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http://www.pcworld.com/product/974541/x360-video-player-ocx-full-source-code.html | Current Version 1.0 JO KAI \$1,080.00 43 Trial Jan 24, 2011 Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows ME Microsoft Windows 2000 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows ME Microsoft Windows XP Microsoft Windows 7 X360 Video Player ActiveX Control helps application developers to fully control the audio and video stream. Play, pause, resume, stop, loop the stream. Flip and mirror the videos. Control the playback rate and adjust the volume and balance, or mute the audio stream. You can drawing an overlay bitmap and text over the video. The bitmap can be in GIF, JPEG, PNG, BMP, DIB, TGA, or DDS format. Enable/Disable the overlay bitmap when the video is playing. Flip and mirror the overlay bitmap. Provide slide and strobe effects and allow to adjust the effect speed. Also you can capture current image from the video. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8514451384544373, "perplexity": 9017.067493588385}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065688/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/intermediate-algebra-6th-edition/chapter-2-section-2-3-formulas-and-problem-solving-exercise-set-page-73/12 | ## Intermediate Algebra (6th Edition)
$P=\frac{A}{(rt+1)}$
We are given that $A=Prt+P$. To solve for P, first use the distributive property to pull P out of both terms on the right side. $A=(P\times r\times t)+(P\times1)=P(rt+1)$ Divide both sides by $(rt+1)$. $P=\frac{A}{(rt+1)}$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3982465863227844, "perplexity": 270.0916370811257}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589470.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716213101-20180716233101-00417.warc.gz"} |
https://dmoj.ca/problem/ccc16j3 | ## CCC '16 J3 - Hidden Palindrome
View as PDF
Points: 5
Time limit: 2.0s
Memory limit: 64M
Problem type
##### Canadian Computing Competition: 2016 Stage 1, Junior #3
A palindrome is a word which is the same when read forwards as it is when read backwards. For example, mom and anna are two palindromes.
A word which has just one letter, such as a, is also a palindrome.
Given a word, what is the longest palindrome that is contained in the word? That is, what is the longest palindrome that we can obtain, if we are allowed to delete characters from the beginning and/or the end of the string?
#### Input Specification
The input will consist of one line, containing a sequence of at least and at most lowercase letters.
#### Output Specification
Output the total number of letters of the longest palindrome contained in the input word.
#### Sample Input 1
banana
#### Output for Sample Input 1
5
#### Explanation for Output for Sample Input 1
The palindrome anana has 5 letters.
#### Sample Input 2
abracadabra
#### Output for Sample Input 2
3
#### Explanation for Output for Sample Input 2
The palindromes aca and ada have 3 letters, and there are no other palindromes in the input which are longer.
#### Sample Input 3
abba
#### Output for Sample Input 3
4
• commented on Aug. 11, 2021, 9:05 a.m.
my code won't work, can someone tell me why?
• commented on May 19, 2020, 2:17 a.m.
spent 20 minutes realizing that I forgot how substrings in c++ work
• commented on Nov. 15, 2019, 12:33 a.m.
This comment is hidden due to too much negative feedback. Click here to view it.
• commented on Dec. 30, 2018, 8:06 p.m.
Tacocat is a palindrome
• commented on Sept. 5, 2020, 11:47 p.m.
imploding kittens
• commented on July 17, 2021, 8:30 a.m.
Detonating Felines
• commented on Sept. 8, 2018, 11:22 a.m.
This comment is hidden due to too much negative feedback. Click here to view it.
• commented on Sept. 8, 2018, 10:30 a.m. edited
this is pretty fun | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.37602943181991577, "perplexity": 3266.389815892692}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057274.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921221605-20210922011605-00586.warc.gz"} |
https://gingkoapp.com/test2 | • General
so what is this has to add to ginko
• Introduction
• This document hold all the project details for the ExpressPack Quality 2014 (EPQ 2014) version, included all the analyses, design and development details. If a details exist on another document or web page a references will be included. It is the intention to cover all the necessary information and data to build and deploy EPQ 2014. Included but not limited to: requirements, analyses, UML diagrams, ER diagrams, test plan, principals.
This document is a living document and may evolve through updates, be expanded as needed. The changes will happen through revision and is under version control. The changes are done by the document owner(s) or there secondary.
The original with the latest update and the prior versions can be found on neomatics portal add link
It is the duty of every team member to:
• To read and understand the whole document.
• To respect and to stick to the definitions, designs, guidelines and principals described in the document.
• Report any inconsistent, wrong or missing information.
In any doubt, question or obstacle contact the document owner.
While the document describes the building of EPQ 2014 some deliverables will be part of ExpressPack (EP) Framework. This will have impacts on the chosen architecture, namespaces and artifacts.
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http://ldkoffice.com/standard-error/sampling-average-error.html | Home > Standard Error > Sampling Average Error
# Sampling Average Error
## Contents
In that case, the mean you estimate is the parameter. As will be shown, the standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. Suppose the population standard deviation is 0.6 ounces. The data set is ageAtMar, also from the R package openintro from the textbook by Dietz et al.[4] For the purpose of this example, the 5,534 women are the entire population his comment is here
## Standard Error Formula
Consider a sample of n=16 runners selected at random from the 9,732. So if this up here has a variance of-- let's say this up here has a variance of 20. For the purpose of this example, the 9,732 runners who completed the 2012 run are the entire population of interest.
So here, just visually, you can tell just when n was larger, the standard deviation here is smaller. This approximate formula is for moderate to large sample sizes; the reference gives the exact formulas for any sample size, and can be applied to heavily autocorrelated time series like Wall Instead of weighing every single cone made, you ask each of your new employees to randomly spot check the weights of a random sample of the large cones they make and Standard Error Of The Mean Definition Well, we're still in the ballpark.
For an upcoming national election, 2000 voters are chosen at random and asked if they will vote for candidate A or candidate B. Standard Error Mean Now, this guy's standard deviation or the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean, or the standard error of the mean, is going to the square root of The effect of the FPC is that the error becomes zero when the sample size n is equal to the population size N. Secondly, the standard error of the mean can refer to an estimate of that standard deviation, computed from the sample of data being analyzed at the time.
However, different samples drawn from that same population would in general have different values of the sample mean, so there is a distribution of sampled means (with its own mean and Sampling Error Example A low sampling error means that we had relatively less variability or range in the sampling distribution. T-distributions are slightly different from Gaussian, and vary depending on the size of the sample. But anyway, hopefully this makes everything clear.
## Standard Error Mean
Search this site: Leave this field blank: Home Overview ResearchMethods Experiments Design Statistics FoundationsReasoning Philosophy Ethics History AcademicPsychology Biology Physics Medicine Anthropology Self-HelpSelf-Esteem Worry Social Anxiety Sleep Anxiety Write Paper Assisted So we take 10 instances of this random variable, average them out, and then plot our average. Standard Error Formula They report that, in a sample of 400 patients, the new drug lowers cholesterol by an average of 20 units (mg/dL). Standard Error Calculator The proportion or the mean is calculated using the sample.
If σ is known, the standard error is calculated using the formula σ x ¯ = σ n {\displaystyle \sigma _{\bar {x}}\ ={\frac {\sigma }{\sqrt {n}}}} where σ is the this content The standard error of the mean now refers to the change in mean with different experiments conducted each time. If σ is not known, the standard error is estimated using the formula s x ¯ = s n {\displaystyle {\text{s}}_{\bar {x}}\ ={\frac {s}{\sqrt {n}}}} where s is the sample So 1 over the square root of 5. Standard Error Vs Standard Deviation
The margin of error and the confidence interval are based on a quantitative measure of uncertainty: the standard error. Blackwell Publishing. 81 (1): 75–81. The standard error is the standard deviation of the Student t-distribution. http://ldkoffice.com/standard-error/sampling-error-of-the-mean.html Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.
Well, Sal, you just gave a formula. Standard Error Regression What's the margin of error? (Assume you want a 95% level of confidence.) It's calculated this way: So to report these results, you say that based on the sample of 50 Moreover, this formula works for positive and negative ρ alike.[10] See also unbiased estimation of standard deviation for more discussion.
## Standard errors provide simple measures of uncertainty in a value and are often used because: If the standard error of several individual quantities is known then the standard error of some
Here are the steps for calculating the margin of error for a sample mean: Find the population standard deviation and the sample size, n. They report that, in a sample of 400 patients, the new drug lowers cholesterol by an average of 20 units (mg/dL). The following expressions can be used to calculate the upper and lower 95% confidence limits, where x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} is equal to the sample mean, S E {\displaystyle SE} Sampling Error Formula Consider a sample of n=16 runners selected at random from the 9,732.
A practical result: Decreasing the uncertainty in a mean value estimate by a factor of two requires acquiring four times as many observations in the sample. References Sarndal, Swenson, and Wretman (1992), Model Assisted Survey Sampling, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-40620-4 Fritz Scheuren (2005). "What is a Margin of Error?", Chapter 10, in "What is a Survey?", American Statistical It will be shown that the standard deviation of all possible sample means of size n=16 is equal to the population standard deviation, σ, divided by the square root of the check over here A crucial midway concept you need to understand is the sampling distribution. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9811792969703674, "perplexity": 792.5375876880403}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812306.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219012716-20180219032716-00110.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/49955-indefinite-integral.html | # Math Help - Indefinite integral
1. ## Indefinite integral
Having no luck with this question. Any help would be great.
Give an expression for the indefinite integral
Integral of 1/(sqrt x) (1+sqrt x)^2 dx (x>0)
2. Originally Posted by offahengaway and chips
Having no luck with this question. Any help would be great.
Give an expression for the indefinite integral
Integral of 1/(sqrt x) (1+sqrt x)^2 dx (x>0)
do a substitution. $u = 1 + \sqrt{x}$
you will end up with $2 \int u^{-2}~du$
which i am sure you can handle
3. I would also use the substitution method, but I did this to make it look different (not really sure if it helps): | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9490521550178528, "perplexity": 1575.8074839233543}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009271.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00142-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/c/caraota+phaseolus+vulgaris.html | #### Sample records for caraota phaseolus vulgaris
1. Control de malezas con cobertura vegetal en el cultivo de la Caraota negra (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Weed control with vegetal mulch in black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. crop.
Carlos Najul
2006-08-01
2. Selección de la fecha de siembra como estrategia de adaptación a los efectos del estrés térmico sobre los rendimientos simulados de caraota (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en un área montano baja del centro-occidente de Venezuela Planting date selection as an adaptation strategy to elevated temperature effects on simulated yields of dry bean in a low mountainous area of Midwestern Venezuela
R Warnock de Parra; L Guillén; M Puche; Silva, O.; M Morros
2007-01-01
El estrés causado por las altas temperaturas sobre los rendimientos de sistemas de producción comerciales de caraota (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) con riego puede ser reducido a través de la optimización de la fecha de siembra. Empleando 41 años de información climática diaria, se cuantificaron y evaluaron los rendimientos simulados de siete materiales genéticos de caraota en un área (09°43´ N - 09°46´ N, 69°37´ O - 69°40´ O y 1228 msnm - 1502 msnm) productora ubicada en las estribaciones andinas d...
3. Análisis de la tecnología local de producción de frijol caraota (phaseolus vulgaris l.) en la zona de vega del rio arauca
Valderrama N., Yhovana; Ñustez L., Carlos E.; Duarte D., Alvaro
2011-01-01
El cultivo del fríjol negro o caraota constituye un importante renglón agrícola de impacto económico y social en el municipio de Arauquita (Arauca), donde cerca de 500 hectáreas se destinan para su siembra en los mesessecos de Octubre y Noviembre. En este municipio la caraota es un cultivo tradicional, en el cual se emplea poca tecnología y existe poca investigación. El producto se comercializa, principalmente, en Venezuela donde existe una alta demanda. Para analizar la Tecnología Local de P...
4. Identificación de virus que se transmiten a través de semillas de caraota (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y fríjol (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers) en áreas productoras de Venezuela
Z Peña; G. Trujillo
2007-01-01
Para conocer la incidencia de virus que se transmiten a través de la semilla en áreas productoras de caraota y fríjol, se evaluaron 53 materiales usados como semilla. Se seleccionaron aislamientos virales provenientes de las semillas sembradas en umbráculo protegido contra insectos; identificándose los aislamientos virales de caraota como: "Colombiana 1", "Colombiana 2" y "Tucutunemo" y el de fríjol como "Ojo negro". Para este estudio se multiplicó el material, se realizaron las pruebas de es...
5. [Use of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna sinensis in a fermented dairy drink].
Granito, Marisela; Trujillo, Lesma; Guerra, Marisa
2004-06-01
The objective of this work was to develop a new kind fermented dairy drink, partially substituted with clear varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris (caraota) and Vigna sinensis (frijol). The formulation of fermented dairy drinks included sterile extracts of caraota and frijol, as partial substitutes which replaced milk: 10, 20 and 30%. The mixtures were inoculated with 2% of a mixture of Lactobacillus acidophillus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. and were incubated at 42 degrees C for 7 hours. Mango and guava jams were used as flavorings at 20%. On the basis of the sensorial evaluation the mixtures 10% frijol-mango, 10% frijol-guava, 30% caraota-mango and 20% caraota-guava were selected. In the selected fermented dairy drinks, the levels of protein, soluble and insoluble fiber, available and resistant starches were increased and the protein digestibility was 81%. The technical feasibility of partial substitution of milk with extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris or Vigna sinensis. For the elaboration of a fermented dairy drink similar to the liquid yogurt kind was demonstrated. PMID:15586693
6. Análisis de la tecnología local de producción de frijol caraota (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en la zona de vega del rio Arauca Local technology analysis of black bean production (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in area shore of the Arauca river
Valderrama N. Yhovana; Ñustez L. Carlos E.; Duarte D. Alvaro
1997-01-01
El cultivo del fríjol negro o caraota constituye un importante renglón agrícola de impacto económico y social en el municipio de Arauquita (Arauca), donde cerca de 500 hectáreas se destinan para su siembra en los mesessecos de Octubre y Noviembre. En este municipio la caraota es un cultivo tradicional, en el cual se emplea poca tecnología y existe poca investigación. El producto se comercializa, principalmente, en Venezuela donde existe una alta demanda. Para analizar la Tecnología Local de P...
7. Variabilidad espacial de la lámina de agua y rendimiento de la caraota (Phaseolus vulgaris L. bajo riego por aspersión Space variability of water sheet and yield of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. under sprinkler irrigation
José Nicolás Ortiz Romero
2012-06-01
8. Chlorotic mottle of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Jayasinghe, W.U.
1982-01-01
For the past years there have been outbreaks of a disease of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Colombia called bean chlorotic mottle. The etiology of bean chlorotic mottle was not known, but the disease was generally believed to be incited by the same whitefly-transmitted virus that causes variegatio
9. Phytoaccumulation of uranium by Phaseolus Vulgaris
Radioactive contamination of the environment surrounding facilities where uranium has been mined and processed has occurred in many countries. If phytomanagement of uranium contaminated areas is envisaged, the impact of the contamination on the vegetation has to be investigated. Uranium is a radiotoxic and chemotoxic heavy metal. Mechanisms of toxicity have been predominantly studied on man and on some animal species. For plants, little information on uranium toxicity at the cellular level is available. In plants facing environmental stress, for example contamination by heavy metals, an increase in the formation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) is often observed. ROS are naturally produced in the plant cells and consequently, cells have developed several anti-oxidative defense mechanisms in order to control the redox state of the cell, an essential parameter for normal physiological and biochemical functioning. The defense system comprise antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutases, peroxidases, catalases, glutathione reductase) and antioxidants (e.g. glutathione, ascorbate,I). The presence of heavy metals, in particular uranium, results in an enhancement of the antioxidative defense mechanism. The objective of the study was to analyze the biological effects (biometry, stress enzyme and antioxidant content, DNA integrity) induced by bioaccumulation of uranium in the bean Phaseolus vulgaris, to evaluate whether the various investigated biomarkers are related and to define possible dose-effect relationships
10. POD DEVELOPMENT INCREASES THE OZONE SENSITIVITY OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS
The objective of this study was to determine if the O3 sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. changed with plant development. Plants exposed to charcoal-filtered air or elevated O3 throughout the study were compared to those exposed only during the vegetative or reproductive s...
11. Dissecting Phaseolus vulgaris Innate Immune System against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Infection
Oblessuc, Paula Rodrigues; Borges, Aline; Chowdhury, Bablu; Caldas, Danielle Gregório Gomes; Tsai, Siu Mui; Camargo, Luis Eduardo Aranha; Melotto, Maeli
2012-01-01
Background The genus Colletotrichum is one of the most economically important plant pathogens, causing anthracnose on a wide range of crops including common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Crop yield can be dramatically decreased depending on the plant cultivar used and the environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify potential genetic components of the bean immune system to provide environmentally friendly control measures against this fungus. Methodology and Principal Findings As t...
12. ACE-I Inhibitory Activity from Phaseolus lunatus and Phaseolus vulgaris Peptide Fractions Obtained by Ultrafiltration.
Betancur-Ancona, David; Dávila-Ortiz, Gloria; Chel-Guerrero, Luis Antonio; Torruco-Uco, Juan Gabriel
2015-11-01
The involvement of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE-I) as one of the mechanisms controlling blood pressure is being studied to find alternative means of control of hypertension on human beings. On the market there are synthetic drugs that can control it, but these can cause undesirable health side effects. In this work was assessed the fractionation by ultrafiltration of the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and Jamapa bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), protein hydrolysates obtained with Alcalase(®) and Flavourzyme(®) on ACE-I inhibitory activity. Four membranes of different molecular cutoffs (10, 5, 3, and 1 kDa) were used. Fractions that had a higher inhibitory activity in both legumes were denominated as E (Alcalase and Flavourzyme, respectively, and for the Phaseolus vulgaris with Alcalase and Flavourzyme with about 63.8 and 65.8 μg/mL values, respectively. The amino acid composition of these fractions showed residues in essential amino acids, which make a good source of energy and amino acids. On the other hand, the presence of hydrophobic amino acids such as V and P is a determining factor in the ACE-I inhibitor effect. The results suggest the possibility of obtaining and utilizing these peptide fractions in the development and innovation of a functional product that helps with treatment and/or prevention of hypertension. PMID:26061663
13. The Paleobiolinguistics of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Cecil H. Brown
2014-10-01
Full Text Available Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. developed significance for prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which common bean terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in the common bean became significant primarily with the widespread development of a village‐farming way of life in the New World rather than earlier when squash and maize and a few other crops became important.
14. Crop physiological analysis of seed quality variation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Muasya, R.M.
2001-01-01
Keywords : Physiological maturity, harvest maturity, earliness, common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., morphological markers, variation, moisture content, dry weight, viability, vigour, electrical conductivity, tetrazolium, seed lot, seed filling, maturation drying, temperature, rainfa
15. Interaction of cold radiofrequency plasma with seeds of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Bormashenko, Edward; Shapira, Yekaterina; Grynyov, Roman; Whyman, Gene; Bormashenko, Yelena; Drori, Elyashiv
2015-01-01
Highlight The impact of cold plasma on the wetting, water absorption, and germination of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) is reported. Plasma treatment accelerated the water absorption and germination of seeds.
16. Embryogenèse précoce comparative lors des croisements entre Phaseolus coccineus L. et Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Jean-Pierre Baudoin
2007-01-01
Full Text Available Comparative early embryogenesis in crossings between Phaseolus coccineus L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Theinterspecifi c hybridization between Phaseolus coccineus L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. is useful for the genetic improvementof the common bean. The use of the P. vulgaris cytoplasm for such hybridizations leads usually to a rather fast return tothe maternal form in the subsequent generations. When P. vulgaris is the pollinator, crosses result in early embryo abortion(globular or heart-shaped embryos. A competition between the endosperm and the embryo, on the one hand, and between thesuspensor and the embryo, on the other hand, could generate diffi culties of feeding young embryos. Histological sections usingthe 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA resin method on the embryos of P. coccineus (NI16 and P. vulgaris (NI637 andX707 genotypes, as well as on their genotypic combination (NI16 × NI637 and NI16 × X707 and reciprocal crosses enableus to explain partially these abortion cases. Observations concern embryos from 3 to 6 days after pollination (DAP. Embryodevelopment (suspensor and embryo proper of the hybrids is slower than that of the parents whatever the crossing. Ingrowthsof suspensor basal cells observed when P. coccineus is the maternal parent are characteristic of the presence of the cytoplasmof these species. Endothelium deterioration (or proliferation in hybrid embryos would rather be related to the degree reachedby the process of abortion in the embryo concerned.
17. Tannins, trypsin inhibitors and lectin cytotoxicity in tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common (Phaseolus vulgaris) beans.
De Mejia, Elvira Gonzalez; Del Carmen Valadez-Vega, Maria; Reynoso-Camacho, Rosalia; Loarca-Pina, Guadalupe
2005-09-01
This study compared the levels of antinutritional components and cytotoxic effect of extracts, from tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common (Phaseolus vulgaris) beans. Antinutritional factors were evaluated by determining their effect on the viability of epithelial cells isolated from rat small intestine. The protein and carbohydrates content were similar in all the genotypes studied (20 and 60%, respectively). Common beans presented higher content of trypsin inhibitors, tannins and lectins than tepary beans. There was not a significant correlation between tannins and cooking time. However, water absorption and cooking time correlated significantly (p lectin activity (1302-18161 Ul/mg) of extracts from different beans. Tannins, lectins, trypsin inhibitors and fat content differed between bean varieties whereas protein content was similar. The percent cellularity on rat epithelial cells was significantly different among protein extracts from different bean cultivars and ranged between 53.5% and 87.4% (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the incorporation of tepary beans in the diet would not alter the current nutritional contribution of common beans or introduce adverse toxic effects. The agronomic characteristics of tepary beans make them attractive for cultivation. However, the harder to cook phenomenon may be a limiting factor that needs further consideration. PMID:16187017
18. An antifungal peptide from Phaseolus vulgaris cv. brown kidney bean
Yau Sang Chan; Jack Ho Wong; Evandro Fei Fang; Wen Liang Pan; Tzi Bun Ng
2012-01-01
A 5.4-kDa antifungal peptide,with an N-terminal sequence highly homologous to defensins and inhibitory activity against Mycosphaerella arachidicola (IC5o=3 μM),Setospaeria turcica and Bipolaris maydis,was isolated from the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv.brown kidney bean.The peptide was purified by employing a protocol that entailed adsorption on Affi-gel blue gel and Mono S and finally gel filtration on Superdex 75.The antifungal activity of the peptide against M.arachidicola was stable in the pH range 3-12 and in the temperature range 0℃ to 80℃.There was a slight reduction of the antifungal activity at pH 2 and 13,and the activity was indiscernible at pH 0,1,and 14.The activity at 90℃ and 100℃ was slightly diminished.Deposition of Congo red at the hyphal tips of M.arachidicola was induced by the peptide indicating inhibition of hyphal growth.The lack of antiproliferative activity of brown kidney bean antifungal peptide toward tumor cells,in contrast to the presence of such activity of other antifungal peptides,indicates that different domains are responsible for the antifungal and antiproliferative activities.
19. Fontibacillus phaseoli sp. nov. isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris nodules.
Flores-Félix, José David; Mulas, Rebeca; Ramírez-Bahena, Martha-Helena; Cuesta, María José; Rivas, Raúl; Brañas, Javier; Mulas, Daniel; González-Andrés, Fernando; Peix, Alvaro; Velázquez, Encarna
2014-01-01
A bacterial strain, designated BAPVE7BT, was isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Spain. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the isolate into the genus Fontibacillus with Fontibacillus panacisegetis KCTC 13564T its closest relative with 97.1 % identity. The isolate was observed to be a Gram-positive, motile and sporulating rod. The catalase test was negative and oxidase was weak. The strain was found to reduce nitrate to nitrite and to produce β-galactosidase but the production of gelatinase, caseinase, urease, arginine dehydrolase, ornithine or lysine decarboxylase was negative. Acetoin production and aesculin hydrolysis were found to be positive. Growth was observed to be supported by many carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon source. MK-7 was identified as the predominant menaquinone and the major fatty acid (43.7 %) as anteiso-C15:0, as occurs in the other species of the genus Fontibacillus. Strain BAPVE7BT displayed a complex lipid profile consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, four glycolipids, four phospholipids, two lipids, two aminolipids and an aminophospholipid. Mesodiaminopimelic acid was detected in the peptidoglycan. The G+C content was determined to be 45.6 mol% (Tm). Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses showed that strain BAPVE7BT should be considered a new species of genus Fontibacillus, for which the name Fontibacillus phaseoli sp. nov. is proposed (type strain, LMG 27589T, CECT 8333T). PMID:24122118
20. Diversity of Rhizobium-Phaseolus vulgaris symbiosis: Overview and perspectives
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has become a cosmopolitan crop, but was originally domesticated in the Americas and has been grown in Latin America for several thousand years. Consequently an enormous diversity of bean nodulating bacteria have developed and in the centers of origin the predominant species in bean nodules is R. etli. In some areas of Latin America, inoculation, which normally promotes nodulation and nitrogen fixation is hampered by the prevalence of native strains. Many other species in addition to R. etli have been found in bean nodules in regions where bean has been introduced. Some of these species such as R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, R. gallicum bv. phaseoli and R. giardinii bv. phaseoli might have arisen by acquiring the phaseoli plasmid from R. etli. Others, like R. trap id, are well adapted to acid soils and high temperatures and are good inoculants for bean under these conditions. The large number of rhizobia species capable of nodulating bean supports that bean is a promiscuous host and a diversity of bean-rhizobia interactions exists. Large ranges of dinitrogen fixing capabilities have been documented among bean cultivars and commercial beans have the lowest values among legume crops. Knowledge on bean symbiosis is still incipient but could help to improve bean biological nitrogen fixation. (author)
Al-Rubeai, M.A.F. (Garyounis Univ., Benghazi (Libya). Dept. of Botany)
1982-09-01
A selection of various macro- and micro-mutations was undertaken in the M2 generation of Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars after seed exposure to acute gamma radiation doses of 2.5, 5, 7, 10 and 15 Kr. The chlorophyll mutation was positively correlated with dose. Nevertheless, the highest frequency was at 7 Kr. Several interesting morphological mutants were observed. There were dwarf, stiff stem, shiny small leaf, narrow leaf and green giant mutants. Two selected micromutants were superior in seed yield capacity to their parents. The high yields were related to the high number of pods per plant. In 'The Prince' (seed color: red with beige marbling) several mutants with seeds of black color marbled with beige were selected. These seeds gave M3 segregants exhibiting a range of seed colors including white. Many of these M3 plants were short, early flowering and highly sterile. The work demonstrated that the pigmentation character can readily be changed, and confirmed that the variability induced by radiation can be exploited to obtain desirable mutations.
2. Effect of salt stress on seed germination and seedlings growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Eilyn Mena; Michel Leiva-Mora; Edirisinghage Kasuni Dilhara Jayawardana; Lourdes García; Novisel Veitía; Idalmis Bermúdez-Caraballoso; Raúl Collado; Rolando Cárdenas Ortíz
2015-01-01
El frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es una leguminosa alimenticia importante a nivel mundial. La salinidad induce pérdidas en el rendimiento del frijol común, especialmente en las zonas áridas, semiáridas y en las zonas de secano. El objetivo de este estudio se centró en la determinación de los efectos de estrés salino sobre la germinación de semillas y el crecimiento de plantas de Phaseolus vulgaris. El frijol común (color negro) cv. ICA Pijao se utilizó como material vegetal. El estrés ...
3. Oriënterend onderzoek over de reuzen- en dwergplanten in F1 en volgende generaties van Phaseolus vulgaris L. x Phaseolus multiflorus Lam.
Geerts, Sipke Johannes
1949-01-01
A cross is studied between the selffertilising bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) "Zeeuwse Bruine Boon" and crossfertilising runner bean (Phaseolus multiflorus Lam.) "stam" (a scarlet flowering stockrunner-bean) or some other (climbing) runners. With the bushbean as mother this cross easily results i
4. Dissecting Phaseolus vulgaris innate immune system against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum infection.
Paula Rodrigues Oblessuc
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: The genus Colletotrichum is one of the most economically important plant pathogens, causing anthracnose on a wide range of crops including common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.. Crop yield can be dramatically decreased depending on the plant cultivar used and the environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify potential genetic components of the bean immune system to provide environmentally friendly control measures against this fungus. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: As the common bean is not amenable to reverse genetics to explore functionality and its genome is not fully curated, we used putative Arabidopsis orthologs of bean expressed sequence tag (EST to perform bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation of gene expression to identify common bean genes regulated during the incompatible interaction with C. lindemuthianum. Similar to model pathosystems, Gene Ontology (GO analysis indicated that hormone biosynthesis and signaling in common beans seem to be modulated by fungus infection. For instance, cytokinin and ethylene responses were up-regulated and jasmonic acid, gibberellin, and abscisic acid responses were down-regulated, indicating that these hormones may play a central role in this pathosystem. Importantly, we have identified putative bean gene orthologs of Arabidopsis genes involved in the plant immune system. Based on experimental validation of gene expression, we propose that hypersensitive reaction as part of effector-triggered immunity may operate, at least in part, by down-regulating genes, such as FLS2-like and MKK5-like, putative orthologs of the Arabidopsis genes involved in pathogen perception and downstream signaling. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have identified specific bean genes and uncovered metabolic processes and pathways that may be involved in the immune response against pathogens. Our transcriptome database is a rich resource for mining novel defense-related genes, which enabled us to
5. Geometry applied to breeding common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Lima, J G; Ramalho, M A P
2016-01-01
The primary components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) grain yield (W) are the number of pods (X), the number of grains per pod (Y), and the weight of the grains (Z). In 1964, Grafius suggested using geometry in plant breeding; W corresponds to the volume of a parallelepiped with three axes, X, Y, and Z. Because the cube is the largest parallelepiped by volume, maximum yield is obtained when the relative contributions of X, Y, and Z are the same. We evaluated individual plants of a 'Talismã' x 'L.59583' cross in two sowing periods. The sum of squares of deviations from the ideal plant (GI), i.e., the plant in which the X, Y, and Z contributions were the same, was estimated. Mean and variance genetic components, and genetic and phenotypic correlations between the characteristics were also estimated. Good concordance was observed in the magnitude and direction of the genetic and phenotypic correlation estimates of the paired characteristics. However, a low GI heritability (h(2)r = 6.7%) indicated that success due to selection should be small. Ninety-four progenies of 'Pérola' x 'ESAL 686' crosses were also evaluated, where X, Y, Z, and W were obtained and GI was estimated. The h(2) estimate was higher, but still low (h(2) = 39.0%). Therefore, the selection of individuals to obtain plants in which the X, Y, and Z products tend to the cube is unfeasible, because the sums of X, Y, and Z vary between individuals. In addition, the GI h2 value was low. PMID:27173247
6. Diversification and population structure in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L..
Matthew W Blair
Full Text Available Wild accessions of crops and landraces are valuable genetic resources for plant breeding and for conserving alleles and gene combinations in planta. The primary genepool of cultivated common beans includes wild accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris. These are of the same species as the domesticates and therefore are easily crossable with cultivated accessions. Molecular marker assessment of wild beans and landraces is important for the proper utilization and conservation of these important genetic resources. The goal of this research was to evaluate a collection of wild beans with fluorescent microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers and to determine the population structure in combination with cultivated beans of all known races. Marker diversity in terms of average number of alleles per marker was high (13 for the combination of 36 markers and 104 wild genotypes that was similar to the average of 14 alleles per marker found for the 606 cultivated genotypes. Diversity in wild beans appears to be somewhat higher than in cultivated beans on a per genotype basis. Five populations or genepools were identified in structure analysis of the wild beans corresponding to segments of the geographical range, including Mesoamerican (Mexican, Guatemalan, Colombian, Ecuadorian-northern Peruvian and Andean (Argentina, Bolivia and Southern Peru. The combined analysis of wild and cultivated accessions showed that the first and last of these genepools were related to the cultivated genepools of the same names and the penultimate was found to be distinct but not ancestral to the others. The Guatemalan genepool was very novel and perhaps related to cultivars of race Guatemala, while the Colombian population was also distinct. Results suggest geographic isolation, founder effects or natural selection could have created the different semi-discrete populations of wild beans and that multiple domestications and introgression were involved in creating the diversity of
7. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF BUSH BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) TO OZONE AND DROUGHT STRESS
Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were exposed to ozone (O3) episodes in open-top chambers in early and late season studies at Corvallis, Oregon. lants were grown in cultural systems that controlled plant water status. he 7-h seasonal mean O3 concentrations were 0.067 and ...
8. Effects of bioprocessed antinutritional factors on bean protein quality, with special emphasis on Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Savelkoul, F.H.M.G.
1994-01-01
Legumes, e.g. beans and peas, can contain antinutritional factors. Some varieties of faba beans (Vicia faba), soya beans (Glycine max ) and white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) can contain in their raw state antinutritional factors such as tannins, trypsin inhibitors and lectins respectively whic
9. [Glycemic response to consumption of a cereals and legume (Phaseolus vulgaris) bar on healthy individuals].
Zambrano, Rosaura; Granito, Marisela; Valero, Yolmar
2013-06-01
The objective of this work was to formulate a cereals and legume (Phaseolus vulgaris) bar and assess its impact on the glycemic response of healthy individuals, in order to contribute to the healthy food supply beneficial to consumers. A mixture of cereals (corn and oats) and different percentages (20 and 30%) of Phaseolus vulgaris was used to formulate the bar. Additionally, a legume cereal bar without legumes (bar control) was prepared. The bar with 30% of Phaseolus vulgaris was selected through sensory evaluation, being scored with better flavor and texture. This combination of cereals and legumes aminoacid improves complementation and reaches the formulation criteria previously established. Chemical characterization indicated a higher protein content in the bar with 30% of Phaseolus vulgaris (13.55%) relative to the bar control (8.5%). The contents of fat, ash and dietary fiber did not differ between the two bars evaluated. However, the soluble fiber and resistant starch of the selected bar was a 32.05% and 18.67%, respectively, than in the control bar; this may contribute to decreasing the rate of glucose uptake. The selected bar presented a low glycemic index (49) and intermediate glycemic load (12.0) in healthy volunteers, which could lead to a possible reduction in the rate of absorption of glucose into the bloodstream, associated with a carbohydrate content of slow absorption. This bar represents a proposal of a healthy snack for the consumer. PMID:24934069
10. Fungal endophytes in germinated seeds of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important food legume in the world, but its production is severely limited by several biotic and abiotic stressors. In search of a sustainable solution to this problem, we conducted a survey of fungal endophytes in 582 germinated seeds belonging to 11...
11. THE ACTION OF UV RADIATION ON MITOTIC INDEX AND MITOTIC DIVISION PHASES AT PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L
Csilla Iuliana Bara
2005-08-01
Full Text Available In this work, damaging effects of UV radiations on bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. plantule root tips were investigated. Our study proves that by bean plants, the decrease of cell division frequency appears to be part of protection mechanism against especially the short waved UV radiation, with variations depending on cultivar.
12. Proteomic analysis of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry
The modern cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has evolved from wild common beans distributed in Central America, Mexico and the Andean region of South America. It has been reported that wild common bean accessions have higher levels of protein content than the domesticated dry bean cultiva...
13. Virulence of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes
Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, is an important disease in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the dry and warmer areas of Puerto Rico and in much of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. The virulence of three isolates from Isabela (Mph-ISA-TARS), Juana Diaz (Mph-JD) a...
14. Visualization of resistance responses in Phaseolus vulgaris using reporter tagged clones of Bean common mosaic virus
2011-01-01
Reporter tagged virus clones can provide detailed information on virus–host interactions. In Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), four recessive and one dominant gene are known to control infection by strains of the potyvirus species Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). To study the interactions between BCMV and...
15. Mutagenesis applied to the improvement of Phaseolus vulgaris as a grain legume crop in Malaysia
Phaseolus vulgaris is a common vegetable species in Malaysia, however its cultivation is costly and laborious, since well adapted types are climbing and require staking. A mutation induction experiment was started in order to check whether a non-winding mutant could be induced that is equally well suitable for humid tropic conditions. (author)
16. Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) quality profile by sensory descriptive analysis
Vilanova de la Torre, María del Mar; Rodiño Míguez, Ana Paula; González Fernández, Ana María; Canosa Rodríguez, Pilar; Rodríguez Vega, Iria; Riveiro, Manuel; Santalla Ferradás, Marta
2014-01-01
Sensory quality of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) influence consumer preferences. The application of sensory descriptive analysis (SDA) for snap bean quality is shown in this work. SDA has allowed generatin gdescriptors for appearance, aroma, flavor and texture, which could be used to characterize snap bean varieties.
17. Quantification of N2 fixation in genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. by the isotope dilution technique
This paper reports measurements of biological nitrogen fixation by ten cultivars and breeding lines of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Measurements were performed by the 15N dilution technique, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) and a non-nodulating isoline of soybean were used as non-fixing reference crops. 2 refs, 1 tab
18. Nitrogen enrichment of soil and plant by Rhizobium phaseoli - Phaseolus vulgaris symbiosis
Incubation of 25 and 30 day old nodulated plants of Phaseolus vulgaris for periods of 24h and 72h under 15-dinitrogen atmosphere indicated nitrogen enrichment of soil compared with soil free of plants and with other plants under the same experimental conditions. This indication of realease from the root-nodule system is discussed. (Auth.)
