We understand this want — appropriately we’ve laid out the 10 best car interiors you can acquire for below $50,000. We’ve focused upon the latest models, and most have been updated recently to give handsome, comfortable, thoughtfully-planned interiors that strike us as a kind place to spend time. choose any one of these vehicles, and we suspect you’ll be a little happier during the hours of the week you spend in your car.

Wire mesh furnace belts are used in a wide variety of industries. In heat treating, these belts are exposed to harsh environments, including elevated temperatures and corrosive atmospheres. The most important of mesh belt performance is service life because increasing service life will reduce annual belt costs and minimize production down time for customers. For that reason, a study was initiated as part of an ongoing research effort to improve the performance of wire mesh belts used in heat treating furnaces. To read the full study, please fill out the form to receive a PDF download.

A variety of materials can be applied to MIM technology, including stainless steel, titanium alloy, low alloy steel, tool steel, nickel base alloy, tungsten alloy, hard alloy, magnetic materials, Kovar alloy and so on. There are many factors to be taken into account when choosing right material for MIM parts, such as maximun cross section, weight of part (raw material costs), tolerances to be met, type of mechanical stress to be applied, hardness, need of additional machining after sintering, etc. Stainless Steel are the most important metal produced by MIM today. Copyright © 2019 FineMIM Tech Co., Ltd.

Many phenomena in nature and engineering happen simultaneously on rather diverse spatial and temporal scales, i.e.\ exhibit a multi-scale character. Therefore various hierarchical data structures and numerical schemes have been devised to represent quantitatively such phenomena. A special numerical multilevel technique, associated with a particular hierarchical data structure, is so-called Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR). This scheme achieves locally very high spatial and temporal resolutions. Due to its popularity, many scientists are in need of interactive visualization tools for AMR data. In this article we present a 3D texture-based volume rendering algorithm for AMR data, that directly utilizes the hierarchical structure. Thereby interactive rendering even for large data sets is achieved. In particular the problems of interpolation artifacts, opacity corrections, and texture memory limitations are addressed. The algorithm's value in practice is demonstrated with simulation and image data.

The most rewarding part of being a blogger is hearing reader feedback and knowing that my words resonated with them. It has been an exciting journey, and I love being able to share it with so many people. This page will showcase some of the highlights of my blogging career so far. Fellow bloggers, if you would ever like me to do a guest post, please contact me at vmoses90@gmail.com and we can work something out! Panelist for Career Fest: Managing Professional Relationships in the Workplace Panel. University of Central Florida. March 6, 2018. Panelist for Career Fest: Sales & Marketing Panel. University of Central Florida. November 3, 2017. Panelist for Internship Panel. Valencia College. Orlando, FL. April 13, 2017. Panelist for Young Alumni Panel. University of Central Florida – Osceola. Kissimmee, FL. October 31, 2016. Panelist for Month of the Women Panel. University of Central Florida. March 14, 2016. Guest speaker for Knights Special Events Society. Rosen College of Hospitality Management. Orlando, FL. October 14, 2015. Panelist for Business Career Panel. Seminole State College. Lake Mary, FL. September 22, 2015. Panelist for Public Speaking Skills in Professional Contexts. University of Central Florida. April 21, 2015. Panelist for Public Speaking Skills in Professional Contexts. University of Central Florida. November 25, 2014. Workshop instructor for Enhancing Your Professional Image Through Social Media and Finding Your Audience: How To Market Your Blog To Readers. Florida Scholastic Press Association. Parkland, FL. October 20, 2012. Workshop instructor for Building a Winning Resume. Burnett Honors College Leadership Conference. Orlando, FL. October 13, 2012. Career Camel‘s Writer of the Month Award. July 27, 2015. Kreativ Blogger Award from Julie at Of A Writerly Sort. May 30, 2012. Illuminating Blogger Award from Food Stories. May 28, 2012. Very Inspirational Blogger Award from T.J. at The Poet’s Crafts and Julie at Of A Writerly Sort. February 20, 2012. Versatile Blogger Award from Sharon at Hyperactive Inefficiency. January 10, 2012. Nominated for The South Florida Sun-Sentinel‘s Best of Blog Awards in the categories of Defies Categorization, Personal, and Pop Culture. February 17, 2011. Freshly Pressed on WordPress for The Freshman 15: Overcoming Homesickness blog post. November 1, 2010. Guest Post: “The Perfect Mix: Achieving a Work-Life Balance.” Career Camel. November 10, 2015. Guest Post: “A Perfect Match: Four Steps to Discovering Your Dream Career.” Career Camel. October 15, 2015. Mentioned in “The ‘How to College’ Masterpost.” MIT Admissions. August 13, 2015. Guest Post: “Four Vital Skills for Landing Your Dream Internship.” Career Camel. August 10, 2015. Guest Post: “Using the Summer to Prepare For University.” Career Camel. June 25, 2015. Guest Post: “5 Ways to Stop Sabotaging Your Health Goals.” LifeStyleBody. March 23, 2015. Guest Post: “How to Survive Exams and Maintain Your Mental Health.” Career Camel. March 21, 2015. Guest Post: “Landing the Job: Top Interview Don’ts.” Career Camel. March 13, 2015. Guest Post: “What To Look For in Your Next Internship.” Career Camel. January 30, 2015. Guest Post: “Make The Most Out of Your University’s Career Centre.” Career Camel. January 8, 2015. Guest Post: “Beating the Competition: How to Stand Out in the Job Search Process.” Career Camel. November 2, 2014. Guest Post: “The Ultimate Guide for Surviving First Year at University.” Career Camel. October 8, 2014. Guest Post: “How to Write an Awesome Cover Letter.” Career Camel. September 25, 2014. Guest Post: “Nailing the Interview: What Every Job Candidate Should Know.” Career Camel. August 27, 2014. Guest Post: “In Hindsight: Four Things I’d Tell My University Self.” Career Camel. August 7, 2014. Contributed to Talent Cupboard’s Job Hunt series: “Introducing Valerie.” Talent Cupboard. July 2, 2014. Guest Post: “From Breaking Up in the Age of Social Media.” The Things I Learned From. January 24, 2014. “Valerie is an incredibly talented blogger/writer and a very accomplished one at that. When we were encouraged to create a blog in [our] PR class, the professor used Valerie as an example that we should all aspire to be like.” – Bumfuzzled Jane. June 3, 2012. “I adore this blog like I adore Oreos. Valerie Moses, the awesome author, writes posts that make you think, make you laugh, and make you want to get off your lazy booty and write something that nice, too. I love her Freshman 15 and Friday 5 series. They’re great. You should go read them.” – Of A Writerly Sort. February 20, 2012. Listed in “50 Blog Posts Every College Applicant Should Read.” BestUniversities.com. November 24, 2010. Mentioned in “10 Best Ways to Get Involved at College.” Beyond Decoration Daydreams. March 23, 2018. Mentioned in “3 Ways to Schedule Your College Classes Effectively.” WikiHow. October 2016. Mentioned in “Confessions From The Writing Bunker #2.” Jen Sincero. July 28, 2016. Mentioned in “College Orientation – An Experience You Cannot Miss.” Say Campus Life. June 24, 2016. Mentioned in “Get Involved.” freshmenadvice101blog. March 17, 2016. Mentioned in “How to Get Involved on Campus.” Campus Gist Blog. February 16, 2016. Mentioned in “Party Hard, But Party Smart.” Kaitlyn Anderson. January 28, 2016. Mentioned in “Getting Involved in College.” blog21736. October 15, 2015. Mentioned in “How to Get Involved on Campus – For International Students.” Party in the USA. October 4, 2015. Mentioned in “5 Ways to Be Safe While Partying in College.” Buzzfeed. July 6, 2015. Mentioned in “Establishing Leadership as a High School and College Student. Horizon Point Consulting. May 21, 2015. Mentioned in “College 101: 4 Easy Ways to Meet New People.” Major Decision. March 3, 2015. Quoted in “The Best Money Moves for Students in January.” NerdWallet. January 8, 2015. Quoted in “Career Camel Writers’ Resolutions 2015.” Career Camel. January 1, 2015. Mentioned in “Review: Avenue Theater’s ‘Santa’s Big Red Sack’ is Back.” The Denver Post. December 20, 2014. Mentioned in “10 Tips for Making Internship Fairs Bearable – And Possibly Even Fun.” Taylormundo. November 26, 2014. Required reading assignment in Sacramento State’s Freshman Seminar class. September 10, 2014. Mentioned in “Organization and Success.” Allie’s Life. September 2, 2014. Mentioned in “Success at Workplace: Passion or Conviction?” Daily Motivation for Self Improvement. July 7, 2014. Mentioned in “How to Impress The New Grad Nurse Interviewer: Be a Storyteller.” Life With Jess. June 10, 2014. Featured on Motivate Your Plate’s Facebook page. May 30, 2014. Reblogged in “Link Love Wednesday: Remembering Maya Angelou.” Nicole Osborne. May 29, 2014. Mentioned in “College Advice from Senior Steph Russo.” Senior Year Stories. April 29, 2014. Mentioned in “Friends for Life.” The Duke Scoop. April 20, 2014. Mentioned in “Flash Mobs and Relationships.” Adel Abdullah. April 19, 2014. Featured on Masik Collegiate Fragrance’s Facebook page. March 27, 2014. Featured on Motivate Your Plate’s Facebook page. March 27, 2014. Featured on Masik Collegiate Fragrance’s Twitter page. March 26, 2014. Mentioned in “Beat the Midterm Blues: How to Stay Motivated.” Being Christine. March 1, 2014. “And when you finally find a special someone to spend the day (and coming days) with, I like what my friend (I use this term loosely because I haven’t actually met this individual) Valerie Moses says.” – Mentioned in “Date an app this Valentine’s Day.” You’ll Never Guess What I Heard Today. February 10, 2014. Reblogged in “Link Love Wednesday: What is Girl Code?” Melanie Dahling smacks of sarcasm. January 23, 2014. Reblogged in “The Weekend Five: Travel Tips for the New Year.” DANA TOURS. January 18, 2014. Mentioned in “Book post for 2013.” Tales for Scout. January 14, 2014. Mentioned in “Teenage Clichés and My Hatred Toward Such Writings.” Reading Royalty. December 14, 2013. Featured as part of blog swap in “These are a few of my favorite things: Blog swaps.” Tales for Scout. December 2, 2013. Mentioned in “Meeting People.” Yasmin’s Here. November 24, 2013. Influenced the content of “Tips For Having a College Relationship.” StudentRate Trends. November 4, 2013. Reblogged in “The Freshman 15: Tips for Meeting New People.” Adrift. October 20, 2013. Mentioned in “Speed Dating: Campus Clubs Version.” Stressing Out College. October 4, 2013. Mentioned in “Enjoy your weekend.” Tales for Scout. September 25, 2013. Featured as part of blog swap in “Swapping Blog Niceness.” Julie Kesti. September 24, 2013. Mentioned in “Going back to school: Top 10 ways to get ahead of the game fall semester.” Questia. August 26, 2013. Reblogged in “The Weekend Five: Things No One Wants To See On Your Resume.” MBerri Photography. May 1, 2013. Reblogged in “The Weekend Five: Things No One Wants To See On Your Resume.” JC Design Blog. April 28, 2013. Guest post mentioned in “The Good Guy.” Katrina’s WORKS. October 27, 2012. “After reading this, I felt as though I was walking down memory lane once again. I’m sure once we’re done with college, all of these memories will become a part of us forever.” – The News & Publication Society. September 21, 2012. Mentioned in “Helpful Hints on Roommates: Bad vs. Good Habits.” Her Campus. November 27, 2011. Mentioned in “Doors don’t slam open. – John M. Shanahan.” Smart, Pretty and Awkward. June 1, 2011. “This is from a student’s perspective but equally valid for expatriots the world over.” – Recession Dodge to Victory. November 14, 2010. “This is really going to help me next year when I finally set foot at college.” – Maelstrom. November 2, 2010. Mentioned in “How can college Freshman overcome homesickness?” Freshman Perspective. November 2, 2010. Thank you so much! 🙂 Couldn’t have done it without you!

Actress Anushka Sharma, who is married to cricketer Virat Kohli, has started collaborating with Discovery in a bid to promote a global awareness movement which has been created to save tigers from extinction. The Zero actress will promote Project C.A.T: Conserving Acres for Tigers, aimed at raising awareness to preserve the habitat of the declining numbers of tigers in the wild. Discovery has collaborated with World Wildlife Fund (WWF) for Project C.A.T, a statement said. Anushka, who has consistently championed the cause of animal welfare and was recognised as PETA's person of the year 2017, features in a video. She says, "Tigers - the glorious wild cats are in real danger of getting extinct and they need our help. "As a large predator, tigers are an umbrella species and play a critical role in ensuring that the delicate ecological balance in the wild is maintained. The current situation is a sad reflection of us as human beings." She believes everyone needs to reflect upon how they can contribute to make the world a better place to live in and "ensure that our future generations too can experience this magnificent creature". Karan Bajaj, Senior Vice President and General Manager - South Asia, Discovery Communications India, said: "We are excited to partner with Anushka Sharma to ignite awareness about tiger conservation and help promote the global movement to save them. We will use the collective power of our media brands to amplify the message of Tiger conservation." As part of the WWF partnership launched in 2016, Project C.A.T. program funds nearly two million acres of protected habitat in India and Bhutan to protect and increase the wild tiger population. This year, Discovery has further increased the ambit of the project by supporting initiatives in Sundarbans forest located in the coastal region of Bay of Bengal.

The County Democrat. (Tecumseh, Okla.), Vol. 24, No. 52, Ed. 1 Friday, September 20, 1918 Page: 5 of 8. Large.

The high quality contact between graphene and the metal electrode is a crucial factor in achieving the high performance of graphene transistors. However, there is not sufficient research about contact resistance reduction methods to improve the junction of metal-graphene. In this paper, we propose a new method to decrease the contact resistance between graphene and metal using directly grown graphene over a metal surface. The study found that the grown graphene over copper, as an intermediate layer between the copper and the transferred graphene, reduces contact resistance, and that the adhesion strength between graphene and metal becomes stronger. The results confirmed the contact resistance of the metalgraphene of the proposed structure is nearly half that of the conventional contact structure. Graphene is a zero-band gap semiconductor and has emerged as a promising candidate for device application due to its superior electrical performance [1 - 5] . Despite the good potential as channel material for field effect transistors (FETs), the contact resistance between metal and graphene can be a major limiting factor of device performance [6 - 8] . Therefore, understanding the metal-graphene contact is of great scientific and technological importance. Carrier transport from a three dimensional metal to two dimensional graphene has a different mechanism from the conventional metal-metal contact . However, in spite of its importance, there have been few reports on understanding the dominant factors that control the contact resistance between graphene and metal. The detailed properties and methods to improve the contact between graphene and metal are not well studied. Here we demonstrate a new method to reduce the contact resistance between transferred graphene and metal using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown graphene as an intermediate layer. In a conventional graphene-metal contact, a transferred graphene layer contacts metal. In our approach, however, there is another synthesized graphene layer between the metal and graphene, which can reduce the contact resistance between them. (a) The overall process of fabricating an embedded Cu electrode structure. (b) The structure to improve contact between the electrode and grapheneusing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown graphene as an intermediate layer. (a) The transfer length methods (TLM) device for contact resistancemeasurement, and (b) transferred graphene as a channel in the TLM device.(c) The Raman spectroscopy of graphene and amorphous carbon (a-C) on anembedded Cu substrate using chemical vapor deposition growth. patterning. The Cu electrode was then deposited by thermal evaporation and lifted off to eliminate Cu on SiO 2 . A graphene intermediate layer was grown on the embedded Cu electrodes by induction coupled plasma enhanced CVD (ICP-CVD). The substrate temperature was ramped up to 850℃, and C 2 H 2 gas was supplied to a chamber with plasma, which decomposed the C 2 H 2 gas to carbon source for graphene deposition. Then the substrate was cooled to room temperature in vacuum conditions. Another graphene layer as a channel material for a FET, which was grown separately on another Cu/SiO 2 /Si wafer, was transferred onto the substrate, which is illustrated in Fig. 1 b. To confirm the growth of the graphene intermediate layer, Raman spectroscopy was used and prominent G and 2D peaks showed that the carbon film on the metal was truly graphene ( Fig. 2 c). The metal-graphene contact resistance was measured using transfer length methods (TLM) [12 - 14] and a TLM device is shown in Fig. 2 a. The graphene channel width was 10 μm and the channel length varied from 2 μm to 10 μm in steps of 2 μm and a top gate was fabricated in one of the TLM segments with a 20-nm-thick Al 2 O 3 dielectric and Au as the top gate material (the top gate is not shown in the figure). The graphene intermediate layer was synthesized only on the Cu electrodes and bar-shaped graphene as a channel was placed on them. For comparison, not only graphene but also an amorphous carbon (a-C) film was synthesized as an intermediate layer and the Raman spectroscopy measurement result is shown in Fig. 2 c. We conducted three different tests, TLM measurement, Hall effect measurement, and a cantilever beam fracture test, to access the electronic and mechanical performances of the intermediate layer. First, we made TLM measurements at 300 K with a drain bias of 1 V on three different structures, Cu/transferred graphene contact (called direct contact), Cu/intermediate graphene/transferred graphene (indirect contact), and Cu/amorphous carbon/transferred graphene (amorphous contact). The drain current-gate voltage (I-V) characteristics of all of the top gate graphene FETs are plotted in Fig. 3 a as a function of top-gate bias for all three different types of FETs. The highest source-drain current was from the indirect contact. The total resistance (R total ) between a source and a drain electrode includes contact and sheet resistances, and its dependence on the channel length is plotted in Fig. 3 b. The R total was measured at a gate bias of -1 V. The black (red, blue) squares denote the R total of the FETs having direct (indirect, amorphous) contact and the lines are linear fitting curves. The resistance values increased with the channel length as expected. However, the contact resistance was constant regardless of the channel length, and the value was obtained at the intercept at the zero channel length. (a) Drain current-gate voltage curve of a graphene field effecttransistor (FET) with a 2 μm channel length at 300 K. (b) Derived contactresistance of three different structures (transferred graphene-Cu, transferredgraphene-synthesized graphene/Cu, and transferred graphene-a-C/Cu) using the top gate FET at gate biases of -1 V at 300 K. Contact resistance as a function of gate bias, showing the gatebias and contact structure dependence. The inset graph shows contactresistance results at gate biases from -2 V to -1.7 V. than half the value of the direct Cu-graphene throughout most of the investigated gate voltages. That means that the intermediate layer assisted the charge transfer from Cu to the transferred graphene. In the amorphous contact, the contact resistance was over the 4 kΩ- μm because the charge transfer was harder than the other structures due to low conductivity of the amorphous carbon film. The resistivity of three different structures: Cu only, as-growngraphene on Cu (as grown G-Cu), and transferred graphene on Cu. Theinset shows the adhesion energy between the as-grown graphene withCu and the transferred graphene with Cu. CVD grown graphene had harder contact with Cu than the transferred graphene, which can make the electric current easy to turn on. From these results, we conclude that CVD grown graphene has better surface contact than transferred graphene. In summary, we proposed a new contact structure to reduce contact resistance by inserting a graphene intermediate layer between the metal and the transferred graphene. Using TLM, Halleffect, and adhesion tests, we verified that CVD grown graphene has lower resistivity and higher adhesion energy than transferred graphene on Cu. The proposed structure decreases nearly half the contact resistance. The results indicate that CVD grown graphene is more strongly contacted with Cu than the transferred graphene, which makes the charge transfer more effective between the electrode and the channel. This work was supported by research grants from the NationalResearch Foundation of Korea (NRF) (Grant Nos. 2008-2002744and 2010-0029132), and Global Frontier Research Center for AdvancedSoft Electronics (Grant No. 2011-0031638). SK Hong , SM Song , O Sul , and BJ Cho , “Reduction of metal-graphene contact resistance by direct growth of graphene over metal”, Carbon letters, vol. 3, no. 3, Jul 2013.

