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TKD and EDS results from a deformed Ni–Co sample.
The recent development of transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) in a scanning electron microscope enables fast, automated orientation mapping of electron transparent samples using standard electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) hardware. TKD in a scanning electron microscope has significantly better spatial resolution than conventional EBSD, enabling routine characterization of nanocrystalline materials and allowing effective measurement of samples that have undergone severe plastic deformation. Combining TKD with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) provides complementary chemical information, while a standard forescatter detector system below the EBSD detector can be used to generate dark field and oriented dark field images. Here we illustrate the application of this exciting new approach to a range of deformed, ultrafine grained and nanocrystalline samples, including duplex stainless steel, nanocrystalline copper and highly deformed titanium and nickel–cobalt. The results show that TKD combined with EDS is a highly effective and widely accessible tool for measuring key microstructural parameters at resolutions that are inaccessible using conventional EBSD.
This paper was originally published in Acta Materialia 62 (2014) Pages 69-80.
Scientists have discovered that reactive elements and water combine to create a fast-growing, nanocrystalline oxide scale on high-temperature alloys. |
Consumers cannot fully evaluate the product quality before purchase. To reduce consumer risk, some manufacturers offer consumer warranty. Up to now, there are many studies investigating this role, but they seldom consider from the perspective of consumer utility. Consumers view remanufactured products as being of lower quality and are less willing to pay for them. It is important to incorporate the manufacturer's service and consumer heterogeneity in the model. Those employed in the remanufacturing industry are advised to increase the level of warranty associated with their remanufacturing products in order to command higher prices for their products in the marketplace. This paper firstly considers consumer utility, then develops three marketing settings to examine the impact of warranty services, and finally compares the optimal prices and profits among them. The results show that the manufacturer's warranty policy can enhance profit, and the profit is highest when both new and remanufactured products provided differentiated warranty.
In a forward supply chain, the materials flow unidirectionally from manufacturers to customers (Núñez-Muñoz & Montoya-Torres, 2009; Ramkumar et al., 2013). In a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), there is a reverse flow that the manufacturer retrieves used products from the market where they are dispersed among customers. As recent events in the toner cartridge industry show that, Lexmark introduced the “Prebate” program in April 1998. This program allows the customers to get $30 if they are willing to return the used cartridges to Lexmark or destroy it. Forward flows consist of new products, and reverse flows consist of used products and remanufactured products. A product is considered a remanufactured product if its components come from a used product. It is defined as the process of disassembling, cleaning, inspecting, replacing and reassembling the components of a part or product to a like-new condition.
With the rapid development of technology, the problem of waste generation and management has become more and more serious. To deal with these challenges, the reclaim and disposal of waste are effective measures. Remanufacturing has been demonstrated in practice to be a preferred method (Jung & Hwang, 2011; Liu et al., 2011). In the worldwide, remanufacturing is becoming more prevalent, not only firms wish to do so, but also societal and governmental pressures to adopt remanufacturing. The enterprises are undertaking triple pressure in terms of environmental activism, legislative and profit performance. Many enterprises now take back their used products. There is greater economic benefit in remanufacturing used products than recycling them. The restoring end of used or end of life products in a manufacturing environment tends to be energy saving, less material consuming and has a lower impact on the environment than its manufacturing counterpart new products from virgin materials (Chen et al., 2012). Evidences can be found that the cost of taking back and remanufacturing a core is 40%~60% less than that of brand new product and leads to higher profit margins for the producer. A number of companies have recycling/remanufacturing programs. For example, a well-known manufacturer of photographic media and equipment, Kodak, has a successful remanufacturing program for their family of single use cameras. Xerox, the worldwide manufacturer of photocopy, has a program of recycling/remanufacturing for photocopiers and print toner cartridges. However, evidences suggest that maximum profitability is usually unrealized as remanufactured products are customary priced at 45%~65% of comparable new products in order to compete with the sales of new products.
As a result of the uncertain factors of the remanufacturing system, there are differences in the consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for remanufactured products and new products. Consumers view remanufactured products as inferior products and less willing to pay for them. Thus, the decision to remanufacturing is difficult because manufacturers have little guidance and industry practice is very various. It needs sophisticated tools for making effective and differentiated remanufacturing decisions. |
The RKSD is a high performance, energy saving stepper motor driver with a great low price. To achieve constant maximum torque output with low heat generation and save energy, the stepper motor and driver losses have been substantially reduced allowing to be operated for longer hours at high speed, which is not possible with conventional stepper motors and drivers. With simple wiring featuring screw-less connectors and side by side driver mounting, installation is easy and saves space. |
Rubber Designs cushion base is the first layer, or the impact attenuation layer, of our EPDM poured-in-place applications. It consists of shredded tire buffings from 100% waste stream content. The cushion base is applied in various thicknesses determined by fall height requirements for use in playground projects and is also used in other recreational environments as a non-slip surface for pool decks, walk paths, and water features in fun parks. |
Lap Joint Flanges We are the recognized Manufacturer, Exporter and Supplier of Lap Joint Flanges. Lap Joint Flanges are manufactured using excellent material to offer flawless quality. The Lap Joint Flanges are perfectly finished with precision using the latest machinery. We offer wide range of Lap Joint Flanges to accomplish the various needs of our customers.
Low alloy steels Lap Joint Flanges Ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers and pressure vessels. |
Our FOAMGLAS® insulation may be installed with various adhesive types, hot or cold, single or two pack mixes. A range of specialist adhesives are manufactured specifically for the FOAMGLAS® insulation products and applications. We offer a series of cold glues that are fully compatible with our insulation products. By using these specialist adhesives to install and fill the joints of your FOAMGLAS® insulation, you create a completely watertight and vapour-proof surface. No additional vapour control layer or joint tape is needed. This will safeguard your building’s thermal performance during its full lifetime. |
Developing clean, sustainable energy systems is a pre-eminent issue of our time. Most projections indicate that combustion-based energy conversion systems will continue to be the predominant approach for the majority of our energy usage. Unsteady combustor issues present the key challenge associated with the development of clean, high-efficiency combustion systems such as those used for power generation, heating or propulsion applications. This comprehensive study is unique, treating the subject in a systematic manner. Although this book focuses on unsteady combusting flows, it places particular emphasis on the system dynamics that occur at the intersection of the combustion, fluid mechanics and acoustic disciplines. Individuals with a background in fluid mechanics and combustion will find this book to be an incomparable study that synthesises these fields into a coherent understanding of the intrinsically unsteady processes in combustors. |
Context.Recent observations of hard X-rays and very high energy gamma-rays from a number of young shell type supernova remnants indicate the importance of detailed quantitative studies of energy spectra of relativistic electrons formed via diffusive shock acceleration accompanied by intense nonthermal emission through synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton scattering.
Aims.The aim of this work was derivation of exact asymptotic solutions of the kinetic equation which describes the energy distribution of shock-accelerated electrons for an arbitrary energy-dependence of the diffusion coefficient.
Methods.The asymptotic solutions at low and very high energy domains coupled with numerical calculations in the intermediate energy range allow analytical presentations of energy spectra of electrons for the entire energy region.
Results.Under the assumption that the energy losses of electrons are dominated by synchrotron cooling, we derived the exact asymptotic spectra of electrons without any restriction on the diffusion coefficient. We also obtained simple analytical approximations which describe, with accuracy better than ten percent, the energy spectra of nonthermal emission of shock-accelerated electrons due to the synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton scattering.
Conclusions.The results can be applied for interpretation of X-ray and gamma-ray observations of shell type supernova remnants, as well as other nonthermal high energy source populations like microquasars and large scale synchrotron jets of active galactic nuclei. |