19. Nitrogen assimilation by nodulate plants of Phaseolus vulgaris l. and Vigna unguiculata (l.) walp
Under field conditions, the processes of nitrogen assimilation via nitrogenase and nitrate-reductase, the transport and the accumulation of nitrogen in nodulated plants of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Rio Tibagi and Vigna unguiculata cv. Vita 34 were compared and contrasted. V. unguiculata showed better nodulation than P. vulgaris and consequently had higher rates of nitrogenase activity. The small nodulation of P. vulgaris resulted in greater dependence on soil mineral nitrogen as indicated by the higher rates of nitrate-reductase acitivty compared with V. unguiculata, especially during reproductive stage of growth. The superiority of V. unguiculata in terms of assimilation and remobilization of stored nitrogen resulted in a seed yield 28% greater than that of P. vulgaris. P. vulgaris showed a negative correlation between the nitrate-reductase activity and the ureide content of the sap indicating that the metabolic pathways leading to ureide production operates alternatively to nitrate assimilation. (Author)
20. Nitrogen assimilation by nodulate plants of Phaseolus vulgaris l. and Vigna unguiculata (l. ) walp
Neves, M.C.P.; Fernandes, M.S.; Sa, M.F.M. (Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Dept. de Solos)
1982-05-01
Under field conditions, the processes of nitrogen assimilation via nitrogenase and nitrate-reductase, the transport and the accumulation of nitrogen in nodulated plants of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Rio Tibagi and Vigna unguiculata cv. Vita 34 were compared and contrasted. V. unguiculata showed better nodulation than P. vulgaris and consequently had higher rates of nitrogenase activity. The small nodulation of P. vulgaris resulted in greater dependence on soil mineral nitrogen as indicated by the higher rates of nitrate-reductase acitivty compared with V. unguiculata, especially during reproductive stage of growth. The superiority of V. unguiculata in terms of assimilation and remobilization of stored nitrogen resulted in a seed yield 28% greater than that of P. vulgaris. P. vulgaris showed a negative correlation between the nitrate-reductase activity and the ureide content of the sap indicating that the metabolic pathways leading to ureide production operates alternatively to nitrate assimilation.
1. Genotypic variability in phosphorus use efficiency for symbiotic N$_2$ fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
2001-01-01
Variabilité génotypique de l'efficacité d'utilisation du phosphore pour la fixation symbiotique d'azote chez le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris). Trois génotypes de haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (APN18, BAT271, G12168) ont été inoculés avec un mélange de 3 rhizobia (R. etli CIAT632 and CIAT7115 and R. tropici CIAT899), et cultivés en hydroaéroponie soit avec 10 mmol NO$_3^-$$\\cdot$semaine$^{-1}$ ou avec la fixation de N$_2$, sous divers apports hebdomadaires de P. La croissance était maximale p...
2. Description of Phaseolus vulgaris L. aborting embryos from ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS mutagenized plants
Silué, S.
2013-01-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study was to describe the embryos abortion process and the inheritance of the embryos abortion trait in Phaseolus vulgaris plants deficient in seed development. These plants were isolated within the second generation of an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS TILLING population of P. vulgaris cv. 'BAT93'. Mutant embryos show abnormalities mainly in suspensors, shoot apical meristem (SAM and cotyledons from the globular to the cotyledon stages and abort before maturity compared to those observed in wild-type samples. Mutant embryos show also hyperhydricity and contain low amount of chlorophyll. Genetic analyses of F1, F2 and F3 populations from the crosses carried out between the mutagenized plants with aborting embryos and the wild-type plants indicated that the embryo abortion phenotype is maternally inherited and controlled by a single recessive gene. These Phaseolus mutant plants with aborting embryos constitute a valuable material for plant embryogenesis studies.
3. Isolation of an immunosuppressive lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Cacahuate using stroma.
Vargas-Albores, F; Hernández, J; Córdoba, F; Zenteno, E
1993-11-01
An immunosuppressive lectin was isolated from seed of Phaseolus vulgaris cv Cacahuate using physically entrapped stroma. The lectin was found to be a 94 kDa tetrameric protein. When 50 micrograms, of this lectin were administered intraperitoneally 2 days before the immunization with sheep red blood cells, humoral response against the immunogen was completely inhibited. Other properties of the protein are discussed. PMID:8248029
4. Effects of bioprocessed antinutritional factors on bean protein quality, with special emphasis on Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Savelkoul, F.H.M.G.
1994-01-01
Legumes, e.g. beans and peas, can contain antinutritional factors. Some varieties of faba beans (Vicia faba), soya beans (Glycine max ) and white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) can contain in their raw state antinutritional factors such as tannins, trypsin inhibitors and lectins respectively which negatively effect the protein digestibility by nonruminants e.g. pigs. Also the storage protein is not easily digested by nonruminants. The main aim of the present study was to find a reasonable ...
5. Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fiber in Cooked Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris) Seeds
Hughes, Joe S.; Swanson, Barry G.
1989-01-01
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) requires cooking for extended periods of time prior to consumption. In this investigation both quantitative and microstructural changes in common bean dietary fiber as a result of cooking were examined. Cooking resulted in a slight decrease in soluble dietary fiber and a marked increase in insoluble dietary fiber. The increase in insoluble dietary fiber was responsible for a 15 -30 percent increase in total dietary fiber. Scanning electron microscopy wa...
6. Genetic and Molecular Characterization of the I Locus of Phaseolus vulgaris
Vallejos, C. Eduardo; Astua-Monge, Gustavo; Jones, Valerie; Plyler, Tammy R.; Sakiyama, Ney S.; Mackenzie, Sally A.
2006-01-01
The I locus of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, controls the development of four different phenotypes in response to inoculation with Bean common mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic necrosis virus, several other related potyviruses, and one comovirus. We have generated a high-resolution linkage map around this locus and have aligned it with a physical map constructed with BAC clones. These clones were obtained from a library of the cultivar “Sprite,” which carries the dominant allele at the ...
7. Iron and zinc retention in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) after home cooking
Lucia M. J. Carvalho; Corrêa, Mariana M.; Elenilda J. Pereira; Nutti, Marília R.; Carvalho, José L. V.; Ribeiro, Ediane M. G.; Freitas, Sidinéa C.
2012-01-01
Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron, iodine, and Vitamin A deficiencies are the most common forms of malnutrition, leading to severe public health consequences. The importance of iron and zinc in human nutrition and the number of children found to be deficient in these nutrients make further studies on retention in cooked grains and cooked bean broth important. Objectives: This work aimed to evaluate iron and zinc retention in six common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris...
8. Adhesion of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Spores to Phaseolus vulgaris Hypocotyls and to Polystyrene
Young, David H.; Kauss, Heinrich
1984-01-01
Adhesion of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum spores to Phaseolus vulgaris hypocotyls and to polystyrene was inhibited by the respiratory inhibitors sodium azide and antimycin A, indicating a requirement for metabolic activity in adhesion. Various commercial proteins and Tween 80 also reduced adhesion to both surfaces. Binding was enhanced by the presence of salts: sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium chlorides were equally effective. The removal of surface wax from hypocotyls by chloroform ...
9. A Dietary Supplement Containing Standardized Phaseolus vulgaris Extract Influences Body Composition of Overweight Men and Women
Leonardo Celleno, Maria Vittoria Tolaini, Alessandra D'Amore, Nicholas V. Perricone, Harry G. Preuss
2007-01-01
Full Text Available Background: More than one billion human adults worldwide are overweight and, therefore, are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and a variety of other chronic perturbations. Many believe that use of natural dietary supplements could aid in the struggle against obesity. So-called "starch blockers" are listed among natural weight loss supplements. Theoretically, they may promote weight loss by interfering with the breakdown of complex carbohydrates thereby reducing, or at least slowing, the digestive availability of carbohydrate-derived calories and/or by providing resistant starches to the lower gastrointestinal tract. Aims: The present research study examines a dietary supplement containing 445 mg of Phaseolus vulgaris extract derived from the white kidney bean, previously shown to inhibit the activity of the digestive enzyme alpha amylase, on body composition of overweight human subjects. Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 60 pre-selected, slightly overweight volunteers, whose weight had been essentially stable for at least six months. The volunteers were divided into two groups, homogeneous for age, gender, and body weight. The test product containing Phaseolus vulgaris extract and the placebo were taken one tablet per day for 30 consecutive days before a main meal rich in carbohydrates. Each subject's body weight, fat and non-fat mass, skin fold thickness, and waist/hip/thigh circumferences were measured. Results: After 30 days, subjects receiving Phaseolus vulgaris extract with a carbohydrate-rich, 2000- to 2200-calorie diet had significantly (p Conclusion: The results indicate that Phaseolus vulgaris extract produces significant decrements in body weight and suggest decrements in fat mass in the face of maintained lean body mass.
10. Identification and characterization of microRNAs in Phaseolus vulgaris by high-throughput sequencing
Peláez Pablo
2012-03-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs are endogenously encoded small RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. MiRNAs play essential roles in almost all plant biological processes. Currently, few miRNAs have been identified in the model food legume Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean. Recent advances in next generation sequencing technologies have allowed the identification of conserved and novel miRNAs in many plant species. Here, we used Illumina's sequencing by synthesis (SBS technology to identify and characterize the miRNA population of Phaseolus vulgaris. Results Small RNA libraries were generated from roots, flowers, leaves, and seedlings of P. vulgaris. Based on similarity to previously reported plant miRNAs,114 miRNAs belonging to 33 conserved miRNA families were identified. Stem-loop precursors and target gene sequences for several conserved common bean miRNAs were determined from publicly available databases. Less conserved miRNA families and species-specific common bean miRNA isoforms were also characterized. Moreover, novel miRNAs based on the small RNAs were found and their potential precursors were predicted. In addition, new target candidates for novel and conserved miRNAs were proposed. Finally, we studied organ-specific miRNA family expression levels through miRNA read frequencies. Conclusions This work represents the first massive-scale RNA sequencing study performed in Phaseolus vulgaris to identify and characterize its miRNA population. It significantly increases the number of miRNAs, precursors, and targets identified in this agronomically important species. The miRNA expression analysis provides a foundation for understanding common bean miRNA organ-specific expression patterns. The present study offers an expanded picture of P. vulgaris miRNAs in relation to those of other legumes.
11. Analysis of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., genotype BAT93) calmodulin cDNA using computational tools
Kassim Amelia; Jasvin Singh; Farida Habib Shah; Subhash J Bhore
2015-01-01
Background: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important part of the human diet and serves as a source of natural products. Identification and understanding of genes in P. vulgaris is important for its improvement. Characterization of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is one of the approaches in understanding the expressed genes. For the understanding of genes expression in P. vulgaris pod-tissue, research work of ESTs generation was initiated by constructing cDNA libraries using 5-day an...
12. Phylogenetic diversity of rhizobial species and symbiovars nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris in Iran.
Rouhrazi, Kiomars; Khodakaramian, Gholam; Velázquez, Encarna
2016-03-01
The phylogenetic diversity of 29 rhizobial strains nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris in Iran was analysed on the basis of their core and symbiotic genes. These strains displayed five 16S rRNA-RFLP patterns and belong to eight ERIC-PCR clusters. The phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA, recA and atpD core genes allowed the identification of several strains as Rhizobium sophoriradicis, R. leguminosarum, R. tropici and Pararhizobium giardinii, whereas other strains represented a new phylogenetic lineage related to R. vallis. These strains and those identified as R. sophoriradicis and R. leguminosarum belong to the symbiovar phaseoli carrying the γ nodC allele distributed in P. vulgaris endosymbionts in America, Europe, Africa and Asia. The strain identified as R. tropici belongs to the symbiovar tropici carried by strains of R. tropici, R. leucaenae, R. lusitanum and R. freirei nodulating P. vulgaris in America, Africa and Asia. The strain identified as P. giardinii belongs to the symbiovar giardinii together with the type strain of this species nodulating P. vulgaris in France. It is remarkable that the recently described species R. sophoriradicis is worldwide distributed in P. vulgaris nodules carrying the γ nodC allele of symbiovar phaseoli harboured by rhizobia isolated in the American distribution centers of this legume. PMID:26832644
13. INDUCED CYTOMICTIC VARIATIONS AND SYNCYTE FORMATION DURING MICROSPOROGENESIS IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.
Kumar, G; Chaudhary, N
2016-01-01
The intercellular translocation of chromatin material along with other cytoplasmic contents among the proximate meiocytes lying in close contact with each other commonly referred as cytomixis was reported during microsporogenesis in Phaseolus vulgaris L., a member of the family Fabaceae. The phenomenon of cytomixis was observed at three administered doses of gamma rays viz. 100, 200, 300 Gy respectively in the diploid plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. The gamma rays irradiated plants showed the characteristic feature of inter-meiocyte chromatin/chromosomes transmigration through various means.such as channel formation, beak formation or by direct adhesion between the PMC's (Pollen mother cells). The present study also reports the first instance of syncyte formation induced via cytomictic transmigration in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Though the frequency of syncyteformation was rather low yet these could play a significant role in plant evolution. It is speculated that syncyte enhances the ploidy level of plants by forming 2n gametes and may lead to the production ofpolyploid plants. The phenomenon of cytomixis shows a gradual inclination along with the increasing treatment doses of gamma rays. The preponderance of cytomixis was more frequent during meiosis I as compared to meiosis II. An interesting feature noticed during the present study was the channel formation among the microspores and fusion among the tetrads due to cell wall dissolution. The impact of this phenomenon is also visible on the development of post-meiotic products. The formation of heterosized pollen grains; a deviation from the normal pollen grains has also been reported. The production of gametes with unbalanced chromosomes is of utmost importance and should be given more attention in future studies as they possess the capability of inducing variations at the genomic level and can be further utilized in the improvement of germplasm. PMID:27281925
14. Determination of amylase activity in cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. carioca
Glaucia Almeida de Morais; Massanori Takaki
1998-01-01
Determination of α- and β-amylase activity in the extracts of cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. cariocawas done using selective inactivation of α-amylase by lowering the pH of the incubation medium or by the use of EDTA as inhibitor or selective inactivation of β-amylase by the use of HgCl2 or by heating to 70ºC in the presence of CaCl2; and still by using the reagent starch azure for specific determination of α-amylase. Results indicated that the methods used w...
15. Antinutritional factors in anasazi and other pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Weder, J K; Telek, L; Vozári-Hampe, M; Saini, H S
1997-01-01
Antinutritional factors of anasazi bean were compared to traditional pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Anasazi beans contained less (p0.05) in stachyose and raffinose content were found between the two bean types; verbascose was not detected at all. Significant (plectin content were observed between anasazi and pinto bean. The lectins of anasazi beans were classified as non toxic and those of the pinto beans as toxic types. No differences (p>0.05) in inhibitor activity against human and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin were found between the two bean types. PMID:9527344
16. DETERMINACIÓN DE INDICADORES DE CALIDAD EN 11 GENOTIPOS DE LA ESPECIE Phaseolus vulgaris, L
Yuliem Mederos; Inés M. Reynaldo
2007-01-01
El estudio de la calidad en el grano de frijol permite brindar una mayor información tanto a productores como a consumidores. La calidad en el grano de frijol está basada en la determinación de sus características químicas, físicas y culinarias. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo la caracterización de un grupo de 11 genotipos de frijol de la especie Phaseolus vulgaris L, teniendo en cuenta sus características físicas, referidas al peso y volumen de 100 granos, los porcentajes de hum...
17. INDUCED GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR SEED GERMINATION AND OTHER YIELD PARAMETERS IN KIDNEY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.).
Asad Ali; Bhanita Talukdar; Bhojaraja Naik
2014-01-01
Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most ancient cultivated crops among the legumes. It is commonly used for human nutrition, animal feed and soil fertility. Seeds of two local dwarf varieties of kidney bean, B1-Local and B2-Local were subjected to different concentrations (0.1%, 0.3 %, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) of sodium azide (SA). Effects of chemical mutagen were evaluated for seed germination, plant survival, plant height, number of branch per plant; number of leaves...
18. Effective Symbiosis between Rhizobium etli and Phaseolus vulgaris Requires the Alarmone ppGpp
Moris, Martine; Braeken, Kristien; Schoeters, Eric; Verreth, Christel; Beullens, Serge; Vanderleyden, Jos; Michiels, Jan
2005-01-01
The symbiotic interaction between Rhizobium etli and Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean plant, ultimately results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Many aspects of the intermediate and late stages of this interaction are still poorly understood. The R. etli relA gene was identified through a genome-wide screening for R. etli symbiotic mutants. RelA has a pivotal role in cellular physiology, as it catalyzes the synthesis of (p)ppGpp, which mediates the stringent response in bacteri...
19. Low Temperature Enhances Photosynthetic Down‐regulation in French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Plants
Tsonev, Tsonko; VELIKOVA Violeta; Georgieva, Katya; HYDE, PAUL F.; Jones, Hamlyn G.
2003-01-01
The mechanisms of photosynthetic adaptation to different combinations of temperature and irradiance during growth, and especially the consequences of exposure to high light (2000 µmol m–2 s–1 PPFD) for 5 min, simulating natural sunflecks, was studied in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A protocol using only short (3 min) dark pre‐treatment was introduced to maximize the amount of replication possible in studies of chlorophyll fluorescence. High light at low temperature (10 °C) significant...
20. Sucrose metabolizing enzymes in cell suspension cultures of Bauhinia forficata, Curcuma zedoaria and Phaseolus vulgaris Enzimas do metabolismo da sacarose em cultura celular de Bauhinia forficata, Curcuma zedoaria e Phaseolus vulgaris
Marcia Ometto de Mello
2001-09-01
1. Reducing effect of a combination of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cynara scolymus extracts on operant self-administration of a chocolate-flavoured beverage in rats.
Zaru, Alessandro; Maccioni, Paola; Riva, Antonella; Morazzoni, Paolo; Bombardelli, Ezio; Gessa, Gian Luigi; Carai, Mauro A M; Colombo, Giancarlo
2013-06-01
Treatment with a rational combination of standardized extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cynara scolymus reduced food intake and glycemia in rats. The present study was designed to assess the effect of this extract combination and of each single extract in an experimental model of food craving, made up of rats displaying exaggerated seeking and taking behaviors for a chocolate-flavoured beverage. After training to lever-respond for the chocolate-flavoured beverage, rats were treated with vehicle, Phaseolus vulgaris extract alone (200 mg/kg), Cynara scolymus extract alone (400 mg/kg), or combination of Phaseolus vulgaris (200 mg/kg) and Cynara scolymus (400 mg/kg) extracts. The Phaseolus vulgaris extract and the extract combination exerted similar and substantial decrements in the number of lever-responses and amount of self-administered chocolate-flavoured beverage; conversely, the Cynara scolymus extract was totally ineffective. These results suggest that (i) the capacity of the extract combination to reduce the self-administration of the chocolate-flavoured beverage entirely relied on the Phaseolus vulgaris extract, (ii) Phaseolus vulgaris extract may interfere with the mechanisms regulating food-related addictive-like behaviors, and (iii) combinations of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cynara scolymus extracts may possess a broad spectrum of activities, from treatment of metabolic syndrome to overweight, obesity, and possibly food-related addictive disorders. PMID:22899449
2. Phytotoxic Effect of Landfill and Leachate Pollution Indexes on Germination and Seedling of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Márquez-Benavides Liliana
2014-08-01
Full Text Available Appropriate solid waste management includes leachate management, an effluent that results from the degradation of solid waste, moisture content and pluvial additions to the disposal site. Due to poor management of the landfill, sometimes leachate is likely to reach nearby areas, affecting soil water and vegetal area. A powerful tool to assess the pollution potential of a given leachate is the leachate pollution index (LPI developed by Kummar & Alappat (2005 that evaluates 18 parameters in order to calculate a value between 5-100 being 100 the highest in pollution potential. The LPI allows the comparison between leachates from different sites and ages, and also assists in the decision making process on leachate treatment. However, it is currently unknown if this value can also be related to the fitotóxico effect of a leachate on Phaseolus vulgaris L. The aim of this work was to calculate the LPI of two leachates and compare the effect on P. vulgaris L (common bean. A greenhouse scale experiment was set up, the studied variables were seed germination per cent (% and phenotype of P. vulgaris at seedling step after treated with several leachate concentrations from Guanajuato (GTO and Toluca (TOL, México. Results showed that a greater LPI (34.8 from GTO did not correspond to a largest fitotoxic effect on P. vulgaris. This bioassay could be a completely tool with LPI to evaluate pollution potential of leachate approaching to normal environmental conditions.
3. Comparative study of the chemical composition of wild and cultivated beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Sotelo, A; Sousa, H; Sánchez, M
1995-02-01
Five wild Phaseolus vulgaris beans were compared with five cultivated Phaseolus vulgaris beans in proximate composition, total (true) protein, amino acid composition, and toxic and antinutritional factors. The wild beans contained more protein (25.5% vs. 21.7%), ash (5.15 vs. 4.15%), crude fiber (7.08% vs. 5.04%) compared to cultivated beans while the former contained less fat (0.56 vs. 0.89%) and carbohydrates (61.64 vs. 68.05%). Sulfur amino acids were found to be limiting in both groups of bean as expected; however, the cultivated beans had a higher content of the limiting amino acids. Therefore, the cultivated beans showed a better amino acid profile than the wild beans. Toxic factors were not found in either type of bean; the determinations included saponins, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides. The antinutritional factors investigated were hemagglutinins (lectins) and trypsin inhibitors. The wild beans presented a higher content of trypsin inhibitors (28 TUI per mg) and lectins (9.6) than the cultivated beans did (21 TUI per mg and 7 respectively). From the chemical point of view, domestication seems to be positive; however, the better protein nutritive quality of the cultivated beans should be further confirmed by biological assays. PMID:7792267
4. Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with fructose, glucose and sucrose concentration in snap bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) pods
Sugars, including fructose, glucose, and sucrose contribute significantly to the flavor and consumer acceptance of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Differences between dry and snap bean cultivars and among snap bean cultivars in the patterns of accumulation of sugars have been observed. In ‘Eagle...
5. Selected excipients and surfactants in oral solid dosage form with extract of Phaseoli pericarpium (Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Marczyński Zbigniew
2015-12-01
Full Text Available Introduction: The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. is an annual plant grown in many countries all over the world including its different varieties in Poland. Herbal raw material are elongated pods – pericarp. Phaseoli pericarpium decreases the glucose blood level. Phaseoli pericarpium extracts manifest duretic properties, can be used in the treatment of edema, kidney diseases with decreased urinary excretion, nephrolithiasis.
6. Selected excipients and surfactants in oral solid dosage form with extract of Phaseoli pericarpium (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Marczyński Zbigniew; Kowalczykiewicz Katarzyna; Bodek Kazimiera Henryka
2015-01-01
Introduction: The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an annual plant grown in many countries all over the world including its different varieties in Poland. Herbal raw material are elongated pods – pericarp. Phaseoli pericarpium decreases the glucose blood level. Phaseoli pericarpium extracts manifest duretic properties, can be used in the treatment of edema, kidney diseases with decreased urinary excretion, nephrolithiasis.
7. Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani can produce both web blight and root rot symptoms in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (Rs) is an important pathogen in the tropics, causing web blight (WB), and a widespread soil-borne root rot (RR) pathogen of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. This pathogen is a species complex classified into 14 anastomosis groups (AG). Some AGs have been report...
8. The interaction between endopolygalacturonase from Fusarium moniliforme and PGIP from Phaseolus Vulgaris studied by surface plasmon resonance and mass spectrometry
Mattei, B; Cervone, F; Roepstorff, Peter
2001-01-01
Phaseolus vulgaris. PG hydrolyses the homogalacturonan of the plant cell wall and is considered an important pathogenicity factor of many fungi. PGIP is a specific inhibitor of fungal PGs and is thought to be involved in plant defence against phytopathogenic fungi. SPR was used either to study the effect of...
9. MicroRNAs Expression Profile in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under Nutrient Deficiency Stresses and Manganese Toxicity
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in plants. The information on miRNAs in legumes is scarce. This work analyzes miRNAs in the agronomically important legume common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. A hybridization approach of miRNAs-macroarrays prin...
10. Genome Sequence of Rhizobium grahamii CCGE502, a Broad-Host-Range Symbiont with Low Nodulation Competitiveness in Phaseolus vulgaris
Althabegoiti, M. Julia; Lozano, Luis; Torres-Tejerizo, Gonzalo; Ormeño-Orrillo, Ernesto; Rogel, Marco A.; González, Víctor; Martínez-Romero, Esperanza
2012-01-01
Here we present the genome sequence of Rhizobium grahamii CCGE502. R. grahamii groups with other newly described broad-host-range species, which are not very efficient Phaseolus vulgaris symbionts, with a wide geographic distribution and which constitutes a novel Rhizobium clade.
11. Efecto del consumo de dietas con avena y caraotas negras sobre el perfil lipídico en un modelo experimental en rata Effect of consumption of diets with oats and black beans on the lipid profile of an experimental model in rat
Mirla Ch Morón
2010-06-01
12. Contenido de aflatoxinas y proteína en 13 variedades de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Aflatoxin and protein content in 13 bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. varieties
Silvia Denise Peña-Betancourt
2012-02-01
13. Rhizofiltration using sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. vulgaris) to remediate uranium contaminated groundwater
Lee, Minhee, E-mail: heelee@pknu.ac.kr [Department of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, 599-1 Daeyondong, Namgu, Busan 608-737 (Korea, Republic of); Yang, Minjune [Department of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, 599-1 Daeyondong, Namgu, Busan 608-737 (Korea, Republic of)
2010-01-15
The uranium removal efficiencies of rhizofiltration in the remediation of groundwater were investigated in lab-scale experiments. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. vulgaris) were cultivated and an artificially uranium contaminated solution and three genuine groundwater samples were used in the experiments. More than 80% of the initial uranium in solution and genuine groundwater, respectively, was removed within 24 h by using sunflower and the residual uranium concentration of the treated water was lower than 30 {mu}g/L (USEPA drinking water limit). For bean, the uranium removal efficiency of the rhizofiltration was roughly 60-80%. The maximum uranium removal via rhizofiltration for the two plant cultivars occurred at pH 3-5 of solution and their uranium removal efficiencies exceeded 90%. The lab-scale continuous rhizofiltration clean-up system delivered over 99% uranium removal efficiency, and the results of SEM and EDS analyses indicated that most uranium accumulated in the roots of plants. The present results suggested that the uranium removal capacity of two plants evaluated in the clean-up system was about 25 mg/kg of wet plant mass. Notably, the removal capacity of the root parts only was more than 500 mg/kg.
14. Rhizofiltration using sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. vulgaris) to remediate uranium contaminated groundwater
The uranium removal efficiencies of rhizofiltration in the remediation of groundwater were investigated in lab-scale experiments. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. vulgaris) were cultivated and an artificially uranium contaminated solution and three genuine groundwater samples were used in the experiments. More than 80% of the initial uranium in solution and genuine groundwater, respectively, was removed within 24 h by using sunflower and the residual uranium concentration of the treated water was lower than 30 μg/L (USEPA drinking water limit). For bean, the uranium removal efficiency of the rhizofiltration was roughly 60-80%. The maximum uranium removal via rhizofiltration for the two plant cultivars occurred at pH 3-5 of solution and their uranium removal efficiencies exceeded 90%. The lab-scale continuous rhizofiltration clean-up system delivered over 99% uranium removal efficiency, and the results of SEM and EDS analyses indicated that most uranium accumulated in the roots of plants. The present results suggested that the uranium removal capacity of two plants evaluated in the clean-up system was about 25 mg/kg of wet plant mass. Notably, the removal capacity of the root parts only was more than 500 mg/kg.
15. Effects of Mercury and Chromium on Peroxidase and IAA Oxidase Enzymes in the Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris
PARMAR, Nayna G.; CHANDA, Sumitra V.
2005-01-01
Phaseolus seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in light conditions were treated with 2 different concentrations of 2 heavy metals, mercury (0.05 mM and 0.4 mM) and chromium (0.5 and 1.0 mM). Mercury was given in the form of HgCl2 and chromium was given in the form of K2Cr2O7. Peroxidase activity was measured with 4 different hydrogen donors (ferulic acid, caffeic acid, pyrocatechol and pyrogallol). Both mercury and chromium inhibited root and hypocotyl length. The inhibition was about 50%-80%, d...
16. Nutritive value evaluated on rats of new cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) released in Chile.
Yañez, E; Zacarias, I; Aguayo, M; Vasquez, M; Guzman, E
1995-06-01
Five new cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) recently released were analyzed for their proximate chemical composition and protein biological quality. The crude protein content in these cultivars ranged from 21.9 percent in cultivar Arroz 3 to 26.9 percent in cultivar Tórtola Diana (dry matter basis). Rats fed cultivar Tórtola INIA gained more weight, had a higher protein intake and registered higher PER and NPR than Tórtola corriente. On the other hand, rats consuming cultivars Arroz 3 and Fleetwood had lower weight gain, lower protein intake and lower PER and NPR than cultivar Coscorrón corriente. However, all these cultivars have a relatively good protein value as compared to other plant protein sources. PMID:8577647
17. Starch and sucrose synthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris as affected by light, CO2, and abscisic acid
Phaseolus vulgaris L. leaves were subjected to various light, CO2, and O2 levels and abscisic acid, then given a 10 minute pulse of 14CO2 followed by a 5 minute chase with unlabeled CO2. After the chase period, very little label remained in the ionic fractions except at low CO2 partial pressure. Most label was found in the neutral, alcohol soluble fraction or in the insoluble fraction digestable by amyloglucosidase. Sucrose formation was linearly related to assimilation rate. Starch formation increased linearly with assimilation rate, but did not occur if the assimilation rate was below 4 micromoles per square meter per second. Neither abscisic acid, nor high CO2 in combination with low O2 caused significant perturbations of the sucrose/starch formation ratio. These studies indicate that the pathways for starch and sucrose synthesis both are controlled by the rate of net CO2 assimilation, with sucrose the preferred product at very low assimilation rates
18. Distribution of 14C-TNT and derivatives in different biochemical compartments of Phaseolus vulgaris.
Sens, C; Scheidemann, P; Klunk, A; Werner, D
1998-01-01
(14)C-TNT was used to quantify the uptake rate and metabolic turnover of TNT in Phaseolus vulgaris. Seventeen plants were analysed by a special cell fractionation method with polar and nonpolar solvents and enzymes. We obtained three cytoplasmic fractions and five cell wall derived fractions. The recovery rate was 72% as measured by liquid scintillation counting. (14)C partitioned almost in equal amounts with approximately 50% in the cytoplasm and in the cell wall. The majority of the TNT-metabolites are present in the cytoplasm as was shown by GC/ECD and thin layer chromatography. The(14)C in the cell wall is bound probably resulting in long-term immobilisation of these metabolites. We conclude that plants may also be a model for nitroaromatic turnover and immobilisation in soil components. PMID:19002633
19. Fungal endophytes in germinated seeds of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris.
Parsa, Soroush; García-Lemos, Adriana M; Castillo, Katherine; Ortiz, Viviana; López-Lavalle, Luis Augusto Becerra; Braun, Jerome; Vega, Fernando E
2016-05-01
We conducted a survey of fungal endophytes in 582 germinated seeds belonging to 11 Colombian cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The survey yielded 394 endophytic isolates belonging to 42 taxa, as identified by sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Aureobasidium pullulans was the dominant endophyte, isolated from 46.7 % of the samples. Also common were Fusarium oxysporum, Xylaria sp., and Cladosporium cladosporioides, but found in only 13.4 %, 11.7 %, and 7.6 % of seedlings, respectively. Endophytic colonization differed significantly among common bean cultivars and seedling parts, with the highest colonization occurring in the first true leaves of the seedlings. PMID:27109374
20. Pinto Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. as a Functional Food: Implications on Human Health
Vicki Schlegel
2013-02-01
Full Text Available Most foods are considered functional in terms of providing nutrients and energy to sustain daily life, but dietary systems that are capable of preventing or remediating a stressed or diseased state are classified as functional foods. Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. contain high levels of chemically diverse components (phenols, resistance starch, vitamins, fructooligosaccharides that have shown to protect against such conditions as oxidative stress, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and many types of cancer, thereby positioning this legume as an excellent functional food. Moreover, the United States has a rich dry bean history and is currently a top producer of dry beans in the world with pinto beans accounting for the vast majority. Despite these attributes, dry bean consumption in the US remains relatively low. Therefore, the objective of this manuscript is to review dry beans as an important US agricultural crop and as functional food for the present age with an emphasis on pinto beans.
1. Vitamin D3 affects growth and Ca2+ uptake by Phaseolus vulgaris roots cultured in vitro
Vitamin D3 at low concentration (10−9 M) inhibited the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. Contrancha) roots in vitro as measured by elongation (14 h) and [3H]-leucine incorporation into protein (2 h), and increased their labelling with 45Ca2+ (2 h). Cycloheximide and puromycin (50 u.M) blocked vitamin D3 stimulation of root 45Ca2+ labelling, indicating that it is mediated by de novo protein synthesis. The calcium ionophore X-537A (10−5JW) induced similar changes both in root elongation and 45Ca2+ uptake (14 h). This may indicate that the inhibitory effects of the sterol on root growth are mediated by changes in Ca2+ fluxes. However, this interpretation should be further strengthened by additional studies as the ionophore may have acted on root growth, affecting physiological processes other than Ca2+ transport. (author)
2. Comparative assessment of the polypeptide profiles from lateral and primary roots of Phaseolus vulgaris L
Westberg, J.; Odom, W. R.; Guikema, J. A.; Spooner, B. S. (Principal Investigator)
1994-01-01
In Phaseolus vulgaris, primary roots show gravitational sensitivity soon after emerging from the seed. In contrast, lateral roots are agravitropic during early development, and become gravitropic after several cm growth. Primary and lateral root tissues were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, coupled with western blotting techniques, to compare proteins which may contribute to the acquisition of gravitational sensitivity. Root tips and zones of cell elongation were compared for each root type, using immunological probes for calmodulin, alpha-actin, alpha-tubulin, and proteins of the plastid envelope. Lateral roots contained qualitatively less calmodulin, and showed a slightly different pattern of actin-related epitope proteins, than did primary root tissues, suggesting that polypeptide differences may contribute to the gravitational sensitivity which these root types express.
3. Radiation-induced abscopal stimulation of primary leaves in Phaseolus vulgaris
Eight-day old seedlings of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) var. Vaghya were irradiated with X-rays at a dose rate of 100 R/min. Specific part-irradiation on the intact seedling was carried out subsequently giving 5 KR 60Co at 100 R/min dose rate. Results show that: (1) doses over 250 R stimulate dry weight accumulation in primary leaves, (2) the highest effect is seen in 2000 R and 5000 R which also significantly improve chlorophyll level expressed on per disc alone. The effect is comparable to detopping, (3) irradiation of apex is more stimulatory than that of whole plant, (4) irradiation of only primary leaves is slightly inhibitive in the early period but more inhibition is shown by 20th day. (M.G.B.)
4. Physical, chemical and biological aspects of Phaseolus vulgaris beans irradiated with high doses of gamma radiation
Phaseolus vulgaris c.v. black diamond bean, infested with immatures stages of Zabrotes subfusciatus were irradiated with doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy of gamma irradiation and stored for seven months at controlled temperature and relative humidity. Results showed that all doses applied were efficient to control the insect pest, as loss of weight of grains ranged from 1-1.3 per cent as compared to 14.4 per cent in control. The per cent humidity did not show any difference in the irradiated (10.90 to 11.60) as compared to the unirradiated control (13.09). Absorption of water at 6 h of stabilization, also did not show any difference in the quantity (10 to 13 ml). The quantity of tannins was however, reduced with the time of storage as well as with the increase of irradiation dosages. (author)
5. Distribution of 14C-TNT and derivatives in different biochemical compartments of Phaseolus vulgaris
14C-TNT was used to quantify the uptake rate and metabolic turnover of TNT in Phaseolus vulgaris. Seventeen plants were analysed by a special cell fractionation method with polar and nonpolar solvents and enzymes. We obtained three cytoplasmic fractions and five cell wall derived fractions. The recovery rate was 72% as measured by liquid scintillation counting. 14C partitioned almost in equal amounts with approximately 50% in the cytoplasm and in the cell wall. The majority of the TNT-metabolites are present in the cytoplasm as was shown by GC/ECD and thin layer chromatography. The 14C in the cell wall is bound probably resulting in long-term immobilisation of these metabolites. We conclude that plants may also be a model for nitroaromatic turnover and immobilisation in soil components. (orig.)