A new approach for developing solid-state dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) on glass/ITO and plastic substrates (PEN/ITO) is presented in this manuscript. A two step electrodeposition technique has been employed to realize the ZnO photoelectrodes. First a ZnO thin film is deposited on the ITO substrate and subsequently on this buffer layer 650 nm long ZnO nanowires are grown. The different nanostructured electrodes are crystallized and show a transparency close to 80% in the visible spectral range. The electrodes are then sensitized with a new purely organic dye, whose synthesis is presented here, which reveals a wide absorption spectrum and a high molar extinction coefficient. Finally, the sensitized electrodes were employed for the fabrication of liquid and solid-state DSSCs, using, respectively, a liquid iodine/iodide electrolyte and the spiro-OMeTAD hole transporter. These devices represent the first solid-state DSSCs fabricated using electrodeposited zinc oxide nanowires. Their power conversion efficiency is still limited, respectively, 0.18% and 0.03% under standard AM 1.5G sunlight (100 mW cm−2), nevertheless, these results prove the interest in this low-temperature deposition method for the realization of nanostructured electrodes on rigid and flexible substrates, and open up new perspectives for the development of solid state DSSCs on plastic substrates.

The rod is manufactured from state of the art materials formulated to offer the high performance and durability demanded by our customers. The core of the rod is manufactured by the Pultrusion process. This involves impregnating high strength continuous glass fiber filaments with a liquefied resin. The fibers are drawn into a heated die where the resin matrix is cured, bonding the fibers together and allowing mechanical load to be transmitted through the matrix and distributed amongst the fibers. The resulting pultruded rod combines both the high stiffness required to push the rod through long distances of ducting, with the flexibility to handle tight bends without damage. This inner core is then coated with a highly durable, scratch resistant Polypropylene sheath which protects the core from mechanical damage. The Frames are also a feature of the DCD systems. The four largest sizes incorporate the new EZ-Tip™ feature; a larger footprint for stability; steel brake handles that will last forever; dual rod out-feeding positions and wheels inside the frame width. The two smallest sizes feature new frames with the feedout built into the handle. All frames can be laid down on either side. These are just some of the new design features that will make every unit more usable and friendly for the end user. Duct Rods - Selection: Which is the right rod diameter for any given application? The size of ducting it is to be pushed through. When being pushed through the duct, any rod will tend to form “sine waves”, hitting the wall of the duct at certain intervals. Each time the rod comes in contact with the wall of the duct, it causes friction. The friction will build and eventually prevent the rod from being pushed any further. Small rod in large duct will make more frequent contact with the ducting; the same rod in smaller duct will make less frequent contact and therefore less friction so it can be pushed further. Large rod in small ducting is a good situation, but reduced flexibility of the rod may cause increased friction in the tighter bends. NOTE: These Duct Rodders are custom Built to order and are non-returnable except for warranty. Exercise caution when ordering. Extreme care should be taken when unpackaging replacement rod because the fiberglass rod stores considerable energy and may cause severe injury.

We describe the effect of growth temperature on the optical absorption, gain, and threshold current density of 730-nm emitting, metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown, InP-AlGaInP quantum-dot lasers. Decreasing the growth temperature from 750??C to 690??C leads to an increase in ground state absorption, while sufficient optical gain and low 300 K threshold current density is obtained in the growth temperature window between 710??C and 730??C . Wider (16 nm compared to 8 nm) interlayer barriers lead to lower threshold current density with 300 K values as low as 165 Acm-2 for 2-mm-long lasers with uncoated facets.

A rapid two-step metallization for fabrication of a “black” transparent conductive film on a flexible substrate for display applications is presented, using a mixture of silver oxide (Ag2O) and silver neodecanoate (C10H19AgO2), and its electrical conductivity and colour transition behaviours are investigated. Silver nanoparticles, which are physicochemically converted from silver oxide microparticles in the presence of silver neodecanoate in the course of the first metallization step at 150 °C for 10 min, are chemically annealed by immersing them in an acidic ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution at room temperature for 10 s. During this second metallization step, silver nanoparticles are found to be tightly packed through Ostwald ripening, which eventually leads to the dramatic enhancement of electrical conductivity by six orders of magnitude from 1.33 S m−1 to 1.0 × 107 S m−1, which corresponds to 15.9% of the electrical conductivity of bulk silver. In addition to the enhancement of electrical conductivity, the silver chloride (AgCl) layer formed on the surface of the silver layer due to ferric ions (Fe3+) enhances the blackness of the transparent conductive film by a factor of 1.69, from 36.29 B to 61.51 B. The sheet resistance and optical transparency of a roll-to-roll printed black transparent conductive film for a touch screen panel are found to be as low as 0.9 Ω □−1 and 81%, respectively, after conducting the proposed two-step metallization.

Funky Organic cotton baby clothes are now becoming more popular to most of the parents and their children than that of the traditional ones. Funky clothes for children are made colourful, fashionable and comfortable. Whether your child is at home, in school or going out for a play, funky clothes are just the best. This type of clothes offers much comfort and a wonderful feel to be worn. So either during leisure time or when a child is going to sleep, Funky Organic cotton baby clothes is good to wear. Parents can dress up their children in a carefree style with different fantastic Funky Organic cotton baby clothes. You would really love to see your children in gorgeous, stylish and modern apparels made from silk, cotton, bamboo and many more materials. By wearing Funky Organic cotton baby clothes, a child would look best and different from the others. The consumer market is full of a wide variety of Funky Organic cotton baby clothes. Clothes are available with most updated craze, styles and quality. In addition, you need not to have any headache regarding the size of the clothes because sizes are offered exactly in accordance to your need. May it be in the hot summer or in the cool winter the fabulous collection of Funky Organic cotton baby clothes would offer you some beautiful outfits. You can get good quality, unique and attractive baby clothes and trendy junior clothing made from durable materials. Funky Organic cotton baby clothes like shirts, sweaters, t-shirts, bodysuits, trousers and many others are found with beautiful colours and that too at a reasonable rate. Prices are fixed according to your comfort only. Funky Organic cotton clothes collection comprises of different clothes, which are washable by machine and above all these clothes are a fun to wear. Nowadays, funky clothes are a favourite to a large number of people. It is worth mentioning here that spun bamboo clothes are the top choice of the funky clothes lover. Ideal Funky Organic cotton baby clothes can prove to offer the most excellent collection of garments for your children.

BOXING champion Ellouise Challenger is making her England debut at the first full international match to take place in Bristol since 1970. The 16-year-old, from Downend Boxing Club, is the national champion at her weight and was due to form part of the England team to face Ireland on January 26. Downend Boxing Club will host the event, at the stately surroundings of Bristol City Hall in College Green, in partnership with Bristol City Council, England Boxing and Western Counties ABA. Ellouise said: "I am so excited to be boxing for England for the first time, and in my own city. It's wonderful." Tournament co-coordinator Craig Turner said it is the first time the sport has been held at City Hall: "We are honoured to host the event and showcase our city on the international stage." Bristol's mayor Marvin Rees has shown a keen interest in the event as he used to box himself as a youth. On hand will be his former opponent, Glenn Catley, who went on to win the WBC super middleweight championship of the world.

A Poly-Cotton blend. Screen-printed with premium poly. Pre-shrunk.

Here we have a description of the author’s (Lewis) experience of Bragdon Wood, part of the grounds of Bracton College. He feels quite lucky to have had the chance to enter as only “very few people are allowed into Bragdon Wood” (18). Once present he falls asleep in this peaceful place until he is awakened by his host (20). Much can be said of this passage, but first I will remark on the seeming mundaneness. Its just an extended description of some college grounds. Nothing much seems remarkable at first. As the story progresses we will see that this is indeed a special place and a place that plays a part in the events of THS. Here we have a humble introduction. Despite this humble start there is a feeling of the author’s revering this area of Bracton college, referring to it as a “holy of holies” (18) and he had the “sense of being received” into this area of “peculiar quality” (19). It is felt worthy of giving it a detailed description, which I will not recount here. It is a varied ground which changes as you go further and further in finally coming to “the thing I had chiefly come to see,” Merlin’s Well (19-20). The fact that this was Merlin’s well had led to several controversies over time. Several people had wanted to demolish the whole thing since they saw Merlin’s association with it as somewhat sullying. This “profane and heathenish” area had nearly fallen victim to those wanting to “destroy ‘the groves and high places'” (20). The history of the Wood recounted reveals that there is no direct link between “Bracton” College and “Bragdon” Wood except that the similarity in names probably lent the Bractons some air of authority over the place. There is much more history tangentially mentioned involving George the Third among others. Just a guess. But I like guessing. Of course mine doesn’t rhyme.

Fast forward to the college years and it isn’t surprising to learn that Saint Francis University provided a natural path for her career goals with the accelerated Doctor of Physical Therapy program. What is unexpected is the way the medical study of anatomy has allowed her artistic side to flourish. The melding of worlds began in earnest with early in her time as an undergraduate. Even though she couldn't fit a Fine Arts minor into her schedule, professor Chuck Olson carved out studio space for her and provided artistic guidance. Her artistic path continued during her graduate phase with a large scale painting “commissioned” by her PT professor Dr. Stephen LoRusso. The painting series is nearing completion and will be displayed in a location of prominence within the School of Health Sciences.

We have newly designed a thermal plasma system which can be operated with a pulse modulated mode for the control of plasma power in the time domain and for creating non-equilibrium effects such as fast heating or quenching of the plasma to produce new functional materials at a high rate. The system consists of a solid state power supply with a maximum peak power of 30 kW(20 kW continuous), an induction plasma torch with a 13-turns coil of 55 mm diameter and 85 mm length and a vacuum chamber. The pulse modulated plasma was successfully produced at a plasma power of 11 kW and a pressure from 27 kPa to 101 kPa (from 200 to 760 Torr). The on and off time were each 5 ms, which corresponds to a duty factor of 50%. Measurements were carried out on the time variation of the spectral lines emitted from the ArI species. The dynamic behavior of the plasma temperature in an on-off cycle was estimated by the Boltzman plot method as an average value for eight emission lines. The excitation temperature of the ArI atom changed periodically from 5000 K to 14000 K during the cycle at 27 kPa. The magnitude of this temperature change was weakened at higher pressure of 101 kPa. The minimum duty factor to sustain the pulse modulated thermal plasma was found to be 30%, which corresponds to the pulse off time of 10 to 12 ms.

I had a blast at this year’s Sundance Film Festival and I can’t wait to go again next year. Today, Sundance announced their In-Competition line-ups for 2012 and already I’m trying to plan out how I’m going to see all of them (which is impossible, but it’s nice to dream). The U.S. Dramatic Competition features For Ellen, Nobody Walks, Safety Not Guaranteed, Smashed, and more. There are also some interesting-sounding films in the U.S. Documentary Competition including Finding North, The Invisible War, and The Other Dream Team. Hit the jump to check out the full press release, which includes the in-competition line-ups for U.S. Dramatic Competition, U.S. Documentary Competition, World Cinema Dramatic Competition, and World Cinema Documentary Competition. The 2012 Sundance Film Festival runs from January 19 – 29th. Park City, UT — Sundance Institute announced today the films selected for the U.S. and World Cinema Dramatic and Documentary Competitions of the 2012 Sundance Film Festival. The Sundance Film Festival will take place January 19 through 29 in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden and Sundance, Utah. The complete list of films is available at www.sundance.org/festival. For the 2012 Sundance Film Festival, 110 feature-length films were selected, representing 31 countries and 46 first-time filmmakers, including 26 in competition. These films were selected from 4,042 feature-length film submissions composed of 2,059 U.S. and 1,983 international feature-length films. 88 films at the Festival will be world premieres. In addition to the four Competition categories, the Festival presents feature-length films in six out-of-competition sections. Films in the Spotlight, Park City at Midnight, NEXT <=> and New Frontier sections will be announced on December 1. Films in the Premieres and Documentary Premieres sections will be announced on December 5. ME at the ZOO / U.S.A. (Directors: Chris Moukarbel, Valerie Veatch) — With 270 million hits to date, Chris Crocker, an uncanny young video blogger from small town Tennessee, is considered the Internet’s first rebel folk hero and at the same time one of its most controversial personalities. Slavery By Another Name / U.S.A. (Director: Sam Pollard) — As slavery came to an end with Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, a new system of involuntary servitude took its place with shocking force, brutalizing, terrorizing and ultimately circumscribing the lives of hundreds of thousands of African Americans well into the 20th century. We’re Not Broke / U.S.A. (Directors: Karin Hayes, Victoria Bruce) — As American lawmakers slash budgets and lay off employees, leaving many people scrambling to survive, multibillion-dollar corporations are concealing colossal profits overseas to avoid paying U.S. income tax. Fed-up Americans are taking their frustration to the streets.

Abstract: This paper presents an analytical model for the assessment of the unipolar corona saturation current limit for positive corona discharge in air, based on the determination of the field line lengths and trajectories. The model is applicable to emitter electrodes with a cylindrical surface facing a plane or an identical cylindrical collector electrode, if their spatial characteristics, the ion mobility of the surrounding medium and the applied voltage are known. Experimental investigation is performed to compare the results of the unipolar corona saturation current limit from the proposed model to the actual corona current flow in an experimental setup that comprises cylindrical emitters of various radii, facing a plane electrode. Both the total current amplitude and the current density distribution over the collecting electrode's surface have been examined.

Background: Methane oxidation in landfill biocovers is a recognized technology for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emission. Objective and Method: A test cell was designed to investigate the combination of minimizing water infiltration into the waste and the oxidation of methane in an optimized landfill cover under Dutch climatic conditions. Limitation of infiltration was intended by means of a capillary barrier. With respect to methane oxidation it was intended to achieve a cover with a relatively high air filled porosity. Results and Conclusion: This paper reports on the design of the landfill biocover test cell, presents a novel, spatially more representative chamber measurement method, assesses its applicability, and presents the established carbon balance and the associated restrictions. An asset was the controlled gas influx and the coverage of the entire test cell with chamber measurements, by means of which CH4 oxidation rates (12.0 ± 1.7 g CH4 m-2 d-1) and efficiencies (at least 77 ± 5%) could be derived. Institute of Soil Science, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

The Chicago Theatre by Rapp & Rapp was the template for the famous Balaban & Katz movie palaces. The Chicago Loop got its name from? The "Chicago Window" is known for?

Manufacturing and joining requirements for plastic parts differ from those of metal components and necessitate high precision and accuracy. In case of plastic films with complex layer structures, production processes have to be closely monitored. Light in the near infrared of high luminance enables measurement through coloured or non-transparent plastic parts. By using non-contact measuring methods the thickness of spectacle lenses made out of plastics and contact lenses made out of hydrogel thickness can be determined accurately. Functional coatings such as anti-scratch layers and applied drugs can be measured across a large thickness range. The biggest advantage of optical sensors is the fact that they can measure inline - this is very significant because plastic parts such as packaging are produced in parallel in high volumes and high cycle rates. The triumphant history of plastics began many years ago and there is yet no end in sight. Due to the fact that its technical characteristics, as the molding ability, toughness, elasticity, its breaking and temperature stability as well as its chemical consistency are continuously evolving by being able to choose from a vastly growing collection of production processes and raw materials. This is why plastics are more and more used in new fields of application. For example PET (Polyethylene terephthalate): It is increasingly utilized as a raw material in producing bottles for drinks, food packaging or cosmetics in behalf of their lightness and transparency compared to conventional glass. But also in others sectors there is an accretive demand for plastics. Newly inferred applications are lenses or eyeglass-lenses, medical products, electrical engineering and the car industry. The packaging sector could not sustain without synthetic foils. By increasing the complexity of the foils layer structure it can be used for completely new applications. This leads the in-process measurement and quality assurance to entirely new challenges - Especially for plastics with extremely precise thicknesses and layer structures. Whereas the confocal chromatic measuring technology prevailed in the segment of container glass, there are additional interferometric measuring methods for plastic products, offering multiple advantages: They can be used for almost every type of plastic, whether it is transparent or opaque. Both measurement techniques are based on reflecting light in the boundary layers of the material with which the layer thickness can be appointed. These thicknesses can be interferometrically measured in many fields of applications by using SLD (super luminescent)-diodes as a light source. SLD-diodes not only emit light near the infrared range: An additional advantage is their high light density, which also allows roentgenizing colored plastics. Both confocal chromatic and interferometric sensors work contact-free favoring (inline-) measuring during the production process with high-speed operations and material transportation. Precitec Optronik in Neu-Isenburg offers for both measuring technologies an extensive portfolio of optical CHRocodile-sensors, allowing distance and thickness measurements within a wide measuring range designed for many different materials. (CHRocodile K). In Front: The probe. Plastics are often produced as foils. Many of their technical characteristics can be modified, making it possible to use these foils for example as card films for check cards or membrane keyboards. The packaging industry uses foils which can be heat sealed or printed on. Then again other base materials grant special heat and aging resistances. These foils can protect solar cells from external influences. Thanks to specific materials it is now possible to produce biodegradable foils (polyactic acid). Its raw materials are renewable resources. A simple multilayer structure, e.g. an adhesive film, consisting of two layers (adhesive layer, basic foil). The trend is heading towards foils with increasing layer counts for which there are various reasons: The more layers a foil consist of, the better it can be configurated. Furthermore by increasing the amount of layers the complete thickness of the foil is decreased and with that less material is consumed. This means it is very important to have enough knowledge about layer thicknesses and the measurement techniques for creating a good quality product. These multilayer foils are ongoingly spreading, caused by the ability to fulfill barrier properties against oxygen, water vapor and flavors. Having the same qualities as usual packaging materials the main benefits are tremendous weight savings. Abiding the exact layer thicknesses and structures, monitored by interferometric measurement techniques, is substantial for the foils desired functionality and properties. Modern multilayer structures consist of up to ten layers. Interferometric measurement systems are capable of measuring multilayer foils in between a few micrometers up to the millimeter range. All layers are measured simultaneously. Fourier-transformed spectrum of a two-layer system (transparent adhesive foil). The Peaks show the backing layer thickness, the adhesive layer thickness and thickness of the whole foil. Even though it is possible to measure from just one side, inline measurements during the production process are relatively easy to implement. The needed probes are very compact, which facilitates the implementation of traversing production systems. The probes are orientated crosswise to the advance direction of the foil, allowing to measure its whole width. One of the greatest perks of the interferometric measuring method is the high tolerance of varying measuring distances. That is why the foil can waver around without compromising the outcome of the measurements. Contact-free measurement techniques – the confocal chromatic measurement systems, which also rely on x-raying the object being measured - are standard for container glass (e.g. glass bottles), being produced in high-speed production lines and therefore have to be measured in production time. The contact-free optical CHRocodile-sensors measuring wall thicknesses can be integrated in the production line. The industry works especially on reducing the wall thicknesses of PET-bottles leading to lower input and decreasing the transportation costs, thereby the wall thickness determination gains further importance. When measuring PET-bottles the best choice is the interferometric measuring method, being in a position to also measure colored bottles with impressive measuring rates of multiple kilohertz. The diameter of the measurement spot merely covers a few hundredth millimeters and therefore even the smallest faults are discovered. An additional advantage is not only the freedom of choosing bigger measuring distances but also having precise data whilst changing distances. This helps determining derivations during the production process before the product quality is compromised. There are more than the foregoing fields of application for this promising measuring technology. Applications from medical technology report of successful measurements of wall thicknesses on balloons, which are used for angioplasty applications e.g. expanding or reopening contracted or closed blood vessels. Wall thicknesses of disposable plastic syringes can also be measured that way. Wall thickness measurement of a balloon used for angioplasty. On top, in the middle: probe. Moreover, measuring the scratch-resist coatings of plastic eye-lenses is another featured application as well as thickness control for head-up-display foils. Even layer thickness measurements of fluids are possible: e.g. varnishes or water. Several tasks in the automobile industry, including plastic coatings or oil films on steel can be measured. And yet again medical applications as filling levels of fluids are measureable. Apparently, there are almost no boundaries for interferometric measurements in the plastics sector. The contact-free measuring principle paired with infrared light sources with a high light density can roentgenize nearly every plastic and therefore being capable of measuring complex unilateral layer thicknesses up to the micrometer range. The optical probes needed for interferometric determinations are not only very compact but they can also be arranged at various customer-specific measuring distances. This allows low expense installations of inline measurement systems. Even in mass productions with varying measuring distances and high speed productions can be easily fitted with our systems. It has to be said that the practical measuring experiences of non-contact glass measurements have taught us valuable lessons which can be applied to the plastics sector. Blow molding and extruding have also been adapted by the glass sector. All appearances suggest an exciting future for the interferometric measuring techniques within the plastic industry.