6. A Phaseolus vulgaris Extract Reduces Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Chocolate Seeking in Rats
Lorrai, Irene; Piga, Valentina; Carai, Mauro A. M.; Riva, Antonella; Morazzoni, Paolo; Gessa, Gian Luigi; Colombo, Giancarlo; Maccioni, Paola
2016-01-01
Previous evidence has suggested that treatment with a standardized dry extract of Phaseolus vulgaris reduced intake and operant self-administration of highly palatable foods and fluids in rats and mice. The present study was designed to assess whether such extract was also effective in reducing seeking behavior for a highly hedonic chocolate-flavored beverage, using a “reinstatement” procedure adopted from the drug addiction research field and modeling relapse behavior. Rats were initially trained to lever-respond for the chocolate-flavored beverage under the Fixed Ratio (FR) 10 schedule of reinforcement. Subsequently, rats were exposed to an extinction responding phase, during which lever-responding – being unreinforced – diminished progressively up to extinction. Lever-responding was then powerfully reinstated by the non-contingent presentation of a complex of gustatory, olfactory, auditory, and visual stimuli previously associated to the availability of the chocolate-flavored beverage. Acute, intragastric administration of P. vulgaris dry extract (100 and 500 mg/kg) reduced lever-responding by 40–45%, in comparison to vehicle condition. These results indicate the ability of P. vulgaris dry extract to reduce seeking behavior for a highly palatable nourishment in an experimental model of relapse into disordered eating of palatable foods. The unavailability of the chocolate-flavored beverage in the reinstatement session tends to exclude that the observed effect of the P. vulgaris dry extract was secondary to any inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism; conversely, it is the likely consequence on a central action on the rewarding and hedonic properties of food. PMID:27199752
7. A Phaseolus vulgaris Extract Reduces Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Chocolate Seeking in Rats.
Lorrai, Irene; Piga, Valentina; Carai, Mauro A M; Riva, Antonella; Morazzoni, Paolo; Gessa, Gian Luigi; Colombo, Giancarlo; Maccioni, Paola
2016-01-01
Previous evidence has suggested that treatment with a standardized dry extract of Phaseolus vulgaris reduced intake and operant self-administration of highly palatable foods and fluids in rats and mice. The present study was designed to assess whether such extract was also effective in reducing seeking behavior for a highly hedonic chocolate-flavored beverage, using a "reinstatement" procedure adopted from the drug addiction research field and modeling relapse behavior. Rats were initially trained to lever-respond for the chocolate-flavored beverage under the Fixed Ratio (FR) 10 schedule of reinforcement. Subsequently, rats were exposed to an extinction responding phase, during which lever-responding - being unreinforced - diminished progressively up to extinction. Lever-responding was then powerfully reinstated by the non-contingent presentation of a complex of gustatory, olfactory, auditory, and visual stimuli previously associated to the availability of the chocolate-flavored beverage. Acute, intragastric administration of P. vulgaris dry extract (100 and 500 mg/kg) reduced lever-responding by 40-45%, in comparison to vehicle condition. These results indicate the ability of P. vulgaris dry extract to reduce seeking behavior for a highly palatable nourishment in an experimental model of relapse into disordered eating of palatable foods. The unavailability of the chocolate-flavored beverage in the reinstatement session tends to exclude that the observed effect of the P. vulgaris dry extract was secondary to any inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism; conversely, it is the likely consequence on a central action on the rewarding and hedonic properties of food. PMID:27199752
8. Dynamics of a Novel Highly Repetitive CACTA Family in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Gao, Dongying; Zhao, Dongyan; Abernathy, Brian; Iwata-Otsubo, Aiko; Herrera-Estrella, Alfredo; Jiang, Ning; Jackson, Scott A
2016-01-01
Transposons are ubiquitous genomic components that play pivotal roles in plant gene and genome evolution. We analyzed two genome sequences of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and identified a new CACTA transposon family named pvCACTA1. The family is extremely abundant, as more than 12,000 pvCACTA1 elements were found. To our knowledge, this is the most abundant CACTA family reported thus far. The computational and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses indicated that the pvCACTA1 elements were concentrated in terminal regions of chromosomes and frequently generated AT-rich 3 bp target site duplications (TSD, WWW, W is A or T). Comparative analysis of the common bean genomes from two domesticated genetic pools revealed that new insertions or excisions of pvCACTA1 elements occurred after the divergence of the two common beans, and some of the polymorphic elements likely resulted in variation in gene sequences. pvCACTA1 elements were detected in related species but not outside the Phaseolus genus. We calculated the molecular evolutionary rate of pvCACTA1 transposons using orthologous elements that indicated that most transposition events likely occurred before the divergence of the two gene pools. These results reveal unique features and evolution of this new transposon family in the common bean genome. PMID:27185400
9. Effect of salt stress on seed germination and seedlings growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Eilyn Mena
2015-01-01
Full Text Available El frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L. es una leguminosa alimenticia importante a nivel mundial. La salinidad induce pérdidas en el rendimiento del frijol común, especialmente en las zonas áridas, semiáridas y en las zonas de secano. El objetivo de este estudio se centró en la determinación de los efectos de estrés salino sobre la germinación de semillas y el crecimiento de plantas de Phaseolus vulgaris. El frijol común (color negro cv. ICA Pijao se utilizó como material vegetal. El estrés salino se indujo poniendo las semillas de este cultivo en diferentes soluciones de NaCl: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 y 300 mM y se utilizó agua desionizada estéril como control. Los resultados mostraron que el estrés por salinidad redujo tanto la germinación de semillas como el crecimiento de las plántulas a concentraciones salinas por encima de 150 mM. En consecuencia, los resultados refuerzan el papel de NaCl como un factor inductor de estrés y también la susceptibilidad de frijol común a la salinidad. Los parámetros evaluados en este trabajo pueden proporcionar nuevos criterios para apoyar a la selección in vitro en los programas de mejoramiento de frijol común para encontrar genotipos tolerantes a estrés salino.
10. EFFECT ASSESSMENT OF KELPAK SL ON THE BEAN YIELD (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.
Anna KOCIRA
2013-06-01
Full Text Available Biostimulators applied in the cultivation of plants stimulate the processes of life and increase their hardiness to stress conditions, contributing to greater and better quality of yield. One of them is Kelpak SL obtained from brown seaweed species Ecklonia maxima. The aim of experiment carried out was to assess a potential effect of Kelpak SL on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Aura yield. The trial was carried out during 2010-2011 years on the experimental field of Institute of Agricultural Sciences The State School of Higher Education in Chem. Treatments with Kelpak were carried out in 2 different concentrations 0.2 percent and 0.4 percent and in two application frequencies (one application in the 2 3 leaves stage or two applications first in the 2 3 leaves stage and second at the beginning of the beans blooming. Received results were compared with the control where Kelpak was not applied. The number and the weight of seeds, the number of pods and the weight of thousand seeds per 1 m2 were recorded. The beneficial effect of seaweed extract of Ecklonia maxima on the yield of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. was demonstrated. The highest number and weight of seeds and number of pods were obtainment in the combination of once application with 0.2 % solution of Kelpak SL in 2010 and once application with 0.4 % solution of Kelpak SL in 2011. Application of Kelpak SL significantly increased number and weight of seeds and number of pods compared with the control where Kelpak SL was not applied.
11. Activation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) [alpha]-amylase inhibitor requires proteolytic processing of the proprotein
Pueyo, J.J.; Hunt, D.C.; Chrispeels, M.J. (Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla (United States))
1993-04-01
Seeds of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) contain a plant defense protein that inhibits the [alpha]-amylases of mammals and insects. This [alpha]-amylase inhibitor ([alpha]Al) is synthesized as a proprotein on the endoplasmic reticulum and is proteolytically processed after arrival in the protein storage vacuoles to polypeptides of relative molecular weight (M[sub r]) 15,000 to 18,000. The authors report two types of evidence that proteolytic processing is linked to activation of the inhibitory activity. First, by surveying seed extracts of wild accessions of P. vulgaris and other species in the genus Phaseolus, they found that antibodies to [alpha]Al recognize large (M[sub r] 30,000-35,000) polypeptides as well as typical [alpha]Al processing products (M[sub r] 15,000-18,000). [alpha]Al activity was found in all extracts that had the typical [alpha]Al processed polypeptides, but was absent from seed extracts that lacked such polypeptides. Second, they made a mutant [alpha]Al in which asparagine-77 is changed to aspartic acid-77. This mutation slows down the proteolytic processing of pro-[alpha]Al when the gene is expressed in tobacco. When pro-[alpha]Al was separated from mature [alpha]Al by gel filtration, pro-[alpha]Al was found not to have [alpha]-amylase inhibitory activity. The authors interpret these results to mean that formation of the active inhibitor is causally related to proteolytic processing of the proprotein. They suggest that the polypeptide cleavage removes a conformation constraint on the precursor to produce the biochemically active molecule. 43 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
12. Secondary metabolite perturbations in Phaseolus vulgaris leaves due to gamma radiation.
Ramabulana, T; Mavunda, R D; Steenkamp, P A; Piater, L A; Dubery, I A; Madala, N E
2015-12-01
Oxidative stress is a condition in which the balance between the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is disturbed. However, plants have developed a very sophisticated mechanism to mitigate the effect of ROS by constantly adjusting the concentration thereof to acceptable levels. Electromagnetic radiation is one of the factors which results in oxidative stress. In the current study, ionizing gamma radiation generated from a Cobalt-60 source was used to induce oxidative stress in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings. Plants were irradiated with several radiation doses, with 2 kGy found to be the optimal, non-lethal dose. Metabolite distribution patterns from irradiated and non-irradiated plants were analyzed using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and multivariate data models such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA). Metabolites such as hydroxycinnamic phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenes, and a novel chalcone were found to be perturbed in P. vulgaris seedlings treated with the aforementioned conditions. The results suggest that there is a compensatory link between constitutive protectants and inducible responses to injury as well as defense against oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation. The current study is also the first to illustrate the power of a metabolomics approach to decipher the effect of gamma radiation on crop plants. PMID:26512968
13. The seed coat of Phaseolus vulgaris interferes with the development of the cowpea weevil [Callosobruchus maculatus (F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae
Silva Luciana B.
2004-01-01
Full Text Available We have confirmed here that the seeds of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L. do not support development of the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F., a pest of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp] seeds. Analysis of the testa (seed coat of the bean suggested that neither thickness nor the levels of compounds such as tannic acid, tannins, or HCN are important for the resistance. On the other hand, we have found that phaseolin (vicilin-like 7S storage globulin, detected in the testa by Western blotting and N-terminal amino acid sequencing, is detrimental to the development of C. maculatus. As for the case of other previously studied legume seeds (Canavalia ensiformis and Phaseolus lunatus we suggest that the presence of vicilin-like proteins in the testa of P. vulgaris may have had a significant role in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to the seeds of leguminous plants.
14. Effect of Bacterial Distribution and Activity on Conjugal Gene Transfer on the Phylloplane of the Bush Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Normander, Bo; Christensen, Bjarke B.; Molin, Søren; Kroer, Niels
1998-01-01
Conjugal plasmid transfer was examined on the phylloplane of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and related to the spatial distribution pattern and metabolic activity of the bacteria. The donor (Pseudomonas putida KT2442) harbored a derivative of the TOL plasmid, which conferred kanamycin resistance and had the gfp gene inserted downstream of a lac promoter. A chromosomal insertion of lacIq prevented expression of the gfp gene. The recipient (P. putida KT2440) had a chromosomal tetracycline resistance...
15. Isolation of plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas sp. PPR8 from the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Kumar Pankaj; Dubey Ramesh Chandra; Maheshwari Dinesh Kumar; Park Yong-Ha; Bajpai Vivek K.
2016-01-01
In vitro screening of plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits was carried out using eight Pseudomonas spp., PPR1 to PPR8, isolated from the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris growing on the Uttarakhand Himalayan range in India. All the isolates were fast growers, positive for catalase, oxidase and urease activities, and utilized lactose and some amino acids. All the isolates were indole acetic acid (IAA) positive, however PPR8 solubilized potassium and zinc alon...
16. Physiological and molecular analysis of the interaction between aluminium toxicity and drought stress in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Yang, Zhong-Bao; Eticha, Dejene; Albacete, Alfonso; Rao, Idupulapati Madhusudana; Roitsch, Thomas; Horst, Walter Johannes
2012-01-01
Aluminium (Al) toxicity and drought are two major factors limiting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in the tropics. Short-term effects of Al toxicity and drought stress on root growth in acid, Al-toxic soil were studied, with special emphasis on Al–drought interaction in the root apex. Root elongation was inhibited by both Al and drought. Combined stresses resulted in a more severe inhibition of root elongation than either stress alone. This result was different from the alleviatio...
17. Co-ordinated synthesis of phytoalexin biosynthetic enzymes in biologically-stressed cells of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Cramer, Carole L; Bell, John N.; Ryder, Thomas B.; Bailey, John A.; Schuch, Wolfgang; Bolwell, G. Paul; Robbins, Mark P.; Dixon, Richard A.; Lamb, Chris J.
1985-01-01
Changes in the rates of synthesis of three enzymes of phenyl-propanoid biosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (dwarf French bean) have been investigated by immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled enzyme subunits with mono-specific antisera. Elicitor causes marked, rapid but transient co-ordinated increases in the rate of synthesis of phenyl-alanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase concomitant with the phase of rapid increase in enzyme activity at the onset of accu...
18. Elicitor rapidly induces chalcone synthase mRNA in Phaseolus vulgaris cells at the onset of the phytoalexin defense response
Ryder, Thomas B.; Cramer, Carole L; Bell, John N.; Robbins, Mark P.; Dixon, Richard A.; Lamb, Chris J.
1984-01-01
DNAs complementary to poly(A)+ RNA present in elicitor-treated cells of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were inserted into pBR325 and used to transform Escherichia coli strain JA221. A clone was identified that contained sequences complementary to mRNA encoding chalcone synthase, a regulatory enzyme of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which catalyzes the first reaction of a branch pathway specific to flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Rapid, marked but transient increases in chalcone synthase mRNA i...
19. Effect of Some Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria on Yield, Yield Components of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Aras 98)
Tozlu, Elif; Karagöz, Kenan; Babagil, G. Emel; Dizikısa, Tülay; Kotan, Recep
2014-01-01
ABSTRACT : The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) belongs to the family Leguminosae, and is a diverse food resource of high nutritional value. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are a group of bacteria that actively colonize plants, increase plant growth and yield, and suppres plant disease. In this study, the effectiveness of ten PGPBs (Alcaligenes piechaudii strain RK-136, Bacillus megaterium strain M-3, Bacillus pumilus strain M-13, Bacillus subtilis strain BA-142, Erwinia rhapontic...
20. Comparison of growth, nitrogen metabolism and organ weights in piglets and rats fed on diets containing Phaseolus vulgaris beans.
Huisman, J; van der Poel, A F; van Leeuwen, P; Verstegen, M W
1990-11-01
The effects of lectins in the diet have been mainly studied in rats. An important question is whether results obtained in rats can be extrapolated to larger animals like the pig. Phaseolus vulgaris beans are rich in toxic lectins. Therefore a study was carried out to compare the effects of diets containing 200 g Phaseolus vulgaris beans (raw or toasted)/kg in rats and piglets. Live-weight gain, nitrogen digestibility and N balance were much lower in piglets than in rats fed on diets containing raw beans. Live-weight gain and N balance were slightly negative in the piglets. When toasted beans were given, live-weight gain and N balance values were reduced in piglets but hardly at all in rats. Giving raw beans caused hypertrophy of the pancreas in the rats but in piglets the weight of the pancreas was reduced. Spleen weight was depressed in the piglets but not in the rats. Weight of liver was not affected in either animal species. When toasted beans were given no effects on the weights of pancreas, spleen or liver were found in piglets or rats. It was concluded that the piglet is much more sensitive to antinutritional factors in the Phaseolus vulgaris bean than the rat. PMID:2265182
1. Toxicity and repellency of essential oils to Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Phaseolus vulgaris L Toxicidade e repelência de óleos essenciais a Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) em grãos de Phaseolus vulgaris L
Solange Maria de França; José Vargas de Oliveira; Alberto Belo Esteves Filho; Cynara Moura de Oliveira
2012-01-01
The effects of tangerine (Phaseolus vulgaris Blanco), lemon (Citrus medica limonum Lush), pear orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), red copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.), rosemary (Baccharis dracunculifolia De Candole), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labillardière and E. citriodora Hook), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) and citronella (Cimbopogon nardus Linnaeus) oils at several concentrations on Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) were studied. In toxicity tests, grains of Phaseolus...
2. Genetic mapping of two genes conferring resistance to powdery mildew in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Pérez-Vega, Elena; Trabanco, Noemí; Campa, Ana; Ferreira, Juan José
2013-06-01
Powdery mildew (PM) is a serious disease in many legume species, including the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). This study investigated the genetic control behind resistance reaction to PM in the bean genotype, Cornell 49242. The results revealed evidence supporting a qualitative mode of inheritance for resistance and the involvement of two independent genes in the resistance reaction. The location of these resistance genes was investigated in a linkage genetic map developed for the XC RIL population. Contingency tests revealed significant associations for 28 loci out of a total of 329 mapped loci. Fifteen were isolated or formed groups with less than two loci. The thirteen remaining loci were located at three regions in linkage groups Pv04, Pv09, and Pv11. The involvement of Pv09 was discarded due to the observed segregation in the subpopulation obtained from the Xana genotype for the loci located in this region. In contrast, the two subpopulations obtained from the Xana genotype for the BM161 locus, linked to the Co-3/9 anthracnose resistance gene (Pv04), and from the Xana genotype for the SCAReoli locus, linked to the Co-2 anthracnose resistance gene (Pv11), exhibited monogenic segregations, suggesting that both regions were involved in the genetic control of resistance. A genetic dissection was carried out to verify the involvement of both regions in the reaction to PM. Two resistant recombinant lines were selected, according to their genotypes, for the block of loci included in the Co-2 and Co-3/9 regions, and they were crossed with the susceptible parent, Xana. Linkage analysis in the respective F2 populations supported the hypothesis that a dominant gene (Pm1) was located in the linkage group Pv11 and another gene (Pm2) was located in the linkage group Pv04. This is the first report showing the localization of resistance genes against powdery mildew in Phaseolus vulgaris and the results offer the opportunity to increase the efficiency of breeding
3. Identification and analysis of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. transcriptomes by massively parallel pyrosequencing
Thimmapuram Jyothi
2011-10-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris is the most important food legume in the world. Although this crop is very important to both the developed and developing world as a means of dietary protein supply, resources available in common bean are limited. Global transcriptome analysis is important to better understand gene expression, genetic variation, and gene structure annotation in addition to other important features. However, the number and description of common bean sequences are very limited, which greatly inhibits genome and transcriptome research. Here we used 454 pyrosequencing to obtain a substantial transcriptome dataset for common bean. Results We obtained 1,692,972 reads with an average read length of 207 nucleotides (nt. These reads were assembled into 59,295 unigenes including 39,572 contigs and 19,723 singletons, in addition to 35,328 singletons less than 100 bp. Comparing the unigenes to common bean ESTs deposited in GenBank, we found that 53.40% or 31,664 of these unigenes had no matches to this dataset and can be considered as new common bean transcripts. Functional annotation of the unigenes carried out by Gene Ontology assignments from hits to Arabidopsis and soybean indicated coverage of a broad range of GO categories. The common bean unigenes were also compared to the bean bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC end sequences, and a total of 21% of the unigenes (12,724 including 9,199 contigs and 3,256 singletons match to the 8,823 BAC-end sequences. In addition, a large number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs and transcription factors were also identified in this study. Conclusions This work provides the first large scale identification of the common bean transcriptome derived by 454 pyrosequencing. This research has resulted in a 150% increase in the number of Phaseolus vulgaris ESTs. The dataset obtained through this analysis will provide a platform for functional genomics in common bean and related legumes and
4. Interferência das plantas daninhas no feijoeiro carioca Weed interference in carioca beans (Phaseolus vulgaris
2007-09-01
Full Text Available Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris plantado em janeiro. A semeadura do cv. Carioca foi feita no sistema convencional e os tratamentos constaram de dois grupos: no primeiro, a cultura do feijão permaneceu livre da interferência das plantas daninhas desde a emergência até 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 e 70 dias (todo o ciclo da cultura; no segundo, a cultura permaneceu sob interferência desde a semeadura até os mesmos períodos descritos anteriormente, totalizando assim 14 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A comunidade infestante foi composta por 13 espécies, com Alternanthera tenella, Blaenvillea rhomboidea e Cenchrus echinatus se destacandodas demais, representando 63,4% do total de indivíduos. O período anterior à interferência (PAI ocorreu até os 17 dias após emergência da cultura, e o período total de prevenção à interferência (PTPI ocorreu até 25 dias após a emergência da cultura. A interferência das plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo de vida do feijoeiro reduziu-lhe a produtividade em 67%.This work aimed to determine the periods of weed interference in 'Carioca' bean (Phaseolus vulgaris during the dry season. The assay was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Universidade do Estado de Sao Paulo-UNESP - Jaboticabal. The bean plants were sown under the conventional system. The experimental treatments consisted of two groups: in the first, the bean crop remained free of weed interference from emergence up to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 days (the entire crop cycle. In the second, the bean crop remained under interference from the time of sowing up to the same periods previously described, totalizing fourteen experimental treatments. The experiments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The weed community
5. Response of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants to low-let ionizing radiation: Growth and oxidative stress
Arena, C.; De Micco, V.; Aronne, G.; Pugliese, M.; Virzo De Santo, A.; De Maio, A.
2013-10-01
The scenarios for the long-term habitation of space platforms and planetary stations involve plants as fundamental part of Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) to support the crew needs. Several constraints may limit plant growth in space: among them ionizing radiation is recognized to severely affect plant cell at morphological, physiological and biochemical level. In this work, plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were subjected to four different doses of X-rays (0.3, 10, 50 and 100 Gy) in order to assess the effects of ionizing radiation on this species and to analyze possible mechanisms carried out to overcome the radiation injuries. The effects of X-rays on plant growth were assessed by measuring stem elongation, number of internodes and leaf dry weight. The integrity of photosynthetic apparatus was evaluated by photosynthetic pigment composition and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity, whereas changes in total antioxidant pool and glutathione S transferase activity (GST) were utilized as markers of oxidative stress. The distribution of phenolic compounds in leaf tissues as natural shielding against radiation was also determined. Irradiation of plants at 0.3 and 10 Gy did not determine differences in all considered parameters as compared to control. On the contrary, at 50 and 100 Gy a reduction of plant growth and a decrease in photosynthetic pigment content, as well as an increase in phenolic compounds and a decrease in total antioxidant content and GST activity were found. Only a slight reduction of Rubisco activity in leaves irradiated at 50 and 100 Gy was found. The overall results indicate P. vulgaris as a species with a good potential to face ionizing radiation and suggest its suitability for utilization in BLSSs.
6. Physical, biochemical and physiological effects of ultraviolet radiation on Brassica napus and Phaseolus vulgaris
7. PvTFDB: a Phaseolus vulgaris transcription factors database for expediting functional genomics in legumes
Bhawna; Bonthala, V.S.; Gajula, MNV Prasad
2016-01-01
The common bean [Phaseolus vulgaris (L.)] is one of the essential proteinaceous vegetables grown in developing countries. However, its production is challenged by low yields caused by numerous biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Regulatory transcription factors (TFs) symbolize a key component of the genome and are the most significant targets for producing stress tolerant crop and hence functional genomic studies of these TFs are important. Therefore, here we have constructed a web-accessible TFs database for P. vulgaris, called PvTFDB, which contains 2370 putative TF gene models in 49 TF families. This database provides a comprehensive information for each of the identified TF that includes sequence data, functional annotation, SSRs with their primer sets, protein physical properties, chromosomal location, phylogeny, tissue-specific gene expression data, orthologues, cis-regulatory elements and gene ontology (GO) assignment. Altogether, this information would be used in expediting the functional genomic studies of a specific TF(s) of interest. The objectives of this database are to understand functional genomics study of common bean TFs and recognize the regulatory mechanisms underlying various stress responses to ease breeding strategy for variety production through a couple of search interfaces including gene ID, functional annotation and browsing interfaces including by family and by chromosome. This database will also serve as a promising central repository for researchers as well as breeders who are working towards crop improvement of legume crops. In addition, this database provide the user unrestricted public access and the user can download entire data present in the database freely. Database URL: http://www.multiomics.in/PvTFDB/ PMID:27465131
8. Constraints to hydraulic acclimation under reduced light in two contrasting Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars.
Matzner, Steven L; Rettedal, David D; Harmon, Derek A; Beukelman, MacKenzie R
2014-08-01
9. PvTFDB: a Phaseolus vulgaris transcription factors database for expediting functional genomics in legumes.
Bhawna; Bonthala, V S; Gajula, Mnv Prasad
2016-01-01
The common bean [Phaseolus vulgaris (L.)] is one of the essential proteinaceous vegetables grown in developing countries. However, its production is challenged by low yields caused by numerous biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Regulatory transcription factors (TFs) symbolize a key component of the genome and are the most significant targets for producing stress tolerant crop and hence functional genomic studies of these TFs are important. Therefore, here we have constructed a web-accessible TFs database for P. vulgaris, called PvTFDB, which contains 2370 putative TF gene models in 49 TF families. This database provides a comprehensive information for each of the identified TF that includes sequence data, functional annotation, SSRs with their primer sets, protein physical properties, chromosomal location, phylogeny, tissue-specific gene expression data, orthologues, cis-regulatory elements and gene ontology (GO) assignment. Altogether, this information would be used in expediting the functional genomic studies of a specific TF(s) of interest. The objectives of this database are to understand functional genomics study of common bean TFs and recognize the regulatory mechanisms underlying various stress responses to ease breeding strategy for variety production through a couple of search interfaces including gene ID, functional annotation and browsing interfaces including by family and by chromosome. This database will also serve as a promising central repository for researchers as well as breeders who are working towards crop improvement of legume crops. In addition, this database provide the user unrestricted public access and the user can download entire data present in the database freely.Database URL: http://www.multiomics.in/PvTFDB/. PMID:27465131
10. Comparative analysis of genome-wide Mlo gene family in Cajanus cajan and Phaseolus vulgaris.
Deshmukh, Reena; Singh, V K; Singh, B D
2016-04-01
The Mlo gene was discovered in barley because the mutant 'mlo' allele conferred broad-spectrum, non-race-specific resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. The Mlo genes also play important roles in growth and development of plants, and in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Mlo gene family has been characterized in several crop species, but only a single legume species, soybean (Glycine max L.), has been investigated so far. The present report describes in silico identification of 18 CcMlo and 20 PvMlo genes in the important legume crops Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. and Phaseolus vulgaris L., respectively. In silico analysis of gene organization, protein properties and conserved domains revealed that the C. cajan and P. vulgaris Mlo gene paralogs are more divergent from each other than from their orthologous pairs. The comparative phylogenetic analysis classified CcMlo and PvMlo genes into three major clades. A comparative analysis of CcMlo and PvMlo proteins with the G. max Mlo proteins indicated close association of one CcMlo, one PvMlo with two GmMlo genes, indicating that there was no further expansion of the Mlo gene family after the separation of these species. Thus, most of the diploid species of eudicots might be expected to contain 15-20 Mlo genes. The genes CcMlo12 and 14, and PvMlo11 and 12 are predicted to participate in powdery mildew resistance. If this prediction were verified, these genes could be targeted by TILLING or CRISPR to isolate powdery mildew resistant mutants. PMID:26961357
11. Reducing effect of an extract of Phaseolus vulgaris on food intake in mice--focus on highly palatable foods.
Loi, Barbara; Fantini, Noemi; Colombo, Giancarlo; Gessa, Gian Luigi; Riva, Antonella; Bombardelli, Ezio; Morazzoni, Paolo; Carai, Mauro A M
2013-03-01
Different lines of experimental evidence indicate that treatment with extracts from and derivatives of Phaseolus vulgaris reduces intake of food, including highly palatable foods and beverages, in rats. The present study was designed to extend to mice these lines of evidence. To this end, CD1 mice were treated acutely with a standardized extract of P. vulgaris and then exposed to unlimited access to regular food pellets (Experiment 1) or 1-hour limited access to three different palatable foods/beverages, such as butter cookies (Experiment 2), a condensed-milk beverage (Experiment 3), and a chocolate-flavored beverage (Experiment 4). Treatment with P. vulgaris extract resulted in a significant reduction in the intake of regular food pellets, that was still evident 24h later, as well as of the three palatable nourishments. Together, these results (a) extend to mice several previous findings on the capacity of P. vulgaris extracts to suppress food intake in rats, (b) suggest that P. vulgaris extracts may interfere with the central mechanisms regulating appetite, food intake, palatability, and/or the rewarding and hedonic properties of food, and (c) P. vulgaris extracts may represent a potentially effective therapy for overeating, obesity, and food craving. PMID:23262270
12. Genetic control of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni
Rezende Viviane Ferreira
1999-01-01
Full Text Available Genetic control of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni was studied using segregating populations from the bean variety crosses Jalo x ESAL 686 and ESAL 550 x ESAL 686. F2 plants, together with the parents, were inoculated and evaluated using a scale of values from one (plant without symptoms to nine (completely infected plant. F2 plants were harvested individually, and F2:3 families were obtained. These families were evaluated in an 11 x 11 and 12 x 12 simple lattice statistical design for the Jalo x ESAL 686 and ESAL 550 x ESAL 686 crosses, respectively, using the same value scale as the F2 generation. The segregation observed in F2 plants and F2:3 families indicated that two genes are involved in genetic control, due to a double recessive epistasis. The high linear regression coefficient (b between F2 plants and their F2:3 family, 0.66 for ESAL 550 x ESAL 686 cross, and 0.71 for Jalo x ESAL 686 cross, showed that the trait is highly heritable.
13. Inducing of multiple shoots from cotyledonary node of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Experiment were carried out in order to compare three methods of multiple shoot formation and plantlet production in red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) All experiments utilized excised cotyledonary nodes from two week old seedling which were germinated on the medium containing BA. The highest number of shoots were produced on excised cotyledonary nodes which were cultured on the medium containing 5 mg/1 BA and 0.005 mg/l NNA. Elongated shoots from each treatments were rooted on the rooting medium to produce the complete plantlets. The highest number of complete plantlets were obtained from cotyledonary nodes which were cultured on the medium containing 0.05 mg/l BA and 0.005 mg/l NAA and 15 % coconut milk. In treating bean seeds with the gamma-rays at 50 Gy before germinating them on the medium containing BA, the number of shoots on the excised cotyledonary nodes was slightly decreased while the number of complete plantlet was slightly increased as compared with the controls
14. Mutation induction in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for improvement of protein content
Seeds of two Phaseolus vulgaris varieties, Cuarenteno and Suchitan, were treated with different gamma ray doses. The mutagenic effects on M1 are briefly reported. Seeds of each selected M1 plant were grown individually as a single M2 family. Seed protein content for the M2 families was estimated using the micro-Kjeldahl method. Twenty-one families descending from Cuarenteno and 36 families descending from Suchitan with more than 25% protein content were grown and selection was carried out between and within them. The selected plants were grown as M4 families and again selection was carried out between them. During the M5 generation, 77 mutants, along with 3 Suchitan and 20 Cuarenteno selected lines, were evaluated for yield and protein content. The results from the investigation showed that in the M2 generation, radiation treatments increased the variability of the seed protein content. In the M5 generation, no significant progress, as compared with the control, was achieved in seed protein content for mutants descended from Cuarenteno. On the other hand, increases in protein content and yield were achieved for the mutants descended from Suchitan. (author). 3 refs, 3 figs, 1 tab
15. Toxicity of Some Cinnamic Acid Derivatives to Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris
Alexandra JITĂREANU
2011-11-01
Full Text Available Cinnamic acid derivatives are an important class of biologically active compounds, playing an important role in the plants’ development, but may also present a wide range of actions: antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflamatory, antitumoral. The present study investigated the toxicity of ten cinnamic acid derivatives on Phaseolus vulgaris, this being the first step in evaluating their pharmacotoxicological potential (usually, plant toxicity tests are used for ecotoxicity assessment, but they can also provide some useful general information about the toxic potential of a pharmaceutical substance to living organisms. The bean seeds were exposed to three different concentrations of each substance (28.6 μg/cm2, 57.3 μg/cm2, 114.6 μg/cm2. All the tests were conducted in Petri dishes, using an artificial substrate (Whatman filter paper impregnated with the investigated compounds. The analyzed elements were seedling length, root length, percentage of seeds that developed into seedlings, fresh seedling weight and the total polyphenols content. The tested compounds showed phytotoxic effects, inhibiting the growth of the plants and the biosynthesis of polyphenols as compared to the control. The substances with high logP values showed greater phytotoxic potential, but to establish an exact correlation between hydrophobicity and toxicity of the molecules a QSAR analysis must be further done.
16. UV-B increases the harvest index of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
The effects of small changes in natural UV-B on the photosynthesis, pigmentation, flowering and yield of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Label) were studied. To obtain a relatively natural growth environment, the plants were grown in small, half-open greenhouses of UV-transmitting Plexiglas of different thickness (3 and 5 mm), resulting in an 8% difference in the weighted UV-B reaching the plants. Although the UV-B doses used did not significantly influence photosynthesis on a leaf area basis during vegetative growth, important changes in biomass allocation were noted. A UV-B-O induced reduction in leaf area during the period of vegetative growth resulted in decreased dry weight after 57 d. During the flowering and pod-filling stages (57–79.d after planting), however, plants grown at high UV-B retained their photosynthetic capacity longer: maximal photosynthesis, chlorophyll and N content of the leaves were higher under the higher UV-B dose at a plant age of 79 d. Combined with an increased allocation under the higher UV-B dose of both N and biomass to the pods, this resulted in a small increase in yield and an important increase in harvest index with increased UV-B
17. Genetic and molecular characterization of the I locus of Phaseolus vulgaris.
Vallejos, C Eduardo; Astua-Monge, Gustavo; Jones, Valerie; Plyler, Tammy R; Sakiyama, Ney S; Mackenzie, Sally A
2006-02-01
The I locus of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, controls the development of four different phenotypes in response to inoculation with Bean common mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic necrosis virus, several other related potyviruses, and one comovirus. We have generated a high-resolution linkage map around this locus and have aligned it with a physical map constructed with BAC clones. These clones were obtained from a library of the cultivar "Sprite," which carries the dominant allele at the I locus. We have identified a large cluster of TIR-NBS-LRR sequences associated within this locus, which extends over a distance >425 kb. Bean cultivars from the Andean or Mesoamerican gene pool that contain the dominant allele share the same haplotypes as revealed by gel blot hybridizations with a TIR probe. In contrast, beans with a recessive allele display simpler and variable haplotypes. A survey of wild accessions from Argentina to Mexico showed that this multigene family has expanded significantly during evolution and domestication. RNA gel blot analysis indicated that the TIR family of genes plays a role in the response to inoculations with BCMV or BCMNV. PMID:16322513
18. Production of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Genotypes with Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl. Gray and Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.
Donald C. L. Kass
2013-03-01
Full Text Available Adding mulch biomass prior to crop seeding may improve production of tropical soil. We evaluated the response of four bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes to the addition of mulch biomass from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl. Gray and Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. The addition of mulch did not result in significant differences (p < 0.05 in soil characteristics when compared to a control (no mulch addition except for soil potassium (K, which was significantly greater (p < 0.05 in the T. diversifolia mulch biomass treatment. Bean yield and shoot biomass were significantly greater (p < 0.05 in the mulch biomass treatments compared to the control (no biomass added. In these treatments, Phosphorus (P-efficient bean genotypes had a significantly greater (p < 0.05 yield and shoot biomass. Bean shoot nutrient concentrations were significantly different (p < 0.05 between mulch biomass treatments and between bean genotypes (P, K and magnesium (Mg only. Phosphorus utilization and uptake efficiencies were significantly different (p < 0.05 between mulch biomass treatments and between bean genotypes. Bean root biomass was not significantly different (p < 0.05 between mulch biomass treatments, but was significantly different (p < 0.05 between bean genotypes. The number of root nodules was significantly greater (p < 0.05 in the T. diversifolia mulch biomass treatment and was significantly different between bean genotypes.
19. DETERMINACIÓN DE INDICADORES DE CALIDAD EN 11 GENOTIPOS DE LA ESPECIE Phaseolus vulgaris, L
Yuliem Mederos
2007-01-01
20. INDICADORES DE LA CALIDAD EN EL GRANO DE FRIJOL (Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Yuliem Mederos
2006-01-01
Full Text Available La calidad es el conjunto de características químicas y físicas, relacionadas con el valor nutritivo-sanitario, industrial y comercial del producto agrícola, que puede ser dedicado para la alimentación humana o animal. El presente trabajo trata los temas relacionados con la calidad física y nutricional de los granos de frijol, en particular de la especie Phaseolus vulgaris L. destacando sus características, así como la importancia que estas revisten en la salud humana. Este trabajo permitió identificar como los principales indicadores y parámetros de calidad en el grano de frijol a los contenidos de proteínas totales, fibra, almidones, micronutrientes, la capacidad de absorción de agua, los factores antinutricionales, eltiempo de cocción y las condiciones y el tiempo de almacenamiento, teniendo una particular importancia dentro de todos ellos el contenido de factores antinutricionales, así como el tiempo de cocción sujeto a las condiciones y el tiempo de almacenamiento.