A responsive website is the go-to-solution for those businesses that want to keep the higher number of customers and user-friendly interface. There are various components of web design such as interface designing, authoring, graphics designing that incorporates SEO, standardized code, proprietary software, and user experience designing. Aesthetics have a major role to play when it comes to boosting the brand value and generating sales leads. An online company cannot settle for logos, charts, stock images and graphs to get the right kind of results. If you wish that, your brand has the highest standards and visual charm, all you need is a graphic designer. A designer can create motion graphics, topography, etc, to boost the visual appeal of the business. You need to ask what kind of experience in designing the website a company has. It needs to have experience in Drupal and Joomla. Only when a company has created a website like your niche, you must choose it. Rich industry experience is must to consider. Have a look at the portfolio of the websites created in the past. By doing so, you can judge what kind of websites it has created. Contact the past clients to learn what kind of experience they had with the company. Prices are very important. Check the cost of each service. Your business message communicated in a powerful manner to stir up the action with graphic design companies. With right tools and imagery, the target audience can engage. Next PostNext Why You Need an Internet Marketing Company?

Constant amplitude (LCF, MCF, HCF); Variable amplitude and damage accumulation; Gigacycle fatigue; Thermal fatigue and creep; Contact fatigue; Proportional and non-proportional loading. Initiation and short crack growth; Mixed mode behaviour; Multiaxial fracture. Metallic; Non-metallic; Defects and inhomogeneities; Constitutive modeling; Damage mechanics. Design (notches and stress concentrations); Joined structures; Residual stresses; Case studies; Virtual simulation; Experimental verification.

Biofilms may interfere with membrane performance in at least three ways: (i) increase of the transmembrane pressure drop, (ii) increase of feed channel (feed-concentrate) pressure drop, and (iii) increase of transmembrane passage. Given the relevance of biofouling, it is surprising how few data exist about the hydraulic resistance of biofilms that may affect the transmembrane pressure drop and membrane passage. In this study, biofilms were generated in a lab scale cross flow microfiltration system at two fluxes (20 and 100Lm-2h-1) and constant cross flow (0.1ms-1). As a nutrient source, acetate was added (1.0mgL-1 acetate C) besides a control without nutrient supply. A microfiltration (MF) membrane was chosen because the MF membrane resistance is very low compared to the expected biofilm resistance and, thus, biofilm resistance can be determined accurately. Transmembrane pressure drop was monitored. As biofilm parameters, thickness, total cell number, TOC, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were determined, it was demonstrated that no internal membrane fouling occurred and that the fouling layer actually consisted of a grown biofilm and was not a filter cake of accumulated bacterial cells. At 20Lm-2h-1 flux with a nutrient dosage of 1mgL-1 acetate C, the resistance after 4 days reached a value of 6×1012m-1. At 100Lm-2h-1 flux under the same conditions, the resistance was 5×1013m-1. No correlation of biofilm resistance to biofilm thickness was found; Biofilms with similar thickness could have different resistance depending on the applied flux. The cell number in biofilms was between 4×107 and 5×108 cellscm-2. At this number, bacterial cells make up less than a half percent of the overall biofilm volume and therefore did not hamper the water flow through the biofilm significantly. A flux of 100Lm-2h-1 with nutrient supply caused higher cell numbers, more biomass, and higher biofilm resistance than a flux of 20Lm-2h-1. However, the biofilm thickness after 4 days at a flux of 100Lm-2h-1 (97μm) was in the same order of magnitude as the thickness of a biofilm at a flux of 20Lm-2h-1 (114μm). An increase of flux caused an increased biofilm resistance while a decrease of flux caused a decreased resistance. The effect was reversible. It is suggested that the biofilm resistance is mainly attributed to EPS, probably due to the tortuosity ("hair-in-sink-effect") of the biopolymers to water molecules travelling across the biofilm. The data show clearly that biofilm resistance (6×1012m-1) was high compared to the intrinsic resistance of the employed MF membrane (5×1011m-1). However, in nanofiltration (intrinsic membrane resistance ca. 2×1013m-1) and reverse osmosis membranes (intrinsic resistance ca. 9×1013m-1), the biofilm will not contribute significantly to the overall resistance. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. This work was performed at Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology (www.wetsus.nl). Wetsus is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the European Union European Regional Development Fund, the Province of Fryslan, the city of Leeuwarden and by the EZ-KOMPAS Program of the "Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland". The authors like to thank the participants of the research theme "Biofouling" and Evides waterbedrijf for the fruitful discussions and their financial support. In addition the authors would especially like to thank the students Judita Laurinonyte, Nathalie Juranek and Zhen Xiang for their great support with the experimental work in the laboratory and colleague Witold Michalowski for the help with the CLSM. The fruitful and inspiring discussions with Tony Fane (NTU Singapore), Christian Mayer (Essen), Wiebren Veeman (Essen) and Harry Ridgway (US) about the background for understanding the reasons for the hydraulic resistance by the EPS is greatly acknowledged. The graphic expression "hair-in-sink-effect" is owed to Yu Shiping (NTU Singapore).