1. Study on mutation induced effect of gamma ray and DES on black bean phaseolus vulgaris
The study on mutation induced effect of gamma ray and DES on black bean Phaseolus vulgaris was carried out at Radiobiology Department, Nuclear Research Institute of Dalat. Dry seeds of variety No.1847 - Bonita - Cuba in set of 13 black bean varieties were irradiated with gamma ray from 60Co source at dose range from 150 Gy to 350 Gy and treated with DES at concentration from 0.1% to 0.3% in 2 hours for experiments in laboratory. The doses of 200, 250, 300 Gy and concentration of 0.2% DES in 2 hours were selected to treat dry seeds for experiments on the field. In populations of M1 generation, the height, number of branches and fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit were decreased with increasing of irradiation doses. In populations of M2 generation, individual variants in leaf shape, chlorophyll, short stem, dwarf, early maturity, flowering in very short time were obtained and selected in all treatment cases. Mutation frequency at dose of 300 Gy was higher than that in other treatment cases, but ratio of sterility is also largest. The mutant lines of early maturity and short stem with flowering in very short time are promised materials for further studies. (author)
2. Attempts to induce mutants resistant or tolerant to golden mosaic virus in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
The golden mosaic of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) that is present in the tropical parts of the American continent has become a major hindrance for the cultivation of this food legume of great importance to many Latin America countries. Good control measures are not known and bean germ plasm resistant or tolerant to this virus disease is not yet available. Attempts to induce bean mutants with this desirable characteristic were made using gamma radiation and chemical mutagen. Some M2 plants from one progeny of the cultivar Carioca treated with 0.48% ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), 6 hours of treatment at 200C, showed milder symptoms than the control progenies, and at the same time they showed a tendency to recover. This mutant is being tested under field conditions and used in crosses with other bean types that show a certain degree of tolerance, aiming at adding the favourable characters of both parents. Seeds of the hybrids, as well as those of the parent types, are also being further submitted to mutagenic treatments in order to obtain still better mutants that will be satisfactory for direct or indirect control of bean golden mosaic. (author)
3. Antipeptide antibodies that can distinguish specific subunit polypeptides of glutamine synthetase from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Cai, X.; Henry, R. L.; Takemoto, L. J.; Guikema, J. A.; Wong, P. P.; Spooner, B. S. (Principal Investigator)
1992-01-01
The amino acid sequences of the beta and gamma subunit polypeptides of glutamine synthetase from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root nodules are very similar. However, there are small regions within the sequences that are significantly different between the two polypeptides. The sequences between amino acids 2 and 9 and between 264 and 274 are examples. Three peptides (gamma 2-9, gamma 264-274, and beta 264-274) corresponding to these sequences were synthesized. Antibodies against these peptides were raised in rabbits and purified with corresponding peptide-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Western blot analysis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of bean nodule proteins demonstrated that the anti-beta 264-274 antibodies reacted specifically with the beta polypeptide and the anti-gamma 264-274 and anti-gamma 2-9 antibodies reacted specifically with the gamma polypeptide of the native and denatured glutamine synthetase. These results showed the feasibility of using synthetic peptides in developing antibodies that are capable of distinguishing proteins with similar primary structures.
4. Nitrate regulates rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Kalpana Nanjareddy; Lourdes Blanco; Manoj-Kumar Arthikala; Xochitl Alvarado Affantrange; Federico Snchez; Miguel Lara
2014-01-01
Nitrogen-limited conditions are considered to be a prerequisite for legume-rhizobial symbiosis, but the effects of nitrate-rich conditions on symbiotic status remain poorly understood. We addressed this issue by examining rhizobial (Rhizobim tropici) and arbusclar mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) symbiosis in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Negro Jamapa under nitrate pre-incubation and continuous nitrate conditions. Our results indicate that nitrate pre-incubation, independent of the concentration, did not affect nodule development. However, the continuous supply of nitrate at high concentrations impaired nodule maturation and nodule numbers. Low nitrate conditions, in addition to positively regulating nodule number, biomass, and nitrogenase activity, also extended the span of nitrogen-fixing activity. By contrast, for arbuscular mycorrhizae, continuous 10 and 50 mmol/L nitrate increased the percent root length colonization, concomitantly reduced arbuscule size, and en-hanced ammonia transport without affecting phosphate transport. Therefore, in this manuscript, we have proposed the importance of nitrate as a positive regulator in promoting both rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis in the common bean.
5. Weed Interference Effects on Leaves, Internode and Harvest Index of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Hossein GHAMARI
2015-03-01
Full Text Available The development of appropriate weed management strategies and efficient use of herbicides relies upon understanding weed-crop interactions. A field study was carried out to assess the effect of weed interference on leaves, internode and harvest index of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.. The experiment was established under a randomized complete block design with two types of weed interference treatments: plots with weeds and plots without weeds at different time intervals (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after crop emergence. The sigmoid Boltzmann model was used to quantify the crop traits as influenced by weed interference. Prolonged delays in weed removal reduced gradually the number of leaves of the crop. Weed interference decreased dry weight of leaves as well, so that the lowest value of it (33.49 g plant-1 was observed in full season during weed-infested treatment. Infestation of weeds affected the length of the crop internodes. While the weed interference duration increased, the length of the internodes decreased. Harvest index was also sensitive to weed competition. As the crop was kept weed-infested from the emergence for increasing periods of time, harvest index decreased to a value of 28.01%. A significant negative correlation between total biomass of weeds and dry bean traits (number of leaves, leaves dry weight, internode length and harvest index was observed. Therefore, weeds are able to adversely affect dry bean growth through constraining environmental resources and impairing leaves as the photosynthetic areas.
6. Plantas invasoras da cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L. no Estado de Minas Gerais
Julio Pedro Laca-Buendia
1989-01-01
Full Text Available Nas áreas de cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L., no Estado de Minas Gerais, foram coletadas e identificadas 222 espécies de plantas invasoras (= plantas daninhas, pertencentes a 35 famílias botânias, representando 118 gêneros, sendo que as famílias Compositae, Leguminosae, Gramineae, Malvaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae e Solanaceae, são as mais importantes em relação à cultura. As plantas coletadas, devidamente etiquetadas e identificadas, foram anexadas no PAMG (Herbário da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - (MG..A survey in the cultivation area of bean in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, resulted in the determination of 222 weeds species, of 118 genera belonging to 35 families presenting a greater number of species areas: Compositae, Leguminosae, Gramineae, Malvaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae and Solanaceae, with 33, 30, 25, 21, 12, 10. 10, 10, 9. 8 species respectively.
7. Interaction of cold radiofrequency plasma with seeds of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Bormashenko, Edward; Shapira, Yekaterina; Grynyov, Roman; Whyman, Gene; Bormashenko, Yelena; Drori, Elyashiv
2015-07-01
The impact of cold radiofrequency air plasma on the wetting properties and water imbibition of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was studied. The influence of plasma on wetting of a cotyledon and seed coat (testa) was elucidated. It was established that cold plasma treatment leads to hydrophilization of the cotyledon and tissues constituting the testa when they are separately exposed to plasma. By contrast, when the entire bean is exposed to plasma treatment, only the external surface of the bean is hydrophilized by the cold plasma. Water imbibition by plasma-treated beans was studied. Plasma treatment markedly accelerates the water absorption. The crucial role of a micropyle in the process of water imbibition was established. It was established that the final percentage of germination was almost the same in the cases of plasma-treated, untreated, and vacuum-pumped samples. However, the speed of germination was markedly higher for the plasma-treated samples. The influence of the vacuum pumping involved in the cold plasma treatment on the germination was also clarified. PMID:25948708
8. Effect of silicon on manganese tolerance of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
The effect of silicon on manganese tolerance of beam plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. 'Red Kidney') grown in water culture was studied at different levels of magnenese supply. Without silicon, growth depression and toxicity symptoms occurred already at 5 X 10-4 mM Mn in the nutrient solution. After addition of Aerosil (0.75 ppm Si), the plants tolerated 5 X 10-3 mM Mn and, at a higher silicon supply of 40 ppm, as much as 10-2 mM Mn in the nutrient solution without any growth depression. This increase in manganese tolerance was not caused by a depressing effect of silicon on uptake or translocation of manganese but rather by an increase in the manganese tolerance of the leaf tissue. In absence of silicon, 100 ppm Mn was already toxic for the leaf tissue, whereas with a supply of 40 ppm Si, this 'critical level' in the leaves was increased to more than 1000 ppm Mn. At lower manganese levels in the leaf tissue, a molar ratio Si/Mn of 6 within the tissue was sufficient to prevent manganese toxicity. Above 1000 ppm Mn, however, even a much wider Si/Mn ratio (> 20) could not prevent growth depression by manganese toxicity. (Auth.)
9. Regulation of Small RNAs and Corresponding Targets in Nod Factor-Induced Phaseolus vulgaris Root Hair Cells
Formey, Damien; Martín-Rodríguez, José Ángel; Leija, Alfonso; Santana, Olivia; Quinto, Carmen; Cárdenas, Luis; Hernández, Georgina
2016-01-01
A genome-wide analysis identified the set of small RNAs (sRNAs) from the agronomical important legume Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), including novel P. vulgaris-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) potentially important for the regulation of the rhizobia-symbiotic process. Generally, novel miRNAs are difficult to identify and study because they are very lowly expressed in a tissue- or cell-specific manner. In this work, we aimed to analyze sRNAs from common bean root hairs (RH), a single-cell model, induced with pure Rhizobium etli nodulation factors (NF), a unique type of signal molecule. The sequence analysis of samples from NF-induced and control libraries led to the identity of 132 mature miRNAs, including 63 novel miRNAs and 1984 phasiRNAs. From these, six miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed during NF induction, including one novel miRNA: miR-RH82. A parallel degradome analysis of the same samples revealed 29 targets potentially cleaved by novel miRNAs specifically in NF-induced RH samples; however, these novel miRNAs were not differentially accumulated in this tissue. This study reveals Phaseolus vulgaris-specific novel miRNA candidates and their corresponding targets that meet all criteria to be involved in the regulation of the early nodulation events, thus setting the basis for exploring miRNA-mediated improvement of the common bean–rhizobia symbiosis. PMID:27271618
10. Regulation of Small RNAs and Corresponding Targets in Nod Factor-Induced Phaseolus vulgaris Root Hair Cells.
Formey, Damien; Martín-Rodríguez, José Ángel; Leija, Alfonso; Santana, Olivia; Quinto, Carmen; Cárdenas, Luis; Hernández, Georgina
2016-01-01
A genome-wide analysis identified the set of small RNAs (sRNAs) from the agronomical important legume Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), including novel P. vulgaris-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) potentially important for the regulation of the rhizobia-symbiotic process. Generally, novel miRNAs are difficult to identify and study because they are very lowly expressed in a tissue- or cell-specific manner. In this work, we aimed to analyze sRNAs from common bean root hairs (RH), a single-cell model, induced with pure Rhizobium etli nodulation factors (NF), a unique type of signal molecule. The sequence analysis of samples from NF-induced and control libraries led to the identity of 132 mature miRNAs, including 63 novel miRNAs and 1984 phasiRNAs. From these, six miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed during NF induction, including one novel miRNA: miR-RH82. A parallel degradome analysis of the same samples revealed 29 targets potentially cleaved by novel miRNAs specifically in NF-induced RH samples; however, these novel miRNAs were not differentially accumulated in this tissue. This study reveals Phaseolus vulgaris-specific novel miRNA candidates and their corresponding targets that meet all criteria to be involved in the regulation of the early nodulation events, thus setting the basis for exploring miRNA-mediated improvement of the common bean-rhizobia symbiosis. PMID:27271618
11. Algunos indicadores morfológicos y bioquímicos de cinco variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. bajo condiciones de sequía. Some morphologic and biochemical markers of five varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under drought stress
Nelly Marlene Mita Poma; Silvia Alemán García; Yunel Pérez Hernández; Rodolfo Darias Rodríguez; Leticia Fuentes Alfonso; Maryla Sosa del Castillo; Amalia Domínguez Suárez
2012-01-01
El frijol común constituye una de las principales fuentes de alimentación. La sequía es uno de los factores que incide negativamente sobre este cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la respuesta a estrés hídrico de 5 variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. comercializadas en Cuba, las cuales fueron sometidas a diferentes riegos: 70%, 40% y 20% capacidad de campo (CC). A los 15 días, de aplicar los riegos menc...
12. Chemical profile of beans cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris) by 1H NMR - high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS);Perfil quimico de cultivares de feijao (Phaseolus vulgaris) pela tecnica de high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS)
Liao, Luciano Morais; Choze, Rafael; Cavalcante, Pedro Paulo Araujo; Santos, Suzana da Costa; Ferri, Pedro Henrique, E-mail: luciano@quimica.ufg.b [Universidade Federal de Goias (UFG), Goiania, GO (Brazil). Inst. de Quimica; Ferreira, Antonio Gilberto [Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFScar), SP (Brazil). Dept. de Quimica
2010-07-01
The application of one-dimensional proton high-resolution magic angle spinning ({sup 1}H HR-MAS) NMR combined with a typical advantages of solid and liquid-state NMR techniques was used as input variables for the multivariate statistical analysis. In this paper, different cultivars of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) developed and in development by EMBRAPA - Arroz e Feijao were analyzed by {sup 1}H HR-MAS, which have been demonstrated to be a valuable tool in its differentiation according chemical composition and avoid the manipulation of the samples as used in other techniques. (author)
13. Evidence for the endophytic colonization of Phaseolus vulgaris(common bean roots by the diazotroph Herbaspirillum seropedicae
M.A. Schmidt
2011-03-01
Full Text Available Herbaspirillum seropedicae is an endophytic diazotrophic bacterium, which associates with important agricultural plants. In the present study, we have investigated the attachment to and internal colonization of Phaseolus vulgaris roots by the H. seropedicae wild-type strain SMR1 and by a strain of H. seropedicae expressing a red fluorescent protein (DsRed to track the bacterium in the plant tissues. Two-day-old P. vulgaris roots were incubated at 30°C for 15 min with 6 x 10(8 CFU/mL H. seropedicae SMR1 or RAM4. Three days after inoculation, 4 x 10(4 cells of endophytic H. seropedicae SMR1 were recovered per gram of fresh root, and 9 days after inoculation the number of endophytes increased to 4 x 10(6 CFU/g. The identity of the recovered bacteria was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the 16SrRNA gene. Furthermore, confocal microscopy of P. vulgaris roots inoculated with H. seropedicae RAM4 showed that the bacterial cells were attached to the root surface 15 min after inoculation; fluorescent bacteria were visible in the internal tissues after 24 h and were found in the central cylinder after 72 h, showing that H. seropedicae RAM4 is capable of colonizing the roots of the dicotyledon P. vulgaris. Determination of dry weight of common bean inoculated with H. seropedicae SMR1 suggested that this bacterium has a negative effect on the growth of P. vulgaris.
14. Analysis of trypsin inhibitors and lectins in white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, var. Processor) in a combined method.
Roozen, J P; de Groot, J
1991-01-01
Buffered saline extraction, affinity chromatography, and Folin-BSA protein assay were used consecutively to provide a combined method for analysis of trypsin inhibitors and lectins in white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, var. Processor). The method was tested by following the decrease of both antinutritional factors by germination of the beans for 7 days at 20 degrees C. Repeatability coefficients of variation were 2-7.4% for the trypsin inhibitors and 2.2-10% for the lectins. After 7 days of germination, trypsin inhibitors and lectins were reduced by 72 and 92%, respectively. PMID:1757418
15. Commercial Phaseolus vulgaris extract (starch stopper) increases ileal endogenous amino acid and crude protein losses in the growing rat.
Deglaire, A; Moughan, P J; Bos, C; Tome, D
2006-07-12
The effect of a commercial Phaseolus vulgaris extract (PVE, starch stopper) on ileal and fecal endogenous protein losses was studied. Growing rats were fed for 14 days a protein-free diet containing PVE at a nutritional concentration of 0% (PF1), 0.4% (PF2), or 1.1% PVE (PF3) or 1.1% autoclaved PVE (PF4). An indigestible marker (TiO(2)) was included in each diet. Ileal endogenous amino acid (AA) losses were significantly higher (P antinutritional factors (trypsin inhibitor, lectin) present in the PVE. PMID:16819935
16. Gamma radiation effects on some nutritional and physico-chemical characteristics of stored beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
The radiation effects on physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics of three Brazilian varieties of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) - Catu, Rajado and Carioca -were studied. The analytical parameters were obtained by the determination of soaking and cooking times, biological value in rats, protein electrophoretic profile, reductors sugars, oligosaccharides, fiber and fatty acids content. Also, amyloglucosidase, phytohemagglutinins, α-amylase and tryptic inhibitors activities were analysed. It was observed the gamma radiation until determined doses promotes changes on those parameters subsequently reducing substantially the cooking time without modification of the biological value of the proteins. This alteration was particularly noticed in the hard-to-cook beans. (author)
17. Utilization of fertilizer phosphorus by French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), as influenced by depth of placement and time of application
Utilization of fertilizer phosphorus by French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as influenced by depth of placement and time of application was studied in a field experiment using 32P labelled single superphosphate. Band placement of fertilizer phosphorus at 5 cm depth below the seed resulted in maximum utilization, which was significantly higher than band placement on the surface. Application in two splits resulted in much lower uptake and utilization of applied phosphorus. Top dressing 20 days after sowing resulted in lower uptake and utilization than basal application. (author). 2 tabs., 3 refs
18. Effect of bacterial distribution and activity on conjugal transfer on the phylloplane of the bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Normander, Bo; Christensen, Bjarke Bak; Molin, Søren;
1998-01-01
Conjugal plasmid transfer was examined on the phylloplane of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and related to the spatial distribution pattern and metabolic activity of the bacteria. The donor (Pseudomonas putida KT2442) harbored a derivative of the TOL plasmid, which conferred kanamycin resistance and had...... the gfp gene inserted downstream of a lac promoter. A chromosomal insertion of lacI(q) prevented expression of the gfp gene. The recipient (P. putida KT2440) had a chromosomal tetracycline resistance marker. Thus, transconjugants could be enumerated by plating and visualized in situ as green fluorescent...
19. Microsatellite diversity and genetic structure among common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces in Brazil, a secondary center of diversity
Burle, Marília Lobo; Fonseca, Jaime Roberto; Kami, James A.; Gepts, Paul
2010-01-01
Brazil is the largest producer and consumer of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), which is the most important source of human dietary protein in that country. This study assessed the genetic diversity and the structure of a sample of 279 geo-referenced common bean landraces from Brazil, using molecular markers. Sixty-seven microsatellite markers spread over the 11 linkage groups of the common bean genome, as well as Phaseolin, PvTFL1y, APA and four SCAR markers were used. As expected, the s...
20. Trypsin Isoinhibitors with Antiproliferative Activity toward Leukemia Cells from Phaseolus vulgaris cv “White Cloud Bean”
2010-01-01
A purification protocol that comprised ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose, and gel filtration by FPLC on Superdex 75 was complied to isolate two trypsin inhibitors from Phaseolus vulgaris cv “White Cloud Bean”. Both trypsin inhibitors exhibited a molecular mass of 16 kDa and reduced the activity of trypsin with an I C 5 0 value of about 0.6 M. Dithiothreitol attenuated the trypsin inhibito...
1. Comparisons of phaseolin type andα-amylase inhibitor in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in China
Yang Yao; Yibo Hu; Yingying; Zhu Yue Gao; Guixing Ren
2016-01-01
The objective of this study was to characterize the phaseolin type andα-amylase (αAI) level in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) accessions deposited in the Chinese National Genebank. The 40 accessions sampled were common varieties originating in Asia, North America, South America, Europe, and Africa. No Inca (I-) phaseolin was observed in the accessions. Only four accessions contained Tendergreen (T-) phaseolin and the remaining 36 contained Sanilac (S-) phaseolin. αAI proteins extracted from nine accessions showed higher α-amylase inhibitory activity than the control (Phase 2, IC50=0.65μg). These common bean accessions have potential use as nutraceutical ingredients.
2. Oviposition, Development and Survivorship of the sweetpotato Whitefly Bemisia tabaci on Soybean, Glycine max, and the Garden Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris
Mansaray, Augustine; Sundufu, Abu James
2009-01-01
Oviposition, development and survivorship of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were evaluated on soybean and garden bean under laboratory conditions of 26.0 ± 0.5 °C, 70 – 80% RH and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D). B. tabaci deposited more eggs and survivorship of nymphs was significantly greater in a choice-test on soybean, Glycine max L. (Merr.) (Fabeles: Fabaceae), compared to the garden bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Overall developmental time from egg to adult eclosion was l...
3. Electron microscopical studies of defence mechanisms of Phaseolus vulgaris against Uromyces phaseoli and Pseudomonas phaseolicola
Glucanes isolated from the germ-tube cell walls of Uromyces phaseoli were effective as elicitors and induced phytoalexin accumulation and protection against bean rust fungus in susceptible primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean). Both effects were first visible two days after infiltration of the glucane elicitor into the bean tissue. Five days after elicitor treatment, rust development was completely inhibited. Elicitor treatment had no effect on spore germination and appressoria formation of leaf surfaces. Two days after inoculation in treated leaves, many substomatal vesicles were destroyed or heavily damaged. The absence of haustoria was apparently related to the deposition of electron dense material between the plasmalemma and cell wall of plant cells at the sites of contact between host and fungal cells. These deposits were found in the treated tissue two days after inoculation in response to contact with disorganized substomatal vesicles and cells of intercellular hyphae. In elicitor treated, non-inoculated tissue, as well as in water treated, inoculated control tissue, no comparable deposition of electron dense material was observed. Investigations of the bean/bacterial host-parasite interaction indicated that cells of Pseudomonas phaseolicola were entrapped against plant cell walls in both susceptible (Red Kidney) and resistant (Red Mexican) cultivars of French bean. After staining of samples with ruthenium red for electron microscopy, pectic polysaccharides within plant cell walls became particularly well contrasted, as did fibrillar material connecting bacteria to the plant cell walls. Ruthenium red also stains acidic bacterial extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and some of the fibrillar material in intercellular spaces is probably from this source. 22 refs, 7 figs
4. Microsatellite characterization of Andean races of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Blair, M W; Díaz, J M; Hidalgo, R; Díaz, L M; Duque, M C
2007-12-01
5. EFFECTIVENESS INACTIVATION OF TRYPSIN INHIBITOR FROM BRAZILIAN CULTIVARS OF BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.
Kelli Cristina PAIVA
2011-08-01
Full Text Available The trypsin inhibitor, an antinutritional factor, which is abundant in dycotiledoneous and monocotyledoneous, is usually inactivated by heating treatment. The infl uence of pressure-cooking (121°C and 141kPa for 30 min on, trypsin inhibitors concentration and inhibitors reactivation from ten Brazilian beans varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. namely: IAPAR-14, IAC-Carioca, Rudá, Corrente, IAC-Aruã, IAPAR-16, IAPAR-57, IACCarioca Pyatã, Carioca, Aporé, were investigated. The inhibitors reactivation was evaluated in comparison with the activity of raw and pressure-cooking. For raw the in vitro protein digestibility mean values ranged from 40% (in Carioca cultivar to 60% (in IAC-Aruã cultivar, showing an increase from 11% to 37% using the autoclaving at 121°C and 141kPa. Among ten cultivars studied the trypsin inhibitor activity varied from 36.18UTI.mg-1 for IAC-Aruã to 63.33UTI.mg-1 for IAPAR-16. Trypsin inhibitor activity was totally inactivated by pressure-cooking. The study of the trypsin inhibitors reactivation using double-digestive pepsin-pancreatin enzymes in vitro showed a recovering activity from 34% up to 100%. Native inhibitor is resistant to double- digestive pepsin-pancreatin proteolysis, whereas autoclaving to 121o C.30 min-1 results in a non-native conformation that is susceptible to proteolysis, improving the digestibility and inactivate differentially the activity of trypsin inhibitors. The results of the thermal treatment of the beans show inactivation of the inhibitors, which may be due to formation of high molecular weight aggregates with other substances of the grain. The pepsin-pancreatin digestion of the inactivated inhibitor restores the activity, probably due to its retention by the digested fragments.
6. Fortifi cation of white fl at bread with sprouted red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris
Kiruthika Viswanathan
2014-03-01
7. Genome-Wide Association Study of Anthracnose Resistance in Andean Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris.
Full Text Available Anthracnose is a seed-borne disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and the pathogen is cosmopolitan in distribution. The objectives of this study were to identify new sources of anthracnose resistance in a diverse panel of 230 Andean beans comprised of multiple seed types and market classes from the Americas, Africa, and Europe, and explore the genetic basis of this resistance using genome-wide association mapping analysis (GWAS. Twenty-eight of the 230 lines tested were resistant to six out of the eight races screened, but only one cultivar Uyole98 was resistant to all eight races (7, 39, 55, 65, 73, 109, 2047, and 3481 included in the study. Outputs from the GWAS indicated major quantitative trait loci (QTL for resistance on chromosomes, Pv01, Pv02, and Pv04 and two minor QTL on Pv10 and Pv11. Candidate genes associated with the significant SNPs were detected on all five chromosomes. An independent QTL study was conducted to confirm the physical location of the Co-1 locus identified on Pv01 in an F4:6 recombinant inbred line (RIL population. Resistance was determined to be conditioned by the single dominant gene Co-1 that mapped between 50.16 and 50.30 Mb on Pv01, and an InDel marker (NDSU_IND_1_50.2219 tightly linked to the gene was developed. The information reported will provide breeders with new and diverse sources of resistance and genomic regions to target in the development of anthracnose resistance in Andean beans.
8. Annotation and sequence diversity of transposable elements in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris
Scott eJackson
2014-07-01
Full Text Available Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris is an important legume crop grown and consumed worldwide. With the availability of the common bean genome sequence, the next challenge is to annotate the genome and characterize functional DNA elements. Transposable elements (TEs are the most abundant component of plant genomes and can dramatically affect genome evolution and genetic variation. Thus, it is pivotal to identify TEs in the common bean genome. In this study, we performed a genome-wide transposon annotation in common bean using a combination of homology and sequence structure-based methods. We developed a 2.12-Mb transposon database which includes 791 representative transposon sequences and is available upon request or from www.phytozome.org. Of note, nearly all transposons in the database are previously unrecognized TEs. More than 5,000 transposon-related expressed sequence tags (ESTs were detected which indicates that some transposons may be transcriptionally active. Two Ty1-copia retrotransposon families were found to encode the envelope-like protein which has rarely been identified in plant genomes. Also, we identified an extra open reading frame (ORF termed ORF2 from 15 Ty3-gypsy families that was located between the ORF encoding the retrotransposase and the 3’LTR. The ORF2 was in opposite transcriptional orientation to retrotransposase. Sequence homology searches and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the ORF2 may have an ancient origin, but its function is not clear. This transposon data provides a useful resource for understanding the genome organization and evolution and may be used to identify active TEs for developing transposon-tagging system in common bean and other related genomes.
9. Genome-Wide Association Study of Anthracnose Resistance in Andean Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Zuiderveen, Grady H; Padder, Bilal A; Kamfwa, Kelvin; Song, Qijian; Kelly, James D
2016-01-01
Anthracnose is a seed-borne disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and the pathogen is cosmopolitan in distribution. The objectives of this study were to identify new sources of anthracnose resistance in a diverse panel of 230 Andean beans comprised of multiple seed types and market classes from the Americas, Africa, and Europe, and explore the genetic basis of this resistance using genome-wide association mapping analysis (GWAS). Twenty-eight of the 230 lines tested were resistant to six out of the eight races screened, but only one cultivar Uyole98 was resistant to all eight races (7, 39, 55, 65, 73, 109, 2047, and 3481) included in the study. Outputs from the GWAS indicated major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance on chromosomes, Pv01, Pv02, and Pv04 and two minor QTL on Pv10 and Pv11. Candidate genes associated with the significant SNPs were detected on all five chromosomes. An independent QTL study was conducted to confirm the physical location of the Co-1 locus identified on Pv01 in an F4:6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Resistance was determined to be conditioned by the single dominant gene Co-1 that mapped between 50.16 and 50.30 Mb on Pv01, and an InDel marker (NDSU_IND_1_50.2219) tightly linked to the gene was developed. The information reported will provide breeders with new and diverse sources of resistance and genomic regions to target in the development of anthracnose resistance in Andean beans. PMID:27270627
10. Characterization of Two Putative Protein Phosphatase Genes and Their Involvement in Phosphorus Efficiency in Phaseolus vulgari
Cui-Yue Liang; Zhi-Jian Chen; Zhu-Fang Yao; Jiang Tian; Hong Liao
2012-01-01
Protein dephosphorylation mediated by protein phosphatases plays a major role in signal transduction of plant responses to environmental stresses.In this study,two putative protein phosphatases,PvPS2:1 and PvPS2:2 were identified and characterized in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).The two PvPS2 members were found to be localized to the plasma membrane and the nucleus by transient expression of PvPS2:GFP in onion epidermal cells.Transcripts of the two PvPS2 genes were significantly increased by phosphate (Pi) starvation in the two bean genotypes,G19833 (a P-efficient genotype) and DOR364 (a P-inefficient genotype).However,G19833 exhibited higher PvPS2:1 expression levels than DOR364 in both leaves and roots during P1 starvation.Increased transcription of PvPS2:1 in response to Pi starvation was further verified through histochemical analysis of PvPS2:1 promoter fusion β-glucuronidase (GUS) in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.Analysis of PvPS2∶1 overexpression lines in bean hairy roots and Arabidopsis showed that PvS2:1 was involved in root growth and P accumulation.Furthermore,expression levels of two P(1) starvation responsive genes were upregulated and the APase activities were enhanced in the overexpressing PvPS2∶1 Arabidopsis lines.Taken together,our results strongly suggested that PvPS2∶1positively regulated plant responses to P1 starvation,and could be further targeted as a candidate gene to improve crop P efficiency.
11. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Seedlings Exposed to Prometryn Herbicide Contaminated Soil Trigger an Oxidative Stress Response.
Boulahia, Kerima; Carol, Pierre; Planchais, Séverine; Abrous-Belbachir, Ouzna
2016-04-27
Herbicides from the family of S-triazines, such as prometryn, have been widely used in crop production and can constitute an environmental pollution in both water and soil. As a valuable crop, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is grown all over the world and could be exposed to such herbicides. We wanted to investigate the possible stress sustained by the common bean growing in prometryn-polluted soil. Two situations were observed: when soil was treated with ≥100 μM prometryn, some, but not all, measured growth parameters were affected in a dose-dependent manner. Growth was reduced, and photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic products were less accumulated when soil was treated with ≥100 μM prometryn. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced had a deleterious effect, as seen by the accumulation of oxidized lipid in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA). Higher prometryn (500 μM) concentrations had a disastrous effect, reducing antioxidant activities. At a low (10 μM) concentration, prometryn increased antioxidant enzymatic activities without affecting plant growth or MDA production. Gene expression of proline metabolism genes and proline accumulation confirm that bean plants respond to a stress according to the prometryn concentration. Physiological responses such as antioxidative enzymes APX, CAT, and the enzyme implicated in the metabolization of xenobiotics, GST, were increased at 10 and 100 μM, which indicated a prevention of deleterious effects of prometryn, suggesting that bean is a suitable material both for herbicide pollution sensing and as a crop on a low level of herbicide pollution. PMID:27019272
12. Effect of Salt Stress on Three Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivars
Anna ASSIMAKOPOULOU
2015-04-01
Full Text Available Agriculture is increasingly forced to utilize marginal waters to meet its increasing demands, which in turn increases the risks of soil salinization and yield reduction in the arid and semi-arid areas of the Mediterranean basin. Given that the bean is an extremely salt sensitive species, the purpose of the present work was to study the effect of 0 and 75 mM sodium chloride (NaCl on leaf characteristics, growth, pod yield and ion accumulation of three green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars (‘Corallo Nano’, ‘Romano Bush Plaja’ and ‘Starazagorski’, widely used in Greece. Plants were grown in a greenhouse of Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese in Messinia, Southern Greece, from April to June 2014, in hydroponics. The experimental design was the factorial completely randomized one with five replications; each replication consisted of the three plants grown on the same rockwool slab. The results of the majority of growth and yield parameters determined showed the superiority of ‘Corallo’ over ‘Romano’ whereas ‘Starazagorski’ tolerance was found to be intermediate. ‘Corallo’ tolerated NaCl salinity better due to its capacity for Na retention in the roots and maintaining appropriate K/Na and Ca/Na ratios, limiting the accumulation of toxic ions into actively growing shoots. The salt sensitivity of ‘Romano’ was related to its higher concentration of Na in the leaves and lower in the roots, to the greater decrease of the leaf number and leaf water content, as well as to the specific leaf area increase compared to the other two cultivars under saline conditions.
13. Genome-Wide Association Study of Anthracnose Resistance in Andean Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Zuiderveen, Grady H.; Padder, Bilal A.; Kamfwa, Kelvin; Song, Qijian; Kelly, James D.
2016-01-01
Anthracnose is a seed-borne disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and the pathogen is cosmopolitan in distribution. The objectives of this study were to identify new sources of anthracnose resistance in a diverse panel of 230 Andean beans comprised of multiple seed types and market classes from the Americas, Africa, and Europe, and explore the genetic basis of this resistance using genome-wide association mapping analysis (GWAS). Twenty-eight of the 230 lines tested were resistant to six out of the eight races screened, but only one cultivar Uyole98 was resistant to all eight races (7, 39, 55, 65, 73, 109, 2047, and 3481) included in the study. Outputs from the GWAS indicated major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance on chromosomes, Pv01, Pv02, and Pv04 and two minor QTL on Pv10 and Pv11. Candidate genes associated with the significant SNPs were detected on all five chromosomes. An independent QTL study was conducted to confirm the physical location of the Co-1 locus identified on Pv01 in an F4:6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Resistance was determined to be conditioned by the single dominant gene Co-1 that mapped between 50.16 and 50.30 Mb on Pv01, and an InDel marker (NDSU_IND_1_50.2219) tightly linked to the gene was developed. The information reported will provide breeders with new and diverse sources of resistance and genomic regions to target in the development of anthracnose resistance in Andean beans. PMID:27270627
14. Transcriptome analysis of salt tolerant common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. under saline conditions.
Mahmut Can Hiz
Full Text Available Salinity is one of the important abiotic stress factors that limit crop production. Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., a major protein source in developing countries, is highly affected by soil salinity and the information on genes that play a role in salt tolerance is scarce. We aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs and related pathways by comprehensive analysis of transcriptomes of both root and leaf tissues of the tolerant genotype grown under saline and control conditions in hydroponic system. We have generated a total of 158 million high-quality reads which were assembled into 83,774 all-unigenes with a mean length of 813 bp and N50 of 1,449 bp. Among the all-unigenes, 58,171 were assigned with Nr annotations after homology analyses. It was revealed that 6,422 and 4,555 all-unigenes were differentially expressed upon salt stress in leaf and root tissues respectively. Validation of the RNA-seq quantifications (RPKM values was performed by qRT-PCR (Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR analyses. Enrichment analyses of DEGs based on GO and KEGG databases have shown that both leaf and root tissues regulate energy metabolism, transmembrane transport activity, and secondary metabolites to cope with salinity. A total of 2,678 putative common bean transcription factors were identified and classified under 59 transcription factor families; among them 441 were salt responsive. The data generated in this study will help in understanding the fundamentals of salt tolerance in common bean and will provide resources for functional genomic studies.
15. Functional specialization of one copy of glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase in ureide production from symbiotically fixed nitrogen in Phaseolus vulgaris.
Coleto, Inmaculada; Trenas, Almudena T; Erban, Alexander; Kopka, Joachim; Pineda, Manuel; Alamillo, Josefa M
2016-08-01
Purines are essential molecules formed in a highly regulated pathway in all organisms. In tropical legumes, the nitrogen fixed in the nodules is used to generate ureides through the oxidation of de novo synthesized purines. Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PRAT) catalyses the first committed step of de novo purine synthesis. In Phaseolus vulgaris there are three genes coding for PRAT. The three full-length sequences, which are intron-less genes, were cloned, and their expression levels were determined under conditions that affect the synthesis of purines. One of the three genes, PvPRAT3, is highly expressed in nodules and protein amount and enzymatic activity in these tissues correlate with nitrogen fixation activity. Inhibition of PvPRAT3 gene expression by RNAi-silencing and subsequent metabolomic analysis of the transformed roots shows that PvPRAT3 is essential for the synthesis of ureides in P. vulgaris nodules. PMID:27004600
16. Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of Landfill leachate on Phaseolus vulgaris L and survival of microorganisms of public health importance
García-Ortiz, Vanessa Ruby
2015-08-01
Full Text Available In landfill, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste generated leachate (LE, a chemical inorganic and organic mix an environmental pollutant to determine by Leachate Pollution Index (LPI. A bioassay could give certainty to its negative effect. To include pathogenic human microorganisms (PHM and mesophilic total aerobic bacteria (MTAB different than fecal and total coliforms would have health value. The objectives of this research were i analyzed the phytotoxicity of leachate on Phaseolus vulgaris and ii to detect in LE the existence of HPM and MATB. A bioassay "in vitro" was made in Petri dishes and Leonard jars using seeds P. vulgaris treated by diluted leachate. The response variables of bioassay were: germination percentage, phenotype: plant height and root length, biomass total: fresh and dry weight of root and plant. Including HPM and MATB detection. Experimental data was analyzed by Tukey p<0.05. The results indicated that LE caused inhibition and/or stimulation on P. vulgaris; Leachate´s phytoxicity was depending on its chemical composition and level dilution, this suggests that toxic effect is due its heavy metals and extreme alkalinity, killing HPM in leachate but not MATB. A bioassay P. vulgaris is useful to define degree of benefical and/or toxicity of LE, and validate LPI. While is important to know the role of HPM in LE and potential environmental biological contamination.