Cells respond to a variety of external stimuli regulated by the environment conditions. Mechanical, chemical and biological factors are of great interest and have been deeply studied. Furthermore, mathematical and computational models have been rapidly growing over the past few years, permitting researches to run complex scenarios saving time and resources. Usually these models focus on specific features of cell migration, making them only suitable to study restricted phenomena. Here we present a versatile finite element (FE) cell-scale 3D migration model based on probabilities depending in turn on ECM mechanical properties, chemical, fluid and boundary conditions. With this approach we are able to capture important outcomes of cell migration such as: velocities, trajectories, cell shape and aspect ratio, cell stress or ECM displacements. The modular form of the model will allow us to constantly update and redefine it as advancements are made in clarifying how cellular events take place. Cell motility has gained increasing prominence due to its major role in several physiological and pathological processes, e.g., morphogenesis, the inflammatory response, wound healing and tumor metastasis . The way cells migrate and respond to their 3D micro-environment is a multiscale process that results from the integrated effect of the properties of the tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) and the sub-cellular constituents of the cell, mediated by the cytoskeleton (CSK). This integration process depends on multiple mechanical, chemical and biological factors [2–4]. For instance, the influence of ECM stiffness and topography (Durotaxis) has been widely investigated [5–8], showing that cells prefer to migrate toward stiffer zones of the ECM, where the focal adhesions are more stable allowing to exert higher forces [9, 5, 10]. Cells also respond to spatial chemical gradients (Chemotaxis) in the surrounding fluid or tissue [11, 12], moving towards or away from the source of chemical variation. Variations of potential gradients (Galvanotaxis), fluid conditions and ligand adhesion gradients (Haptotaxis) are additional clues for cell migration guidance currently under study [13–17]. In fact, over the past few years, immense progress has been made in understanding cell migration, largely thanks to the active interaction between experiments, mathematical and computational modeling . Due to cell motility complexity, models are taking a leading role in future developments, permitting researches to run complex biophysical and biochemical scenarios without the difficulties, time and resource consumption inherent to in vitro investigations. Many of these studies have usually focused on 2D migration, not only for simplicity but due to the lack of high quality data of cell movement in 3D. This deficiency is, however, becoming increasingly overridden especially by recent advances in microfluidic technologies which allow high resolution imaging and provide enormous flexibility in controlling the critical biochemical and biomechanical factors that influence cell behavior [19, 20]. Hence, the number of 3D migration models has been gradually increasing, although focused on different aspects of cell motility. Some of them predict individual cell migration [21–23], while others simulate collective behavior [24, 25]. In addition, different levels of detail are described, with time and length-scales varying significantly. Rangarajan and Zaman reviewed some type of models according to their main assumptions and grouped them in: (i) Force based dynamics models, (ii) Stochastics, (iii) Multi-Cell Spheroid migration, (iv) Monte Carlo studies. In the former ones, migration dynamics are accounted for by the traction forces at both the front and rear end of the cell and forces due to viscous drag and cell protrusion into the ECM . Imbalances of these forces produce cell migration. The drawback of these models is that they only predict migration of single cells, not taking into account changes in cell shape or ECM properties due to degradation. On the other hand, stochastic models of persistent random walks are able to predict population behavior [26, 22]; however, they don’t include dynamic effects such as traction or drag, nor incorporate the ECM properties. Multi-cell spheroid migration models are mainly based on pressure gradients produced by proliferation and death of cells . Combining random walks, pressure and chemotactic activity of cell aggregates make these models suitable to study tumours, but fail to take into account mechanical cues such as ECM density, porosity or stiffness. Finally, Monte Carlo models using square lattices and a set of simple rules allow faster simulations thus providing long-term migration patterns [28, 29]. The main handicap is the qualitative nature of the studied parameters such as cell-matrix interface, cell polarization or ECM mechanical effects. In this work we develop a probabilistic FE 3D migration model for individual cells, presenting features from several of the previous mentioned types. With this model we are able to study the influence of multiple external stimuli (namely ECM stiffness, chemistry, flow and boundary conditions) estimating important features of cell migration such as: velocities, trajectories, cell shape and aspect ratio, cell stress, ECM displacements etc. Finally, we qualitatively and quantitatively compare our results with recent experiments, finding a good agreement and showing the consistency and the adaptability of the model to simulate different conditions. Therefore, the final goal of this work is to provide a versatile and modular tool capable of predicting migration phenomena under different environmental stimuli, reducing the number and helping in the design of new experiments. The macroscale conditions evaluated at the cell surface influence its behavior, changing its morphology and thus determining the migration. With this in mind, several approaches could have been valid to model cell motility in 3D or other related phenomena, such as the classical FEM or the more specific surface finite element method (SFEM) . However, for simplicity and due to the advantages of lattice-based models, a FE approximation using voxels was chosen for the simulations as described below. This work describes a probabilistic voxel-FE model for 3D migration at the cell-scale level, influenced by chemical and flow conditions coming from a microfluidics simulation and the mechanical conditions of the environment. For this purpose, the ECM as well as the embedded cell are discretized with voxels, each of them corresponding with the component of a three-dimensional mathematical matrix of data (M) which contains relevant information for the simulation. For instance, M stores the centroid of each voxel and whether a specific component corresponds to ECM or cell, therefore determining its mechanical properties. Also, this matrix M includes the flow and chemical conditions interpolated from the microfluidic simulation, therefore containing all the necessary input factors used in the probability/cell-dynamics functions. At this point it is useful to present the iterative scheme (Figure 1) which can be described as follows: (i) mechanical, chemical and flow conditions are collected from the corresponding FE analysis. These data serve as input for (ii) the cell-dynamics functions which determine the probability of whether an ECM-type voxel becomes a cell-type voxel or vice versa. (iii) A random-number generator checks the probability corresponding to each voxel so the cell shape is updated. Note that only ECM voxels in contact with the cell may become cell, and that only voxels of the cell surface may become ECM. It is also important to clarify, that the cell-voxel distribution (cell shape) is essential for the mechanical analysis since the cell forces are the only ones taken into account. Hence, the mechanical problem is computed at each step, whereas the fluid chemical analysis is computed only once at the beginning. This choice saves computational time and it is justified by the fact that the cell volume is much smaller than the problem domain (collagen). Therefore, assuming steady state at the microdevice, it is considered that the cell shape does not affect the fluid-chemical analysis carried out in the first step. Nevertheless, to test this simplification, a specific fluid-chemical simulation with a random cell shape embedded in a porous matrix was performed. The results confirmed that its effects on the stationary solution are negligible (Additional file 1). Hence, the fluid-chemical conditions are considered constant through the simulation. Scheme of the iterative loop. At each temporal step the fluid chemical and mechanical conditions determine the probability of adding/deleting voxels to/from the cell. At the end of the step, the cell shape is updated. Note that to save computational time, chemistry and flow conditions are considered constant through the simulation, performing the corresponding FE analysis only once at the beginning and not at each time step. So far the general iteration scheme has been described, but not how the fluid chemical and mechanical problems are solved. As explained below, these problems are computed separately although interacting via changes in cell shape and position which depend, through the probability functions, on several environmental input factors as described in next section. where c is the concentration of the diluted species, D is the diffusion coefficient, R is a production or consumption rate expression (for simplicity, 0 in the simulations) and u is the solvent velocity field. Geometry of the microfluidic device and details of domain and cell mesh. Left: two channels (gray) are separated by collagen I gel (cyan). Pressure and chemical gradients are established between inlet (purple) and outlet (orange) boundaries. A box-like domain (right) is taken from the central part of the gel to simulate the mechanical analysis and the cell migration. This domain is discretized with voxels of 3 μm, some of them considered cell-voxels and forming an initially spherical shape of about 30 μm of diameter embedded in the ECM to perform the mechanical and migration simulation. In these equations, μ denotes the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, u is the velocity vector, ρ is the density of the fluid, P is the pressure, ep is the porosity, κ is the permeability of the porous medium, and Qbr is a mass source or mass sink (which has been considered 0 in all the simulations). Influence of gravity and other volume forces can be accounted for via the force term F, although they are neglected, as well as the inertial term ((u ⋅ ∇)u/ep), in the current simulations. With all this, and assuming incompressible flow (∇u = 0), equations 1,2 and 3 are drastically simplified. Values of these main parameters are listed in Table 1. Since the purpose of this work is to study the migration of a single cell, which volume is negligible in comparison with the whole microdevice domain, the steady state simulation is performed only once, not considering the embedded cell body. Then the results from a central box-like region are extracted to compute the mechanical analysis and the cell migration (Figure 2, right). Note that no chemical species secreted by the cell are considered here for simplicity. Hence, the chemical concentration and flow direction at each point of the box-like domain remain unalterable regardless cell position in the subsequent steps of the migration simulation. As pointed before, the effect of a 3D body embedded in the centre of the gel is analysed to support this assumption, finding that its influence was practically null except at points very close to the body surface (Additional file 1). The steady-state solution from small box-like domain the fluid simulation is extracted and interpolated into an organized mesh and stored in M. Specifically the domain is discretized with voxels of 3 μm, some of them assigned to model cell behavior (from now called cell-voxels) and forming an initially spherical-like shape embedded in the ECM (Figure 2, right). This size is adequate to roughly mimic cell-like morphologies without increasing too much the computational cost. Smaller sizes, that would improve the accuracy of the cell surface, would produce an excessively refined mesh of the domain which would lead in turn to heavier and slower simulations. For simplicity, the ECM is considered linear elastic, whereas cell-voxels have their own mechanical properties. The main difference with respect to the approach used in , is that the polarization term is not explicitly included in the stress tensor (which is now isotropic), since the polarization direction emerges from the cell morphology. Also note that in the probability functions (explained in next section) only one value of stress is used, in particular the volumetric stress of each voxel ( σ v = σ cell x + σ cell y + σ cell z / 3 ). In the present model, three different zones of the cell body are considered: cortex, cytoplasm and nucleus (Figure 3, right). In a first approach, the only difference between the cortex zone and the cytoplasm is the exertion of higher stress, therefore assigning higher σmax to the cortex-voxels (2.5 kPa compared with 1.5 kPa at the cytoplasm). This is a first approximation to reflect the higher forces exerted by the cells at their perimeter, mainly due to the increased presence of focal adhesions [32–36]. On the other hand, the nucleus presents no contractile behavior, so only its passive resistance (Kpas) is considered (acto-myosin actuator and actin branch are therefore disabled in the corresponding voxels). All of these parameters are listed in Table 1. Mechanosensing scheme for 3D and different cell parts. Cell material is modeled using two springs in parallel representing the actin stiffness (Kact) and the passive components (Kpas) of the cytoskeleton, in series with an active actuator representing the myosin machinery (AM) Left plot shows the stress exerted by the AM as a function of the sliding between actin filaments and myosin arms (ϵc). Cell-voxels (right) are divided in three zones: cortex (light gray), cytoplasm (medium gray) and nucleus (dark gray). The nucleus plays only a passive role and is modeled as an elastic material. The cortex and cytoplasm, however, present a contractile behavior depending on ECM stiffness, following the mechanosensing model. The mechanical problem is computed at each step, taking into account the redistribution of voxels belonging to each zone of the cell or to the ECM. To solve that, a user-subroutine of the software ABAQUS together with a MATLAB script are employed. Once the FE subroutine computes the mechanical equilibrium at each step, the script comes into action to compute the probabilities of voxel addition/removal according with the mechanical, flow and chemical conditions. In this process, the cell shape is updated as well as all the necessary variables of M. These data act as an input for the FE subroutine in the next step, repeating the process until the end of the simulation. Note that the mechanical analysis only corresponds to the cell-matrix interactions, and not to the flow-ECM or flow-cell interactions which are not considered in this first approach. where * represents addition (+) or removal (-) of voxels. p0 and pmax are the minimum/maximum values bounding the probability. k0 is a temporal rate affecting all the factors and dt is the time step. In addition λ’s are sensitivity constants permitting to control the weight of each factor (F). All these parameters are adjusted to obtain cell speeds within a biological range. In addition, the values of these parameters are held constant during the simulation. Their values are listed in Table 2. On the other hand, F’s are variable parameters describing the environment conditions, different for each voxel and depending on the aforementioned stimuli. Each F ranges from 0 to 1 and they are described in the subsequent sections. A sensitivity analysis of the cell-dynamics functions was performed to study the global influence of each separate factor (Additional file 1). Schematic example of voxel addition process. Voxel addition example taking only the stress direction and magnitude into account. When checking a specific voxel (current element), the volumetric stress that it bears (σv) and the angle (θ) that its neighbours form with the direction of maximum stress (d Δσ , red arrow) determine the probability of appearance (p+). In the illustration, the top voxel (currently part of the ECM) would have a higher probability than the right one of becoming cell since θ1 is lower than 90 degrees whereas θ2 is higher. Note that this is a simplified 2D scheme. In 3D, 6-connectivity is used to compute the voxel addition. To further clarify this point, a simple 2D representation of the voxel addition process is shown in Figure 4. When checking a specific voxel of the cell surface (current), the corresponding value of stress and the position of its neighbours (possible new cell-voxels) are used to compute p+. In the illustration, the top voxel (which is currently part of the ECM) may become cell because θ1 is lower than 90° so F + σ and F + Δ σ take a positive value depending on the stress and the alignment. On the other hand, the voxel on the right will not likely appear since θ2 is higher than 90° so F + σ and F + Δ σ are 0 and hence p + = p + 0 . Taking all this into account, the cell tends to migrate to stiffer zones of the ECM (higher cell stress) and in the direction of maximum stress. It is well known that cells sense the ECM interstitial flow and respond to the concentration of a wide variety of chemical species [11–13, 39]. To reflect this, both factors are included into the probability functions. The necessary inputs come from the fluid chemical analysis previously described. The parameter representing the chemical concentration (F C ) compares the chemical gradient between adjacent voxels (ΔC) and it is normalized by the maximum value of concentration of a particular species (Cmax). With this definition, the voxels tend to be added in the direction of maximum chemical concentration, appearing at a faster rate the more pronounced the gradient is. Similarly, the voxels tend to be removed more readily at the positions of lower concentration. In sum, the cell body advances in the direction of the chemical gradient. Obviously, in case of repellent species, F C could be easily reversed to account for opposite effects. where φ establishes the alignment of the voxel with the flow direction array at a specific position. Therefore, φ is also calculated following the procedure shown in Figure 4, but using dF instead of d Δσ . It has been shown that multiple combined factors drive cell migration through 3D ECMs, the properties of which influence the cell-matrix interactions and determine cell movements and orientation. This model focuses on three of these factors: fluid flow, chemistry and mechanical conditions. First, flow and chemical conditions of a real 3D microfluidic device are simulated obtaining pressure distribution, chemical gradients and stream lines through a collagen ECM (porous matrix). Then, since the distance magnitudes that a single cell is able to migrate in a few hours (simulated time) are much shorter than the microdevice size, a central region of the gel is selected to compute the mechanical analysis. Hence, this section is divided in three main parts. The first one summarizes the results from the microfluidic system simulation, showing the flow velocity field, the streamlines and the pressure gradient across the gel. The second part shows the effect of the ECM stiffness on the cell stress distribution and cell morphology. Finally, the results focus on cell migration, describing trajectories, speeds and directionality for different situations. Specifically, input factors (mechanics, flow or chemistry) are activated or deactivated in different combinations, thus altering the probability functions, and boundary conditions such as gradient directions are varied. A full 3D microfluidic device is simulated with the conditions described in the FE analysis Methods section. The fluid passes by two input channels and flows through a porous medium (collagen gel) transporting a certain diluted specie, and achieving its peak speed (2.96 μm/s) at the central zone of the gel, between the micropilars, where the cross section is smaller (Figure 5A). The velocity field matches quantitatively the results obtained both computational and experimentally by Polacheck et al. , which found a maximum speed of about 3 μm/s. The pressure drop presents a linear decrease through the gel and constant values at the inlet (40 Pa) and outlet (0 Pa) (Figure 5B). Similarly, the chemical concentration at the gel decreases linearly from a normalized value of 1 mol/m3 at the inlet, to 0 mol/m3 at the outlet (not shown). which allows testing the migration model using this additional factor. Future development of the model could incorporate the transport of different species or autocrine gradients produced by the cell, although they were not considered in the present simulation. Fluid chemical analysis in a 3D microdevice. A) The velocity field present higher values in the gel zone between micropilars, reaching a maximum of 2.96 μm/s. The streamlines in the central part are mostly parallel to the horizontal direction. B) The pressure drop across the microdevice shows a linear decrease through the gel and constant values at the inlet and outlet (40 and 0 Pa respectively). This analysis is computed (using COMSOL) once at the beginning of the simulation and its results are interpolated to a box-like voxelized mesh, where the mechanical analysis is performed and the cell migration is studied. To test the direct effects of ECM stiffness on cell morphology and stress distribution, a box-like domain (300 × 300 × 120 μm) with constrained displacements at the boundaries (far enough from the cell to avoid influencing the mechanosensing process described in the methods section) and different ECM stiffness conditions was used. Up to 10 simulations were performed for each set of conditions with mechanical stimulus acting alone (flow and chemical inputs deactivated). These simulations presented some differences due to the stochastic nature of the model, but overall all the results were consistent. For clarity, only one simulation of each set of conditions is presented. For all the cases shown here, the cell was assumed to have an initially spherical shape of ~30 μm of diameter and started the simulation in the domain centre (Figure 2). Time simulated was 500 min (100 steps) which is in the usual range of cell migration experiments [8, 13]. Model parameters were adjusted to predict speeds similar to migrating fibroblasts observed in experiments [5, 8, 38, 40, 41]. First, the cell is embedded in a homogeneous ECM with constant elastic modulus of 50 kPa. This value is larger than the modulus corresponding with the 2 mg/ml collagen gel used in the simulated microdevice . Nevertheless, we used this higher value to show the effects of stress saturation with stiffness, as we explain later. With no stiffness anisotropy, the ECM displacements are homogeneously distributed, pointing radially to the cell centroid. Similarly, the cell stress is mostly homogeneous, with higher values at the cortex zone (~1.2 kPa) and slightly lower ones in the cytoplasm (Figure 6, left). These values are in the order of magnitude of cell stresses found in experiments [32–35]. In addition, considering the surface of each voxel face (9 μm2), the magnitude of cell forces would be in the correct range (up to few hundreds of nN) of experimental data [42–44]. Note how the nucleus (assumed passive), is being stretched by the surrounding contracting elements. With such homogeneity, the chance of adding/removing elements at the cell surface is similar in all directions (see methods) and consequently, the cell migrates in a random fashion (Figure 6, middle). Also note that the migration speed depends on the ECM stiffness through the probability functions since higher stiffness lead to higher cell stress (until saturation) and thus to higher migration speeds. In this case, results show ~0.4 μm/min of mean speed and ~0.024 μm/min of effective speed (Figure 6, right). Mean speed is calculated as the average cell speed at each step, whereas the effective speed takes into account only the initial and final cell location at a certain time. Low effective speed reflects high randomness.Secondly, two cases with different stiffness conditions are simulated. In case 1, the elastic modulus of the ECM increases linearly with x-coordinate, whereas in case 2, the increase is exponential (Figure 7A). The cell centroid at each step is tracked and the 3D and x-y projected trajectories are shown in Figure 8A. Overall, in both cases, cell migration pathways were random with a higher net advance in the direction of the gradient stiffness (x-direction). However, cell response was different, moving slightly faster but much more directed in case 2, especially during the first steps. In this case, the stiffness variation (and thus, cell stress) between the front and the back part was very pronounced. According with the probability functions, this corresponds with much higher probability of voxel appearance in + x-direction and of voxel removal in –x-direction, resulting in fast forward advance. This was reflected on the mean and effective speeds of cell migration (Figure 8B). For short times, the mean speeds were similar in both cases (~0.3 μm/min), but the effective speed was much higher in case 2 (0.25 μm/min compared with 0.04 μm/min in case 1), as expected from the trajectory analysis. Cell response for homogeneous ECMs. Volumetric cell stress, ECM displacement (left), 3D trajectory (middle) and migration speeds (right) for a case with homogeneous stiffness (50 kPa). Left plot shows a cut of the cell body. Cell stress is distributed homogeneously (red cell-voxels) along the cell surface and slightly decreases in the cytoplasm zone. Note that the plot only represents the active stress exerted by the cell elements and not the stress transmitted to the ECM or the nucleus. The nucleus is considered a passive material, thus appearing in blue. ECM displacements are distributed homogeneously, pointing radially to the cell centroid (left legend and white arrows). Middle plot shows cell migration trajectory. Having no guidance, cell moves randomly, which is reflected in the low effective speed. ECM stiffness gradients and theoretical cell stress. A) Two different cases are simulated. The ECM stiffness varies linearly with x-coordinate in the first case and exponentially in the second one. The cell starts the simulations at the same location but surrounded by different compliant ECM depending on the gradient type. B) Cell stress depending on ECM stiffness. Note that this curve corresponds with the theoretical solution of the mechano-sensing model in one direction, that is, the stress of one single voxel completely surrounded by an elastic ECM of a specific stiffness. Migration trajectories and computed speeds. A) 3D and x-y projected trajectories for: case 1 - linear stiffness gradient, case 2 - exponential stiffness gradient. Initial position is the same for both cases. Light blue circle and orange triangle show the final location of the cell centroid for cases 1 and 2 respectively. B) Cell migration speeds at different times of simulation. Legend in A is used to represent the cases in the x-axis of B. Mean speed is calculated as the average cell speed at each step, whereas the effective speed takes into account only the initial and final cell location at a certain time. However, for long-term, both case 1 and 2 presented similar mean (~0.42 μm/min) and effective (~0.06 μm/min) speeds, and the trajectories were mostly random. This is due to cell stress dependence on ECM stiffness. According to the mechanosensing model, cell stress increases with ECM stiffness, swiftly for compliant substrates but saturating for higher rigidities (Figure 7B). As stated before, pronounced differences between front and rear stress would cause fast and straight movements, whereas small differences would lead to random-like migration. In case 1, cell moved between stiffness of 45–65 kPa, always close to the saturation zone, which explains its non-directional motion. On the other hand, in case 2 the cell started in a compliant zone (1 kPa), but quickly found much stiffer surroundings (100 kPa) which highly increased cell stress, decreasing back and rear differences and thus producing stochastic migration. Figure 9 shows the stress distribution for both cases at t = 80 min which is approximately the time at which the cell arrived to a very stiffer zone, reaching force saturation and thus migrating more randomly. In case 1, cell stress is homogeneously distributed, although the voxels with higher stress corresponded with surface (cortex) elements preferentially oriented in + x-direction. Cell shape is mainly regular but generally polarized with the gradient direction, and the ECM displacements point radially to the cell centroid. In case 2, however, there exist a clear gradient of cell stress following the ECM stiffness. The cell shown in Figure 9 presents a shape which is broader at the front, exerting higher stress, and very thin at the rear. Nevertheless, due to the pronounced stiffness gradient, displacements are much higher at the rear and the ECM is mainly stretched in the x-direction.Overall, cell aspect ratio or shape factor (major axis divided by minor axis) (Figure 10A) was similar for both cases, as well as the spreading area (Figure 10B), presenting case 2 slightly higher values. This likely happens for the same reasons explained above. The probability functions tend to saturate at high stresses and hence the voxel appearing/disappearing probability is high in all directions. Therefore the aspect ratio is noisy and relatively low, from roundish-like shapes to somewhat elongated (2:1) cells. Cell stress and ECM displacements. Cell stress (coloured voxels) and ECM displacements (black arrows and cut plane) at t = 80 min for case 1 (linear stiffness gradient in x-direction) and case 2 (exponential stiffness gradient in x-direction). Cell shape factor and spread area. A) Cell aspect ratio and spread area B) for case 1 (linear stiffness gradient in x-direction) and case 2 (exponential stiffness gradient in x-direction) B). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of ECM degrading enzymes which play a major role on cell behaviors such as migration, differentiation or angiogenesis. In fact, localized matrix degradation is thought to contribute to cellular invasiveness in physiological and pathological situations . This degradation modifies the morphology and mechanical properties of the ECM, therefore affecting the cell behavior. Computational modeling of such a complex phenomenon requires specific and focused research . Nevertheless, the possibility of ECM degradation was added into the codes for possible future development. As a first approximation, a very simple rule was incorporated: whenever an ECM-voxel (i) is in contact with the cell perimeter it becomes degraded, losing a certain percentage (d) of its original Young’s modulus E ECM i = E 0 1 - d . To test the effect of such simplification, case 1 (linear stiffness gradient in x-direction) was computed again activating ECM degradation (using d = 0.01). Results after 80 minutes of simulated time show that both the effective and mean speeds increase when the ECM is degraded (Figure 11 left). The reason is that the degradation of the ECM mechanical properties (lower E) decreases the probabilities of adding cell elements at the trailing edge. Thus, the cell tends to migrate faster leaving a degraded path on its way (Figure 11 right). Cell speeds and ECM degradation. A) Cell speeds and matrix degradation B) for case 1 (linear stiffness gradient in x-direction) at t = 80 minutes. Cell speed slightly increases while the cell leaves a degraded path at the trailing edge. Red voxels represent the cell, whereas coloured background shows the percentage of ECM degradation. Further development of a degradation model might be interesting in the future, although the degradation option was deactivated in the main simulations for simplicity, to isolate the effects of the rest of phenomena. To study the resulting patterns depending on input environmental factors by activating/deactivating mechanics, flow or chemistry, and using different combinations of gradient directions, 500 min (100 steps) of cell migration were simulated. Five specific cases were distinguished (Figure 12): (A) only mechanical inputs activated, applying a linear stiffness gradient (same as case 1 in previous section) on the x-direction, (B) migration is only driven by fluid flow in x-direction, (C) flow and a chemical gradient are both applied in x-direction, (D) flow is applied in x-direction whereas there is a stiffness gradient in y-direction, (E) flow and a chemical gradient are applied in x-direction and a stiffness gradient acts in y-direction. Cell migration under different environmental conditions. Mechanical, flow and chemical inputs are activated/deactivated in different combinations and gradient directions. Case A: only the mechanical input is activated, applying a linear stiffness gradient (same as case 1 in previous section) on the x-direction. Case B: flow acts in x-direction. Case C: flow and a chemical gradient are both applied in x-direction. Case D: flow is applied in x-direction and a stiffness gradient in y-direction. Case E: flow and a chemical gradient are applied in x-direction and a stiffness gradient in y-direction. Green box represents the gel and coloured arrows the gradient directions. Migration directionality was determined as the angle of each turn in the track relative to the x-direction. Coloured numbers represent the count of turns at each simulation. Down panel of Figure 12 shows the 3D trajectories and the x-y projection. Mean and effective velocities at the end of simulation are plotted for each condition. Although the mean or averaged speed (Vm) was similar for all the cases (~0.4 μm/min), the effective speed (Veff) was strongly influenced by the boundary conditions. For each case, the directionality of the migration as the angle of each turn in the track relative to the x-direction was determined. Results reflect the sensitivity of the model when applying single or combined factors. Stiffness or flow gradients acting alone (cases A,B), produced more random migration with ~40% of backward movements, which is reflected on effective speeds under 0.1 μm/min. Introducing a second factor on the x-direction (case C), even when another gradient was acting in the y-direction (case E), substantially decreased the randomness. In these cases, only ~10% of the turns went away from the “correct” path, overall achieving effective speeds of ~0.25 μm/min. Interestingly in case D, where the gradients are applied in x and y-directions, the effective speed (~0.16 μm/min) was greater than in cases A or B, probably due to the fact that random deviations were combined with either the direction of the stiffness or the flow gradient. So far, all the simulations have considered a continuum matrix through which the cell is able to migrate, completely neglecting morphology or geometrical effects of the ECM. In this section, a porous mesh is simulated to compute cell migration through the matrix pores. The domain size is the same as used in previous simulations (300 × 300 × 120 μm with voxels of 3 μm) but the mesh is performed randomnly obtaining a porosity of ~0.9 and average pore size ~20 μm (Figure 13A). This pore size is large, especially for physiologic matrices, however, since we are not introducing hindrance or other phenomena related with the cell advance through little pores, a bigger pore size is more adequate to study morphological changes of the cell body. The cell is initially placed at the domain center (note that cell’s volume is taken into account when building the mesh) (Figure 13B). The ECM is still considered as linear elastic for simplicity with homogeneous Young’s modulus of 5 kPa, and the cell behavior follows the mechanosensing model. In addition, the flow field in x-direction is interpolated from the microfluidic simulation. The observed cell behavior was similar to that found in previous simulations using continuum ECM’s, presenting, however, some peculiarities. Developed stress was similar to previous cases (~1–1.3 kPa) although ECM displacements were significantly higher (up to 0.9 μm) due to the pores (Figure 14). Interestingly, the cell tends to adhere to the pore surface, where the stiffness (and therefore the stress) is higher (Figure 14 bottom left). Moreover, the cell contracts its body toward that surface, presenting high displacements at the non-adhered voxels (Figure 14, bottom right).Mean and effective speeds were similar and high (above 0.35 μm/min), indicating a directional migration. In fact, both the trajectory and the angle distribution confirm that the cell moved mainly in x-direction, adhering to the pore surfaces but following the flow lines (Figure 15, right plots). Cell shape factor and spreading area present noisy behaviors due to the irregular ECM geometry, although the values are similar to those obtained in a continuum domain. Example of a porous ECM voxel-mesh. A) Mesh of porosity ~0.9 and average pore size ~20 μm. B). Domain cut using horizontal and diagonal planes showing cell’s initial position. Cell stress and displacements in a porous ECM. Top panel shows cell stress and ECM displacements (significantly higher than those in a continuum ECM). Bottom left panel shows cell stress and the cell body adhered to the pore surface (where it develops higher stress). Cell body contracts toward the pore surface (bottom right panel), with high displacements at the free side. Cell response in a porous ECM. Left plots show the cell shape factor and spreading area. Noise is caused by the irregular ECM geometry. Mean and effective speeds are similar, suggesting a directional migration, as confirmed by the trajectory and the angle distribution with respect to x-direction (right plots). In this work, a phenomenological probabilistic voxel FE model for single cell migration in 3D has been described. Through a set of probability functions and combining different software, the model is able to compute cell migration taking into account different environmental factors evaluated at the cell surface such as mechanical properties of the ECM, chemical gradients, flow and boundary conditions, capturing important migration-related features such as cell speed, cell stress, ECM-displacements, spread area, cell aspect ratio etc. To study the fluid-chemical environment, a full 3D microfluidic device whose geometry and conditions were taken from a recent experiment is simulated, in which the fluid passes by the input channels and flows through a porous medium. On the other hand, to analyze the mechanical environment, the mechanical equilibrium is solved by using a specific mechanosensing model. The macroscopic behavior of the cell emerges naturally from the definition of probabilities at each voxel (based on the conditions at the macro-scale), allowing the study at the micro and cell scales. Overall, the model predicts cell migration toward stiffer zones of the ECM [5–8], downstream and parallel to the flow [13, 39] and oriented with chemical gradients [11, 12]. The parameters of the dynamic functions were adjusted to obtain migration speeds in the range 0–1 μm/min [5, 8, 38, 40, 41] and cell stresses of the order of few kPa as reported experimentally [32–35]. In addition, the effects of combined factors were investigated, confirming that the model responds accordingly in random but controlled fashion. This approach joins together features from different kind of existing migration models. For instance, similarly to the force-based dynamic approaches, the mechanical equilibrium is locally established taking into account the cell contraction depending on ECM conditions following a mechanosensing model . Note that although this approximation is sensitive to external loads (e.g. hydrostatic pressure or ECM pre-strains), only stress and strain caused by cell contraction are taken into account. Additionally, a 3D lattice is used, like in Monte Carlo studies, which usually permits faster simulations at the expense of quantitative results. Nevertheless, since the cell body is discretized with voxels, this handicap is skipped and the model is able to qualitatively and quantitatively study different aspects of cell migration. Obviously, this simplification implies other disadvantages such as the accuracy loss at the cell surface. In fact, it is important to remark the commitment between voxel and cell sizes. The number of voxel elements must be large enough to represent the cell perimeter but small enough to maintain a reasonable computational cost. The expected cell speed should also be taken into account. For instance, to simulate the migration of a slow cell, you the global size of the ECM could be decreased, and smaller elements can be used to increase the accuracy. Hence, in terms of computational cost, the best case would be a large and slow cell, and the worst a fast small cell (e.g. a bacterium). Unfortunately, a mathematical law to define the optimal voxel-size does not exist, although we found that one tenth of the global cell size was overall a good choice. Finally this approach is based on probabilities. However, unlike purely stochastic models, ECM properties or cell stress can be included to drive migration. In fact, this first approach focuses on fluid direction, chemical gradients and mechanical cues as the main inputs driving cell migration through the probability functions. It is worth mentioning that the initial cell shape (assumed spherical at t = 0), would only affect the first migration steps. For instance, an initially elongated or polarized cell would steadily reorient according to the external inputs due to the probability functions, and therefore the general trend would be maintained. These tunable functions allow controling the relative weight of each input parameter (by varying the corresponding λ’s), as well as including new factors that affect cell migration. For instance, some experiments [13, 39] suggest that cells polarize with the interstitial flow direction and migrate downstream due to a flow-induced gradient of an autocrine chemotactic signal that is detected by specific chemokine receptors. When those receptors are blocked or when the cell population grows (thus disrupting the signalling processes), the migration trend is reversed. This effect could be easily introduced in the model by simply switching the values of F F or including a signalling function regulating that specific parameter. Also, the model predicts increasing speed migration (higher probabilities) with ECM stiffness, not considering hindrance or drag effects that may appear in dense ECMs. To account for the biphasic behavior of cell speed versus ECM stiffness, as found in experiments and used in previous models [21, 22, 40, 46, 47], F σ could be modified so that the probability of adding/removing voxels decreased as a function of drag (σv/(σmaxf(drag))), or a specific Fdrag with negative values could be defined. Adding new input factors or enhancing current assumptions is thus possible and easy, although increasing complexity may complicate the interpretation of the results. Nevertheless, with the activation/deactivation of input factors, the model serves as a suitable platform for investigating a wide variety of migration-related phenomena. In fact, in a future development, it will be possible to deep further into some important aspects which are now oversimplified. For instance, ECM degradation could be easily included in the model to study differences between proteolytic and non-proteolytic migration. Additionaly, the ECM architecture could be further explored, studying the effects of porosity and pore size, including features of contact guidance or even reconstructing the geometry from real images. Furthermore, in this kind of environments, blebbing migration usually plays an important role as an alternative mode of migration . Although the current model is based on the mechanosensing assumption (which implies cell-matrix adhesions) and internal pressure driving independent cell protrusions could be also incorporated. Another simplification is the assumption of a constant difference of maximum stress between the cortex and the cytoplasm. However, the complex reality could be better represented by making the maximum stress magnitude dependent on myosin activation or protein concentration along the different cell parts. Similarly, the stiffness of active cell components (Kact) could rely on actin polymerization and cytoskeletal reorganization. These and other phenomena could be incorporated to better reflect the dynamics of cell migration. Nevertheless, it is important to bear in mind the main handicap when working at different scales (microdevice vs. gel vs. cell), which is the computational cost. To solve this, different FE software (COMSOL Multiphysics) including a specific microfluidics module is used, and the steady-state solution of the fluid-chemical problem is computed. Then, this solution is interpolated into a finer mesh of the central part of the porous gel, where the mechanical analysis and cell migration are computed. Since the model simulates single cell motility, the cell volume does not affect the macro-scale results of the fluid-chemical simulation, and thus it can be neglected permitting considering the stream lines and chemical gradient constant during simulation. In spite of this assumption, the scripts require up to 30 GB of RAM memory, too high for a common personal computer. Furthermore, in case of extending the model to compute collective cell migration, the mentioned simplification would not be valid, making thus necessary a new approach and considerably increasing the computational cost. With all this, another limitation of the current model is the extended use of commercial software (ABAQUS, MATLAB, COMSOL) which restricts the sharing possibilities, although it is intended to remove this dependence in the near future by creating specific hand-coded routines. In sum, this work establishes a methodology for testing and designing new experiments; being in particular useful for simulating ongoing microfluidic systems and the study of several basic biological functions such as cell migration, angiogenesis, or organ formation. With all this, it has been developed not just a migration model but a workbench to investigate cell response to a wide variety of external stimuli. Furthermore, with its modular form, the model can be constantly updated and redefined as advancements are made in clarifying how cellular events take place. This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) through project ERC-2012-StG 306751, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DPI2012-38090-C03-01) and the FPI grant (BES-2010-029927). The authors also acknowledge the support of the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART). CB designed and coded the model, performed the computational simulations and drafted the manuscript. WJP designed the microfluidic device, provided experimental data and helped to draft the manuscript. RDK and JMG participated in the design of the study, conceived of the model and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

IEC SIKAR (Import Export Code) is a code which is required by a person for exporting or importing goods. It is a 10 digit code which is issued by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), Ministry of Commerce and Industries, Government of India. It is an essential requirement for a businessman in India who is into a business of import and export. IEC Stands for Import Export Code. No export or import shall be made by any person without an Import Export Code (IEC). For Applying Import Export Code in Sikar and nearby cities Fatehpur, Khandela Khatushyamji, Lachhmangarh, Losal, Neem-Ka-Thana, Ramgarh, Reengus, Sri Madhopur numerous papers and details are required which calls for some Professional legal advice for Import and Export documentation, process and timely guidance. Owing to our quality professional services, we have cemented a solid position in Sikar.

Stacked metal end electrodes to form a disk/electrode assembly. Fiberglass reinforced filament wound collar to form a mechanically strong module capable of with standing extreme electrical, environmental and cantilever loading conditions. Molded silicone housing ensures totally sealing from weathering and electrical leakage. Long term environmental testing of complete arrester proof for lifetime service on overhead or riser pole distribution lines. Type tested in accordance with ANSI/IEEE C62.11 standards.

Thermoplastics in bioprinting are often used as a support structure to provide extra mechanical strength and as reinforcement for matrix bioinks[1,2]. Polycaprolactone is a biodegradable thermoplastic used in a variety of medical applications, including bioprinting. This study tested the viability and print resolution of polycaprolactone, or PCL, with the Allevi 2. Figure 1: Images of printed lattice structures demonstrate reproducibility and high resolution. Left: image of printed lattice structure. Right: Brightfield image of printed lattice at 4x magnification (scale bar 0.5 mm). PCL was printed using print parameters and settings provided by Allevi (Figure 1). Line width and pore size were analyzed with ImageJ software. Five measurements were taken of 3 separate prints of the same design (Figure 2). Pore width average was 140 ± 38 μm, while line width average was 150 ± 38 μm. Primary Human Neonatal Dermal Fibroblasts (HNDFs) from ATCC were cultured at 37 °C and 5% of CO2. HNDFs were cultured using Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (Corning) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin-amphotericin (Corning). Passage numbers under 10 were used. Viability of BioPCL was tested with cell seeding of human neonatal dermal fibroblasts. First, PCL was sterilized through an overnight wash in 100% ethanol. Then, thin films were fabricated by melting 0.023 g of PCL at 90°C on a glass coverslip, then flattening with a second glass coverslip. Thin films were then allowed to cool to room temperature before removal from coverslips. Films were then cut to fit into 96 well plates. HNDFs were suspended at a concentration of 250,000 cells mL-1 and pipetted into the wells containing the PCL thin films. Enough cell solution was used to submerge the samples. After overnight incubation, media was exchanged. Films were suspended in a cell concentration of 250,000 cells/ml. To quantitatively assess cell viability, PrestoBlue Assay (Promega) was performed on days 1,3 and 7 of culture according to manufacturer’s protocol and analyzed using a BioTek Synergy 2 Plate Reader. Figure 2: PrestoBlue Viability results demonstrate that BioPCL is able to support viable cell cultures. Viability was measured via a PrestoBlue assay on days 1,3 and 7 of culture with human neonatal dermal fibroblasts. Viability is normalized to 2D culture control. To determine viability of cells seeded on PCL, a PrestoBlue assay was used to quantitatively measure and compare viability to a 2D culture control. When compared to 2D controls, no significant differences were found at Day 1,3 or 7 time points (P> 0.05). Figure 3 depicts viability results for thin films normalized to 2D control. These results demonstrate the ability of PCL to support viable cultures and create consistent, high resolution 3D geometries. This support material can be used in combination with matrix bioinks or on its own to create 3D culture environments for tissue engineering. J. Kundu and e. al, “An Additive Manufacturing-Based PCL-Alginate-Chondrocyte Bioprinted Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering,” Tissue Engineering: Part B, vol. 14, no. 2, 2008. J.-H. Shim et al, “Bioprinting of a Mechanically Enhanced Three-Dimensional Dual Cell-laden Construct for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering Using a Multi-head Tissue/Organ Building System,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 22, no. 8, July 2012.