17. Effect of rare earth elements from monazite on growth-vigor and chemical composition of Phaseolus vulgaris
1966-01-01
This investigation deals with the effect of different concentrations of rare earth elements (as monazite extract containing Th, Ce, La, Pr, and Nd in the form of nitrates) on the growth and nutritional status of Phaseolus vulgaris. Phaseolus vulgaris plants were grown in sand cultures to which rare earths were added to supply 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 ppm. Growth of both tops and roots showed a marked response to rare earths application, especially in the development of tops. The addition of rare earths to the culture solution resulted in better development of plant tops and roots up to 5 ppm; above 5 ppm there was less growth but always more than tops and roots of plants grown in culture medium without rare earths. The application of rare earth elements increased the water content of roots, but not of tops, to a maximum at the level of 5 ppm. In response to rare earth elements the dry matter of tops increases more in proportion than does the dry matter of their roots; top/root ratios are, consequently, higher in the presence or rare earths. The application of rare earths increased the nitrogen, potassium, and sodium contents of the experimental plant tops up to a maximum at the level of 5 ppm rare earths. With further increase of rare earths these contents were decreased. The reverse was true with regard to calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus contents.
18. Assesing potential effects of inulin and probiotic bacteria on Fe bioavailability from common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Caco-2 cells
Inulin, a prebiotic, may enhance intestinal Fe absorption. Our objective was to assess the effects of supplemental inulin and two probiotic bacteria (B. infantis and L.acidophillus) on Fe availability to Caco-2 cells from common white and red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Cooked beans were mixed o...
19. Connections of the lateral reticular nucleus to the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat. An anterograde tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin
T.J.H. Ruigrok (Tom); M. Cella (Massimo); J. Voogd
1995-01-01
textabstractEfferent projections from the lateral reticular nucleus in the rat were investigated with anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Besides the well known mossy fibre connections to the cerebellar cortex and collaterals to the cerebellar nuclei, a substantial bilateral
20. Effects of water stress on the photosynthetic assimilation and distribution of 14C-photosynthate in maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
The relationship between photosynthesis and distribution of 14C-photosinthate as affected by water stress was evaluated. Corn (Zea mays L.) during the grain filling period and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) during flowering, representing a C-4 and a C-3 photosynthetic type, respectively, were studied. (M.A.C.)
1. Linkage disequilibrium at the APA insecticidal seed protein locus of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Buendía Héctor F
2010-04-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background An interesting seed protein family with a role in preventing insect herbivory is the multi-gene, APA family encoding the α-amylase inhibitor, phytohemagglutinin and arcelin proteins of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. Variability for this gene family exists and has been exploited to breed for insect resistance. For example, the arcelin locus has been successfully transferred from wild to cultivated common bean genotypes to provide resistance against the bruchid species Zabrotes subfasciatus although the process has been hampered by a lack of genetic tools for and understanding about the locus. In this study, we analyzed linkage disequilibrium (LD between microsatellite markers at the APA locus and bruchid resistance in a germplasm survey of 105 resistant and susceptible genotypes and compared this with LD in other parts of the genome. Results Microsatellite allele diversity was found to vary with each of the eight APA-linked markers analyzed, and two markers within the APA locus were found to be diagnostic for bruchid resistance or susceptibility and for the different arcelin alleles inherited from the wild accessions. Arc1 was found to provide higher levels of resistance than Arc5 and the markers in the APA locus were highly associated with resistance showing that introgression of this gene-family from wild beans provides resistance in cultivated beans. LD around the APA locus was found to be intermediate compared to other regions of the genome and the highest LD was found within the APA locus itself for example between the markers PV-atct001 and PV-ag004. Conclusions We found the APA locus to be an important genetic determinant of bruchid resistance and also found that LD existed mostly within the APA locus but not beyond it. Moderate LD was also found for some other regions of the genome perhaps related to domestication genes. The LD pattern may reflect the introgression of arcelin from the wild into the cultivated
2. Thesis Abstract Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines: chemical composition and protein digestibility.
Mesquita, F R; Silva, M I A; Corrêa, A D
2016-01-01
The bean represents the main source of proteins for the low income populations, although the digestibility of those proteins is relatively low. Consequently, the programs of plant genetic breeding have been working on the search for new lines with higher protein levels. Thus, with the purpose of supplying information to the researchers, in this study, 21 bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines were analyzed for the centesimal and mineral composition, protein digestibility, phenolic compounds, and trypsin inhibitor. The entirely randomized experimental design was used with 21 treatments (lines) and three repetitions. All values were within the following ranges: 22.34 to 36.28 g crude protein/100 g dry matter (DM); 7.56 to 20.91 g neutral detergent fiber/100 g DM; 0.53 to 2.55 g fat/100 g DM and 2.97 to 4.87 g ashes/100 g DM. The levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, in g/100 g DM, varied from 0.45 to 0.72; 1.51 to 2.48; 0.03 to 0.28; 0.18 to 0.34 and 0.28 to 0.45, respectively. Regarding copper, manganese, zinc and iron, the levels, in mg/kg DM, varied from 11.37 to 17.73; 14.93 to 28.90; 36.67 to 69.90 and 71.37 to 126.90, respectively. The in vitro protein digestibility varied from 18.03 to 48.32%. The levels of phenolic compounds varied from 0.28 to 1.08 mg acid tanic/100 g DM and the one of trypsin inhibitor from 59.93 to 151.07 trypsin inhibited units/mg DM. Among the lines with higher protein contents, "ESAL 569" (beige with brown stripe) presented the largest protein digestibility and considerable levels of minerals. "P-180" (beige with brown stripe) was one of the lines with higher crude protein contents and digestibilities, and also presented high levels for most of the minerals. No relation between protein digestibility and the contents of phenolic compounds or trypsin inhibitor was observed. PMID:27173357
3. Genomic Analysis of Storage Protein Deficiency in Genetically Related Lines of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Pandurangan, Sudhakar; Diapari, Marwan; Yin, Fuqiang; Munholland, Seth; Perry, Gregory E; Chapman, B Patrick; Huang, Shangzhi; Sparvoli, Francesca; Bollini, Roberto; Crosby, William L; Pauls, Karl P; Marsolais, Frédéric
2016-01-01
A series of genetically related lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) integrate a progressive deficiency in major storage proteins, the 7S globulin phaseolin and lectins. SARC1 integrates a lectin-like protein, arcelin-1 from a wild common bean accession. SMARC1N-PN1 is deficient in major lectins, including erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (PHA-E) but not α-amylase inhibitor, and incorporates also a deficiency in phaseolin. SMARC1-PN1 is intermediate and shares the phaseolin deficiency. Sanilac is the parental background. To understand the genomic basis for variations in protein profiles previously determined by proteomics, the genotypes were submitted to short-fragment genome sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq 2000/2500 platform. Reads were aligned to reference sequences and subjected to de novo assembly. The results of the analyses identified polymorphisms responsible for the lack of specific storage proteins, as well as those associated with large differences in storage protein expression. SMARC1N-PN1 lacks the lectin genes pha-E and lec4-B17, and has the pseudogene pdlec1 in place of the functional pha-L gene. While the α-phaseolin gene appears absent, an approximately 20-fold decrease in β-phaseolin accumulation is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism converting a G-box to an ACGT motif in the proximal promoter. Among residual lectins compensating for storage protein deficiency, mannose lectin FRIL and α-amylase inhibitor 1 genes are uniquely present in SMARC1N-PN1. An approximately 50-fold increase in α-amylase inhibitor like protein accumulation is associated with multiple polymorphisms introducing up to eight potential positive cis-regulatory elements in the proximal promoter specific to SMARC1N-PN1. An approximately 7-fold increase in accumulation of 11S globulin legumin is not associated with variation in proximal promoter sequence, suggesting that the identity of individual proteins involved in proteome rebalancing might
4. Rhizobium acidisoli sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in acid soils.
Román-Ponce, Brenda; Jing Zhang, Yu; Soledad Vásquez-Murrieta, María; Hua Sui, Xin; Feng Chen, Wen; Carlos Alberto Padilla, Juan; Wu Guo, Xian; Lian Gao, Jun; Yan, Jun; Hong Wei, Ge; Tao Wang, En
2016-01-01
Two Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strains, FH13T and FH23, representing a novel group of Rhizobium isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Mexico, were studied by a polyphasic analysis. Phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed them to be members of the genus Rhizobium related most closely to 'Rhizobium anhuiense' CCBAU 23252 (99.7 % similarity), Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA 2370T (98.6 %), and Rhizobium sophorae CCBAU 03386T and others ( ≤ 98.3 %). In sequence analyses of the housekeeping genes recA, glnII and atpD, both strains formed a subclade distinct from all defined species of the genus Rhizobium at sequence similarities of 82.3-94.0 %, demonstrating that they represented a novel genomic species in the genus Rhizobium. Mean levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between the reference strain FH13T and the type strains of related species varied between 13.0 ± 2.0 and 52.1 ± 1.2 %. The DNA G+C content of strain FH13T was 63.5 mol% (Tm). The major cellular fatty acids were 16 : 0, 17 : 0 anteiso, 18 : 0, summed feature 2 (12 : 0 aldehyde/unknown 10.928) and summed feature 8 (18 : 1ω7c). The fatty acid 17 : 1ω5c was unique for this strain. Some phenotypic features, such as failure to utilize adonitol, l-arabinose, d-fructose and d-fucose, and ability to utilize d-galacturonic acid and itaconic acid as carbon source, could also be used to distinguish strain FH13T from the type strains of related species. Based upon these results, a novel species, Rhizobium acidisoli sp. nov., is proposed, with FH13T ( = CCBAU 101094T = HAMBI 3626T = LMG 28672T) as the type strain. PMID:26530784
5. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on fresh weight pigment and protein content of bean leaf discs (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Canakçi, S
2003-01-01
The effects of 100, 250, and 500 ppm acetylsalicylic acid solutions treatments on weight alteration, pigment and protein amounts in discs from the primary leaves of one month old bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings produced tinder greenhouse conditions are presented. The experiments show that: 100 ppm ASA had no significant influence (P > 0.05) but 250 and 500 ppm ASA caused an increase on weight loss (P 0.05), none of the ASA treatments caused a statistically significant influence on carotenoid amount (P > 0.05); 100 and 250 ppm ASA treatments did not cause a significant influence on protein amount (P > 0.05). however 500 ppm ASA treatment caused an increase on protein injury (P < 0.05). Consequently, it is supposed that wet weight loss, pigment and protein injury have somewhat increased on leaf discs. depending on the toxic effect of high acetylsalicylic acid concentrations. PMID:14711042
6. Effect of cooking on aroma profile of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and correlation with sensory quality.
Mishra, Prashant K; Tripathi, Jyoti; Gupta, Sumit; Variyar, Prasad S
2017-01-15
Volatile aroma compounds of three varieties of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) namely Kashmiri red, Sharmili and Chitra were extracted in raw state using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and cooked state using simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE). During cooking a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the content of several aldehydes, alcohols and terpene hydrocarbons while an increase in content of various sulfurous compounds, terpene alcohols, ketones and pyrazines was noted. Descriptive sensory analysis showed that the maximum intensity of 'kidney bean', 'earthy' and 'smoky' odour was observed in Kashmiri red while Sharmili variety was characterised by 'sulfurous' odour. Correlation of volatile profile data with descriptive sensory analysis and odour activity values clearly established the role of compounds, such as methanethiol, diethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methional and dimethyl trisulfide, in contributing to 'cooked kidney bean' aroma, while dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone and ethyl methyl sulfone were responsible for 'sulfurous' aroma. PMID:27542492
7. Effect of bacterial distribution and activity on conjugal transfer on the phylloplane of the bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Normander, Bo; Christensen, Bjarke Bak; Molin, Søren; Kroer, Niels
1998-01-01
Conjugal plasmid transfer was examined on the phylloplane of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and related to the spatial distribution pattern and metabolic activity of the bacteria. The donor (Pseudomonas putida KT2442) harbored a derivative of the TOL plasmid, which conferred kanamycin resistance and had...... inocula increased by up to eight times (100% RH), followed by a decrease to the initial level after 96 h. The metabolic activity of the bacteria was not rate limiting for conjugation, and no correlation between the two parameters was observed. Apparently, leaf exudates insured that the activity of the...... fluorescent cells. Sterile bean seedlings were inoculated with donors and recipients at densities of approximately 10(5) cells per cm(2). To manipulate the density and metabolic activity (measured by incorporation of [H-3]leucine) of the inoculated bacteria, plants were grown at various relative humidities...
8. Selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes using a genotype plus genotype x environment interaction biplot.
Corrêa, A M; Teodoro, P E; Gonçalves, M C; Santos, A; Torres, F E
2016-01-01
Recently, the genotype plus genotype x environment interaction (GGE) biplot methodology has been used to investigate genotype x environment interactions in several crop species, but has not been applied to the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop in Brazil. The aim of this study was to identify common bean genotypes that exhibit high grain yield and stability in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. We conducted 12 trials from 2000 to 2006 in the municipalities of Aquidauana and Dourados, and evaluated 13 genotypes in a randomized block design with three replications. Grain yield data were subjected to individual and joint analyses of variance. After analyzing the GE interaction, the adaptability and phenotypic stability of the common bean genotypes were analyzed using GGE biplot methodology. The genotypes EMGOPA-201, Xamego, and Aporé are recommended for growing in Mato Grosso do Sul, because they exhibited high grain yield and phenotypic stability. PMID:27525915
9. EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH (APPLE AND PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. (GREEN BEANS
A.Doss
2012-06-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity as well as total phenol (TPC and total flavonoid content (TFC in two fruits, apple (Malus domestica and green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris. The antioxidant activities were examined by two different methods namely DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power scavenging activity. The results showed that considerable amount of TPC and TFC was present in these fruit extracts as well as these vegetables contain a vast array of different phytochemicals in their dry form. Apple showed higher antioxidant activity than green beans. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and carbohydrates & glycosides in all the extracts. Overall, the present results provided basic data for choosing these fruits with high antioxidant capacity for consumption or for the development of antioxidant based medicines as value-added products.
10. Effects of water stress applied at different phenological phases on yield components of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Mouhouche, B.; Ruget, F; Delécolle, R.
1998-01-01
Nos essais ont pour but d’étudier l’effet d’un stress hydrique de même intensité appliqué à différentes phases phénologiques de la période de reproduction, sur les composantes du rendement exprimées en nombre, du haricot nain (Phaseolus vulgaris L, variété Coco de Prague). Afin d’éviter le phénomène de chevauchement des différents organes fructifères, la période de reproduction est divisée en sept phases phénologiques, de la phase bouton floral à la phase de fin remplissage des gousses. Chaqu...
11. Purification and characterization of an alkaline phosphatase induced by phosphorus starvation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) roots
Morales, L.; Gutierrez, N.; Maya, V.; Parra, C.; Martinez B, E.; Coello, P., E-mail: pcoello@servidor.unam.mx [UNAM, Facultad de Quimica, Departamento de Bioquimica, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico D. F. (Mexico)
2012-07-01
Two phosphatase isoforms from roots of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) showed an increase in activity in response to phosphate deficiency. One of them (APIII) was chosen for further purification through ionic exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. The estimated molecular mass of APIII was 35 kDa by both SDS-Page and gel filtration analyses, suggesting a monomeric form of the active enzyme. The phosphatase was classified as an alkaline phosphatase based on the requirement of ph 8 for optimum catalysis. It not only exhibited broad substrate specificity, with the most activity against pyrophosphate, but also effectively catalyzed the hydrolysis of polyphosphate, glucose-1-phosphate and phospho enol-pyruvate. Activity was completely inhibited by molybdate, vanadate and phosphate but was only partially inhibited by fluoride. Although divalent cations were not essential for the pyro phosphatase activity of this enzyme, the hydrolysis of pyro phosphatase increased substantially in the presence of Mg{sup 2+}.
12. Isoenzymes of superoxide dismutase in nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris L. , Pisum sativum L. , and Vigna unguiculata (L. ) Walp
Becana, M.; Paris, F.J.; Sandalio, L.M.; Del Rio, L.A. (IRNA, Salamanca (Spain) Unidad de Bioquimica Vegetal, Granada (Spain))
1989-08-01
The activity and isozymic composition of superoxide dismutase were determined in nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. A Mn-SOD was present in Rhizobium and two in Bradyrhizobium and bacteroids. Nodule mitochondria from all three legume species had a single Mn-SOD with similar relative mobility, whereas the cytosol contained several CuZn-SODs: two in Phaseolus and Pisum, and four in Vigna. In the cytoplasm of V. unguiculata nodules, a Fe-containing SOD was also present, with an electrophoretic mobility between those of CuZn- and Mn-SODs, and an estimated molecular weight of 57,000. Total SOD activity of the soluble fraction of host cells, expressed on a nodule fresh weight basis, exceeded markedly that of bacteroids. Likewise, specific SOD activities of free-living bacteria were superior or equal to those of their symbiotic forms. Soluble extracts of bacteria and bacteroids did not show peroxidase activity, but the nodule cell cytoplasm contained diverse peroxidase isozymes which were readily distinguishable from leghemoglobin components by electrophoresis. Data indicated that peroxidases and leghemoglobins did not significantly interfere with SOD localization on gels. Treatment with chloroform-ethanol scarcely affected the isozymic pattern of SODs and peroxidases, and had limited success in the removal of leghemoglobin.
13. Cloning of theOAT gene and the correlation between its expression and drought tolerance inPhaseolus vulgaris L.
CHEN Ji-bao; CAO Yuan-nan; ZHANG Zhao-yuan; WANG Shu-min; WU Jing; WANG Lan-fen
2016-01-01
Drought stress is a major abiotic stress of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) throughout the world. Increasing the proline accumulation contributes to enhance crop drought tolerance. A cDNA for δ-ornithine aminotransferase (δ-OAT), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proline, was isolated fromPhaseolus vulgaris (PvOAT).PvOAT exhibits 87.4 and 39.8% similarity of the deduced amino acid sequences withδ-OAT fromGlycine maxandVigna aconitifolia, respectively. The transcriptional analysis revealed thatPvOAT was strongly induced by drought stress. And the expression ofPvOAT was higher in leaves than that in the root and stem of common bean by drought stress. Similar increase of the proline accumulation was observed in leaves and roots of common bean by drought stress. Furthermore, the proline content, the PvOAT expression and the PvOAT enzyme activity in cultivar F5575 was signiifcantly (P<0.01) higher than that in cultivar F4851 under drought-stress conditions. Interestingly, it had been observed that, in the later stage of drought stress, the proline steadily maintained at the maximum level maybe result from the PvOAT enzyme activity increasing steadily. These results indicated that the expression ofPvOAT and the accumulation of proline induced by drought stress treatment were related to the degree of common bean drought tolerance. So our results support the view that δ-OAT is associated with proline synthesis under drought stress conditions.
14. Los frijoles (Phaseolus Vulgaris: su aporte a la dieta del costarricense
Ligia Rodríguez-Castillo
2003-09-01
Full Text Available Los frijoles constituyen un alimento básico en la dicta del costarricense. Sin embargo, la cantidad y frecuencia con que se consumen ha venido disminuyendo, sobretodo en la zona urbana. Esta tendencia resulta preocupante, ya que el frijol es fuente de proteínas, hierro vegetal, fibra, ácido fólico, tiamina, potasio, magnesio, y zinc (USDA, 2000. Su aporte a la dieta del costarricense, a pesar de la disminución en su consumo, es importante por su contenido de nutrientes y de fitoquímicos los cuales son de utilidad en la prevención y tratamiento de varias de las patologías que afectan a la población costarricense. La presente revisión, documenta los efectos positivos que algunos nutrientes y otros elementos que aporta el frijol tienen en la prevención y el control de algunas de las enfermedades crónicas que constituyen problemas de salud pública en el país. Se abordan de manera particular la fibra, el ácido fólico y el magnesio. Asimismo, se hace referencia a otras sustancias fitoquímicas, presentes en los frijoles, que constituyen elementos protectores de la salud y que hacen de los frijoles un "alimento funcional". Finalmente, se ofrecen recomendaciones prácticas orientadas a mejorar la digestibilidad de este alimento, de manera que se contribuya a mantener e incrementar su consumo a nivel de los hogares costarricenses.Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris are an important part of the Costa Rican diet. Nevertheless, the amount and the frequency of its consumption has been decreasing over time, especially in the urban areas. This tendency is a concern to those involved in health and nutrition since beans are a source of protein, non-heme iron, fiber, folic acid, thiamin, potassium , magnesium and zinc. The nutritional contribution of beans lo the Costa Rican diet is important in spite of the reduction in consumption. Beans are important because of their nutrient content and the presence of phytochemicals that have been recognized as part of
15. Standardization of a rearing procedure of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): plant age and harvest time; Padronizacao da criacao de Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris): idade da planta e tempo de colheita
Bustos, Alexander; Cantor, Fernando; Cure, Jose R; Rodriguez, Daniel [Universidade Militar Nueva Granada, Bogota (Colombia). Facutad de Ciencias. Programa de Biologia Aplicada], e-mail: fernando.cantor@unimilitar.edu.co
2009-09-15
A rearing technique was standardized to produce Tetranychus urticae Koch on Phaseolus vulgaris (ICA Cerinza variety) as a prey of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. Two assays were conducted to assess the following variables: the most suitable plant age for mite infestation, and the best time to harvest the mites and re infest the plants. In the first experiment, four, five, six, and seven-week-old plants of P. vulgaris were infested with six T. urticae per foliole. The lower plant stratum exhibited the largest number of mites regardless of plant age. However, four-week old plants had the larger average number of individuals. In the second experiment four-week-old plants were infested with 0.5 female mite/cm{sup 2} of leaf. The number of individuals per instar of T. urticae was recorded weekly. The highest mite production occurred between four and five weeks after infestation, indicating this to be the most suitable for mite harvesting and for plant reinfestation. (author)
16. Effects of water deficit and rehydration on the polar lipid and membranes resistance leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pérola
Raimundo Rômulo Martins Júnior; Micheline Soares Costa Oliveira; Maria Ary Baccache; Fernando Monteiro de Paula
2008-01-01
Bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Pérola were used to evaluate the water deficit effects in polar lipids composition and in the electric conductivity. The results showed that the water deficiency a effected in the electrolytes loss which increased gradually in response to water deficit. This suggested a compartimentalization loss, due to the structural cellular membranes elements degradation. Total lipids contents decreased by reason of the water stress action. The polyunsaturated fatty...
17. Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Two Cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to Application of Organic Fertilizers and Nile Compost in Sandy Soil
Abbas, Salwa Mohamed; Latif, Hanan Helmy; Magdy, Nora
2013-01-01
Aims: The present work aims to stimulate some physiological changes in the plants using organic fertilizer and compost by enhancing some compounds such as total amino acids and phytohormones in two cultivars of bean. Study Design: The pots of the (Phaseolus vulgaris) L. cv. bronco were divided into 7 subgroups they will be prepared as in the seven treatments via1- control , Nile compost ,compost and rice straw , compost and maize stalks , rice straw and maize stalks , rice straw , maize stalk...
18. Connections of the lateral reticular nucleus to the lateral vestibular nucleus in the rat. An anterograde tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin
Ruigrok, Tom; Cella, Massimo; Voogd, J.
1995-01-01
textabstractEfferent projections from the lateral reticular nucleus in the rat were investigated with anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Besides the well known mossy fibre connections to the cerebellar cortex and collaterals to the cerebellar nuclei, a substantial bilateral projection to the lateral vestibular nucleus was found. Terminal arborizations found within this nucleus appeared to detach from the reticulocerebellar fibres in the cerebellar white matter and en...
19. Desinfección de semilla de judía (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tipo granja asturiana con antifúngicos y antibacterianos
González, A.J. (Ana)
2010-01-01
Several disinfectant products for bean seeds (visually with and without desease symptoms)of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were evaluated in order to obtain healthy bean seeds to be used for sowing. the products tested as fungicides were general disinfectants (bleach, oxygenated water) and specific fungicides (captan, thiram,...) and as antibacterials (kasugamycin-copper, estreptomycin and copac E). the efficacy assays were carried out in the laboratory and then contrasted with field work. The disinfe...
20. Genetic control of the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Scrib. reaction and corona color in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Mendonça H.A. de; Santos J.B. dos; Ramalho M.A.P.; Ferreira D.F.
1998-01-01
An important trait for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars with Carioca type grain is resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, which causes anthracnose and a pale corona. The present study was conducted to understand the genetic control of common bean reaction to the fungus and of the corona color, to provide guides to future breeding studies. Genotypes P-45, with brown corona, and EMGOPA 201-Ouro, with yellow corona, are resistant to C. lindemuthianum. Cultivar Carioca is susce...
1. Determinación de las relaciones genéticas en 24 accesiones de frijol común (phaseolus vulgaris)
Gutiérrez C., Martha Leticia; Ligarreto M., Gustavo; Martínez W., Orlando; Reyes C., Luz Marina
2011-01-01
Se caracterizaron 24 accesiones de Phaseolus vulgaris L., de las cuales 21 son de origen andino y tres mesoamericanas. Dentro de los materiales andinos, se incluyeron variedades mejoradas y cultivariedades regionales, procedentes de diversas zonas agroecológicas de Colombia. Para la caracterización, se utilizaron 22 sistemas isoenzimáticos, ocho de los cuales mostraron buena resolución y fueron seleccionados como marcadores bioquímicos del estudio. Seis enzimas revelaron polimorfismos: Ester...
2. Gene-based SNP discovery in tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common bean (P. vulgaris) for diversity analysis and comparative mapping
Gujaria-Verma, Neha; Ramsay, Larissa; Sharpe, Andrew G; Sanderson, Lacey-Anne; Daniel G. Debouck; Tar’an, Bunyamin; Bett, Kirstin E.
2016-01-01
Background Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important grain legume and there has been a recent resurgence in interest in its relative, tepary bean (P. acutifolius), owing to this species’ ability to better withstand abiotic stresses. Genomic resources are scarce for this minor crop species and a better knowledge of the genome-level relationship between these two species would facilitate improvement in both. High-throughput genotyping has facilitated large-scale single nucleotide polymor...
3. Bacterial indole-3-acetic acid production: a key mediator of plant-microbe interactions between Phaseolus vulgaris and the foliar epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans 299R
Powell, Tracy Kathleen
2011-01-01
The phyllosphere epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans 299R synthesizes indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an important plant hormone. IAA production was previously shown to confer a small but significant fitness advantage to Pa299R cells inoculated onto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves, but the mechanism by which bacterial IAA exerts this effect is unknown. In this work, we investigated several hypotheses regarding how bacterial IAA enhances the growth and survival of leaf epiphytic microbes such as Pa299R....
4. Long-Term Fungal Inhibitory Activity of Water-Soluble Extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto and Sourdough Lactic Acid Bacteria during Bread Storage▿
Coda, Rossana; Rizzello, Carlo G.; Nigro, Franco; De Angelis, Maria; Arnault, Philip; Gobbetti, Marco
2008-01-01
The antifungal activity of proteinaceous compounds from different food matrices was investigated. In initial experiments, water-soluble extracts of wheat sourdoughs, cheeses, and vegetables were screened by agar diffusion assays with Penicillium roqueforti DPPMAF1 as the indicator fungus. Water-soluble extracts of sourdough fermented with Lactobacillus brevis AM7 and Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto were selected for further study. The crude water-soluble extracts of L. brevis AM7 sourdough and P...
5. Syntenic relationships among legumes revealed using a gene-based genetic linkage map of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
McConnell, Melody; Mamidi, Sujan; Lee, Rian; Chikara, Shireen; Rossi, Monica; Papa, Roberto; McClean, Phillip
2010-10-01
Molecular linkage maps are an important tool for gene discovery and cloning, crop improvement, further genetic studies, studies on diversity and evolutionary history, and cross-species comparisons. Linkage maps differ in both the type of marker and type of population used. In this study, gene-based markers were used for mapping in a recombinant inbred (RI) population of Phaseolus vulgaris L. P. vulgaris, common dry bean, is an important food source, economic product, and model organism for the legumes. Gene-based markers were developed that corresponded to genes controlling mutant phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana, genes undergoing selection during domestication in maize, and genes that function in a biochemical pathway in A. thaliana. Sequence information, including introns and 3' UTR, was generated for over 550 genes in the two genotypes of P. vulgaris. Over 1,800 single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels were found, 300 of which were screened in the RI population. The resulting LOD 2.0 map is 1,545 cM in length and consists of 275 gene-based and previously mapped core markers. An additional 153 markers that mapped at LOD <1.0 were placed in genetic bins. By screening the parents of other mapping populations, it was determined that the markers were useful for other common Mesoamerican × Andean mapping populations. The location of the mapped genes relative to their homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana (At), Medicago truncatula (Mt), and Lotus japonicus (Lj) were determine by using a tblastx analysis with the current psedouchromosome builds for each of the species. While only short blocks of synteny were observed with At, large-scale macrosyntenic blocks were observed with Mt and Lj. By using Mt and Lj as bridging species, the syntenic relationship between the common bean and peanut was inferred. PMID:20607211
6. Physiological and sanity seed quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. from Goias state / Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L. provenientes do estado de Goiás
Myrna Hilal Moraes
2008-08-01
Full Text Available The common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a fabacea sufficiently spread out in all domestic territory. However, the quality of its seeds represents one of the main causes of low productivity in the beans farmings in Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate physiological and sanitary seed qualities of eleven bean cultivars. The physiological seed quality was evaluated trough standard germination and vigor tests. The sanitary seed quality was evaluated through two tests: blotter test was employed to evaluate fungi incidence and “Koch & Menten” method was employed to observe Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib de Bary occurrence. Xamego, BRS Valente, Bambu and Pérola had the best results of physiological tests. Jalo Precoce, Roxo 90, Corrente and Aporé had no good results of vigor and germination, besides presenting the lowest indices of died seeds. Fusarium sp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp., Rhizopus sp. and Botrytis sp. were the fungi detected in the sanity tests.O feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L. é uma fabacea bastante difundida em todo território nacional. A baixa qualidade de suas sementes representa uma das principais causas de baixa produtividade nas lavouras de feijão no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de nove cultivares de feijão provenientes do Estado de Goiás. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada através dos testes de germinação e vigor, e a análise sanitária, através dos métodos de papel de filtro, para verificar a ocorrência de fungos em geral, e do método de Koch e Menten, para a avaliação de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib de Bary. As cultivares que tiveram os melhores desempenhos nos testes fisiológicos foram Xamego, BRS Radiante, Bambu e Pérola. As cultivares Jalo Precoce, Roxo 90, Corrente e Aporé apresentaram baixos índices de vigor e germinação de plântulas normais, além de apresentarem os maiores
7. Algunos indicadores morfológicos y bioquímicos de cinco variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. bajo condiciones de sequía. Some morphologic and biochemical markers of five varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under drought stress
Nelly Marlene Mita Poma
2012-06-01
8. The Protective Effect of Phaseolus Vulgaris on Cataract in Type 2 Diabetes: A Profitable Hypothesis
Longo-Mbenza, Benjamin; Muaka, MoiseMvitu
2013-01-01
The pathophysiology of major ocular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Bantu is not well understood. Several studies have been conducted to determine the basic reasons of visual deficiencies (VD) (blindness, visual impairment, and ocular eye diseases) in T2DM among Bantu from Central Africa. The quality of dietary intake was assessed in patients along with other ophthalmological assessments for diabetic retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and macular edema. Beans (Phaseolus v...
9. Culinary and nutritional quality of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds as affected by environmental factors
Kigel J.
1999-01-01
Efficient selection for specific culinary and nutritional quality traits needs a better understanding of the genetic and environmental control of quality traits at the structural, physiological and biochemical levels. Field experiments indicate great variability in the Phaseolus gene pool regarding the content of antinutritional compounds, as well as in cooking characteristics of the seeds. These seed attributes are strongly affected by geographic location, edaphic and climatic conditions at ...
10. ISOENZYMATIC POLYMORPHISM AND ACTIVITY OF PEROXIDASES OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L. UNDER SALINE STRESS
F. BROETTO
1997-09-01
11. Analysis of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., genotype BAT93 calmodulin cDNA using computational tools
Kassim Amelia
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Background: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. is an important part of the human diet and serves as a source of natural products. Identification and understanding of genes in P. vulgaris is important for its improvement. Characterization of expressed sequence tags (ESTs is one of the approaches in understanding the expressed genes. For the understanding of genes expression in P. vulgaris pod-tissue, research work of ESTs generation was initiated by constructing cDNA libraries using 5-day and 20-day old bean-pod-tissues. Altogether, 5972 cDNA clones were isolated to have ESTs. While processing ESTs, we found a transcript for calmodulin (CaM gene. It is an important gene that encodes for a calcium-binding protein and known to express in all eukaryotic cells. Hence, this study was undertaken to analyse and annotate it. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze and annotate P. vulgaris CaM (PvCaM gene cDNA and its deduced protein (amino acids sequence. Materials and Methods: Both strands of PvCaM cDNA clone were sequenced using M13 forward and reverse primer to elucidate the nucleotide sequence. The cDNA sequence and deduced protein sequence were analyzed and annotated using bioinformatics tools available online. The secondary structures and three-dimensional (3D structure of PvCaM protein were predicted using the Phyre automatic fold recognition server. Results: Results showed that PvCaM cDNA is 818 bp in length. The cDNA analysis results showed that it contains an open reading frame that encodes for 149 amino acid residues. The deduced protein sequence analysis results showed the presence of conserved domains required for CaM function. The predicted secondary structures and 3D structure are analogous to the Solanum tuberosum CaM. Conclusions: This study analyzed and annotated PvCaM cDNA and protein. However, in order to obtain a complete understanding of PvCaM protein, further study on its expression, structure and regulation is
12. Analysis of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., genotype BAT93) calmodulin cDNA using computational tools
Amelia, Kassim; Singh, Jasvin; Shah, Farida Habib; Bhore, Subhash J.
2015-01-01
Background: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important part of the human diet and serves as a source of natural products. Identification and understanding of genes in P. vulgaris is important for its improvement. Characterization of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is one of the approaches in understanding the expressed genes. For the understanding of genes expression in P. vulgaris pod-tissue, research work of ESTs generation was initiated by constructing cDNA libraries using 5-day and 20-day old bean-pod-tissues. Altogether, 5972 cDNA clones were isolated to have ESTs. While processing ESTs, we found a transcript for calmodulin (CaM) gene. It is an important gene that encodes for a calcium-binding protein and known to express in all eukaryotic cells. Hence, this study was undertaken to analyse and annotate it. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze and annotate P. vulgaris CaM (PvCaM) gene cDNA and its deduced protein (amino acids) sequence. Materials and Methods: Both strands of PvCaM cDNA clone were sequenced using M13 forward and reverse primer to elucidate the nucleotide sequence. The cDNA sequence and deduced protein sequence were analyzed and annotated using bioinformatics tools available online. The secondary structures and three-dimensional (3D) structure of PvCaM protein were predicted using the Phyre automatic fold recognition server. Results: Results showed that PvCaM cDNA is 818 bp in length. The cDNA analysis results showed that it contains an open reading frame that encodes for 149 amino acid residues. The deduced protein sequence analysis results showed the presence of conserved domains required for CaM function. The predicted secondary structures and 3D structure are analogous to the Solanum tuberosum CaM. Conclusions: This study analyzed and annotated PvCaM cDNA and protein. However, in order to obtain a complete understanding of PvCaM protein, further study on its expression, structure and regulation is essential. PMID
13. Intra- and interchromosomal rearrangements between cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) revealed by BAC-FISH.
Vasconcelos, Emanuelle Varão; de Andrade Fonsêca, Artur Fellipe; Pedrosa-Harand, Andrea; de Andrade Bortoleti, Kyria Cilene; Benko-Iseppon, Ana Maria; da Costa, Antônio Félix; Brasileiro-Vidal, Ana Christina
2015-06-01
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an annual legume grown in tropical and subtropical regions, which is economically relevant due to high protein content in dried beans, green pods, and leaves. In this work, a comparative cytogenetic study between V. unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) was conducted using BAC-FISH. Sequences previously mapped in P. vulgaris chromosomes (Pv) were used as probes in V. unguiculata chromosomes (Vu), contributing to the analysis of macrosynteny between both legumes. Thirty-seven clones from P. vulgaris 'BAT93' BAC library, corresponding to its 11 linkage groups, were hybridized in situ. Several chromosomal rearrangements were identified, such as translocations (between BACs from Pv1 and Pv8; Pv2 and Pv3; as well as Pv2 and Pv11), duplications (BAC from Pv3), as well as paracentric and pericentric inversions (BACs from Pv3, and Pv4, respectively). Two BACs (from Pv2 and Pv7), which hybridized at terminal regions in almost all P. vulgaris chromosomes, showed single-copy signal in Vu. Additionally, 17 BACs showed no signal in V. unguiculata chromosomes. The present results demonstrate the feasibility of using BAC libraries in comparative chromosomal mapping and karyotype evolution studies between Phaseolus and Vigna species, and revealed several macrosynteny and collinearity breaks among both legumes. PMID:25634499
14. The bio-positive effects of diagnostic doses of X-rays on growth of phaseolus-vulgaris plant
Mortazavi, S.M.J.; Mehdipour, L.A.; Behnejad, B.B. [Rafsanjan Univ. of Medical Sciences (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
2006-07-01
15. Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Exhibiting High Variability Showed Antimicrobial Activity and Quorum Sensing Inhibition.