In a method for manufacturing a salicide MOS device, a gate insulating layer and a polycrystalline silicon gate electrode layer are formed on a monocrystalline silicon substrate. A sidewall insulating layer is formed on a sidewall of the gate electrode layer, and impurities are introduced into the substrate with a mask of the sidewall insulating layer and the gate electrode layer, thus forming impurity diffusion regions in the substrate. Then, an upper portion of the gate electrode layer is etched out. Finally, a metal layer is formed on the entire surface, and a heating operation is carried out, so that metal silicide layers are formed on upper portions of the gate electrodes and the impurity diffusion regions. In an alternative embodiment, the gate further comprises an intervening metal nitride layer. The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, and more particularly, to a method for manufacturing a MOS device having a salicide gate electrode and source/drain regions. As MOS devices have been scaled down to improve performance, the gate length of a gate electrode, i.e., the channel width has been shortened, and the junction depth of source/drain impurity diffusion regions has been shallowed. Therefore, the sheet resistances of the gate electrode and the source/drain impurity diffusion regions have been increased. As a result, the parasitic resistances of the gate electrode and the source/drain impurity diffusion regions have been increased in proportion to the channel resistance, thus decreasing drain current. In order to suppress the decrease of the drain current, a first prior art method for manufacturing a salicide MOS device has been suggested (see: JP-A-2-288236). That is, a metal silicide layer is formed on the gate electrode and the source/drain impurity diffusion regions, thus reducing the parasitic resistances of the gate electrode and the source/drain impurity regions. This will be explained later in detail. In the first prior art manufacturing method, however, since the metal silicide layer on the gate electrode is as high as a sidewall insulating layer formed on a sidewall of the gate electrode, if the metal silicide layer is extremely grown, a short circuit may occur between the gate electrode and the source/drain regions. In a second prior art method for manufacturing a salicide MOS device (see: J. R. Pfiester et al., "A Self-Aligned Elevated Source/Drain MOSFET", IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 365-367, September 1990, and M. Sekine et al, "Self-Aligned Tungsten Strapped Source/Drain and Gate Technology Realizing the Lowest Sheet Resistance for Sub-quarter Micron CMOS", IEEE IEDM digest. abs. 19.3.1, pp. 493-496, 1994), a gate insulating layer, a polycrystalline silicon gate electrode layer and a silicon nitride layer (or a phosphosilicated glass (PSG) layer) are formed on a monocrystalline silicon substrate. A sidewall insulating layer is formed on a sidewall of the silicon nitride layer (or the PSG layer) and gate electrode layer. Then, impurties are introduced into the substrate with a mask of the sidewall insulating layer and the silicon nitride layer (or the PSG layer), thus forming source/drain impurity diffusion regions in the substrate. Then, the silicon nitride layer (or the PSG layer) is etched out by hot phosphoric acid (or diluted HF solution). Finally, a metal layer is formed on the entire surface, and a heating operation is carried out, so that metal silicide layers are formed on the gate electrodes and the impurity diffusion regions. Thus, the height of the metal silicide layer on the gate electrode layer is smaller than that of the sidewall insulating layer, so that the gate electrode layer is electrically isolated from the source/drain regions. Thus, no short circuit may be generated between the gate electrode layer and the source/drain regions. This will be explained later in detail. In the second prior art manufacturing method, however, since the selectivity of etching for the silicon nitride layer (or the PSG layer) against the other silicon oxide layers is inferior, a short circuit may be generated between the gate electrode layer and the source/drain regions. On the contrary, if the etching of the silicon nitride layer (or the PSG layer) is insufficient, the growth of metal silicide is impeded. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a salicide MOS device in which gate electrodes are completely-electrically isolated from source/drain regions. According to the present invention, in a method for manufacturing a salicide MOS device, a gate insulating layer and a polycrystalline silicon gate electrode layer are formed on a monocrystalline silicon substrate. A sidewall insulating layer is formed on a sidewall of the gate electrode layer, and impurties are introduced into the substrate with am ask of the sidewall insulating layer and the gate electrode layer, thus forming impurity diffusion regions in the substrate. Then, an upper portion of the gate electrode layer is etched out. Finally, a metal layer is formed on the entire surface, and a heating operation is carried out, so that metal silicide layers are formed on upper portions of the gate electrodes and the impurity diffusion regions. Thus, the metal silicide layers can be formed without using silicon nitride or PSG. FIGS. 9A through 9G are cross-sectional views illustrating a sixth embodiment of the method for manufacturing a salicide CMOS device according to the present invention. Before the description of the preferred embodiments prior art methods for manufacturing a salicide lightly-doped drain (LDD)-type CMOS device will be explained with reference to FIGS. 1A through 1D, and 2A through 2F. FIGS. 1A through 1D illustrate a first prior art manufacturing method (see: JP-A-2-288236). First, referring to FIG. 1A, a P- -type well 2 and an N- -type well 3 are formed on a P- -type (or N- -type) monocrystalline silicon substrate 1. Then, a thick field silicon oxide layer 4 is grown by using a local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) process, to partition an NMOS forming area and a PMOS forming area. Then, the P- -type well 2 and the N- -type well 3 are thermally oxidized to form a gate silicon oxide layer 5. Then, a non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer is deposited by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Then, the non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer with the gate silicon layer 5 is patterned by a photolithography process to form gate electrodes 6 on the gate silicon oxide layer 5. Then, phosphorous ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the NMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6, to form N- -type impurity regions 7. Also, boron ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the PMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6, to form P- -type impurity regions 8. Next, referring to FIG. 1B, a silicon oxide layer is formed on the entire surface by a CVD process, and the silicon oxide layer is etched back by an anisotropic etching process. Thus, sidewall silicon oxide layers 9 are formed on sidewalls of the gate electrodes 6. Then, arsenic ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the NMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, to form N+ -type impurity regions 10. Also, boron ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the PMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, to form P+ -type impurity regions 11. Next, referring to FIG. 1C, a titanium layer 12 is formed on the entire surface by a sputtering process. Then, the titanium layer 12 is reacted with the gate electrodes 6 and the source/drain regions 10 and 11 by a lamp annealing process, so that titanium silicide layers 13a and 13b are formed in self-alignment with the gate electrodes 6 and the source/drain regions 10 and 11. Finally, referring to FIG. 1D, unreacted portions of the titanium layer 12 are removed by a wet etching process using hydrogen peroxide water. In the manufacturing method as illustrated in FIGS. 1A through 1D, if the titanium silicide layers 6a, 10a and 11a are extremely grown, a short circuit may occur between the gate electrodes 6 and the source/drain regions 10 and 11. FIGS. 2A through 2F illustrate a second prior art manufacturing method (see: J. R. Pfiester et al., "A Self-Aligned Elevated Source/Drain MOSFET", IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 365-367, September 1990). First, referring to FIG. 2A, in a similar way to that in FIG. 1A, a P- -type well 2 and an N- -type well 3 are formed on a P- -type (or N- -type) monocrystalline silicon substrate 1. Then, a thick field silicon oxide layer 4 is grown by using a LOCOS process, to partition an NMOS forming area and a PMOS forming area. Then, the P- -type well 2 and the N- -type well 3 are thermally oxidized to form a gate silicon oxide layer 5. Then, an about 50 nm thick non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer and an about 300 nm thick silicon nitride layer are deposited by a CVD process thereon. Then, the silicon nitride layer and the non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer with the gate silicon layer 5 are patterned by an anistropic etching process to form silicon nitride layers 21 and gate electrodes 6' on the gate silicon oxide layer 5. Then, phosphorous ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the NMOS forming area with a mask of the silicon nitride layer 21 and the gate electrode 6', to form N- -type impurity regions 7. Also, boron ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the PMOS forming area with a mask of the the silicon nitride layer 21 and gate electrode 6', to form P- -type impurity regions 8. Next, referring to FIG. 2B, in the same way as in FIG. 1B, an about 250 nm thick silicon oxide layer is formed on the entire surface by a CVD process, and the silicon oxide layer is etched back by an anisotropic etching process. Thus, sidewall silicon oxide layers 9 are formed on sidewalls of the silicon nitride layers 21 and the gate electrodes 6'. Next, referring to FIG. 2C, the silicon nitride layers 21 is removed by a wet etching process using hot phosphoric acid. Next, referring to FIG. 2D, N-type polycrystalline silicon layers 22 are formed on the gate electrodes 6', and N-type eputaxial silicon layers 22' are formed on the source/drain regions. Then, arsenic ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the NMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, to form N+ -type impurity regions 10. Also, boron ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the PMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, to form P+ -type impurity regions 11. Next, referring to FIG. 2E, a titanium layer 23 is formed on the entire surface by a sputtering process. Then, the titanium layer 23 is reacted with the silicon layers 22 and 22' by a lamp annealing process, so that titanium silicide layers 24a and 24b are formed in self-alignment with the gate electrodes 6 and the source/drain regions 10 and 11. Finally, referring to FIG. 2F, unreacted portions of the titanium layer 23 are removed by a wet etching process using hydrogen peroxide water. In the manufacturing method as illustrated in FIGS. 2A through 2F, since the height of the titanium silicide layers 24a on the gate electrodes 6' is smaller than that of the sidewall silicon oxide layers 9, the gate electrodes 6' may be electrically-isolated from the source/drain regions so that no short circuit may be Generated between the gate electrodes 6' and the source/drain regions 10 and 11. In the manufacturing method as illustrated in FIGS. 2A through 2F, however, since the selectivity of etching for the silicon nitride layer 21 by using hot phosphoric acid against silicon oxide is inferior, the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, the field silicon oxide layer 4 and the gate silicon oxide layer 5 are also etched. As a result, a short circuit also may occur between the gate electrodes 6' and the source/drain regions 10 and 11. On the contrary, if the etching of the silicon nitride layer 21 is insufficient, the growth of the titanium silicide layers 24a and 24b is impeded. Also, in the method as illustrated in FIGS. 2A through 2F, a PSG layer can be used instead of the silicon nitride layer 21 (see: M. Sekine et al., "Self-Aligned Tungsten Strapped Source/Drain and Gate Technology Realizing the Lowest Sheet Resistance for Subquarter Micron CMOS", IEEE IDEM digest. abs. 19.3.1, pp. 493-496, 1994). Also, in this case, since the selectivity of etching for the PSG layer by using diluted HF solution against silicon oxide is inferior, the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, the field silicon oxide layer 4 and the gate silicon oxide layer 5 are also etched. As a result, a short circuit also may occur between the gate electrodes 6' and the source/drain regions 10 and 11. On the contrary, if the etching of the PSG layer is insufficient, the growth of the titanium silicide layers 24a and 24b is impeded. FIGS. 3A through 3E illustrate a first embodiment of the method for manufacturing a salicide LDD-type CMOS device according to the present invention. First, referring to FIG. 3A, in the same way as in FIG. 1A, a P- -type well 2 and an N- -type well 3 are formed on a P- -type (or N- -type) monocrystalline silicon substrate 1. Then, a thick field silicon oxide layer 4 is grown by using a LOCOS process, to partition an NMOS forming area and a PMOS forming area. Then, the P- -type well 2 and the N- -type well 3 are thermally oxidized to form a gate silicon oxide layer 5. Then, an about 300 nm thick non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer is deposited by a CVD process thereon. Then, the non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer with the gate silicon layer 5 is patterned by a photolithography process to form gate electrodes 6 on the gate silicon oxide layer 5. Then, phosphorous ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the NMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6, to form N- -type impurity regions 7. Also, boron ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the PMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6, to form P- -type impurity regions 8. Next, referring to FIG. 3B, in the same way as in FIG. 1B, a silicon oxide layer is formed on the entire surface by a CVD process, and the silicon oxide layer is etched back by an anisotropic etching process. Thus, sidewall silicon oxide layers 9 are formed on sidewalls of the gate electrodes 6. Then, arsenic ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the NMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, to form N+ -type impurity regions 10. Also, boron ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the PMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode 6 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, to form P+ -type impurity regions 11. Next, referring to FIG. 3C, only upper portions of the gate electrodes 6 are selectively removed by a vapor phase etching process using chlorine gas. That is, the device is put into a vacuum chamber whose pressure is about 1×10-9 Torr. In addition, chlorine gas is introduced thereinto at a stream rate of about 1 sccm corresponding to a partial pressure of about 1×10-4 Torr, and the substrate temperature of the device is caused to be about 740° C. to 880° C. As shown in FIG. 4, there is a large difference in etching rate by chlorine gas between polycrystalline silicon and monocrystalline silicon such as (100) crystal. Particularly, when the substrate temperature is from 740° C. to 800° C., polycrystalline silicon is etched by chlorine gas, but monocrystalline silicon is hardly etched by chlorine gas. Also, the field silicon oxide layer 4, the gate silicon oxide layer 5 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9 are hardly etched by chlorine gas. Thus, only about 100 nm thick upper portions of the gate electrodes 6 are removed, and accordingly, gate electrodes 6' shorter than the sidewall silicon oxide layers 9 are obtained. Next, referring to FIG. 3D, in the same way as in FIG. 1C, an about 35 nm thick titanium layer 12 is formed on the entire surface by a sputtering process. Then, the titanium layer 12 is reacted with the gate electrodes 6' and the source/drain regions 10 and 11 by a lamp annealing process at a temperature of about 650° C. for about 10 s, so that titanium silicide layers 13a and 13b are formed in self-alignment with the gate electrodes 6 and the source/drain regions 10 and 11. Finally, referring to FIG. 3E, in the same way as in FIG. 1D, unreacted portions of the titanium layer 12 are removed by a wet etching process using hydrogen peroxide water. Further, a lamp annealing process at a temperature of about 850° C. is carried out for about 10 s to further reduce the resistance values of the titanium silicide layers 13a and 13b. According to the first embodiment of the present invention, since the height of the gate electrodes 6' can be smaller than that of the sidewall silicon oxide layers 9 without removing the field silicon oxide layer 4, the gate silicon oxide layer 5 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, the gate electrodes 6' are completely plectrically-isolated from the source/drain regions 10 and 11, so that no short circuit occurs therebetween. Also, since there is no danger that silicon nitride or PSG will remain on the gate electrodes 6', the titanium silicide layers 13a and 13b can be surely formed. FIGS. 5A through 5F illustrate a second embodiment of the method for manufacturing a salicide LDD-type CMOS device according to the present invention. In the second embodiment, a step as illustrated in FIG. 5D is added to the first embodiment. That is, FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5E and 5F correspond to FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D and 3E, respectively. In the second embodiment, after the gate electrodes 6' are formed as illustrated in FIG. 5C, about 3×1014 arsenic ions per square cm are implanted into the device as illustrated in FIG. 5D. Therefore, the upper portions of the gate electrodes 6' and the source/drain regions 10 and 11 become amorphous. As a result, the resistance values of the titanium silicide layers 13a and 13b obtained at steps as illustrated in FIGS. 5E and 5F are further reduced. FIGS. 6A through 6F illustrate a third embodiment of the method for manufacturing a salicide LDD-type CMOS device according to the present invention. In the third embodiment, a step as illustrated in FIG. 6D is added to the first embodiment. That is, FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 6E and 6F correspond to FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D and 3E, respectively. In the third embodiment, after the gate electrodes 6' are formed as illustrated in FIG. 6C, an N-type polycrystalline silicon layer 22 is formed on the gate electrodes 6' and the source/drain regions 10 and 11. That is, the device is put into a vacuum chamber whose pressure is about 1×10-9 Torr. In addition, disilane (or silane) gas is introduced thereinto at a stream rate of about 1 sccm corresponding to a partial pressure of about 1×10-4 Torr, and the substrate temperature of the device is caused to be about 600° C. In this case, the growth rate of N-type polycrystalline silicon is 0.12 nm/s on both polycrystalline silicon and monocrystalline silicon such as (100) crystal. As a result, the N-type polycrystalline silicon layer 22 is about 30 nm thick and has an impurity density of about 1×1019 /cm3. In this case, note that about 200 nm thick upper portions of the gate electrodes 6 are removed at step as illustrated in FIG. 6C. As a result, the resistance values of the titanium silicide layers 13a and 13b obtained at steps as illustrated in FIGS. 6E and 6F are further reduced. FIGS. 7A through 7G illustrate a fourth embodiment of the method for manufacturing a salicide LDD-type CMOS device according to the present invention. In the fourth embodiment, a step as illustrated in FIG. 7E is added to the third embodiment. That is, FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, 7E, 7F and 7G correspond to FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E and 6F, respectively. In the fourth embodiment, after the N-type polycrystalline silicon layer 22 are formed as illustrated in FIG. 7D, about 3×1014 arsenic ions per square cm are implanted into the device as illustrated in FIG. 7E. Therefore, the upper portions of the N-type polycrystalline silicon layer 22 become amorphous. As a result, the resistance values of the titanium silicide layers 13a and 13b obtained at steps as illustrated in FIGS. 7F and 7G are further reduced. FIGS. 8A through 8F illustrate a fifth embodiment of the method for manufacturing a salicide LDD-type CMOS device according to the present invention. In the fifth embodiment, a step for forming a tungsten nitride layer as an etching stopper and a step for forming a tungsten layer as a gate electrode are added to the first embodiment. First, referring to FIG. 8A, a P- -type well 2 and an N- -type well 3 are formed on a P- -type (or N- -type) monocrystalline silicon substrate 1. Then, a thick field silicon oxide layer 4 is grown by using a LOCOS process, to partition an NMOS forming area and a PMOS forming area. Then, the P- -type well 2 and the N- -type well 3 are thermally oxidized to form a gate silicon oxide layer 5. Then, an about 300 nm thick non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer 6', an about 20 nm thick tungsten nitride layer 31 and an about 100 nm thick non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer 32 are sequentially deposited by a CVD process thereon. Then, the non-doped polycrystalline silicon layer 32, the tungsten nitride layer 31 and the gate electrode 6' with the gate silicon layer 5 are patterned by an anistropic etching process to form gate electrodes on the gate silicon oxide layer 5. Then, phosphorous ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the NMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode, to form N- -type impurity regions 7. Also, boron ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the PMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode, to form P- -type impurity regions 8. Next, referring to FIG. 8B, in the same way as in FIG. 3B, a silicon oxide layer is formed on the entire surface by a CVD process, and the silicon oxide layer is etched back by an anisotropic etching process. Thus, sidewall silicon oxide layers 9 are formed on sidewalls of the gate electrodes. Then, arsenic ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the NMOS forming area with a mask of the gate electrode and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, to form N+ -type impurity regions 10. Also, boron ions are implanted into the source/drain regions of the PMOS forming area with am ask of the gate electrode and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, to form P+ -type impurity regions 11. Next, referring to FIG. 8C, only the polycrystalline silicon layer 32 is selectively removed by a vapor phase etching process using chlorine gas. That is, the device is put into a vacuum chamber whose pressure is about 1×10-9 Torr. In addition, chlorine gas is introduced thereinto at a stream rate of about 1 sccm corresponding to a partial pressure of about 1×10-4 Torr, and the substrate temperature of the device is caused to be about 740° C. to 880° C. In the same way as in the first embodiment, polycrystalline silicon is etched by chlorine gas, but monocrystalline silicon is hardly etched by chlorine gas. Also, the field silicon oxide layer 4, the gate silicon oxide layer 5 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9 are hardly etched by chlorine gas. In addition, since the tungsten nitride layer 31 serves as an etching stopper. Thus, only the polycrystalline silicon layer 32 is removed, and accordingly, gate electrodes shorter than the sidewall silicon oxide layers 9 are obtained. Next, referring to FIG. 8D, in the same way as in FIG. 3D, an about 35 nm thick titanium layer 12 is formed on the entire surface by a sputtering process. Then, the titanium layer 12 is reacted with the source/drain regions 10 and 11 by a lamp annealing process at a temperature of about 650° C. for about 10 s, so that a titanium silicide layer 13b is formed in self-alignment with the source/drain regions 10 and 11. Finally, referring to FIG. 8F, in the same way as in FIG. 3E, unreacted portions of the titanium layer 12 are removed by a wet etching process using hydrogen peroxide water. Further, a lamp annealing process at a temperature of about 850° C. is carried out for about 10 s to further reduce the resistance values of the titanium silicide layer 13b. Finally, referring to FIG. 8F, an about 80 nm thick tungsten layer 33 is deposited only on the tungsten nitride layer 31 by a CVD process using WF6 gas under hydrogen reduction mode. Thus, the polycrystalline silicon layer 6', the tungsten nitride layer 31 and the tungsten layer 33 serve as a gate electrode. Also, according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention, since the height of the gate electrodes can be smaller than that of the sidewall silicon oxide layers 9 without removing the field silicon oxide layer 4, the gate silicon oxide layer 5 and the sidewall silicon oxide layer 9, the gate electrodes are completely plectrically-isolated from the source/drain regions 10 and 11, so that no short circuit occurs therebetween. Also, since there is no danger that silicon nitride or PSG will remain on the gate electrodes, the titanium silicide layer 13b can be surely formed. FIGS. 9A through 9G illustrate a sixth embodiment of the method for manufacturing a salicide LDD-type CMOS device according to the present invention. In the sixth embodiment, a step as illustrated in FIG. 9D is added to the fifth embodiment. That is, FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9E, 9F and 9G correspond to FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E and 8F respectively. In the sixth embodiment, after the polycrystalline silicon layer 33 is removed as illustrated in FIG. 9C, about 3×1014 arsenic ions per square cm are implanted into the device as illustrated in FIG. 9D. Therefore, the upper portions of the source/drain regions 10 and 11 become amorphous. As a result, the resistance values of the titanium silicide layer 13b obtained at steps as illustrated in FIGS. 9E and 9F are further reduced. In the above-described embodiments, although the layer 12 is made of titanium, the layer 12 can be made of other refractor metal such as cobalt, nickel or tungsten. Also, BF2 ions or silicon ions can be used instead of arsenic ions for enhancing the amorphous reaction. Further, non-doped polycrystalline silicon can be used for the N-type polycrystalline silicon layer 22 in the third and fourth embodiments. Further, the present invention can be applied to an N-channel MOS device or a P-channel MOS device other than CMOS devices. As explained hereinbefore, according to the present invention, since the abnormal growth of metal silicide is avoided so that the gate electrodes are completely electrically-isolated from the source/drain regions, no short circuit occurs therebetween. removing a portion of said metal layer which is unreacted. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said selectively removing step etches said polycrystalline silicon layer by a vapor phase etching process using chlorine gas. 3. The method as set forth in claim 2, wherein said vapor phase etching process is carried out at a substrate temperature of about 740° C. to 800° C. 4. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a step of introducing second impurities into said polycrystalline silicon gate electrode and said impurity diffusion regions of said monocrystalline silicon substrate so that a part of said polycrystalline silicon gate electrode and a part of said impurity diffusion regions become amorphous, after the upper portion of said polycrystalline silicon gate electrode is selectively removed. 5. The method as set forth in claim 4, wherein said second impurities are at least arsenic ions, BF2 ions and silicon ions. 6. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a step of forming a silicon layer including second impurities on said polycrystalline silicon gate electrode and said impurity diffusion regions, after the upper portion of said polycrystalline silicon gate is selectively removed. 7. The method as set forth in claim 6, wherein said silicon layer forming step forms said silicon layer by a vapor phase process using one of silane and disilane. 8. The method as set forth in claim 6, wherein a density of said second impurities in said silicon layer is less than approximately 1019 /cubic cm. 9. The method as set forth in claim 6, further comprising a step of introducing second impurities into said polycrystalline silicon gate electrode and said impurity diffusion regions of said monocrystalline silicon substrate so that a part of said polycrystalline silicon gate electrode and a part of said impurity diffusion regions become amorphous, after said silicon layer is formed. 10. The method as set forth in claim 9, wherein said second impurities are at least arsenic ions, BF2 ions and silicon ions. 11. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said metal layer is made of refractory metal. 12. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a step of forming second impurities into said monocrystalline silicon substrate with a mask of said polycrystalline silicon gate electrode layer to form impurity diffusion regions in said monocrystalline silicon substrate, after said polycrystalline silicon gate electrode is formed. 14. The method as set for the in claim 13, further comprising a step of forming a metal layer on said metal nitride layer. 15. The method as set forth in claim 13, wherein said metal nitride layer is made of tungsten nitride, and said metal layer is made of tungsten. 16. The method as set forth in claim 13, wherein said selectively removing step etches said second polycrystalline silicon layer by a vapor phase etching process using chlorine gas, said metal nitride layer serving as an etching stopper of said vapor etching process. 17. The method as set forth in claim 16, wherein said vapor phase etching process is carried out at a substrate temperature of about 740° C. to 800° C. 18. The method as set forth in claim 13, further comprising a step of introducing second impurities into said impurity diffusion regions of said monocrystalline silicon substrate so that a part of said impurity diffusion regions become amorphous, after said second polycrystalline silicon layer is removed. 19. The method as set forth in claim 18, wherein said second impurities are at least arsenic ions, BF2 ions and silicon ions. 20. The method as set forth in claim 13, wherein said metal layer is made of refractory metal. 21. The method as set forth in claim 13, further comprising forming second impurities into said monocrystalline silicon substrate with a mask of said second polycrystalline silicon layer, said metal nitride layer and said first polycrystalline silicon layer to form impurity diffusion regions in said monocrystalline silicon substrate, after said second polycrystalline silicon layer is formed. "A Self-Aligned Elevated Source/Drain MOSFET," James R. Pfiester et al., IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 11, No. 9, Sep. 1990, pp. 365-367. "Self-Aligned Tungsten Strapped Source/Drain and Gate Technology Realizing the Lowest Sheet Resistance for Sub-Quarter Micron CMOS," M. Sekine et al., IEEE IEDM, Dec./1994, pp. 493-496. "W/WNx/Poly-Si Gate Technology for Future High Speed Deep Submicron CMOS LSIs," K. Kasai et al., IEEE IEDM, Dec./1994, pp. 497-500.

Venus Williams and Serena Williams may travel the world playing the game they love, but they never forget about their home, Compton, California. The two are giving back to their hometown through the launch of the Yetunde Price Resource Center. Named after their eldest sister, who was killed as a result of gun violence, the center will connect residents who have been affected by violence to service providers. The center will develop custom plans and function as a liaison between the residents of Compton and the agencies that are there to help them. In addition to the resource center, Gatorade will refurbish two tennis courts and dedicate them to the Williams sisters. The courts will be unveiled during the Healthy Compton Community Festival on Saturday, November 12.

Gamma titanium aluminides are a class of alloys undergoing significant development for use in a variety of aerospace applications . The alloys are quite remarkable in that they have increasing yield strength with increasing temperature. At room temperature, however, the alloys are very brittle and are difficult to form. These alloys are difficult to cast, work, and weld, and there has been much work on the development of cost-effective forming techniques using powder metallurgy techniques . Laser-based free-form techniques present interesting possibilities with respect to the cost-effective manufacture of y-titanium aluminide alloys. There has been little work done on these alloys to date, although this will change in the near future. Work performed at Penn State under the direction of Crucible Research was undertaken to obtain preliminary chemical and tensile data on laser forming of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy and has been reported by Moll et al. . FIGURE 14.11 y-TiAl (Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr) processed at Penn State. FIGURE 14.12 y-TiAl (Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr) as-deposited (right) and heat treated 1338°C 0.5 h AC + 871°C 4 h AC. these are probably due to solute banding similar to that observed in multipass weldments. The microstructure is fully lamellar. Mechanical properties and chemical information for as-deposited material are shown Tables 14.13 and 14.14.

The Hawthorne Effect is named for Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works in Chicago. From 1927 until 1932, a series of experiments were conducted. In the true style of Scientific Management, the experimenters were seeking to make the workers more effective by varying the conditions under which they worked. The results of the study, however, surprised everyone. In one experiment, two teams of employees were charged with assembling telephone relays. Both groups worked for one week in normal lighting. Then, gradually, the lighting was increased in the experimental group. As part of a standard experimental set up, the other group was left with normal lighting; this is called a control group, and it helps to demonstrate that the changes alone are the source of whatever effect is observed. As the light was increased, the experimental group became more productive. Oddly, the productivity of the control group increased as well. After a while, the experiment was changed. Light levels in the experimental group were decreased gradually, from 11 foot candles to 1.4 foot candles, until the workers began to complain that they had difficulty seeing the assemblies.45 The experimenters were surprised to see that productivity in the experimental group also increased as light levels were reduced. Also, the rate of production in the control group matched the experimental group. Clearly, light levels were not contributing to the productivity, but what was? A second experiment was designed to measure the effect of scheduling on productivity. (Remember that Taylor was proud of his “pioneering” work on rest periods.) Two women were selected for the study. They were told to select four other women. The women worked for a week assembling relays to establish a base number. Working six eight-hour days with no rest periods, each woman was able to produce 2400 relays a week. They were then put on piece-work for eight weeks. Two five-minute rest pauses, morning and afternoon, were introduced for a period of five weeks. Output went up once more. The rest pauses were lengthened to ten minutes each. Six five-minute pauses were introduced, and the girls complained that their work rhythm was broken by the frequent pauses. Return to the two rest pauses, the first with a hot meal supplied by the Company free of charge. The girls were dismissed at 4.30 p.m. instead of 5.00 p.m. They were dismissed at 4.00 p.m. Finally, all the improvements were taken away, and the girls went back to the physical conditions of the beginning of the experiment: work on Saturday, 48 hour week, no rest pauses, no piece work and no free meal. This state of affairs lasted for a period of 12 weeks. The real lesson of the Hawthorne experiment was that the conditions did not matter. What mattered was that the experimenter was sitting in a room with the subjects and doing things that were designed to help them work better. Because someone was trying to help them be more productive, the workers became more productive, regardless of what was actually being done to them. The Hawthorne effect explains why some psychotic people test better on psychological tests when told to imagine that they are psychologically normal, and why, in medical experiments, some people improve when taking the placebo. 45. Gillespie, Richard; Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991; p. 44. 46. “Motivation Theory;” http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/hawthorne_02.html; Accel Team.com; http://www.accel-team.com/; 2000; (5 Dec 00).

There's a lot of talk about officials that move between government agencies and the law firms that work for the industries those agencies regulate, but that talk rarely includes details. Now the details are here. Thanks to a Freedom of Information Act Request filed by Bloomberg Businessweek, we get an inside look at the relationship between senior SEC regulators and a former commissioner turned Wall Street lawyer named Annette Nazareth. All of the e-mails were written between February 2009 and May 2011, while Dodd-Frank legislation was being written and the Consumer Financial Protection Board was being formed. Nazareth was representing major Wall Street banks like Bank of America and JP Morgan for D.C. law firm Davis-Polk at the time. So how close was Nazareth to SEC higher-ups after she left? On June 27th 2010, Nazareth sent a dozen SEC officials an annotated copy of the Dodd-Frank bill with her commentary. "In case you would find it helpful," Nazareth wrote to the group, many of them ex-colleagues. Two hours later, SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro responded: "Thanks. We have our work cut out for us." On November 10th, 2010, after former Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd released his 1,100 page version of Dodd-Frank, Nazareth sent a copy of her firm's bill summary to Schapiro and other SEC officials. "Thanks, this is very helpful," Schapiro responded. "(SEC Council David) Becker told Nazareth that the summary was "really good" and noted that it "should go into extensive detail about the inanity of the Investor Advocate," a new SEC position dedicated to protecting investors. "Give me time!" Nazareth replied. "I have also asked Sifma to trash it. They need to understand how terrible it could be for all." The idea is still in the bill, but the agency hasn't filled the job yet. When Nazareth heard about the creation of the CFPB, she e-mailed SEC Council Becker and told him, "I'm beginning to feel ill." Nazareth was able to schedule last-minute meetings with her former colleagues and even wrote an e-mail to Becker saying, "You never call. You never write. Do you have any time for lunch?" They met the next week. Becker signed e-mails to Nazareth with, "You are a peach" and Nazareth let him know when he was being head hunted by law firms. Becker is now at Cleary Gottlieb. Our favorite part: Becker told Nazareth how disappointed he was that he wouldn't be able to to go to her Washington star-studded Christmas party. I n one note, Nazareth jokingly told Becker, "We expect Greenspan to lead us in a sing-along," referring to former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan. When Becker gave his regrets for her 2010 party he noted that, "In truth, I enjoy your holiday parties very much, not to mention seeing the host and hostess. It's the only place I get to see famous economists." We wouldn't want to miss Greenspan in his Christmas sweater either.

For Barbara Underwood, her appointment as New York's acting attorney general must have been a pleasure and a pain. One week, she was sworn in as the first woman to hold the post. The next week, legislators were interviewing other candidates for the permanent job. That's because the governor named Underwood to replace Eric Schneiderman, who recently resigned in disgrace. Now the legislature has voted to have her fill out his term. On a vote of 190 to 1, the legislature named Underwood as the state's 66th attorney general. She was one of a dozen candidates, but said she would not run for election at the end of the term this year. "I've served in many roles in government throughout my career, but I believe this job -- at this moment in history -- is the most important job I have ever had," she said after the vote. On the eve of state party conventions, state assembly members and senators considered other candidates. Democrat and Republican leaders will choose nominees for the four-year term in November. Assembly speaker Carl Heastie said the legislature might have chosen a different candidate if it were a mid-term vacancy. Assemblyman Joseph Lentol said lawmakers wanted to "preserve the continuity of the office." Underwood had been the state solicitor general until she stepped in for Schneiderman, who abruptly quit amidst allegations that he physically abused four women. He resigned on May 7. In the meantime, Underwood has endorsed Public Advocate Letitia James for the attorney general job. She is considered the front-runner for the Democratic convention. If elected, James would be the first woman and first black individual elected to the position.

We offer fiber coupled flow cells for wide range of industrial and biological applications. Process-ready micro flow cells combine with Ocean Optics spectrometers and accessories for online measurement of gas or liquid streams in demanding industrial environments. The cells provide extremely small pathlengths (to 0.02 mm) without restricting sample flow. Rugged cross flow cells combine with Ocean Optics spectrometers and accessories for process monitoring in demanding industrial environments. The cells are available in 3/8” and ½” diameter. The Biotech End-of-Column Flow Cell is an adjustable-pathlength flow cell for optical measurements in a variety of industrial online flow analysis applications. The stainless steel PRO-FC-BIO is a Titanium cell body that features an electropolished (RA 12 or better) interior and two fiber-lensed Optical Interface Couplers (included). FIA series Ultra Short Path Flow Cells are a great option for absorbance and transmission of liquids with high opacity or available at very low sample volume levels. Pathlengths from 100 µm-2000 µm are available. Primary applications include life sciences analyses and process control of optically dense samples. FIA series microliter volume flow cells are useful tools for absorbance measurements of various lab samples. The cells are available in a variety of pathlengths, materials and internal volume levels. These Z-type cells are available in a variety of materials, pathlengths and internal volume levels. When combined with Ocean Optics spectrometers, FIA flow cells allow rapid analysis of laboratory, industrial and environmental samples. The CUV-CCE Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Sample Cell is an optical fixture for measuring relative absorbance of fluids in chromatography or capillary electrophoresis systems. The cell is attached on-line, i.e., the light is projected through the sides of fused silica tubing without violating the tube integrity. For this reason, there are no pressure limitations associated with the device. FIA fluorescence flow cells combine the benefits of flow injection analysis with optical components optimized for fluorescence. A fiber sends excitation energy through a fused silica window into the sample compartment. Emitted energy is collected by a second fiber, oriented at 90 degrees, that connects to an Ocean Optics spectrometer configured for fluorescence. Optical interface couplers (OICs) are designed to couple flow cells to an optical absorption analyzer such as an Ocean Optics spectrometer. OICs can be used as standalone items with spectrometers or as part of a process flow cell setup for industrial applications.

Intrepid Plastics Solutions, Inc. is a Moldflow® Expert (GOLD) Certified consulting firm utilizing the full suite of Auto Desk® Moldflow® Injection Molding software to evaluate the filling, packing and cooling phases of the injection molding process and predict the part warpage upon ejection. By utilizing Moldflow® as a ”virtual prototyping” tool, we provide insight into the effects of part and mold design choices on the manufacturability of the part prior to tool fabrication, reducing both time and cost to market. IPS provides the in depth evaluation that comes from more the 30 years combined experience in the plastics industry and gives the immediate feedback necessary to help you bring the best part to market faster at the lowest possible costs to your organization. Barbara is a graduate of the University of Massachusetts (Lowell) with a B.S. in Plastics Engineering and Moldflow® Expert Level Certification. Prior to founding Intrepid Plastics Solutions, Inc., she spent 8 years as the Moldflow® Product Manager for a hot runner supplier, developing and leading the flow simulation team responsible for performing hundreds of analyses for customer specific applications and customized hot runner designs. Barbara’s career in Moldflow® applications spans more than 18 years and also includes Moldflow design support for Sales at a major resin supplier and corporate training at an international level for an OEM. She also has mold engineering experience, working with product development and manufacturing engineering teams to select resins, fabrication methods and secure tooling for new product launches.

XForms is the newest form-creation technology, separating the purpose of a form from its presentation within the web browser, and thereby giving the web developer more power and flexibility for creating really useful forms. In this article, Earl Bingham describes some of the basics you'll need to know to implement XForms on your site. The current design of web forms doesn't separate the purpose from the presentation of a form. XForms, in contrast, are comprised of separate sections that describe what the form does, and how the form looks. This allows for flexible presentation options, including classic XHTML forms, to be attached to an XML form definition. XForms is planned to be a part of the XHTML 2.0 specification. The primary source for information on XForms is the www-forms mailing list. To subscribe, send an email to www-forms@w3.org with the word subscribe in the subject line (include the word unsubscribe if you want to unsubscribe). The second concept is that of the XForms user interface, which provides a standard set of visual controls that are targeted toward replacing today's XHTML form controls. These form controls are directly usable inside XHTML and other XML documents. The third concept is that forms collect data, which is expressed as XML instance data. The XForms model describes the structure of the instance data. Forms normally represent a structured interchange of data, while workflow, auto-fill, and pre-fill form applications are supported through the use of instance data. The fourth concept is the need to have a channel for instance data to flow to and from the XForms processor. To accomplish this, the XForms submit protocol defines how XForms send and receive data, including the ability to suspend and resume the completion of a form.

Customers have downloaded this app 2 times. Move Work Forward is a Top Vendor. Top Vendors have high standards for app quality, reliability, and support. Move Work Forward supports this app. Locate Slack Jira Secure Connector via search. The appropriate app version appears in the search results. Click Try free to begin a new trial or Buy now to purchase a license for Slack Jira Secure Connector. You're prompted to log into MyAtlassian. Slack Jira Secure Connector begins to download.

Sassy Bassett is so happy to offer these themed subscription boxes! Each month we will roll out a theme for the items in the subscription boxes. We are going to be offering 3 boxes at this time, but we do have plans for kid boxes in the future depending on how you all love these! Click to see what is in this months box- AccSASSYories Box!

White collar. Blue collar. No collar at all. Some are just starting down this journey. Others have been on this road for many years. Some are youthful, energetic, and engaged. Others are tired, weary, and passive. I look around the room and down the table and I’m struck by the thought that most of us wouldn’t even know each other if it weren’t for the one thing we have in common. We are special need dads. Here for a meal together and to some spend some down time. We’ve all been chosen and called by God- given a mission for our lives. But we’ve not all accepted or embraced that mission. We’re all at different places and different spaces in this journey. For some us, we’ve braced for the challenges and we are determined to fulfill our God-given mission. But others are mired down in anger, denial, and bitterness- still struggling to find the purpose in any of this. As I look around at my band of brothers I take a silent inventory. And as I do, I find myself dividing my fellow dads into three camps. Those who chose the road marked “How’” those who chose the road marked “Why,” and those who stand at the fork unsure of which road to take. The path of raising a child with special needs takes many twists, many turns, and covers some tough terrain. The road that a dad chooses makes the difference in life and death. The difference is in accepting God’s mission, and choosing to abandon it all together. In this journey raising a child with special needs, the road to understanding “Why” is a dead-end road. You will wander aimlessly in circles instead of climbing out of the emotional pit. The dad who chooses the right path soon finds himself entering into the land of “How” people. He makes the great decision to become a “How” person himself. That shift in perspective changes everything in this life. Now, everything will sense to him. He will realize God is telling his story through his life and his child’s life. This was not to be his story, but rather God’s story. Through the telling of his story, God will teach him us about unconditional love, the abundance of grace, the essence of a gift, and the meaning of a selfless life. He will learn that his joy is not dependent upon his circumstances. God has chosen him for this and called him with a plan and purpose for his life. His joy will be dependent on who he is with Christ. recognizes that if he tries to place his joy in anything other than his relationship and standing with Christ, he will never find everlasting, unstoppable, un-quenching joy. The “How” dad lives happily ever after with his special-needs family. His life still has challenges, but he can find contentment and joy with his journey. He believes he had been chosen and called, and he remained committed. Two paths diverge in the woods. Which one will you choose?

Through the period of our studies, we have found 4 distinct houses which carried the Ostronič surname. This is the first of the four houses (in order of house address). 1A. Peter Ostronič b. 1800, m. ca. 1817 to Ana Grguraš — they remained at this house. 2A. Barbara Ostronič b. 1817. At this time, it is unknown what happened to her afterwards. 2B. Jurij Ostronič b. 1820, m. ca. 1853 to Ana Krotec (Preloka) — they remained at this house. 2C. Johan Ostronič b. 1823. At this time, it is unknown what happened to him afterwards. 2D. Matija Ostronič b. 1828. At this time, it is unknown what happened to him afterwards. 2E. Miha Ostronič b. 1830, died at the age of 20. At this time, it is unknown if he was ever married or had children. 2F. Marija Ostronič b. 1833. At this time, it is unknown what happened to her afterwards. 2G. Katarina Ostronič b. 1840. At this time, it is unknown what happened to her afterwards. 2H. Ana Ostronič b. 1844, died at the age of 42. At this time, it is unknown if she was ever married or had children. 3A. Barbara Ostronič b. 1854, m. 1875 to Janko Pavlakovič (Grduni 4) — they lived at Podklanec 13. 3B. Jurij Ostronič b. 1855, m. 1879 to Katarina Kastelic (Vinica 18) — they remained at this house. 3C. Jožef Ostronič b. 1862. At this time, it is unknown what happened to him afterwards. 3D. Marija Ostronič b. 1864, married Jurij Karin (Gornji Karinov from Podklanec). 3E. Ana Ostronič b. 1867. At this time, it is unknown what happened to her afterwards. 3F. Johan Ostronič b. 1869. At this time, it is unknown what happened to him afterwards. 4A. Marija Ostronič b. 1881. At this time, it is unknown what happened to her afterwards. 4B. Marko Ostronič b. 1886. At this time, it is unknown what happened to him afterwards. 4C. Ana Ostronič b. 1888. At this time, it is unknown what happened to her afterwards. 4D. Johan Ostronič b. 1896, m. 1921 in Omaha, Nebraska to Vera Hraser.

Concept: Wind cool your car faster. Detail: One of the prime effects of wind is to lower the temperature of an object...including that of your car's engine...to the air temperature at a much faster rate, therefore, if the temperature of the air is zero degrees on a calm night, your car will cool down relatively slow. However, with a 40 mph wind howling, the car's engine will cool to zero degrees at a rate appropriate to a temperature of -30�F (in calm air). Thus, while it cannot cool below 0�F, it can get there much faster. The bottom line? Either be sure to get your car in a garage, have a dip tick heater, or plan to make several extra trips outside to start your car up and warm the engine during the night. In winter...what joy...running outside into a cold car at 3:00 A.M. just to war it up! And windy nights are the worst!