Lopes, Ralf Bruno Moura; Costa, Leonardo Emanuel de Oliveira; Vanetti, Maria Cristina Dantas; de Araújo, Elza Fernandes; de Queiroz, Marisa Vieira
2015-10-01
Endophytic bacteria play a key role in the biocontrol of phytopathogenic microorganisms. In this study, genotypic diversity was analyzed via repetitive element PCR (rep-PCR) of endophytic isolates of the phylum Actinobacteria that were previously collected from leaves of cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Considerable variability was observed, which has not been reported previously for this phylum of endophytic bacteria of the common bean. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts from cultures of various isolates inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria in vitro, especially Gram-positive pathogens. Extracts from cultures of Microbacterium testaceum BAC1065 and BAC1093, which were both isolated from the 'Talismã' cultivar, strongly inhibited most of the pathogenic bacteria tested. Bean endophytic bacteria were also demonstrated to have the potential to inhibit the quorum sensing of Gram-negative bacteria. This mechanism may regulate the production of virulence factors in pathogens. The ability to inhibit quorum sensing has also not been reported previously for endophytic microorganisms of P. vulgaris. Furthermore, M. testaceum with capacity to inhibit quorum sensing appears to be widespread in common bean. The genomic profiles of M. testaceum were also analyzed via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and greater differentiation was observed using this method than rep-PCR; in general, no groups were formed based on the cultivar of origin. This study showed for the first time that endophytic bacteria from common bean plants exhibit high variability and may be useful for the development of strategies for the biological control of diseases in this important legume plant. PMID:26202846
16. Low Soil Phosphorus Availability Increases Acid Phosphatases Activities and Affects P Partitioning in Nodules, Seeds and Rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris
Jean-Jacques Drevon
2012-06-01
Full Text Available The effect of phosphorus (P deficiency on phosphatases activities in N2-fixing legumes has been widely studied in hydroponic culture. However, the response of acid phosphatase (APase and phytase in rhizosphere, nodules and seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris to low soil’s P-availability is not yet fully understood. In this study, six genotypes of N2-fixing P. vulgaris were grown under contrasting soil P-availabilities; i.e., low (4.3 mg P kg−1 and sufficient (16.7 mg P kg−1 in the Haouz region of Morocco. At flowering and maturity stages, plants were harvested and analyzed for their phosphatases activities, growth and P content. Results show that, low P decreased nodulation, growth, P uptake and N accumulation in all the genotypes, but to a greater extent in the sensitive recombinant inbreed line 147. In addition, while seed P content was slightly reduced under low P soil; a higher P was noticed in the Flamingo and Contender large seeded-beans (6.15 to 7.11 mg g−1. In these latter genotypes, high APase and phytase activities in seeds and nodules were associated with a significant decline in rhizosphere’s available P. APase activity was mainly stimulated in nodules, whereas phytase activity was highly induced in seeds (77%. In conclusion, the variations of APase and phytase activities in nodules and seeds depend on genotype and can greatly influence the internal utilization of P, which might result in low P soil tolerance in N2-fixing legumes.
17. The characterization of a new set of EST-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR markers as a resource for the genetic analysis of Phaseolus vulgaris
Borba Tereza CO
2011-05-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Over recent years, a growing effort has been made to develop microsatellite markers for the genomic analysis of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris to broaden the knowledge of the molecular genetic basis of this species. The availability of large sets of expressed sequence tags (ESTs in public databases has given rise to an expedient approach for the identification of SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats, specifically EST-derived SSRs. In the present work, a battery of new microsatellite markers was obtained from a search of the Phaseolus vulgaris EST database. The diversity, degree of transferability and polymorphism of these markers were tested. Results From 9,583 valid ESTs, 4,764 had microsatellite motifs, from which 377 were used to design primers, and 302 (80.11% showed good amplification quality. To analyze transferability, a group of 167 SSRs were tested, and the results showed that they were 82% transferable across at least one species. The highest amplification rates were observed between the species from the Phaseolus (63.7%, Vigna (25.9%, Glycine (19.8%, Medicago (10.2%, Dipterix (6% and Arachis (1.8% genera. The average PIC (Polymorphism Information Content varied from 0.53 for genomic SSRs to 0.47 for EST-SSRs, and the average number of alleles per locus was 4 and 3, respectively. Among the 315 newly tested SSRs in the BJ (BAT93 X Jalo EEP558 population, 24% (76 were polymorphic. The integration of these segregant loci into a framework map composed of 123 previously obtained SSR markers yielded a total of 199 segregant loci, of which 182 (91.5% were mapped to 14 linkage groups, resulting in a map length of 1,157 cM. Conclusions A total of 302 newly developed EST-SSR markers, showing good amplification quality, are available for the genetic analysis of Phaseolus vulgaris. These markers showed satisfactory rates of transferability, especially between species that have great economic and genomic values. Their diversity
18. Agro-morphological evaluation of some exotic common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) genotypes under rainfed conditions of islamabad, pakistan
Thirteen exotic and local genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated for various agronomic and morphological characters under rainfed conditions of Islamabad, Pakistan during February-May, 2010. Significant differences were found among genotypes for grain yield plant-1, 100-seeds weight, seeds pod-1 and pods plant-1. Local Kashmir excelled all genotypes in grain yield (24.5 g plant-1) while minimum yield (1 g plant-1) was also produced by indigenous cultivar Local Balakot. Exotic cultivars differ significantly for grain yield with maximum 11.4 g plant-1 for Ducato and minimum 1.2 g plant-1 in case of Varigated and 2a-(GB 44004.1-1999). Non significant differences among genotypes were observed for days to maturity. The correlation coefficients illustrate the positive and significant association of grain yield with flowering duration, number of pods-1, and number of seeds plant-1, therefore, these traits should be considered for genetic improvement through selection. Cluster analysis based on different agromorphic parameters revealed important classification regarding genetic diversity for studied traits among genotype. Local Kashmir and Ducato were proved best among indigenous and exotic genotypes, respectively. The genotypes with high grain yield, biological yield and 100-seed weight were grouped into same clusters and these genotypes could prove useful resources for common bean genetic improvement program through hybridization and as direct introduction after further evaluation in different agro-ecological zones of the country especially in the mountainous areas. (author)
19. UV-induced peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase activity and phaseollin accumulation in leaves of Phaseolus Vulgaris in relation to ethylene
Attached or detached leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were irradiated with short-wave UV light (254 nm) which resulted in increased ethylene production, increased activity of soluble and ionically bound peroxidase, increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and an accumulation of phaseollin, accompanied by bronzing of these leaves. In order to evaluate the role of ethylene in this process, plants were pretreated with 0.5 mM aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, or with 0.45 mM 5-methyl-7-chloro-4-ethoxycarboxylmethoxy-2,1,3-benzothiodiazole (DU), a presumed inhibitor of ethylene action. Both compounds showed an inhibitory effect on UV-induced ethylene production. DU stimulated UV-induced peroxidase activity, whereas AVG seemed to decrease UV-induced peroxidase activity. DU and AVG had only a weak inhibitory effect on UV-induced PAL activity. Both compounds retarded slightly the accumulation of phaseollin and the appearance of necrotic symptoms in UV-irradiated bean leaves. Ethephon treatment (500 or 1000 ppm) failed to induce the accumulation of phaseollin in attached or detached leaves of bean. The role of ethylene in UV-induced peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and accumulation of phaseollin in bean leaves is discussed. (author)
20. Interaction between cadmium and iron. Accumulation and distribution of metals and changes in growth parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings
Anna Siedlecka
2014-02-01
Full Text Available The interaction between cadmium, one of the most toxic heavy metals, and iron, an essential plant nutritional element, was investigated in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. Słowianka seedlings. The interaction was externally induced by changing the content of both metals in the nutrient medium. Under iron deficiency conditions (0 and 0.5 of normal dose of this element, the toxic effects of cadmium on plant growth parameters, like fresh and dry weight accumulation, primary leaves area, etc., were generally much more pronounced than under normal iron supply. At normal and excess iron supply (1, 2 and 4 doses cadmium diminished iron accumulation in roots and primary leaves, but on the other hand excess iron decreased cadmium level, preventing plants from extreme toxicity of very high cadmium concentrations in the growth environment. It is to be noted that iron is classified also as a heavy metal, and its excess may become toxic, e.g. decreasing root dry weight or diminishing leaf area, especially at the highest dose. The detoxication role of iron against cadmium, and possibly other toxic metals is, however, limited to concentrations of this element in the nutrient solution which themselves are not toxic for the organism.
1. Changes in the functional properties and antinutritional factors of extruded hard-to-cook common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.).
Batista, Karla A; Prudêncio, Sandra H; Fernandes, Kátia F
2010-04-01
The biochemical and functional properties of 2 hard-to-cook common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) were investigated after the extrusion process. Beans of BRS pontal and BRS grafite cultivars were milled and extruded at 150 degrees C, with a compression ratio screw of 3 : 1, 5-mm die, and screw speed of 150 rpm. Extrudate flours were evaluated for water solubility (WS), water absorption index (WAI), oil absorption capacity (OAC), foaming capacity (FC), emulsifying activity (EA), antinutritional factors, and in vitro protein and starch digestibility. Results indicated that the extrusion significantly decreased antinutrients such as phytic acid, lectin, alpha-amylase, and trypsin inhibitors, reduced the emulsifying capacity and eliminated the FC in both BRS pontal and BRS grafite cultivars. In addition, the WS, WAI, and in vitro protein and starch digestibility were improved by the extrusion process. These results indicate that it is possible to produce new extruded products with good functional and biochemical properties from these common bean cultivars. PMID:20492281
2. The Response of Some Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Varieties for Salt Stress during Germination and Seedling Stage
Kinfemichael Geressu Asfaw
2011-07-01
Full Text Available Fourteen haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris varieties were tested during germination and seedling growth at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 dS/m salinity levels. Data analysis was carried out using jmp5 statistical software (version 5.0. Final Germination Percentage (FGP, Seedling Shoot Length (SSL, Seedling Root Length (SRL and seedling shoot-to-root ratio (SRR were measured. The data analysis showed insignificant variation among most parameters recorded for varieties (p>0.05. The ANOVA displayed statistical significance for treatments for all parameters at p0.05. Seedling root length was more salt affected than seedling shoot length. Variety Awash Melka was found salt tolerant during germination and seedling growth. Variety Mexican 142 was salt sensitive during germination but later became salt tolerant during seedling growth. On the other hand, variety Dimtu was salt sensitive during germination and seedling growth. The rest haricot bean varieties were intermediate in their salt tolerance. The study affirmed the presence of broad intraspecific genetic variation in haricot bean varieties for salt tolerance. Irrespective of salinity being a growing problem in Ethiopia in general and the Awash Valley in particular, only little has been done on crops salt tolerance. Therefore, to alleviate the salinity problem, there should be similar and profound studies on haricot beans and other crops.
3. Effect of Dehydration Conditions on the Chemical, Physical, and Rehydration Properties of Instant Whole Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Azufrado
Juan Alberto Resendiz Vazquez
2015-01-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dehydration conditions on the chemical, physical, and rehydration properties of instant whole beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Azufrado using a 22 factorial design (air temperature: 25°C and 30°C, air velocity: 0.5 m/s and 1.0 m/s. To determine the kinetic parameters, the rehydration data were fitted to three models: Peleg’s, First Order, and Sigmoid. The protein, fat, and ash contents of the beans were not significantly affected (P>0.05 by the dehydration conditions. Of the 11 physical properties of the instant whole beans, only water activity and splitting were significantly affected by dehydration conditions (P0.05 between the observed and predicted equilibrium moisture contents of the instant whole beans. Regarding the rehydration kinetics for the instant whole beans, the activation energy values ranged from 23.56 kJ/mol to 30.48 kJ/mol, depending on the dehydration conditions. The dehydration conditions had no significant effect (P>0.05 on the rehydration properties of instant whole beans.
4. Trypsin Isoinhibitors with Antiproliferative Activity toward Leukemia Cells from Phaseolus vulgaris cv “White Cloud Bean”
Jian Sun
2010-01-01
Full Text Available A purification protocol that comprised ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose, and gel filtration by FPLC on Superdex 75 was complied to isolate two trypsin inhibitors from Phaseolus vulgaris cv “White Cloud Bean”. Both trypsin inhibitors exhibited a molecular mass of 16 kDa and reduced the activity of trypsin with an IC50 value of about 0.6 M. Dithiothreitol attenuated the trypsin inhibitory activity, signifying that an intact disulfide bond is indispensable to the activity. [Methyl-3H] thymidine incorporation by leukemia L1210 cells was inhibited with an IC50 value of 28.8 M and 21.5 M, respectively. They were lacking in activity toward lymphoma MBL2 cells and inhibitory effect on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and fungal growth when tested up to 100 M.
5. Histological anomalies in stems of common and runner beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Ph. coccineus L. treated with pendimenthalin
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
2014-02-01
Full Text Available Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'Augustynka' and 'Złota Saxa' and runner beans (Ph. coccineus L. 'Blanka' and 'Eureka' were seeded on loess-like soil containing 1.6% of organic matter, and sprayed with pendimethalin at the dose of 1650 g•ha-1 ' immediately after seeding in the middle of May. The herbicide inhibited shoot growth and caused enlargement of the stem at the soil level. Observations made in light and scanning electron microscope showed that in the swollen parts of the stem, the diameter of cortical parenchyma cells was bigger, the thickness of phloem layer was irregular, phloem fibers were less lignified, and the xylem cylinder was asymmetrical. In stems of 'Augustynka', 'Złota Saxa' and 'Eureka' cultivars, the thickness of secondary xylem and the diameter of vessels were reduced. Some vessels and tracheids were positioned transversely and obliquely to the stem axis and had an arched shape. Cell walls were less lignified and had a smaller number of pits. The largest number of histological anomalies was found in stems of the 'Augustynka' and 'Złota Saxa' cultivars.
6. Genetic Dissection of ICP-Detected Nutrient Accumulation in the Whole Seed of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Blair, Matthew Wohlgemuth; Wu, Xingbo; Bhandari, Devendra; Astudillo, Carolina
2016-01-01
Nutrient transport to grain legume seeds is not well studied and can benefit from modern methods of elemental analysis including spectroscopic techniques. Some cations such as potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) are needed for plant physiological purposes. Meanwhile, some minerals such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) are important micronutrients. Phosphorus (P) is rich in legumes, while sulfur (S) concentration is related to essential amino acids. In this research, the goal was to analyze a genetic mapping population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometry to determine concentrations of and to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 15 elements in ground flour of whole seeds. The population was grown in randomized complete block design experiments that had been used before to analyze Fe and Zn. A total of 21 QTL were identified for nine additional elements, of which four QTL were found for Cu followed by three each for Mg, Mn, and P. Fewer QTL were found for K, Na and S. Boron (B) and calcium (Ca) had only one QTL each. The utility of the QTL for breeding adaptation to element deficient soils and association with previously discovered nutritional loci are discussed. PMID:27014282
7. Genetic dissection of ICP-detected nutrient accumulation in the whole seed of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L..
Matthew W. Blair
2016-03-01
Full Text Available Nutrient transport to grain legume seeds is not well studied and can benefit from modern methods of elemental analysis including spectroscopic techniques. Some cations such as potassium (K and magnesium (Mg are needed for plant physiological purposes. Meanwhile, some minerals such as copper (Cu, iron (Fe, molybdenum (Mo and zinc (Zn are important micronutrients. Phosphorus (P is rich in legumes, while sulfur (S concentration is related to essential amino acids. In this research, the goal was to analyze a genetic mapping population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. with inductively coupled plasma (ICP spectrophotometry to determine concentrations of and to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL for 15 elements in ground flour of whole seeds. The population was grown in randomized complete block design experiments that had been used before to analyze Fe and Zn. A total of 21 QTL were identified for 9 additional elements, of which four QTL were found for Cu followed by three each for Mg, Mn and P. Fewer QTL were found for K, Na and S. Boron (B and calcium (Ca had only one QTL each. The utility of the QTL for breeding adaptation to element deficient soils and association with previously discovered nutritional loci are discussed.
8. Breeding for culinary and nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. in intercropping systems with maize (Zea mays L.
Rodino A.P.
1999-01-01
Full Text Available Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. is widely intercropped with maize (Zea mays L. in the North of Spain. Breeding beans for multiple cropping systems is important for the development of a productive and sustainable agriculture, and is mainly oriented to minimize intercrop competition and to stabilize complementarity with maize. Most agricultural research on intercropping to date has focused on the agronomic and overall yield effects of the different species, but characters related with socio-economic and food quality aspects are also important. The effect of intercropping beans with maize on food seed quality traits was studied for thirty-five bush bean varieties under different environments in Galicia (Northwestern Spain. Parameters determining Asturian (Northern Spain white bean commercial and culinary quality have also been evaluated in fifteen accessions. There are significant differences between varieties in the selected cropping systems (sole crop, intercrop with field maize and intercrop with sweet maize for dry and soaked seed weight, coat proportion, crude protein, crude fat and moisture. Different white bean accessions have been chosen according to their culinary quality. Under these environmental conditions it appears that intercropping systems with sweet maize give higher returns than sole cropping system. It is also suggested that the culinary and nutritional quality potential of some white bean accessions could be the base material in a breeding programme the objectives of which are to develop varieties giving seeds with high food quality.
9. Seed-borne fungi and ochratoxin A contamination of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Republic of Croatia.
Domijan, A-M; Peraica, M; Zlender, V; Cvjetković, B; Jurjević, Z; Topolovec-Pintarić, S; Ivić, D
2005-03-01
The study was designed to identify seed-borne fungi on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crops grown in 13 counties of the Republic of Croatia and their association with ochratoxin A (OTA) production. Bean samples (N=45) were collected in Croatia in 2001 shortly after the harvest and were stored at -20 degrees C for mycological and mycotoxin analyses. The most common fungi isolated were Cladosporium spp. (98%) Alternaria spp. (75%), Aspergillus spp. (73%), Rhizopus spp. (73%), Penicillium spp. (69%), Fusarium spp. (38%), Botrytis spp. (27%), Trichothecium spp. (24%), and Chaetomium spp. (18%). OTA was found only in samples contaminated with Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. Using HPLC (detection limit 0.25 microg/kg), OTA was found in 17 out of 45 samples (38%), and the mean concentration in positive samples was 0.41+/-0.21 microg OTA/kg. Beans from south Croatia (Adriatic coast) were OTA-free and the least mould-infected, while the mean OTA concentration and mould infection of samples from other regions were similar. The OTA contamination of beans in our country is low. Although beans are not severely contaminated with OTA, their consumption may contribute to the exposure to OTA from other commodities. PMID:15680678
10. Physiological and molecular analysis of the interaction between aluminium toxicity and drought stress in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Yang, Zhong-Bao; Eticha, Dejene; Albacete, Alfonso; Rao, Idupulapati Madhusudana; Roitsch, Thomas; Horst, Walter Johannes
2012-05-01
Aluminium (Al) toxicity and drought are two major factors limiting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in the tropics. Short-term effects of Al toxicity and drought stress on root growth in acid, Al-toxic soil were studied, with special emphasis on Al-drought interaction in the root apex. Root elongation was inhibited by both Al and drought. Combined stresses resulted in a more severe inhibition of root elongation than either stress alone. This result was different from the alleviation of Al toxicity by osmotic stress (-0.60 MPa polyethylene glycol) in hydroponics. However, drought reduced the impact of Al on the root tip, as indicated by the reduction of Al-induced callose formation and MATE expression. Combined Al and drought stress enhanced up-regulation of ACCO expression and synthesis of zeatin riboside, reduced drought-enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and expression of NCED involved in ABA biosynthesis and the transcription factors bZIP and MYB, thus affecting the regulation of ABA-dependent genes (SUS, PvLEA18, KS-DHN, and LTP) in root tips. The results provide circumstantial evidence that in soil, drought alleviates Al injury, but Al renders the root apex more drought-sensitive, particularly by impacting the gene regulatory network involved in ABA signal transduction and cross-talk with other phytohormones necessary for maintaining root growth under drought. PMID:22371077
11. Evaluation of diversity among common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. from two centers of domestication using 'omics' technologies
Thompson Henry J
2010-12-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Genetic diversity among wild accessions and cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. has been characterized using plant morphology, seed protein allozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, DNA sequence analysis, chloroplast DNA, and microsatellite markers. Yet, little is known about whether these traits, which distinguish among genetically distinct types of common bean, can be evaluated using omics technologies. Results Three 'omics' approaches: transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics were used to qualitatively evaluate the diversity of common bean from two Centers of Domestication (COD. All three approaches were able to classify common bean according to their COD using unsupervised analyses; these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that differences exist in gene transcription, protein expression, and synthesis and metabolism of small molecules among common bean cultivars representative of different COD. Metabolomic analyses of multiple cultivars within two common bean gene pools revealed cultivar differences in small molecules that were of sufficient magnitude to allow identification of unique cultivar fingerprints. Conclusions Given the high-throughput and low cost of each of these 'omics' platforms, significant opportunities exist for their use in the rapid identification of traits of agronomic and nutritional importance as well as to characterize genetic diversity.
12. Genetic Dissection of ICP-Detected Nutrient Accumulation in the Whole Seed of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Blair, Matthew Wohlgemuth; Wu, Xingbo; Bhandari, Devendra; Astudillo, Carolina
2016-01-01
Nutrient transport to grain legume seeds is not well studied and can benefit from modern methods of elemental analysis including spectroscopic techniques. Some cations such as potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) are needed for plant physiological purposes. Meanwhile, some minerals such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) are important micronutrients. Phosphorus (P) is rich in legumes, while sulfur (S) concentration is related to essential amino acids. In this research, the goal was to analyze a genetic mapping population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometry to determine concentrations of and to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 15 elements in ground flour of whole seeds. The population was grown in randomized complete block design experiments that had been used before to analyze Fe and Zn. A total of 21 QTL were identified for nine additional elements, of which four QTL were found for Cu followed by three each for Mg, Mn, and P. Fewer QTL were found for K, Na and S. Boron (B) and calcium (Ca) had only one QTL each. The utility of the QTL for breeding adaptation to element deficient soils and association with previously discovered nutritional loci are discussed. PMID:27014282
13. Light-stimulated cell expansion in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves. II. Quantity and quality of light required
Van Volkenburgh, E.; Cleland, R. E.; Watanabe, M.
1990-01-01
The quantity and quality of light required for light-stimulated cell expansion in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. have been determined. Seedlings were grown in dim red light (RL; 4 micromoles photons m-2 s-1) until cell division in the primary leaves was completed, then excised discs were incubated in 10 mM sucrose plus 10 mM KCl in a variety of light treatments. The growth response of discs exposed to continuous white light (WL) for 16 h was saturated at 100 micromoles m-2 s-1, and did not show reciprocity. Extensive, but not continuous, illumination was needed for maximal growth. The wavelength dependence of disc expansion was determined from fluence-response curves obtained from 380 to 730 nm provided by the Okazaki Large Spectrograph. Blue (BL; 460 nm) and red light (RL; 660 nm) were most effective in promoting leaf cell growth, both in photosynthetically active and inhibited leaf discs. Far-red light (FR; 730 nm) reduced the effectiveness of RL, but not BL, indicating that phytochrome and a separate blue-light receptor mediate expansion of leaf cells.
14. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter the response of growth and nutrient uptake of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to O3
Shuguang Wang; Zhaozhong Feng; Xiaoke Wang; Wenliang Gong
2011-01-01
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the responses to elevated O3 in growth and nutrition of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Guangzhouyuan) were investigated. Exposure was conducted in growth chambers by using three O3 concentrations (20 (CF), 80 (CFO1) and 120 nL/L (CFO2); 8 hr/day for 75 days). Results showed that elevated O3 slightly impacted overall mycorrhizal colonization, but significantly decreased the proportional frequency of hypha and increased the proportional frequency of spores and vesicles, suggesting that O3 had significant effects on mycorrhizal structure. Elevated O3 significantly decreased yield, dry mass and nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants. However, significant interactive effects were found in most variables due to that the reduction by O3 in the mycorrhizal plants was less than that in the non-mycorrhizal plants. Additionally, AMF increased the concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in shoot and root. It can be concluded that AMF alleviated detrimental effects of increasing O3 on host plant through improving plant nutrition and growth.
15. Biosynthesis, isolation and characterization of {sup 57}Fe-enriched Phaseolus vulgaris ferritin after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli
Hoppler, Matthias [ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Zurich (Switzerland); Meile, Leo [ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Zurich (Switzerland); Walczyk, Thomas [National University of Singapore, Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry, Singapore (Singapore)
2008-01-15
Ferritin is the major iron storage protein in the biosphere. Iron stores of an organism are commonly assessed by measuring the concentration of the protein shell of the molecule in fluids and tissues. The amount of ferritin-bound iron, the more desirable information, still remains inaccessible owing to the lack of suitable techniques. Iron saturation of ferritin is highly variable, with a maximum capacity of 4,500 iron atoms per molecule. This study describes the direct isotopic labeling of a complex metalloprotein in vivo by biosynthesis, in order to measure ferritin-bound iron by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. [{sup 57}Fe]ferritin was produced by cloning and overexpressing the Phaseolus vulgaris ferritin gene pfe in Escherichia coli in the presence of {sup 57}FeCl{sub 2}. Recombinant ferritin was purified in a fully assembled form and contained approximately 1,000 iron atoms per molecule at an isotopic enrichment of more than 95% {sup 57}Fe. We did not find any evidence of species conversion of the isotopic label for at least 5 months of storage at -20 C. Transfer efficiency of enriched iron into [{sup 57}Fe]ferritin of 20% was sufficient to be economically feasible. Negligible amounts of non-ferritin-bound iron in the purified [{sup 57}Fe]ferritin solution allows for use of this spike for quantification of ferritin-bound iron by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. (orig.)
16. Nitric oxide increases tolerance responses to moderate water deficit in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata bean species.
Zimmer-Prados, Lucas Martins; Moreira, Ana Sílvia Franco Pinheiro; Magalhaes, Jose Ronaldo; França, Marcel Giovanni Costa
2014-07-01
Drought stress is one of the most intensively studied and widespread constraints, and nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule involved in the mediation of abiotic stresses in plants. We demonstrated that a sprayed solution of NO from donor sodium nitroprusside increased drought stress tolerance responses in both sensitive (Phaseolus vulgaris) and tolerant (Vigna unguiculata) beans. In intact plants subjected to halting irrigation, NO increased the leaf relative water content and stomatal conductance in both species. After cutting leaf discs and washing them, NO induced increased electrolyte leakage, which was more evident in the tolerant species. These leaf discs were then subjected to different water deficits, simulating moderate and severe drought stress conditions through polyethylene glycol solutions. NO supplied at moderate drought stress revealed a reduced membrane injury index in sensitive species. In hydrated discs and at this level of water deficit, NO increased the electron transport rate in both species, and a reduction of these rates was observed at severe stress levels. Taken together, it can be shown that NO has an effective role in ameliorating drought stress effects, activating tolerance responses at moderate water deficit levels and in both bean species which present differential drought tolerance. PMID:25049456
17. Isolation and Characterization of 13 New Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers in the Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Common Bean Genome
Aihua Wang
2012-09-01
Full Text Available In this study, 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from the Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean by using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequence COntaining Repeats (FIASCO protocol. These markers revealed two to seven alleles, with an average of 3.64 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC values ranged from 0.055 to 0.721 over 13 loci, with a mean value of 0.492, and 7 loci having PIC greater than 0.5. The expected heterozygosity (HE and observed heterozygosity (HO levels ranged from 0.057 to 0.814 and from 0.026 to 0.531, respectively. Cross-species amplification of the 13 prime pairs was performed in its related specie of Vigna unguiculata L. Seven out of all these markers showed cross-species transferability. These markers will be useful for future genetic diversity and population genetics studies for this agricultural specie and its related species.
18. Simulation of fallout for translocation studies of 137Cs and 90Sr in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris)
In case of an accident at a nuclear power plant with liberation of radioactive material into the atmosphere, knowledge on the behaviour of plant species when in contact with radionuclides is indispensable for safety reasons. The radioactive contamination of crops, due to fallout, should be carefully assessed since the consumption of contaminated food is the main route of population exposure. An important route through which agricultural products are contaminated by radionuclides is leaf-fruit translocation. In order to quantify the leaf-fruit translocation coefficients for Cs and Sr in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), variety black diamond, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with completely randomised block design. The bean plants were contaminated inside a device especially designed to avoid environmental contamination. Cs activity was determined by gamma ray spectrometry, while chemical separation followed by beta counting of Y was used for Sr determination. The model used for translocation indicated functional dependence between the moment of tracer application and the level of physiological development of the bean plant. (author)
19. RESPUESTA DEL CULTIVO DE LA HABICHUELA (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Verlili. A LA APLICACIÓN DE DIFERENTES BIOPRODUCTOS
Elein Terry Alfonso
2013-01-01
Full Text Available El presente trabajo se desarrolló en el área experimental del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA, con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta del cultivo de la habichuela ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Verlili, a la aplicación sola o combinada de productos bioestimulantes y biofertilizantes. Para dar cumplimiento a los objetivos propuestos, se estudiaron diferentes tratamientos que consistieron en las aplicaciones combinadas de EcoMic ® con Fitomas-E ® , Liplant ® y Dimargón ® , así como las aplicaciones simples de cada uno, todos comparados con un tratamiento control sin aplicación. Se realizaron diferentes evaluaciones referidas a algunas variables del crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo e igualmente se calculó el rendimiento agrícola al final del ciclo vegetativo. Los resultados mostraron la efectividad de los productos en el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento, destacándose el tratamiento donde las plantas recibieron la combinación EcoMic ® +Fitomas-E ® , con diferencias significativas respecto al resto de los tratamientos, lo que además conllevó a la obtención de rendimientos superiores, demostrándose de esta manera el aporte que realizan a la producción agrícola de este cultivo.
20. Steady-state room temperature fluorescence and CO/sub 2/ assimilation rates in intact leaves. [Phaseolus vulgaris; Xanthium strumarium
Sharkey, T.D.
1985-01-01
Steady-state room temperature variable fluorescence from leaves was measured as a function of CO/sub 2/ pressure in Xanthium strumarium L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Measurements were made in a range of light intensities, at normal and low O/sub 2/ partial pressure and over a range of temperatures. At low CO/sub 2/ pressure fluorescence increased with increasing CO/sub 2/. At higher CO/sub 2/ pressure fluorescence usually decreased with increasing CO/sub 2/ but occasionally increased slightly. The transition CO/sub 2/ pressure between the responses could be changed by changing light, O/sub 2/ pressure, or temperature. This breakpoint in the fluorescence-CO/sub 2/ curve was a reliable indicator of the transition between ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) saturated assimilation and RuBP regeneration limited assimilation. The fluorescence signal was not a reliable indicator of O/sub 2/-insensitive assimilation in these C/sub 3/ species. 21 references, 8 figures.
1. myo-Inositol synthesis from [1-3H]glucose in Phaseolus vulgaris L. during early stages of germination
Radiolabeled D-[1-3H]glucose was fed by imbibition under sterile conditions to bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds. After 72 and 96 hours of feeding, the 3H was located in uronic acid and pentose residues as well as hexose residues of cell wall polysaccharides in growing hypocotyl and root. Free myo-inositol present in cotyledons, hypocotyl, and root also contained 3H, showing that de novo synthesis of myo-inositol from [1-3H]glucose did occur during the first 72 hours of germination. More than 90% of the labeled, free myo-inositol was present in the cotyledons. The 3H percentage in trifluoroacetic acid-soluble arabinaose residues of cell wall polysaccharides from 72-hour-old bean hypocotyls was only half of their mole percentage. On the other hand, 3H percentages in hexose residues were higher than their mole percentages. The results suggest that myo-inositol is synthesized from reserve sugars during the very early stages of germination, and that the newly synthesized myo-inositol, as well as that stored in cotyledons, can be used for the construction of new hypocotyl and root cell wall polysaccharides after conversion into uronic acids and pentoses via the myo-inositol oxidation pathway
2. Isolation of plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas sp. PPR8 from the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Kumar Pankaj
2016-01-01
Full Text Available In vitro screening of plant growth-promoting (PGP traits was carried out using eight Pseudomonas spp., PPR1 to PPR8, isolated from the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris growing on the Uttarakhand Himalayan range in India. All the isolates were fast growers, positive for catalase, oxidase and urease activities, and utilized lactose and some amino acids. All the isolates were indole acetic acid (IAA positive, however PPR8 solubilized potassium and zinc along with various other types of inorganic (tricalcium, dicalcium and zinc phosphate and organic (calcium phytate phosphates, as well as producing siderophore and ACC deaminase. PPR8 also produced cyanogens, extracellular chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, β-1,4-glucanase and oxalate oxidase. Based on the PGP traits of all isolates, PPR8 was found to be the most potent plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR. Further, PPR8 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. PPR8, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Moreover, the PGP activities of PPR8 confirmed it to be a potent biocontrol agent, inhibiting the growth of various plant pathogenic fungi. This study reveals the potential of Pseudomonas sp. PPR8 to be used as a good bioinoculant for growth promotion of common bean and for the protection of important legume crops from various deleterious phytopathogens.
3. The investigation of antinutritional factors in Phaseolus vulgaris. Environmental and varietal differences
Burbano C.
1999-01-01
Full Text Available This study enables us to indicate that the oligosaccharide raffinose family, phytate, saponin and lectin contents of P. vulgaris are clearly influenced by both environmental and genetics factors. The results also indicate no relationship between antinutritional factors analysed. From a nutritional point of view, these results would help investigators to select dry bean varieties with a high nutritive value (with a low content of alpha-galactosides, inositol phosphates, saponins and lectins human consumption and large-scale cultivation.
4. The investigation of antinutritional factors in Phaseolus vulgaris. Environmental and varietal differences
1999-01-01
This study enables us to indicate that the oligosaccharide raffinose family, phytate, saponin and lectin contents of P. vulgaris are clearly influenced by both environmental and genetics factors. The results also indicate no relationship between antinutritional factors analysed. From a nutritional point of view, these results would help investigators to select dry bean varieties with a high nutritive value (with a low content of alpha-galactosides, inositol phosphates, saponins and lectins) h...
5. Alleviation of adverse impact of salt in Phaseolus vulgaris L. by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing the salt (0, 0.15; 0.25 M NaCl) tolerance in Phaselous vulgaris. The impact of AMF in presence and absence of salt stress was studied on growth, nodulation, and attributes of systemic acquired resistance in P. vulgaris. The results suggested that salinity caused significant decrease in growth performance, nodulation, pigment system, tissue water content, and membrane stability index. Also, salt stress caused significant decrease in phytohormones , polyamines, membrane stability index and tissue water content of P. vulgaris. On the other hand, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), total phenol content and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase) increases as salt concentration increases. The accumulations of sodium, chlorine were significantly increased by salt stress, however the concentration of potassium, phosphorous and calcium decreased. Overall, the results indicate that AMF alleviate the adverse impact of salinity on the plant growth, anabolic physiological attributes and nutrient uptake by reducing the oxidative damage of salt through strengthening and modulation the systemic acquired resistance. (author)
6. EFFECT OF THE TREATMENT OF SEEDS WITH FUNGICIDES IN CONTROLLING DAMPING OFF OF THE BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L) CAUSED BY Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn EFEITO DO TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES COM FUNGICIDAS NO CONTROLE DO TOMBAMENTO EM FEIJOEIRO (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) CAUSADO POR Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
Rosângela Vera; Marcus Fidélis S. de Castro; Luiz Sérgio Rodrigues Vale; Francisco Pereira Moura Neto; Wilson Ferreira de Oliveira; Valmir Eduardo D. Alcântara
2007-01-01
Some fungicides were tested in control of Rhizoctonia solani in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) planted in soil inoculated with this fungus. The evaluations were made at 10, 20 and 30 days after sowing, observing germination and damping-off. The results showed that the fungicides thiram (280g. a.i./ 100kg se...
7. Efeito da irrigação com água salina em um solo cultivado com o feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Effect of irrigation water salinity in a soilcultivated with french beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Márcio José de Santana
2003-04-01
8. Estudio electroforético de germoplasma de fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en centros secundarios de diversidad genética: el caso de África sur-Oriental
Triana E. Mónica; Roca William M.