Yu Qiao continued to stare at the woman in front of him. The face was familiar but still somewhat different. To him, this woman is beautiful, sporting a seemingly perfect heart-shaped face, flawless high nose, and thin lips. Just staring at her, his throat already runs dry. "Lihua?" he asked again, his brows wrinkling further, unsure of what to feel at this time. Confusion? Bewilderment? Hurt? Despite having mixed emotions, he is still unable to look away from her face, especially from her eyes. Even though those gems are narrowly looking at him, either trying to see clearly or to glare coldly, Yu Qiao does not mind. He feels like staring at them forever. Mo Lihua couldn't stand Yu Qiao's penetrating gaze, so she bowed her head and stepped sideways to create distance from Yu Qiao, but he just stopped her from moving further by circling his arms around her waist, keeping her close. "Tsk. I won't run. You can let go," Mo Lihua seethed darkly as she fights the urge to bite Yu Qiao again. This time she will bite so hard she draws blood. To show what she is thinking, she even slightly snaps her teeth together, however, Yu Qiao is not afraid. If she bites, then he will just spank her hard. It seems Mo Lihua needs some discipline. Seeing that Yu Qiao was not budging or at least loosening his grip on her, she gave up. Aside from the fact that she is already somewhat, tipsy, Mo Lihua is just too tired to even bother. Pretending that she does not know Yu Qiao will not solve anything. Yes, she is completely aware that the man in front of her is Yu Qiao. It is her hidden superpower to see him even without her glasses, which she greatly hates at the moment. Mo Lihua released a deep breath before speaking. "Chen, can I have my things please," she asked as she lifted her arm to get her stuff from Yang Chen. Before Yang Chen could even hand over Mo Lihua's things, Yu Qiao had already grabbed them from him rudely. Although she couldn't see clearly, Mo Lihua's face turned black as it was easy to guess what Yu Qiao had done. "Brother Qiao, my glasses," Mo Lihua requested through clenched teeth, as she tried to endure throbbing her head. "No. Get in the car. I will give them to you when I'm ready," Yu Qiao stated tightly. The fewer things she has, the better. That way she can't run away. "You. Leave now," Yu Qiao curtly ordered Yang Chen with hostility, his face during the man to follow them. Yang Chen did not expect his kind gesture to be taken positively. Instead of answering Yu Qiao, he asked with concern: "Lihua, are you going to be ok? Do not worry, I can speak with your father if you want me to." "What are you trying to say? That I can't take care of Mo Lihua?!" Yu Qiao exclaimed furiously. 'And what's with the first name basis, huh?!' he thought to himself. "Brother Qiao! Please, stop!" Mo Lihua shrieked next to Yu Qiao. Mo Lihua appreciated Yang Chen's gesture of help, however, it was probably best to just go home. "Don't worry, I'll be fine. Thank you for today. See you later," Mo Lihua said softly to Yang Chen before she got in the car. Her unhappiness with the situation was very much in evidence on her face. Meeting Yang Chen was not so bad. She was able to talk to him comfortably and to exchange numbers with him. The man was probably kind enough to help her as a fake boyfriend. Who knows, it might eventually become real? Too bad that she was not able to get to know Yang Chen a bit more, but her decision is final. Her feelings towards Yu Qiao should come to an end soon, and she will use all available means to make it happen.

HUGHESVILLE — The Christian Ladies Group will meet at Tivoli United Methodist Church, 9598 Route 220, at 1 p.m. on Wednesday. Susan Sprout will speak about the historical importance of spices, where they come from, and how they can be used. LAIRDSVILLE — The Millers music group will perform at Lairdsville Faith Church, 6786 Route 118, at 7:30 p.m. on Friday. Call Pastor Max L. Walters Jr. for more information at 570-584-2765 or visit the website at www.millermusicgroup.org. The Diamond Street Christian Church, 2211 Trenton Ave., will hold a Backyard Praise event from 2 to 6 p.m. on Aug. 5, featuring food, fellowship and live music. For more information call 570-677-0011. The Church of the Nazarene, 3200 Lycoming Creek Road, will hold a yard sale/bake sale from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. on Aug. 12. Vendor space still is available and those interested may call Deb at 570-772-8288.

This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of external filter cake formation during dynamic (cross-flow) filtration with main focus on petroleum engineering applications. Numerous researches have been done during last decades to investigate the cake buildup mechanisms, structure and effects of various parameters on cake properties, flux decline and stabilisation. However, a consistent hypothesis to explain the main cake buildup mechanisms and structure has not been devised yet due to numerous laboratory and field observations that can be attributed to different physics mechanisms. The paper discusses mechanisms of cake buildup from several laboratory and field studies and presents recent findings of dynamic filtration tests. This includes discussion of the effect of chemical conditions (salinity, pH and ion valence), particle size, particle size distribution, shear rate, cake compressibility, particle flocculation, particle concentration, applied pressure and particle deformation from numerous experimental and field reports. A comprehensive collection of dynamic filtration test results can be used in design of drilling fluids for minimizing fluid loss and prediction of well injectivity impairment due to external filter cake formation during PWRI or sea water injection. Experimental observations are classified and tabulated in a comparative format. Limitations and contradictions of experimental findings are discussed in detail and possible future road map is presented. Analysis of previous works supports the strong effect of chemical and hydrodynamic factors on mechanisms, structure and properties of external filter cake. Several experimental evidences confirm the optimum conditions of water salinity to minimize permeate flux. External filter cake properties highly affect the fluid loss during drilling operations. It also plays an important role in well injectivity decline during low quality water injection. With increasing interest in application of Nanoparticles in drilling and EOR operations and hot topic of low salinity water-flooding, understanding previous studies provides a road map for future research and design. The paper summarises the results of previous researches critically and addresses the applications in drilling and completion fluids, produced water reinjection (PWRI) and sea water injection.

EDM (Electro-discharge Machining) is a nonconventional machining process utilizing an electric spark discharge from the electrode (-) towards the work piece (+) through the dielectric fluid. The Dimensional accuracy in this is very important consideration for the accuracy of the finished product. The objective of this experimental study is to determine parameters that offer the best dimensional accuracy in electrical discharge machining (EDM). Discharge current, pulse on time, pulse off time and gap voltage are taken as machining parameters for blind hole operation on EN 19 steel. The experimental investigations are carried out using copper electrode. CCD design of experiment of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to identify the effect of machining parameters on overcut. Machining parameters are optimized for minimum overcut. ANOVA analysis is carried out to identify the significant parameters that affect the dimensional accuracy. Confirmation tests are performed on at predicted optimum process parameters and results are verified. It is observed that the discharge current has greatest impact over the overcut followed by gap voltage, however the impact of the other two input parameters namely pulse on time, pulse off time, was very less. Keywords: Anova, EDM, EN19, Optimization, Overcut, RSM.

Electroactive polymers (EAP) consist of materials capable of changing dimensions and/or shape in response to electrical stimuli. Most EAPs are also capable of generating electrical energy in response to applied mechanical forces. These polymeric materials exhibit properties well beyond what conventional metal or plastic-based actuators can offer, including very high mechanical flexibility (can be stretched to twice their initial size), low density, a high grade of processability, scalability, microfabrication readiness and, in most cases, low cost. Micro-EAPs enable a new broad range of applications for which large strains and forces are desirable, and for which built-in intelligence is necessary. The main objective of the project will be the improvement of the career perspectives (in academia and in industry) of young researchers by training them at the forefront of research in the field of smart soft systems made of EAP microactuators for advanced miniaturized devices. The overall objective for the scientific programme is research and development of EAP materials and their integration for industrial applications. Special attention will be devoted to the development of microactuators. The field of smart materials is growing extremely fast. Materials whose stiffness and shape can be controlled, and that are capable of sensing their shape allow new classes of compliant complex systems. Through the MICACT programme, we hope to ensure that European researchers keep their leading role in this blossoming field, and to help them transition to industrial positions.

Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapo. "Dying patients' choices not always aligned to caregivers' ." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 8 Apr. 2015. Web.

Abstract: In this thesis, a novel graphene (GN) based electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor is designed, constructed and tested to validate the concept of coating GN, which is a highly electrically conductive material, on Ag substrates of conventional electrodes. The background theory, design, experiments and results for the proposed GN-based ECG sensor are also presented. Due to the attractive electrical and physical characteristics of graphene, a new ECG sensor was investigated by coating GN onto itself. The main focus of this project was to examine the effect of GN on ECG monitoring and to compare its performance with conventional methods. A thorough investigation into GN synthesis on Ag substrate was conducted, which was accompanied by extensive simulation and experimentation. A GN-enabled ECG electrode was characterised by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy along with electrical resistivity and conductivity measurements. The results obtained from the GN characteristic experimentation on Raman spectroscopy, detected a 2D peak in the GN-coated electrode, which was not observed with the conventional Ag/AgCl electrode. SEM characterisation also revealed that a GN coating smooths the surface of the electrode and hence, improves the skin-to electrode contact. Furthermore, a comparison regarding the electrical conductivity calculation was made between the proposed GN-coated electrodes and conventional Ag/AgCl ones. The resistance values obtained were 212.4 Ω and 28.3 Ω for bare and GN-coated electrodes, respectively. That indicates that the electrical conductivity of GN-based electrodes is superior and hence, it is concluded that skin-electrode contact impedance can be lowered by their usage. Additional COMSOL simulation was carried out to observe the effect of an electrical field and surface charge density using GN-coated and conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes on a simplified human skin model. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the addition of electrical field and surface charge capabilities and hence, coating GN on Ag substrates was validated through this simulation. This novel ECG electrode was tested with various types of electrodes on ten different subjects in order to analyse the obtained ECG signals. The experimental results clearly showed that the proposed GN-based electrode exhibits the best performance in terms of ECG signal quality, detection of critical waves of ECG morphology (P-wave, QRS complex and T-wave), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with 27.0 dB and skin-electrode contact impedance (65.82 kΩ at 20 Hz) when compared to those obtained by conventional a Ag/AgCl electrode. Moreover, this proposed GN-based ECG sensor was integrated with core body temperature (CBT) sensor in an ear-based device, which was designed and printed using 3D technology. Subsequently, a finger clipped photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor was integrated with the two-sensors in an Arduino based data acquisition system, which was placed on the subject’s arm to enable a wearable multiple physiological measurement system. The physiological information of ECG and CBT was obtained from the ear of the subject, whilst the PPG signal was acquired from the finger. Furthermore, this multiple physiological signal was wirelessly transmitted to the smartphone to achieve continuous and real-time monitoring of physiological signals (ECG, CBT and PPG) on a dedicated app developed using the Java programming language. The proposed system has plenty of room for performance improvement and future development will make it adaptable, hence being more convenient for the users to implement other applications than at present.

given at a conference or similar forum”. speaking and secretly enjoy it. down my cadence to make sure what I was saying would be understood. technology you are going to present with. One thing I did not account for was my transition from coding in Codepen to going back to the slides. It wasn’t as smooth and seamless as it should have been and that was kinda my fault for not practicing.

Possible to customize in color and/or additional logo printing. Biodegradable base material. Rapidly renewable resource.

It's true. All views are not created equal-and never has that been more apparent. City views. River views. Mountain views. Waterline has them all and, by extension, so can you. Living at Waterline opens up tons of possibilities. Not only is there the convenience of living where you work-or close to it, but there's also the satisfaction of loving where you live. Located on Portland's riverfront between the Northwest Alphabet and the Pearl Districts, you can walk to New Seasons Market, bike to hip restaurants, stroll to trendy boutiques, or hop on the streetcar to your favorite craft brewery. It's totally up to you. Choose your space and pick your view. You're not like everyone else. Why should your home be any different?

It has been observed that the dynamic behaviour of a structure changes due to the presence of a crack. Analysis of such phenomena is useful for fault diagnosis and the detection of cracks in structures. An experimental setup is designed in which an aluminium cantilever beam with two cracks is excited by a hammer and accelerometer attached to the beam provides the response. The cracks are assumed to be open to avoid non-linearity. The effects of crack ratios and positions on the fundamental frequencies of slender cantilever beams with two edge cracks are investigated experimentally and compared with numerical results obtained using a finite element code. The experiments are conducted using specimens having edge cracks of different depths at different positions to validate the numerical results obtained. Fourteen numbers of beams having crack depth 2mm, 4mm with the variation in location of 2nd crack are taken to perform the experiment. The experimental results of frequencies can be obtained from Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer. The numerical results are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results for the considered crack ratios.

Here at Little Kids - we work with some real characters! Meet our friends from our favorite Nickelodeon™ shows! Each bubble bottle includes 6 fl oz of premium bubble solution and a bubble wand. Each bottle features full color graphics from your favorite Nickelodeon shows! Squeeze 'n Blow Pop- Up Bubbles with your favorite Nickelodeon characters! Each bottle includes4.8 fl oz of bubble solution and a bubble wand. Just squeeze our Squeeze 'n Blow Pop-Up Bubbles bottle and the wand magically appears loaded with bubbles and ready to blow! Available in 6 styles: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, PAW Patrol, PAW Patrol Skye & Everest, Blaze & the Monster Machines, and Bubble Guppies. Great for creating a storm of bubbles, the Nickelodeon Bubble Blastin' Machines blasts hundreds of bubbles in minutes! Perfect for pre-schoolers who can't get enough bubbles! Adults fill the front chamber with bubbles and press the button to activate, with over 8 wands, this machine does not disappoint. Each machine is decorated with your favorite Nickelodeon characters: Paw Patrol, Bubble Guppies, and Shimmer 'n Shine. 3 in 1 play with our Licensed Musical Light up wands. These wands Light up, Play Music and Blow Bubbles!Each bubble wand features full color graphics and Musical Themes from Paw Patrol, Sunny Day and PJ Masks! Each wand includes 4 oz of bubble solution. Assortment includes: Sunny Day, PJ Masks and Paw Patrol. Includes 4 fl oz. of bubbles.

Questions about what’s wholesome and dangerous are outdoor of the scope of this subreddit. But in case you have a culinary query that takes into consideration some specified nutritional wishes, we’re going to do our absolute best to assist. Have you been sharing your culinary experience right here for a whilst and need to be identified for it? Tell us your strong point and name and get flaired.

In a seemingly unprecedented move, Prime Minister Hun Sen on Wednesday called for an end to pervasive acts of mob justice following the violent beating of a Phnom Penh professor – who happens to be a member of a ruling party working group – and demanded the arrest of more perpetrators in his case. During a speech to garment workers in Por Sen Chey district on Wednesday, Hun Sen said such violence must be “condemned strongly”. At least three of the attackers were later revealed to be members of Hun Sen’s own Bodyguard Unit. Prior to that, in 2003, the premier condemned a nationalist crowd’s attack on the Thai Embassy. However, he does not appear to have spoken publicly on the much more widespread phenomenon of vigilante mobs attacking suspected perpetrators of crimes, and those participating in the violence are rarely brought in by police. In at least 10 high-profile cases of vigilante mob justice last year, some of which even resulted in the death of the victim, there were no arrests. Less severe cases, meanwhile, crop up in local media on a regular basis. The last high-profile case of mob justice where arrests were made appears to be over three years ago, in February 2015, when four people were arrested for beating a lost mentally ill man to death in Kampong Speu after mistaking him for a thief. While the premier on Wednesday suggested it was unclear if Sareth would live or die from his wounds, the professor – who was sent to Vietnam for treatment – was conscious and able to speak again, and thanked people for their support in a video circulated on Facebook. Phnom Penh Police Chief Chhoun Sovann on Wednesday said that police had identified and planned to arrest a further eight suspects, but he was “too busy” to name them. Chan Thou, Koki Thom commune chief in Kandal’s Kien Svay district, confirmed Sareth was a member of a Cambodian People’s Party working group in the commune, under Ngor Sovann, a former opposition supporter who had switched allegiances to the ruling party. “He has been in the working group more than two years,” Thou said, adding the group had donated money to help pay his medical costs. “He is a good and gentle and outgoing person, and is friendly with people and is not a cold fish,” he said, adding the group was very happy that the government was “paying attention to arrest the perpetrators”. San Chey, from social accountability NGO ANSA, said that the premier’s call echoed similar demands from the public for the perpetrators of mob violence to be brought to justice.

From concept to design - the first apron front of its kind. As homeowners love the unique style of the apron front sink design, with IKON®, there is a durable, beautiful alternative to the ceramic, stainless steel, or copper materials that are most commonly used today. The BLANCO IKON® is the world’s first apron front sink made of natural granite composite, SILGRANIT® material. It will not scratch or stain, maintaining its beauty for many years, while being both extremely hard-wearing and exceptionally easy to clean. The revolutionary IKON® collection will now be offered in two sizes – the original IKON® 30 and the new, larger IKON® 33. The IKON® 33 will be available in four colours: Anthracite, Café, Metallic Gray and White. With its slightly angled apron design, the IKON® 33 will add an architectural element to your kitchen. For increased functionality, there is also a unique, optional Floating Grid available, designed to handle the weight of pots and pans while gently floating along the inner sink walls. The Floating Grid offers a functional comfort level for prepping and cleaning, and can also be used as a trivet on the countertop. IKON® sinks can be matched with a variety of BLANCO kitchen faucets in popular Stainless Finish and Chrome assortment, as well as with a large selection of SILGRANIT® colour-match and dual finishes.

Macao Arts Festival is celebrating its 30th anniversary. To spread festive atmosphere of joy and fun, it will “invade” in various neighbourhoods in the city with endless cultural and artistic events! Artists from the Aerial Arts Association and Clube dos Amigos do Riquexó are invited to give a series of acrobatics and stilts performances in different places.

If you are unable to work because of medical problems, you need to know how to apply for SSDI or SSI. The Social Security Administration (SSA) oversees two disability programs, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). These two programs both require the individual to prove his or her disability by meeting the medical requirements set forth in the Blue Book, which is the medical guide used by the SSA. However, the two disability programs do have some specific differences. To qualify for SSDI, you must have earned sufficient work credits. Usually, that means you must have worked the equivalent of five years full-time out of the last 10 years. No income guidelines are required for SSDI. However, SSI is a needs-based program. You have to fall within the specific income guidelines that have been established by the SSA. You know whether to apply for SSDI or SSI based on your work history, but if you wait too long your work credits will expire. However, the first six months you are disabled do not qualify for benefits. You must be unable to work for at least a year in order to qualify for disability benefits. Here's a little more information on how you can qualify for SSDI benefits. If you have worked during the last 10 years, you should apply for SSDI before your credits expire. If you wait too long after you have stopped working to apply you might lose your chance to receive benefits. Knowing how to proceed with a claim for SSDI is detrimental to the success of your claim and your chances of being awarded benefits. There is a thorough process that must be followed to have a successful disability claim. You must make sure that the forms are completed accurately and in detail, free from misspelled words and errors. Your disability claim will require documentation that supports it. Your documentation should include medical records, written statements such as a journal detailing any symptoms and how they impact your daily life, and any medications that you take and the symptoms and side effects caused by your prescription drugs and treatments. Make sure all symptoms are listed in detail, so Disability Determination Services will understand how you are affected by your condition on a daily basis. With a residual functioning capacity (RFC) form, your treating physicians can show any limitations or restrictions that result from your condition by stating them in detail on the form. With the help of an attorney or advocate, you can improve your chances of being approved for benefits significantly. An experienced representative will know how to apply for disability and will know which program, SSI or SSDI, is the program that suits your needs. You should schedule a consultation with an attorney right away, so you can make sure your claim is on the right track. Because your lawyer will be paid on a contingency basis, you have no upfront costs or nothing to lose.