1989-01-01
Se analizaron 238 muestras de Phaseolus vulgaris L. de Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, Rhodesia y Zimbabwe por sus tipos de faseolina, utilizando la electroforesis SDS-PAGE. Al ubicar las variedades dentro de los centros de origen en las Américas, se encontró que el 69% eran del tipo ''T'', indicando un origen en el sur de los Andes. En el estudio se discuten aspectos evolutivos de diversidad genética en un centro secundario.238 samples of Phaseolus vulgaris L. from Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania...
9. 昭君眉豆特征特性及绿色产品生产技术%Characteristics of Zhaojun Phaseolus Vulgaris L. and Production Technologies of Green Product
王鹏程; 董朝辉; 余炎红; 吴海鹰
2013-01-01
Zhaojun Phaseolus Vulgaris L. is a variety of traditional beans for Xingshan county. It grows at an altitude of 1000-1500 meters. This paper not only describes the characteristics and growth habits of Zhaojun Phaseolus Vulgaris L., but also introduces the production method of green product.%昭君眉豆是兴山县的一个传统豆类资源品种，生长在海拔1000～1500 m范围内。文章对昭君眉豆的形态特征、生长习性及绿色产品生产方法进行阐述。
10. Cartografía de QTL asociados a la tolerancia a estrés hídrico en frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Villordo Pineda, Emiliano
2015-01-01
Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común o judía) es una leguminosa de gran demanda para la nutrición humana y un producto agrícola muy importante. Sin embargo, la producción de frijol se ve limitada por presiones ambientales como la sequía. En México, el 85% de la cosecha de frijol se produce en la temporada de primavera-verano, principalmente en las regiones del altiplano semiárido con una precipitación anual entre 250 y 400 mm. A pesar del implemento de tecnología en el campo, los factores natu...
11. Biodiversidad de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en Honduras. Caracterización agromorfológica, molecular y ecogeográfica
Meza Linarez, Narcizo
2014-01-01
En el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de la biodiversidad del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en Honduras, que es el segundo de los cultivos de granos básicos en importancia. Dicho estudio se ha realizado mediante una caracterización agromorfológica, molecular y ecogeográfica en una selección de 300 accesiones conservadas en el banco de germoplasma ubicado en la Escuela Agrícola Panamericana (EAP) El Zamorano, y que se colectaron en 13 departamentos del país durante el p...
12. EVALUACIÓN DEL IMPACTO DE LA SELECCIÓN PARTICIPATIVA DE VARIEDADES DE FRIJOL (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) EN LA PALMA, PINAR DEL RÍO
N. G. Lamin; Sandra Miranda; H. Ríos
2005-01-01
El presente trabajo se realizó en el municipio La Palma, provincia Pinar del Río, Cuba, para evaluar el impacto del fitomejoramiento participativo sobre el sistema local de semillas de los pequeños agricultores del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). El trabajo de investigación consideró realizar el primer ejercicio de selección participativa de variedades de frijol en una feria de diversidad efectuada en una comunidad rural en Cuba, la cual fue organizada por un agricultor en la localidad ...
13. Functional interplay between glutathione and hydrogen sulfide in regulation of thiol cascade during arsenate tolerance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes
Talukdar, Dibyendu
2015-01-01
Changes in expressions of up- and downstream thiol cascade were studied in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. VL-63 and its mutant, pvsod1 (deficient in superoxide dismutase activity) under 50 μM sodium arsenate (As), As + l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) and As + BSO + Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS)-treatments for 10 days. Main objective was to investigate the functional relationship between hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH) in regulation of sulfate transporters and cysteine metabolism...
14. Expression of a methionine-rich storage albumin from the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K., Lecythidaceae in transgenic bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae
Aragão F.J.L.
1999-01-01
Full Text Available Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, an important component in the diet of people in developing countries, has low levels of the essential amino acid, methionine. We have attempted to correct this deficiency by introducing a transgene coding for a methionine-rich storage albumin from the Brazil nut via biolistic methods. The transgene's coding sequence was driven by a doubled 35S CaMV promoter and AMV enhancer sequences. The transgene was stable and correctly expressed in homozygous R2 to R5 seeds. In two of the five transgenic lines the methionine content was significantly increased (14 and 23% over the values found in untransformed plants.
15. Clonación, caracterización y análisis de expresión de genes que codifican asparragina sintetasa en Phaseolus vulgaris
Osuna Jiménez, Daniel
2014-01-01
En el proyecto desarrollado en esta Tesis Doctoral se ha llevado a cabo la clonación de dos genes que codifican sendas asparragina sintetasas (AS) de una leguminosa ureida, como es Phaseolus vulgaris. Teniendo en cuenta la hipótesis de que existen factores moleculares responsables de la integración y corregulación de la biosíntesis de ureidos y amidas en raíces de leguminosas, y con el objetivo último de determinar los mecnismos de control de estos procesos, se ha iniciado u...
16. Differential Response of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Roots and Leaves to Salinity in Soil and Hydroponic Culture
Duygu BAYRAM; Burcu SECKIN DINLER; Eda TASCI
2014-01-01
The present study aimed to investigate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Volare) roots and leaves to salinity in different growth mediums (soil and hydroponic culture) through physiologic and biochemical analyses. The relative water content (RWC) and total chlorophyll (CHL) content decreased with 300 mM NaCl treatment in both cultures but did not change with 150 mM treatment in soil culture. Similarly, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content did not change with 150 mM treatment in ...
17. Ocurrencia de tóxicos naturales en frijol colorado (phaseolus vulgaris) y arveja (pisum sativum). efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento y los tratamientos caseros.
2011-01-01
Las leguminosas, consideradas como una de los principales alimentos para el hombre pueden contener diferentes sustancias conocidas como antinutrientes las cuales tienen cierto efecto en la nutrición humana y animal si no son removidos o inactivados adecuadamente. En Cuba existe muy poca información sobre cuales son los antinutrientes y en qué concentraciones se encuentran en dos de las leguminosas de importación de mayor consumo por nuestra población: el frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris) y la...
18. EFECTO DEL PECTIMORF® EN EL ÍNDICE ESTOMÁTICO DE PLANTAS DE FRIJOL (Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Idioleidys Álvarez Bello
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Pectimorf® es un producto bioactivo que potencia el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas en condiciones de sequía. No obstante, se desconoce su mecanismo de acción en la planta, por lo que la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar su efecto en la densidad de los estomas en la superficie foliar de plantas de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.. Para ello se empleó el cultivar cubano Cuba C 25-9, el cual se asperjó con 10 mg L-1 de Pectimorf®. Para el estudio anatómico la epidermis foliar fue observada al microscopio óptico de luz (Motic y fotografiadas con una cámara acoplada. Las variables estomáticas fueron medidas mediante el programa morfométrico ImageJ y procesadas con el paquete estadístico Stargrafic 5.0. Se demostró que Pectimorf® provoca un incremento en el índice estomático (IE del cultivar estudiado. La estructura de las células epidérmicas permaneció inalterable en ambas superficies foliares; sin embargo el tamaño de las células estomáticas se modificó con la presencia del producto. En la superficie abaxial las células oclusivas se mostraron más estrechas y cortas, lo que evidenció que las hojas de mayor índice estomático presentaron estomas más pequeños. Los resultados permiten aseverar que Pectimorf® provoca modificaciones en los patrones de distribución y morfogénesis estomática, lo que pudiera favorece el crecimiento adecuado de las plantas de frijol en ambientes desfavorables.
19. Phytohemagglutinin derived from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): a cause for intestinal malabsorption associated with bacterial overgrowth in the rat.
Banwell, J G; Boldt, D H; Meyers, J; Weber, F L
1983-03-01
Plant lectins or carbohydrate binding proteins interact with membrane receptors on cellular surfaces but their antinutritional effects are poorly defined. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of phytohemagglutinin, a lectin derived from raw red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), on small intestinal absorptive function and morphology, and on the intestinal microflora. Phytohemagglutinin was isolated in purified form by thyroglobulin-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. Red kidney bean and phytohemagglutinin (6% and 0.5%, respectively, of dietary protein) were fed in a purified casein diet to weanling rats for up to 21 days. Weight loss, associated with malabsorption of lipid, nitrogen, and vitamin B12, developed in comparison with animals pair-fed isonitrogenous casein diets. Antinutritional effects of red kidney bean were reversible on reinstitution of a purified casein diet. An increase in bacterial colonization of the jejunum and ileum occurred in red kidney bean- and phytohemagglutin-fed animals. When antibiotics were included in the diet, malabsorption of [3H]triolein and 57Co-vitamin B12 in red kidney bean-fed animals was partially reversed and, in germ-free animals, purified phytohemagglutinin had no demonstrable antinutritional effect. Mucosal disaccharidase activity was reduced in red kidney bean- and phytohemagglutinin-fed animals, but intestinal mucosal morphology was unchanged. Dietary administration of phytohemagglutinin, alone or as a component of red kidney bean, caused intestinal dysfunction, which was associated with, and dependent upon, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Adherence of enteric bacteria to the mucosal surface was enhanced by phytohemagglutinin which may have facilitated small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. PMID:6822324
20. Genome-Wide Association Studies of Anthracnose and Angular Leaf Spot Resistance in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Perseguini, Juliana Morini Küpper Cardoso; Oblessuc, Paula Rodrigues; Rosa, João Ricardo Bachega Feijó; Gomes, Kleber Alves; Chiorato, Alisson Fernando; Carbonell, Sérgio Augusto Morais; Garcia, Antonio Augusto Franco; Vianello, Rosana Pereira; Benchimol-Reis, Luciana Lasry
2016-01-01
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the world’s most important legume for human consumption. Anthracnose (ANT; Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and angular leaf spot (ALS; Pseudocercospora griseola) are complex diseases that cause major yield losses in common bean. Depending on the cultivar and environmental conditions, anthracnose and angular leaf spot infections can reduce crop yield drastically. This study aimed to estimate linkage disequilibrium levels and identify quantitative resistance loci (QRL) controlling resistance to both ANT and ALS diseases of 180 accessions of common bean using genome-wide association analysis. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was performed for the ANT and ALS experiments, with four plants per genotype in each replicate. Association mapping analyses were performed for ANT and ALS using a mixed linear model approach implemented in TASSEL. A total of 17 and 11 significant statistically associations involving SSRs were detected for ANT and ALS resistance loci, respectively. Using SNPs, 21 and 17 significant statistically associations were obtained for ANT and angular ALS, respectively, providing more associations with this marker. The SSR-IAC167 and PvM95 markers, both located on chromosome Pv03, and the SNP scaffold00021_89379, were associated with both diseases. The other markers were distributed across the entire common bean genome, with chromosomes Pv03 and Pv08 showing the greatest number of loci associated with ANT resistance. The chromosome Pv04 was the most saturated one, with six markers associated with ALS resistance. The telomeric region of this chromosome showed four markers located between approximately 2.5 Mb and 4.4 Mb. Our results demonstrate the great potential of genome-wide association studies to identify QRLs related to ANT and ALS in common bean. The results indicate a quantitative and complex inheritance pattern for both diseases in common bean. Our findings will contribute to more
1. Spatial aluminium sensitivity of root apices of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes with contrasting aluminium resistance.
Rangel, Andrés F; Rao, Idupulapati M; Horst, Walter J
2007-01-01
The initial response of plants to aluminium (Al) is an inhibition of root elongation. In the present study, short and medium-term effects of Al treatment (20 muM) on root growth and Al accumulation of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes, VAX-1 (Al-sensitive) and Quimbaya (Al-resistant), were studied. Root elongation of both genotypes was severely inhibited during the first 3-4 h of Al treatment. Thereafter, both genotypes showed gradual recovery. However, this recovery continued in genotype Quimbaya until the root elongation rate reached the level of the control (without Al) while the genotype VAX-1 was increasingly damaged by Al after 12 h of Al treatment. Short-term Al treatment (90 microM Al) to different zones of the root apex using agarose blocks corroborated the importance of the transition zone (TZ, 1-2 mm) as a main target of Al. However, Al applied to the elongation zone (EZ) also contributed to the overall inhibition of root elongation. Enhanced inhibition of root elongation during the initial 4 h of Al treatment was related to high Al accumulation in root apices in both genotypes (Quimbaya>VAX-1). Recovery from Al stress was reflected by decreasing Al contents especially in the TZ, but also in the EZ. After 24 h of Al treatment the high Al resistance of Quimbaya was reflected by much lower Al contents in the entire root apex. The results confirmed that genotypic differences in Al resistance in common bean are built up during medium-term exposure of the roots to Al. For this acquisition of Al resistance, the activation and maintenance of an Al exclusion mechanism, especially in the TZ but also in the EZ, appears to be decisive. PMID:17975208
2. Moderate water stress causes different stomatal and non-stomatal changes in the photosynthetic functioning of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes.
Ramalho, J C; Zlatev, Z S; Leitão, A E; Pais, I P; Fortunato, A S; Lidon, F C
2014-01-01
The impact of moderate water deficit on the photosynthetic apparatus of three Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars, Plovdiv 10 (P10), Dobrudjanski Ran (DR) and Prelom (Prel), was investigated. Water shortage had less impact on leaf hydration, RWC (predawn and midday) and predawn water potential in Prel. RWC and Ψ(p) were more reduced in P10, while there was no osmotic adjustment in any cultivar. Although drought drastically reduced stomatal opening in P10 and DR, reduced A(max) indicated non-stomatal limitations that contributed to the negligible P(n). These limitations were on potential thylakoid electron transport rates of PSI and II, pointing to photosystem functioning as a major limiting step in photosynthesis. This agrees with decreases in actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (F(v)'/F(m)'), quantum yield of photosynthetic non-cyclic electron transport (ϕ(e)) and energy-driven photochemical events (q(P)), although the impact on these parameters would also include down-regulation processes. When compared to DR, Prel retained a higher functional state of the photosynthetic machinery, justifying reduced need for photoprotective mechanisms (non-photochemical quenching, zeaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene) and maintenance of the balance between energy capture and dissipative pigments. The highest increases in fructose, glucose, arabinose and sorbitol in Prel might be related to tolerance to a lower oxidative state. All cultivars had reduced A(max) due to daytime stomatal closure in well-watered conditions. Under moderate drought, Prel had highest tolerance, higher leaf hydration and maintenance of important photochemical use of energy. However, water shortage caused appreciable non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis linked to regulation/imbalance at the metabolic level (and growth) in all cultivars. This included damage, as reflected in decreased potential photosystem functioning, pointing to higher sensitivity of photosynthesis to drought than is commonly assumed
3. Aluminum resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) involves induction and maintenance of citrate exudation from root apices.
Rangel, Andrés Felipe; Rao, Idupulapati Madhusudana; Braun, Hans-Peter; Horst, Walter Johannes
2010-02-01
Two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes differing in aluminum (Al) resistance, Quimbaya (Al-resistant) and VAX-1 (Al-sensitive) were grown in hydroponics for up to 25 h with or without Al, and several parameters related to the exudation of organic acids anions from the root apex were investigated. Al treatment enhanced the exudation of citrate from the root tips of both genotypes. However, its dynamic offers the most consistent relationship between Al-induced inhibition of root elongation and Al accumulation in and exclusion from the root apices. Initially, in both genotypes the short-term (4 h) Al-injury period was characterized by the absence of citrate efflux independent of the citrate content of the root apices, and reduction of cytosolic turnover of citrate conferred by a reduced Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) activity. Transient recovery from initial Al stress (4-12 h) was found to be dependent mainly on the capacity to utilize internal citrate pools (Al-resistant genotype Quimbaya) or enhanced citrate synthesis [increased activities of NAD-malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and ATP-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) in Al-sensitive VAX-1]. Sustained recovery from Al stress through citrate exudation in genotype Quimbaya after 24 h Al treatment relied on restoring the internal citrate pool and the constitutive high activity of citrate synthase (CS) (EC 4.1.3.7) fuelled by high phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) activity. In the Al-sensitive genotype VAX-1 the citrate exudation and thus Al exclusion and root elongation could not be maintained coinciding with an exhaustion of the internal citrate pool and decreased CS activity. PMID:20053183
4. Metabolic origin of the {delta}{sup 13}C of respired CO{sub 2} in roots of Phaseolus vulgaris
Bathellier, C.; Tcherkez, G.; Cornic, G.; Ghashghaie, J. [Laboratoire d' Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution - ESE, CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Batiment 362, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex (France); Tcherkez, G. [Plateforme Metabolisme-Metabolome, IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Batiment 630, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex (France); Bligny, R.; Gout, E. [Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale CEA-Grenoble 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 (France)
2009-07-01
- Root respiration is a major contributor to soil CO{sub 2} efflux, and thus an important component of ecosystem respiration. But its metabolic origin, in relation to the carbon isotope composition ({delta}{sup 13}C), remains poorly understood. - Here, {sup 13}C analysis was conducted on CO{sub 2} and metabolites under typical conditions or under continuous darkness in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) roots. {sup 13}C contents were measured either under natural abundance or following pulse-chase labeling with {sup 13}C-enriched glucose or pyruvate, using isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. - In contrast to leaves, no relationship was found between the respiratory quotient and the {delta}{sup 13}C of respired CO{sub 2}, which stayed constant at a low value (c. -27.5 per thousand) under continuous darkness. With labeling experiments, it is shown that such a pattern is explained by the {sup 13}C-depleting effect of the pentose phosphate pathway; and the involvement of the Krebs cycle fueled by either the glycolytic input or the lipid/protein recycling. The anaplerotic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) activity sustained glutamic acid (Glu) synthesis, with no net effect on respired CO{sub 2}. - These results indicate that the root {delta}{sup 13}C signal does not depend on the availability of root respiratory substrates and it is thus plausible that, unless the {sup 13}C photosynthetic fractionation varies at the leaf level, the root {delta}{sup 13}C signal hardly changes under a range of natural environmental conditions. (authors)
5. 蔓生型菜豆品种比较试验%Comparison of Climbing Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivars
兰梅; 张丽琴; 钟利
2014-01-01
对10个露地栽培的蔓生菜豆品种的抗性、产量及商品特性等进行考察比较，旨在筛选出适于昆明地区栽培的菜豆品种，为该地区菜豆的种植和推广提供依据。试验结果表明，泰国架豆王（黑皮、桂林天宇）、特级泰国架豆王和泰国架豆王（重庆华渝）3个品种的综合性状表现较好，产量较高，每667 m2分别达到了4148.7，3957.9，3891.3 kg，比较适宜昆明地区种植推广。%In this paper, we investigated and compared the resistance, yield and commercial characteristics of ten climbing kidney bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) planted in open field in Kunming, in order to screen out suitable kidney bean cultivars for Kunming and provide basis for kidney bean cultivation and extension in Kunming. The results showed that, the three cultivars, Thailand King Pole Bean (with black seed coat, from Guilin Tianyu Seed Co., Ltd.), Super Thailand King Pole Bean and Thailand King Pole Bean (from Chongqing Huayu Seed Co., Ltd.), had better comprehensive characters, and their yields were 4 148.7, 3 957.9 and 3 891.3 kg/667 m2 respectively, thus they were suitable to be planted in Kunming area.
6. Effects of sorghum (sorghum bicolor L. root exudates on the cell cycle of the bean plant (phaseolus vulgaris L. root
Hallak Angela Maria Gattás
1999-01-01
Full Text Available Two experiments were conducted to test the allelopathic effect of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. root exudates on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cell division. Research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Wistock Agricultural Research Institute of Minas Gerais State (EPAMIG and in a laboratory of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA. Sorghum variety BR-601 and bean variety Carioca MG were used. The exudate, called sorgoleone (SGL, was obtained by methylene chloride and acetic acid extraction from sorghum roots seven days after sowing on Petri dishes, and refrigerated until use. Solutions of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mM were prepared using Johanson solution as the SGL solvent. Seven-day-old bean seedlings grown in vermiculite in a greenhouse were transplanted to the solution. Seven days after transplantation, the beans did not show any sign of phytotoxicity; however, cytogenetic observations showed that SGL reduced the number of cells in prophase, metaphase, and anaphase stages. Colchicine effects were observed among cells in metaphase on the third and fifth days after treatments and varied with SGL concentrations. By the seventh day, the colchicine effects were inversely proportional to concentration, which varied from 34.3% for 0.01 mM to 6.6% for 0.15 mM. SGL acts as a mitotic inhibitor. It probably depolymerizes the microtubular proteins and induces the formation of colchicine metaphases causing polyploid nuclei. A largest period of SGL treatment also induced chromosome breaks and bridge formation in anaphase and telophase. Although SGL cannot be used as a herbicide for bean cultures, its allelochemical effects on other cultures are the factors that will define the use of sorghum as a natural herbicide.
7. Description des embryons de Phaseolus vulgaris en cours d'avortement issus de plantes mutagénisées au méthanesulfonate d'éthyle (EMS)
Silué, Souleymane; Diarrasouba, Nafan; Fofana, Inza Jesus; Muhovski, Yordan; TOUSSAINT, André; Mergeai, Guy; Jacquemin, Jean-Marie; Baudoin, Jean-Pierre
2013-01-01
The aim of this study was to describe the embryos abortion process and the inheritance of the embryos abortion trait in Phaseolus vulgaris plants deficient in seed development. These plants were isolated within the second generation of an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) TILLING population of P. vulgaris cv. 'BAT93'. Mutant embryos show abnormalities mainly in suspensors, shoot apical meristem (SAM) and cotylédons from the globular to the cotyledon stages and abort before maturity compared to tho...
8. Potyviral resistance derived from cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris carrying bc-3 is associated with the homozygotic presence of a mutated eIF4E allele
Naderpour, Masoud; Lund, Ole Søgaard; Larsen, Richard;
2010-01-01
Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) play a central role in potyviral infection. Accordingly, mutations in the gene encoding eIF4E have been identified as a source of recessive resistance in several plant species. In common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, four recessive genes, bc-1, bc-2, b...
9. Phenotypic evaluation and genome wide association studies of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) diversity panels in multiple locations highlight evaluation techniques, traits and lines useful for trait based selection
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) productivity is constrained by abiotic soil conductions including drought and low fertility as well as by high temperature. High temperature primarily impacts pollen viability and growth. Soil water content and nutrients occur heterogeneously and often in a stratif...
10. Potyviral resistance derived from cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris carrying bc-3 co-segregates with homozygotic presence of a mutated eIF4E allele
Naderpour, M; Lund, O Søgaard; Larsen, R;
2008-01-01
In common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, four recessive genes, bc-1, bc-2, bc-3 and bc-u control resistance to potyviruses Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV). To identify candidates for the bc-genes, we cloned and sequenced homologues of genes encoding cap... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5458666086196899, "perplexity": 23967.710449348375}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718311.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00213-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://blog.vixra.org/2011/05/21/lhc-luminosity-prospects/ | ## LHC Luminosity Prospects
After a two week break from physics runs, the Large Hadron Collider is once again clocking up proton-proton collisions at a steady rate. The break included a few days of machine development time, a planned technical stop for routine maintenance, Van der Mere scans to study the beam size and distribution and finally alignments for the TOTEM and ALFA experiments.
Now they are back to the process of building up the luminosity. The current fill has 768 bunches matching previous runs except that they are now injecting 108 bunches at a time compared to the previous scheme using 72 bunch injections. This is important because the next step up to 912 bunches will require the 108 injections and that is now expected for the next run later today.
The 912 bunch step is likely to take the luminosity through another milestone by peaking at more than 1000/μb/s. This is the official target for 2011 luminosity but it will be exceeded further as they step up through 1056, 1200 and then 1380 bunches in the next couple of weeks. These last three steps will require 144 bunch injections taking the injection systems to new limits. In the last few days they already injected 1308 bunches during a scrubbing run, but without ramping to full energy for collisions.
(Update 23-May-2011: A record luminosity of 1100/μb/s was reached on the third fill with 912 bunches per ring this morning.)
With the current plans it should be possible to reach luminosity of at least 1500/μb/s for the long run from June to October during which there will be 124 days allocated to proton-proton physics runs. So how much further will it be possible to increase the luminosity and when? As part of the machine development time they tried out some processes that could potentially increase luminosity further. Possibilities for higher luminosity without updating the hardware are the following
• Increase of bunch intensity
• Improved emittance
• Better Squeeze
• More bunches
Let’s look at each of these in turn
Increase of bunch intensity: The proton bunches currently circulating start out with 115 billion protons in each. This is the “nominal” bunch intensity that was originally planned for the collider with its present hardware. However, it is possible to inject an “ultimate” intensity of 170 billion protons into each bunch from the SPS. The luminosity increases in proportion to the bunch intensity in both beams so the potential luminosity increase is a factor of (170/115)2 = 2.2. It had been anticipated that the beams would become too unstable at these levels but already last year they found that reaching nominal intensity was easier than expected. During the latest machine development time they injected a few ultimate intensity bunches to see how they perform. Once again they found that there was no problem with the head-on beam-beam tune shifts that they had expected to be a limiting factor, so the way is open to a further increase of luminosity.
The beam operators are being publicly cautious about when this could happen. Paul Collier who heads the team said in a message on the LHCPortal forum that “The studies with very intense bunches are for the future – no plans to push higher bunch intensities into operation for the moment.”
Improved emittance: The emittance $\epsilon$ is related the size of the beam $w = \sqrt{\epsilon \beta}$ Transversely emittance should be 3.75μm but with better than expected performance it has been typically 2μm to 3μm. During the machine development tests they were able to reduce this to 1.5μm. If they can do this for injections of full trains it represents a further increase of luminosity.
Despite the cautious words there are signs that increased intensity and improved emittance could be introduced into the physics runs this year taking luminosities up to “a few” times the 1000/μb target figure. Whether this happens and to what level will depend on how smooth operations go during the first few weeks of the long run with 1380 bunches.
Better Squeeze: The squeeze is a process of focusing the beams into a smaller cross section as they pass the collision points inside the detectors. The current squeeze is represented by a figure of β* = 1.5m but a tighter squeeze may be possible. The nominal squeeze is 0.55m but this will not be possible until the full 7TeV beam energy is available after the long shutdown. After that further improvements are still possible. As Paul Collier explained, the minimum β* is limited by the aperture of the triplets and also by the chromatic aberrations introduced by the very tight squeeze. Another test during the machine development period looked at a new method of ATS injection which is a novel and compicated scheme to bypass the strength limit of the existing lattice sextupoles and allow a much smaller β*. Values of around 0.15m should be possible with existing hardware.
These developments are definitely not for this year. Moving to a tighter squeeze by any means will require a long process of resetting collimators and building up luminosity again in steps. Too much time would be lost to make this worthwhile for current runs but in 2012 a smaller β* might be used.
More bunches: The last route to increased luminosity is more bunches. To exceed 1380 bunches per beam they must use a lower bunch separation time of 25ns compared to the 50ns spacing currently in use. Since they travel at virtually the speed of light this smaller spacing places the bunches just 7.5m apart. Such a change might require a larger crossing angle to avoid parasitic collisions as bunches come close 7.5m away from the desired interaction points. This would again mean resetting the collimators. Furthermore, it is not known if the vacuum and cryogenics can yet cope with the higher intensities that twice as many bunches would imply, especially if ultimate luminosity bunches are being used as well. So realistically this is not likely to happen this year either, however, we can expect some tests of 25ns spacing this year during further scheduled machine development times and a switch to 25ns for 2012 is a possibility if the tests go well.
Altogether this could take luminosities up to a remarkable 10000/μb/s next year, if everything works out. 5000/μb/s is probably a more realistic target. Further down the line there will be upgrades allowing for yet higher intensities and a better squeeze. Peak luminosities of 50000/μb/s are anticipated after a few years. At some point the pile-up from collisions coming too frequently to be separated will be a problem and the luminosities will have to be limited. Pile-up is already expected to be a challenge for ATLAS and CMS if futher luminosity increases are introduced this year. Even then it is worth pushing the peak luminosity higher because it will make it possible to sustain the maximum desired luminosity during much of the length of a long run. This is already being done for LHCb and ALICE.
With so much data the potential for new discoveries and precision measurements over the coming years is huge. In the shorter timespan of the next two or three months we can already anticipate some great results. There are two conferences this summer that are especially worth following. The Physics at LHC 2011 conference starting on June 6th will be an opportunity to show results using at least 200/pb of data collected up to now. That is significantly more than the 40/pb already analysed in detail. On July 21st another meeting for the International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics could already be presenting first results from as much as 2000/pb worth of collisions. However, if there are any really important discoveries forthcoming there will be a longer process of analysis, checking and consultation before going public. Rumors can of course be based on what they don’t show straight away.
### 33 Responses to LHC Luminosity Prospects
1. JollyJoker says:
1500/ub/s is 16/fb in 124 days, unless I’m mistaken. Multiply by the Hubner factor and you get about 6-8/fb this year, right? Triple the luminosity for 2012 and guess a bit less than double the days, giving maybe 40/fb in 2012.
2. Luboš Motl says:
“2056, 1200 and then 1380″ – is that some new kind of ordering of integers? Or what did I exactly misunderstand?
• JollyJoker says:
Presumably 2056 is supposed to be 1056.
If you remember, we had some discussion on your blog back in January on whether the difference between one and two years of 3,5TeV running would be significant. Given the guesses in my post above on integrated luminosity, the worst case 115GeV SM Higgs would give a roughly 3,5 sigma signal by the end of 2011 and seven sigma by the end of 2012.
Any guesses on whether the Standard model will be rejected at five sigma a year and a half from now? :)
• Philip Gibbs says:
fixed, thanks
3. carla says:
I count 119 days left for physics runs after 7th June and there are 3 technical stops left. If it takes a week to get things running as they were after each technical stop, then we’re left with 98 days.
This year is obviously a combination of collecting at least 1/fb and machine development looking at the calendar and I’d be very surprised if they manage to collect more than 5/fb with the remaining days left.
4. Bill K says:
I give up – – in the conference poster, why is everybody throwing things at V838 Monocerotis??
• Lawrence B. Crowell says:
I was sort of wondering the same thing! I like the guy trying to drive a ball at Monocerotis. Hell of a damned golf course that is. Since a putt is low energy I guess this course has parr of one.
• Philip Gibbs says:
Don’t know, but worth zooming in for more details
• Ulla says:
They throw protons? After all it is a proton smasher? :)
• Philip Gibbs says:
If you click on the picture and zoom in you will see that the balls being used in 11 different sports are each marked with a different fermion from the standard model. One is missing.
The structure is ATLAS and there is another lab-coated couple having a pont-neuf style kiss at the side.
I feel I’m missing something in the symbolism.
5. felix says:
Hi Philip, will the LHC continue to increase luminosity during breaks from June to late October? Or will they settle down once in June?
• Philip Gibbs says:
I think they will find it hard to resist pushing the luminosity a little further by some means as discussed in this post, but they wont do anything that requires a long setup and will probably have plenty of routine tasks scheduled for the MD time. We will have to wait and see.
6. algernon says:
well, it seems the first fill with 912 bunches (#1799) only produced 850/ub/s at peak – that’s what they claim on ATLAS’ website right now.
This is basically just a little bit better than the old scheme with 768 bunches and quite far from 1000/ub/s… I guess some tweaking is needed?
Or maybe they were overestimating lumi before the technical stop? I’ve read they intended to tweak the estimates too, since ATLAS and CMS used to give different values while they really should be similar.
• Philip Gibbs says:
If ATLAS had trusted their previous figures they would have recorded a peak luminosity of 906 so they have already compensated for that.
I think there must have been something wrong on this fill. Perhaps they had some bunches in the wrong buckets or worse than usual emittance, it can happen. The morning report might tell us.
Hopefully the next fills will do better.
• Philip Gibbs says:
The second fill was better at 940/μb/s for a new record. Now they are well over twice the Tevatron luminosity. Some plots on the morning reports seemed to indicate that some bunches were producing about half the normal rate. I’m guessing there were problems with emittance blow-up in places. They dumped one time this morning for that reason.
It may prove hard for them to reach 1000/μb/s with 912 bunches. Also the cryogenics and vacuum have been pretty stressed at this intensity. Perhaps that will ease with scrubbing. If they can keep good long runs it is a good sign. Not sure if my understanding is accurate though.
7. Kevin says:
They just have filled with 1.27 E11 protons per bunch, they’re gonna reach 1000/μb/s…
• Philip Gibbs says:
They are more than 10% over nominal intensity but the luminosity has come out worse. There must be some problems. I’m guessing it’s blow-up of some sort. Some of the bunches may become unstable and spread out reducing their luminosity. Hopefully they can find a tweak to fix it.
• carla says:
Now they’re filling at 750/pb/s rather than 850/pb/s. I wonder what’s the point of this. Maybe they’re carrying out studies to sort out this blow up problem.
• algernon says:
Fill #1802 seems a total triumph, with ATLAS reaching as high as 1100/ub/s…
Great! :-)
• felix says:
CMS too!
• Philip Gibbs says:
That’s more like it!
• carla says:
On Tuesday they’re doing a TCLIB adjustment with physics, so perhaps this will mean running at 1100/ub/s for longer.
• Philip Gibbs says:
TCLIB is a collimator used at injection. Perhaps they need to adjust it to reduce injection losses. Hopefully it wont take too long and they will be back for more physics runs quickly with better luminosity from 912 bunches.
• carla says:
Finally they’re refilling after the cryo problem. It’s very noticeable that the beam size was very stable during the ramp and is still stable after an hour. This bodes well for when they decide to increase the number of bunches.
• Philip Gibbs says:
They are now big factors beyond anything a collider has been asked to do before so they will move more slowly.
I think they fixed the problem with losses at injection so the luminosities are better now. Perhaps there are still other problems.
I think the e-cloud is also preventing them from taking the next step too soon. The cryogenics and vacuum systems have to work harder to remove the extra heat and gas. They may need to wait for the scrubbing effect to reduce the overload to reasonable levels before they can increase bunch numbers again.
• Philip Gibbs says:
The morning report says they are ready for next step up to 1056 bunches. Could be later today or tomorrow.
• carla says:
Machine coordination planning says possibly 1092b. Wow, fingers crossed :) just another 2 increases after that. When will they have to change the 108b inj?
• Philip Gibbs says:
They were going to use 144 bunch injection for 1056 so maybe they found a new pattern for 1092 that can be done with 108. Good stuff.
I hope they let this fill run to over 30/pb though, it would be nice to see a new record total for one fill.
8. tpqr13 says:
anyone has any idea why so many of the ATLAS events shown at http://atlas-live.cern.ch/ seem to be with just one or no particle tracks at all?
Also the background grey lines seem to be a lot more intense.
(I’m not a physicist, I’m just asking out of curiosity)
• Philip Gibbs says:
Most of the collision events are very dull with particles just scattering off each other and not producing very much. The experiments use triggers to select the few that seem more interesting and record them for latest analysis. The ones you see on the live display have already passed these basic selection criteria.
Even then, only a small number of those are likely to contain signals of new physics, and those signals can only be extracted after analysing many collisions and averaging over all the known effects. ATLAS has so far produced 25 million million collision events and is just getting started.
The collisions which produce the most particles are not necessarily the most interesting. When a Higgs particle is produced it may decay into two high energy photons or two muons with a few lower energy charged particles produced from the noise. Other interesting events produce jets of hadrons when quark pairs or other more unstable particles are produced. All these different types of events are analysed to figure out what is going on. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 2, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6008106470108032, "perplexity": 1706.263405239596}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300031.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00255-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/5189 | 시간 제한 메모리 제한 제출 정답 맞은 사람 정답 비율
1 초 128 MB 8 0 0 0.000%
## 문제
Electrical Engineers like to think about the constructions of electrical and electronic devices, and the communication infrastructure between them. Lately, a lot of focus has been on computing devices and their connections. In particular, a lot of electrical engineers care about wireless networks. Here, we are going to look at a simplified version of the problem of providing wireless coverage to an area.
The area will be described as a polygon, by a sequence of corners. It is surrounded by walls. In addition, we are given the location of one or more wireless routers. Our simplified model of wireless connectivity is as follows2. If there is a wall in the straight line from a router to a location, then the location cannot get any signal at all from that router, and the signal strength is 0. If there is no wall, then the strength of the signal is 1/d2, where d is the distance between the router and the location. If a location gets a signal from multiple routers, we only count the strongest signal. You are to find the signal strength for several locations.
2It ignores reflection of signals from walls, and penetration of walls.
## 입력
The first line contains a number K ≥ 1, which is the number of input data sets in the file. This is followed by K data sets of the following form: The first line of a data set contains three numbers n, r, p, the number of corners of the polygon, the number of routers, and the number of points at which you are to evaluate signal strengths. All numbers will be between 1 and 100.
This is followed by n lines, each describing a corner, as a pair x, y of floating point numbers. Next are r lines, each describing a location of a router as a pair x, y of floating point numbers. Finally, p lines describe the point locations, as pairs x, y of floating point numbers.
We will make sure that (1) no routers or points lie exactly on a building wall, (2) no router and point are in the same location, and (3) no line from a router to a point just touches a wall (either it really intersects it, or completely avoids it).
The example input +: router, o: location
## 출력
For each data set, first output “Data Set x:” on a line by itself, where x is its number. Then, for each of the p points, on a line by itself, output the maximum signal strength at that point, rounded to two decimals.
## 예제 입력 1
1
5 3 3
0 0
1 0
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 1
0.1 0.1
0.9 0.1
0.4 0.55
0.1 0.5
0.6 0.55
0.5 0.6
## 예제 출력 1
Data Set 1:
10.81
3.42
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_effect | # Magnus effect
The Magnus effect, depicted with a back-spinning cylinder or ball in an air stream. The arrow represents the resulting lifting force. The curly flow lines represent a turbulent wake. The airflow has been deflected in the direction of spin.
The Magnus effect is the commonly observed effect in which a spinning ball (or cylinder) curves away from its principal flight path. It is important in many ball sports. It affects spinning missiles, and has some engineering uses, for instance in the design of rotor ships and Flettner aeroplanes.
In terms of ball games, top spin is defined as spin about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the direction of travel, where the top surface of the ball is moving forward with the spin. Under the Magnus effect, top spin produces a downward swerve of a moving ball, greater than would be produced by gravity alone, and back spin has the opposite effect.[1] Likewise side-spin causes swerve to either side as seen during some baseball pitches.[2]
The overall behaviour is similar to that around an airfoil (see lift force) with a circulation which is generated by the mechanical rotation, rather than by airfoil action.[3]
It is named for Gustav Magnus, the German physicist who investigated it. The force on a rotating cylinder is known as Kutta-Joukowski lift,[4] after Martin Wilhelm Kutta and Nikolai Zhukovsky (or Joukowski) who first analyzed the effect.
## Physics
A valid intuitive understanding of the phenomenon is possible, beginning with the fact that, by conservation of momentum, the deflective force on the body is no more or less than a reaction to the deflection that the body imposes on the air-flow. The body "pushes" the air down, and vice versa. As a particular case, a lifting force is accompanied by a downward deflection of the air-flow. It is an angular deflection in the fluid flow, aft of the body.
In fact there are several ways in which the rotation might cause such a deflection. By far the best way to know what actually happens in typical cases is by wind-tunnel experiments. Lyman Briggs[5] made a definitive wind tunnel study of the Magnus effect on baseballs, and others have produced interesting images of the effect.[5][6][7][8] The studies show a turbulent wake behind the spinning ball. The wake is to be expected and is the cause of aerodynamic drag. However there is a noticeable angular deflection in the wake and the deflection is in the direction of the spin.
The process by which a turbulent wake develops aft of a body in an air-flow is complex but well-studied in aerodynamics. It is found that the thin boundary layer detaches itself ("flow separation") from the body at some point and this is where the wake begins to develop. The boundary layer itself may be turbulent or not; this has a significant effect on the wake formation. Quite small variations in the surface conditions of the body can influence the onset of wake formation and thereby have a marked effect on the downstream flow pattern. The influence of the body's rotation is of this kind.
It is said[citation needed] that Magnus himself wrongly postulated a theoretical effect with laminar flow due to skin friction and viscosity as the cause of the Magnus effect. Such effects are physically possible but slight in comparison to what is produced in the Magnus effect proper.[5] In some circumstances the causes of the Magnus effect can produce a deflection opposite to that of the Magnus effect.[8]
The diagram at the head of this article shows lift being produced on a back-spinning ball. The wake and trailing air-flow have been deflected downwards. The boundary layer motion is more violent at the underside of the ball where the spinning movement of the ball's surface is forward and reinforces the effect of the ball's translational movement. The boundary layer generates wake turbulence after a short interval.
On a cylinder, the force due to rotation is known as Kutta-Joukowski lift. It can be analyzed in terms of the vortex produced by rotation. The lift on the cylinder per unit length, F/L, is the product of the velocity, V, the density of the fluid, $\rho$, and the strength of the vortex that is established by the rotation, G:[4]
$F/L= \rho V G$
## History
German physicist Heinrich Gustav Magnus described the effect in 1852.[9][10] However, in 1672, Isaac Newton had described it and correctly inferred the cause after observing tennis players in his Cambridge college.[11][12]
In 1742, Benjamin Robins, a British mathematician, ballistics researcher, and military engineer, explained deviations in the trajectories of musket balls in terms of the Magnus effect.[13][14][15][16]
## In sport
The Magnus effect explains commonly observed deviations from the typical trajectories or paths of spinning balls in sport, notably association football (soccer), table tennis, tennis,[17] volleyball, golf, baseball, cricket and in paintball marker balls.
The curved path of a golf ball known as slice or hook is due largely to the ball's spinning motion (about its vertical axis) and the Magnus effect, causing a horizontal force that moves the ball from a straight-line in its trajectory.[18] Back-spin (upper surface rotating backwards from the direction of movement) on a golf ball causes a vertical force that counteracts the force of gravity slightly, and enables the ball to remain airborne a little longer than it would were the ball not spinning: this allows the ball to travel farther than a non-spinning (about its horizontal axis) ball.
In table tennis, the Magnus effect is easily observed, because of the small mass and low density of the ball. An experienced player can place a wide variety of spins on the ball. Table tennis rackets usually have a surface made of rubber to give the racket maximum grip on the ball, to impart a spin.
The Magnus effect is not responsible for the movement of the cricket ball seen in swing bowling,[19] although it does contribute to the motion known as drift in spin bowling.
In airsoft, a system known as Hop-Up is used to create a backspin on a fired BB, which will greatly increase its range, using the Magnus effect in a similar manner as in golf.
In paintball, Tippmann's Flatline Barrel System also takes advantage of the Magnus effect by imparting a backspin on the paintballs, which increases their effective range by counteracting gravity.
In baseball, pitchers often impart different spins on the ball, causing it to curve in the desired direction due to the Magnus effect. The PITCHf/x system measures the change in trajectory caused by Magnus in all pitches thrown in Major League Baseball.[20]
The match ball for the 2010 FIFA World Cup has been criticised for the different Magnus effect from previous match balls. The current ball is described as having less Magnus effect and as a result flies farther but with less controllable swerve.[21]
## In external ballistics
The Magnus effect can also be found in advanced external ballistics. Firstly, a spinning bullet in flight is often subject to a crosswind, which can be simplified as blowing either from the left or the right. In addition to this, even in completely calm air a bullet experiences a small sideways wind component due to its yawing motion. This yawing motion along the bullet's flight path means that the nose of the bullet is pointing in a slightly different direction from the direction in which the bullet is travelling. In other words, the bullet is "skidding" sideways at any given moment, and thus it experiences a small sideways wind component in addition to any crosswind component.[22]
The combined sideways wind component of these two effects causes a Magnus force to act on the bullet, which is perpendicular both to the direction the bullet is pointing and the combined sideways wind. In a very simple case where we ignore various complicating factors, the Magnus force from the crosswind would cause an upward or downward force to act on the spinning bullet (depending on the left or right wind and rotation), causing an observable deflection in the bullet's flight path up or down, thus changing the point of impact.
Overall, the effect of the Magnus force on a bullet's flight path itself is usually insignificant compared to other forces such as aerodynamic drag. However, it greatly affects the bullet's stability, which in turn affects the amount of drag, how the bullet behaves upon impact, and many other factors. The stability of the bullet is affected[citation needed] because the Magnus effect acts on the bullet's centre of pressure instead of its centre of gravity. This means that it affects the yaw angle of the bullet: it tends to twist the bullet along its flight path, either towards the axis of flight (decreasing the yaw thus stabilizing the bullet) or away from the axis of flight (increasing the yaw thus destabilizing the bullet). The critical factor is the location of the centre of pressure, which depends on the flowfield structure, which in turn depends mainly on the bullet's speed (supersonic or subsonic), but also the shape, air density and surface features. If the centre of pressure is ahead of the centre of gravity, the effect is destabilizing; if the centre of pressure is behind the centre of gravity, the effect is stabilizing.[citation needed]
## In flying machines
Some flying machines have been built which use the Magnus effect to create lift with a rotating cylinder at the front of a wing, allowing flight at lower horizontal speeds.[4] The earliest attempt to use the Magnus Effect for a heavier than air aircraft was in 1910 by a US member of Congress, Butler Ames of Massachusetts. The next attempt was in the early 1930s by three inventors in New York state.[23]
## Ship stabilization
The effect is used in a special type of ship stabilizer consisting of a rotating cylinder mounted beneath the waterline and emerging laterally. By controlling the direction and speed of rotation, strong lift or downforce can be generated.[24] The largest deployment of the system to date is in the Eclipse yacht.
## References
1. ^ http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/golf.html
2. ^ The Curveball, The Physics of Baseball.
3. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Section 4.6
4. ^ a b c "Lift on rotating cylinders". NASA Glenn Research Center. 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2013-11-07.
5. ^ a b c Briggs, Lyman (1959). "Effect of Spin and Speed on the Lateral Deflection (Curve) of a Baseball and the Magnus Effect for Smooth Spheres". American Journal of Physics 27 (8): 589. Bibcode:1959AmJPh..27..589B. doi:10.1119/1.1934921.
6. ^ Brown, F (1971). See the Wind Blow. University of Notre Dame.
7. ^ Van Dyke, Milton (1982). An album of Fluid motion. Stanford University.
8. ^ a b Cross, Rod. "Wind Tunnel Photographs". Physics Department, University of Sydney. p. 4. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
9. ^ G. Magnus (1852) "Über die Abweichung der Geschosse," Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pages 1-23.
10. ^ G. Magnus (1853) "Über die Abweichung der Geschosse, und: Über eine abfallende Erscheinung bei rotierenden Körpern" (On the deviation of projectiles, and: On a sinking phenomenon among rotating bodies), Annalen der Physik, vol. 164, no. 1, pages 1-29.
11. ^ Isaac Newton, "A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton, of the University of Cambridge, containing his new theory about light and color," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol. 7, pages 3075-3087 (1671-1672). (Note: In this letter, Newton tried to explain the refraction of light by arguing that rotating particles of light curve as they moved through a medium just as a rotating tennis ball curves as it moves through the air.)
12. ^ Gleick, James. 2004. Isaac Newton. London: Harper Fourth Estate.
13. ^ Benjamin Robins, New Principles of Gunnery: Containing the Determinations of the Force of Gun-powder and Investigations of the Difference in the Resisting Power of the Air to Swift and Slow Motions (London: J. Nourse, 1742). (On page 208 of the 1805 edition of Robins' New Principles of Gunnery, Robins describes the experiment in which he observed the Magnus effect: A ball was suspended by a tether consisting of two strings twisted together, and the ball was made to swing. As the strings unwound, the swinging ball rotated, and the plane of its swing also rotated. The direction in which the plane rotated depended on the direction in which the ball rotated.)
14. ^ Tom Holmberg, "Artillery Swings Like a Pendulum..." in "The Napoleon Series"
15. ^ Steele, Brett D. (April 1994) "Muskets and pendulums: Benjamin Robins, Leonhard Euler, and the ballistics revolution," Technology and Culture, vol. 35, no. 2, pages 348-382.
16. ^ Newton's and Robins' observations of the Magnus effect are reproduced in: Peter Guthrie Tait (1893) "On the path of a rotating spherical projectile," Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 37, pages 427-440.
17. ^ Lord Rayleigh (1877) "On the irregular flight of a tennis ball," Messenger of Mathematics, vol. 7, pages 14–16.
18. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Section 4.5
19. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics, Figure 4.19
20. ^ Nathan, Alan M. (October 18, 2012). "Determining Pitch Movement from PITCHf/x Data". Retrieved 18 October 2012.
21. ^ SBS 2010 FIFA World Cup Show interview 22 June 2010 10:30pm by Craig Johnston
22. ^ Ruprecht Nennstiel. "Yaw of repose". Nennstiel-ruprecht.de. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
23. ^ Whirling Spools Lift This Plane. Popular Science. Nov 1930. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
24. ^ "Quantum Rotary Stabilizers". Jun 2, 2009. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 2, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8184590339660645, "perplexity": 1601.429083366229}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654052/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00026-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://findfilo.com/maths-question-answers/if-a-is-the-area-and-2s-the-sum-of-three-sides-of-5eq | If A is the area and 2s the sum of three sides of a triangle, then | Filo
Class 11
Math
Algebra
Sequences and Series
554
150
If A is the area and 2s the sum of three sides of a triangle, then
1. None of these
Solution: We know that, A.MG.M
Ans: A
554
150
Connecting you to a tutor in 60 seconds. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8288694024085999, "perplexity": 875.9418230174789}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057131.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921011047-20210921041047-00520.warc.gz"} |
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-zib/frontdoor/index/index/docId/680 | ## Linear convergence of an interior point method for linear control constrained optimal control problems
Please always quote using this URN: urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-6809
• The paper provides a detailed analysis of a short step interior point algorithm applied to linear control constrained optimal control problems. Using an affine invariant local norm and an inexact Newton corrector, the well-known convergence results from finite dimensional linear programming can be extended to the infinite dimensional setting of optimal control. The present work complements a recent paper of Weiser and Deuflhard, where convergence rates have not been derived. The choice of free parameters, i.e. the corrector accuracy and the number of corrector steps, is discussed.
$Rev: 13581$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8690038919448853, "perplexity": 521.5068382809727}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279248.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00183-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://brainden.com/forum/topic/2412--/page/6/ | Jump to content
BrainDen.com - Brain Teasers
• 0
## Question
New to the game? Rules and previous chapters are here.
It's over, and Itachi-san emerges victorious...!
With Nikyma close on his .. uh .. tail.
Itachi-san - 7
Nikyma -6
LIS - 3
Vishmi - 3
akaslickster - 1
Great job everyone!
[1] wave _ _ _ hint - Nikyma
[2] wave _ _ _ group - Nikyma
[3] wave _ _ _ _ up - Nikyma
[4] wave _ _ _ _ straight - LIS
[5] wave _ _ _ _ _ heave - Itachi-san, Vishmi
[6] wave _ _ _ _ _ basin - LIS
[7] wave _ _ _ _ _ squirm - Nickyma
[8] wave _ _ _ _ _ emblem - Itachi-san
[9] wave _ _ _ _ _ cleaning - Nikyma
[10] wave _ _ _ _ _ heartbreak - LIS
[11] wave _ _ _ _ _ _ soar - Vishmi
[12] wave _ _ _ _ _ _ butch - Vishmi, Itachi-san
[13] wave _ _ _ _ _ _ fudge - akaslickster
[14] wave _ _ _ _ _ _ mayday - Itachi-san
[15] wave _ _ _ _ _ _ invite - Nikyma
[16] wave _ _ _ _ _ _ _ luff - Itachi-san
[17] wave _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ symphony - Itachi-san
[18] wave _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fluctuate - Itachi-san
Have fun!
[1] wave CUE hint
[2] wave SET group
[3] wave HEAT up
[4] wave HAND straight
[5] wave SURGE heave
[6] wave TIDAL basin
[7] wave TWIST squirm
[8] wave CREST emblem
[9] wave WOMAN cleaning
[10] wave RIDGE heartbreak
[11] wave BILLOW soar
[12] wave HAIRDO butch
[13] wave RIPPLE fudge
[14] wave SIGNAL mayday
[15] wave BECKON invite
[16] wave FLUTTER luff
[17] wave MOVEMENT symphony
[18] wave UNDULATE fluctuate
• Answers 174
• Created
• Last Reply
## Recommended Posts
• 0
Flat.
Wave with a flat trajectory ? Sounds weird.
no. was thinking it too, but flat line is not the same as flat wave, is it?
• 0
HAND
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lesbos ?
Nope.
Why are you waving at lesbos?
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• 0
HAND
Yes! Great job. I at first was going to use "flush" but that was too suggestive of hand. Straight seemed to be pretty good camoflage.
LIS has [4]!
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• 0
Nope.
Why are you waving at lesbos?
its a limp wristed gay thing - butch relates to gays and lesbians (emphasis)
swish? another weak wave, don't read more into it
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Why do I always come late?
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I wish Nayana was here.
thanks a lot Nikyma! I am glad that atleast I am remembered I had a test today and also have one tomorrow...so joining in late
Edited by Nayana
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maybe design/layout
I have no idea
• 0
swash?
• 0
impart
• 0
bathe
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brush/shake/flail/bless?
• 0
hairdo
• 0
brush
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hairdo
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swing
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surfer? - for Butch Van Artsdalen? A bit of a stretch, I know.
• 0
pulse
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sonic
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hairdo
Vishmi has the penultimate word [12]
This was definitely a "back in the =50s" word.
Does Butch Wax ring a bell?
Good job.
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hairdo
Yes. How did you get this? Yer way too young!
• 0
makes ?????
• 0
Nope.
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• 0
Yes. How did you get this? Yer way too young!
I looked up butch and the only things it relates to are manly or gay women and of course their typical hairdos
Edit: also a common dog name and let's not forget Mr. Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, but I couldn't make those fit
Edited by itachi-san
• 0
fluid
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https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/12/e018936 | Article Text
Our Health Counts Toronto: using respondent-driven sampling to unmask census undercounts of an urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada
1. Michael A Rotondi1,
2. Patricia O’Campo2,3,
3. Kristen O’Brien2,
4. Michelle Firestone2,
5. Sara H Wolfe4,
6. Cheryllee Bourgeois4,
7. Janet K Smylie2,3
1. 1School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2. 2Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3. 3Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4. 4Seventh Generation Midwives Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
1. Correspondence to Dr Michael A Rotondi; mrotondi{at}yorku.ca
## Abstract
Objectives To provide evidence of the magnitude of census undercounts of ‘hard-to-reach’ subpopulations and to improve estimation of the size of the urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS).
Design Respondent-driven sampling.
Setting The study took place in the urban indigenous community in Toronto, Canada. Three locations within the city were used to recruit study participants.
Participants 908 adult participants (15+) who self-identified as indigenous (First Nation, Inuit or Métis) and lived in the city of Toronto. Study participants were generally young with over 60% of indigenous adults under the age of 45 years. Household income was low with approximately two-thirds of the sample living in households which earned less than $C20 000 last year. Primary and secondary outcome measures We collected baseline data on demographic characteristics, including indigenous identity, age, gender, income, household type and household size. Our primary outcome asked: ‘Did you complete the 2011 Census Canada questionnaire?’ Results Using RDS and our large-scale survey of the urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada, we have shown that the most recent Canadian census underestimated the size of the indigenous population in Toronto by a factor of 2 to 4. Specifically, under conservative assumptions, there are approximately 55 000 (95% CI 45 000 to 73 000) indigenous people living in Toronto, at least double the current estimate of 19 270. Conclusions Our indigenous enumeration methods, including RDS and census completion information will have broad impacts across governmental and health policy, potentially improving healthcare access for this community. These novel applications of RDS may be relevant for the enumeration of other ‘hard-to-reach’ populations, such as illegal immigrants or homeless individuals in Canada and beyond. • community-based research • indigenous population • marginalized populations • respondent-driven sampling • estimation of population size • census undercount This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ## Statistics from Altmetric.com ### Strengths and limitations of this study • The study included a large sample of a hard-to-reach population recruited using a probability-based method. • The study used novel applications of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and census completion information to enumerate the size of a hard-to-reach population. • Census completion information was collected by retrospective self-report, thus participant responses may be subject to recall bias. • Baseline data relating to the census were obtained in 2011 and may no longer be valid. • We are confident that our study is robust; nonetheless, care must be taken in the interpretation of respondent-driven sampling studies and generalisation to the target population. ## Introduction National censuses are considered the gold standard for population-level data and commonly provide the sampling frame for national surveys.1–3 Ensuring full census participation of socially marginalised groups and adjusting for undercounts is a common problem throughout the world.4 5 This is particularly challenging in homeless6 or indigenous subpopulations,7 who are at risk of being undercounted and thereby lacking access to appropriate healthcare services. In what is now known as Canada, there are three distinct groups of indigenous peoples (Indian, Inuit and Métis) that are recognised in the Canadian constitution as having inherent rights that predate Canadian confederation.8 The group referred to in the constitution as ‘Indian' represents a highly diverse set of cultural linguistic population groups, who commonly self-identify by their specific cultural linguistic name and/or the collective term First Nations, which came into use in the 1970s as the term ‘Indian’ was considered by some to be offensive. The Inuit traditionally lived above the tree line and are part of a larger circumpolar Inuit population that includes Greenland, Alaska and Russia. The origins of the Métis Nations are found in the historic intermarriage of European men with First Nations/Indian women in the 1700s. There has always been intermarriage across First Nations groups.9 Métis have their own unique identities which has been shaped by over 250 years of history that intertwines with but is distinct from the history of First Nations. The majority of First Nations and Métis peoples in Canada now live in cities, and the urban Inuit population is rapidly increasing.10 Urbanisation increases opportunities for intermixing between and across First Nations, Métis and Inuit population groups. Importantly, and in keeping with their distinct cultural–linguistic identities, histories and differences in externally imposed colonial policies, each group also has unique urban experiences and needs.11 Urban indigenous peoples are at risk of non-participation in the census due to factors such as poverty and its associated lack of living at a fixed address,12 13 historical distrust of government due to past and present colonial policies14 and migration between geographical locations.12 In 2011, despite concerns of the reduced validity of using a voluntary questionnaire, the Canadian government made a significant change in the collection of Canadian population data and eliminated the mandatory long-form census, replacing it with the voluntary National Household Survey (NHS).15 16 This further complicated the accurate enumeration of indigenous peoples in Canada because questions regarding indigenous identity were part of the content that was transferred from the long-form census to the NHS, which had a much lower global response rate (68.6%) than the previous long-form census (93.8%).13 Additional NHS data reliability issues have been identified for estimates of the prevalence of low-income households, estimates involving smaller geographical areas and for specific indigenous subpopulations.14 Within this context, we investigated methods to more accurately enumerate the indigenous population of Toronto, Ontario, Canada’s largest urban centre. The purpose of our study was twofold: (1) To provide evidence of the magnitude of undercount of this ‘hard-to-reach’ indigenous subpopulation and (2) To improve estimation of the size of the urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) for healthcare access and planning purposes. ## Methods From March 2015 to March 2016, the Seventh Generation Midwives Toronto (SGMT), in partnership with the Centre for Urban Health Solutions at St. Michael’s Hospital recruited indigenous adults who lived, worked or received health services in the city of Toronto, Canada, using a community-based RDS17 18 design. ### Community partnerships This study was co-led by the SGMT and the Well Living House Action Research Centre for Indigenous Infant, Child and Family Health and Wellbeing (Well Living House) at St. Michael’s Hospital. SGMT is a midwifery clinic in Toronto that specialises in providing care for indigenous mothers and their babies. Given the traditional role of midwives as knowledge keepers of birth stories and family information, SGMT was identified as an appropriate organisational custodian for indigenous community health data in Toronto.19 ### Study design In contrast to indigenous populations living in First Nations on-reserve communities or Inuit land claim territories, there is no comprehensive registry of indigenous people living in cities. In the face of these challenges and the socially networked community of urban indigenous people, we chose RDS17 18 as the sampling method. Based on the design effects that were observed in our previous urban indigenous RDS studies,20 a target sample size of approximately 1000 urban indigenous adults was chosen to provide appropriate power for descriptive and comparative measures in this study. ### Recruitment methods Participant recruitment took place at three health and social services locations spanned across the city of Toronto. Specifically, interviews took place 2 days per week at the Queen West Central Toronto Community Health Centre, SGMT and the Native Canadian Centre of Toronto, respectively, and also included an option for a mobile survey service which could come to a participant’s location of choice. All interviewers had strong pre-existing indigenous community engagement skills and were further trained to ensure that all interviews were conducted in a respectful and culturally sensitive manner. As an incentive, participants were provided with$C20.00 for completing the survey as well as $C10.00 for each individual that they recruited into the study. In addition, adults who had children under the age of 14 residing with them were asked to complete a child-specific survey and provided with an additional honorarium of$C10.00 per completed child survey. All financial incentives were in Canadian dollars.
Eligible participants had to self-identify as indigenous (First Nation, Inuit or Métis) and live, work or receive healthcare services in Toronto. However, for the purposes of this study, all analyses are restricted to only those who reside in the city of Toronto. In collaboration with our community partners, 10 seeds were initially selected in consultation with partner indigenous health and social service organisations to ensure that they captured the diversity of the indigenous community and had sufficiently large social networks to ensure the study would continue past its initial waves. Later in the study, 10 seeds were added to increase recruitment speed. Initially, three coupons were issued per person; however, this was later augmented to five to further increase the recruitment rate. On increasing the number of coupons available, previously recruited individuals were contacted and asked if they would like two additional coupons. A total of 77 people were eligible for an additional two coupons; 65 (84%) of them were contacted by phone, email or in person and of these, 41 individuals did receive an additional two coupons.
There was no explicit time limit for recruitment; however, community posters and information boards at recruitment locations included the study completion date of 31 March 2016 and encouraged all participants to complete the study prior to that date. Participants who were recruited in 2016 were also reminded of the study’s end date in their interviews. Efforts to reduce duplicates included using a preliminary screener to assess eligibility, matching on voluntarily provided provincial health insurance numbers and examination for duplicated survey questionnaires. Note that 97% of study participants voluntarily provided their unique provincial health insurance number, thus we are confident that the risk of duplicate surveys is minimal. A flow chart of the sample acquisition and data cleaning process is presented in figure 1. The personal network size question was phrased as ‘Approximately how many Aboriginal people do you know (ie, by name and that know you by name) who currently live, work or use health and social services in Toronto?’. The recruiter–recruit relationship was tracked using the unique numbers on each coupon in our database. Participants gave informed consent before taking part in the study. Study results are reported in accordance with the STROBE-RDS (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-RDS) guidelines.21
Figure 1
Our Health Counts Toronto sample acquisition and data cleaning, Toronto, Canada, March 2015 to March 2016, indigenous adults.
### Patient involvement
The SGMT was supported by a broader reference group of indigenous and allied health and social service organisations. Our project’s community-based research, publication and data governance protocols assure indigenous community leadership in all aspects of study design, data collection/recruitment, analyses and interpretation of data. Results will be disseminated to study participants by a community event and report. Specifically, SGMT retains full ownership and control over all data in accordance with the project’s academic–community partnership agreement. This community-determined research approach ensured study success and is the most important factor in the successful participation of Toronto’s indigenous community in this RDS study.
### Primary outcome
Obtaining accurate estimates of the size of the indigenous population residing in metropolitan Toronto was of significant research interest, thus, a question was included in the Our Health Counts Toronto questionnaire asking whether or not a participant had completed the census, ‘Did you complete the 2011 Census Canada questionnaire?’. The inclusion of this question enabled us to use actual census counts in order to re-estimate the size of Toronto’s indigenous population, which was currently residing in Toronto.
### Statistical analysis
All RDS analyses, including demographic and primary outcome variables were performed in the RDS package (V.0.7.7) in R22 using RDS-II weights.23 Bottleneck plots and appropriate statistical tests were used to examine convergence and test assumptions of RDS such as recruitment and non-response biases.24 Seeds were excluded for analysis purposes. Age was our only continuous measure and was classified into five categories of 10-year intervals and a category of older adults (65+). Household type (private dwelling, institutional or homeless) was also included to estimate the proportion of individuals who should have completed the census. Note that household size was only asked of participants who lived in private dwellings. For demographic purposes, household income is presented in this manuscript without adjustment for household size. There were no participants with missing data on the primary census survey question or on gender, age or indigenous identity. However, a small amount of missing data were present for the household types and income variables (2.2% and 1.5% missing, respectively) while household size had one missing case. Given the small amount of missing data, missing values were simply treated as a category for analytical purposes.
### Estimating the size of Toronto’s indigenous population
Estimating the size of Toronto’s indigenous population is challenging and requires a number of assumptions and extrapolation of available information. The general analysis strategy uses the preliminary estimates of Toronto’s indigenous population size, household composition and number of households that are available from the 2011 NHS. These estimates correspond to the metropolitan Toronto area only and are derived from both the census estimates of the population and distribution of indigenous identity from the voluntary NHS.
Using this information, in conjunction with assumptions regarding the proportion of indigenous people who should have completed the census, and our study results obtained through RDS, we calculate revised estimates of the size of Toronto’s indigenous population. These estimates account for the large number of individuals who did not complete the census and were undercounted.
As a preliminary estimate, the NHS estimates the size of Toronto’s urban indigenous population as 19 270, including 15 650 adults (15+) distributed across 12 270 private dwellings.25 From this information, we estimate that each indigenous household contains approximately 15 650/12 270=1.3 indigenous adults (15+) and 19 270/12 270=1.6 indigenous people (including children). Note that these are simplified average estimates and do not require any assumptions on household characteristics or homogeneity of household composition. To ensure a conservative estimate of the population size, we recognise that not all adults are expected to complete the survey as only one responsible adult per household typically completes the questionnaire and individuals in institutional settings (eg, homeless shelters, seniors home, student housing, etc) are counted using institutional records and do not complete the census directly.
## Results
A total of 917 indigenous adults who lived, worked or received health services in the city of Toronto, Canada, were recruited and deemed eligible for the study. Of these, 908 were currently living in the city of Toronto and were included in this study. A flow chart of the sample acquisition is included in figure 1. Over the course of the study period, a total of 3505 coupons were issued and 918 were returned. The RDS recruitment network is presented in figure 2, and table 1 reports the number of recruits by seed and number of RDS recruitment waves for each seed.
Table 1
Number of respondent-driven sampling recruits and waves per seed in the Our Health Counts Toronto study
Figure 2
Our Health Counts Toronto respondent-driven sampling recruitment diagram. Seeds are represented by squares and circles denote recruits. Toronto, Canada, March 2015 to March 2016, indigenous adults.
Baseline demographic characteristics, including indigenous identity, age, gender, income, household type and household size are presented in table 2. RDS design effects ranged from 1.4 to 5.5. From this information, we note that Toronto’s indigenous adults are relatively young with a very low proportion of older adults, specifically, only 3.3% (95% CI 1.5% to 5.2%) of Toronto’s adult indigenous community is 65 years of age or older. Moreover, Toronto’s urban indigenous community suffers from a disproportionate level of poverty as 66.5% (95% CI 65.6% to 67.5%) of individuals live in households which earn less than $C20 000 per year, while nearly 90% of individuals live in households which earn less than$C30 000 per year.
Table 2
Demographic characteristics of Toronto’s urban indigenous population, March 2015 to March 2016
Continuing to our estimation of Toronto’s indigenous population size, based on our analysis in table 2, a minimum of approximately 68.9% of participants lived in private households that should have completed the census. However, not all adults complete the census, as it’s only completed by one responsible household member per household. Combining this information with the number of adults living per household from the NHS, we can infer that approximately 70%×1/1.3=53.0% of this adult population should have completed the census. After adjusting responses for recruitment using RDS, we have strong evidence that the large majority of urban indigenous people in Toronto did not complete the 2011 census (table 3).
Table 3
Adjusted proportions of Toronto’s urban indigenous population who report completing the 2011 Canadian census under two respondent-driven sampling (RDS) conditions
To continue with a conservative approach to our estimations, we will assume that those who stated they did not remember if they had completed the census did in fact complete it (4.8% from table 3). Under this set of assumptions, we can now determine that we are conservatively underestimating the number of households in the indigenous community by a factor of 2.8 (53.0%/18.9%) with 95% CI 2.3 to 3.7.
According to the NHS, there are 1.3 indigenous adults (15+) living per census household, suggesting that there are approximately 2.8×1.3×12 270=45 000 (95% CI 37 000 to 59 000) indigenous adults living in Toronto (table 4). From NHS data, we can also infer that each household has 1.6 indigenous people (including adults and children), suggesting that there are approximately 55 000 (95% CI 45 000 to 73 000) indigenous people living in the city of Toronto, Canada (table 4). Moreover, analyses from Our Health Counts Toronto study data show that 40.9% of indigenous adults in Toronto live in households of at least three people and the average indigenous household size is 2.5 people. While the household size counts for Our Health Counts Toronto include all household members (both indigenous and non-indigenous), the assumption of 1.6 indigenous people per household from the NHS is nevertheless likely conservative, given the much larger Our Health Toronto household size calculations.
Table 4
Toronto’s indigenous population based on data from the Canadian census and two estimates from respondent-driven sampling (RDS)
Finally, note that we assumed that those who did not remember had actually completed the census. In discussion with our community partners and a small subsample of participants, we suspect this is unlikely as individuals may have been more likely to say they do not remember (instead of ‘no’) due to fear of reprisal as completion of the census was legally required. If we assume that those who did not remember completing the census in fact did not complete it, our estimates of the size of Toronto’s indigenous population increases to 74 000 (95% CI 57 000 to 103 000), suggesting an underestimation of the size of Toronto’s indigenous community by the 2011 Canadian census by a factor of approximately 2.9–5.2 (table 4).
## Discussion
In a conservative model of the indigenous population in Toronto, where individuals who did not remember completing the census were assumed to have completed the census, the Canadian census underestimated the size of Toronto’s urban indigenous population by a factor of approximately 2 to 4. This estimate may in fact be too conservative as we incorporated conservative assumptions at each step of the calculation and given completing the census is required by law, participants may have been reluctant to acknowledge not completing the questionnaire.
It has previously been suggested that migration to urban centres and population increases may contribute to the consistent underestimation of this population size,26 but an additional analysis of this data has concluded that among individuals who have lived in Toronto for 5 or more years, only 16.8% (95% CI 12.0% to 21.7%) had completed the census—further supporting the hypothesis of systematic biases rather than mobility or other factors.
Nonetheless, there are several limitations to consider. First, as the data are self-reported and pertain to completion of the previous census, participant responses may be subject to recall bias. A second key limitation is that the baseline data from the NHS were obtained in 2011 and may no longer be valid, nonetheless, this is the most recent data available until the results of the 2016 Canadian census are fully released late 2017. Third, we recognise that there is some heterogeneity in our population with respect to First Nations, Métis and Inuit identities and their social networks. Examination of our recruitment patterns for indigenous identity reveal the predominance of First Nations participants, which is not unexpected, given the known majority of indigenous people who identify as First Nations. We did recruit a substantial number of Métis participants, who were distributed across First Nations recruitment chains, reflecting historic and current social links between Métis and First Nations. It is possible, however, that this represents only a subgroup of Métis and there are other Métis in Toronto who are not socially networked with First Nations. The small number of Inuit participants in our study most likely reflects a strong homogeneity of Inuit-specific social networks, which we were not able to sample successfully. Finally, the limitations of RDS studies continue to be elucidated. As Gile et al24 state, RDS is “designed to enact a near statistical miracle: beginning with a convenience sample … then treating the final sample as a probability sample,” and this does not come without a suitable cost in untestable assumptions. Although we are confident that our study is robust, care must still be taken in the interpretation of RDS studies and generalisation to the target population.
This study provides a cautionary note on the shortfall of national census data on ‘hard-to-reach’ populations in Canada and beyond. In particular, although the short-form Canadian Census had an overall 97.1% response rate27 when it is combined with data from the NHS to obtain estimates by ethnicity, the result is a severe undercount of the indigenous population in Toronto. The results of this study may have potential implications for the enumeration of other impoverished or marginalised groups, including homeless people or illegal immigrants who may not have fixed addresses or who may be reluctant to identify themselves. Accurate population counts are particularly important for socially marginalised groups as specialised health and community services are commonly required to bridge and address their social exclusions. Alternative sampling strategies such as RDS in conjunction with community-based partnerships may be added to the other tools used to ensure that individuals are accurately enumerated across all subgroups and jurisdictions, thereby improving healthcare access and equity for these marginalised communities.
## Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the indigenous peoples living in the city of Toronto who generously participated in the study, Seventh Generation Midwives Toronto, the project reference group and the Well Living House Counsel of Indigenous grandparents.
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View Abstract
## Footnotes
• Contributors MAR and JKS designed the study in consultation with MF, PO, SHW and CB. MAR drafted the manuscript and developed the statistical approach. Data cleaning, tables, figures and demographic analyses were performed by KO. PO provided critical insight to improve the statistical approach. All authors contributed to revising the paper and approved the final manuscript. MAR and JKS are guarantors of this work.
• Funding This work was supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) operating grant no: RN196459 – 301506. JKS is supported by a CIHR Applied Public Health Research Chair in Indigenous Health Information and Knowledge.
• Disclaimer The funding agency had no role in the design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, and the writing of the article/decision to submit for publication.
• Competing interests None declared.
• Patient consent Obtained.
• Ethics approval This project has been reviewed and approved by the research ethics board of St. Michael’s Hospital (REB no: 14-083).
• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
• Data sharing statement There is an MTA in place, thus, data access and sharing is fully governed by our community partner, the Seventh Generation Midwives Toronto.
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2015-02-26, 04:12 #34
wblipp
"William"
May 2003
New Haven
2×32×131 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by chris2be8
Quote:
Originally Posted by debrouxl Go ahead for 5443^59-1
Done.
Not yet in factordb.
2015-02-26, 04:24 #35
wblipp
"William"
May 2003
New Haven
2×32×131 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by debrouxl * the quartics are probably well out of reach for 14e
How small must a quartic be? I've got a P58^5-1 that has had a t50, but it sounds like SNFS 231 is too big.
2015-02-26, 16:44 #36
chris2be8
Sep 2009
35048 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by wblipp Not yet in factordb.
Sorry, bad wording on my part, I meant "done" in the sense of the deal is done, not that I'd factored it. I should have said "Taken". ETA about 3 days from now.
Chris
2015-02-26, 18:18 #37 fivemack (loop (#_fork)) Feb 2006 Cambridge, England 18D116 Posts Picking a random P58 (3141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105821707) 14e, small prime 10^8, 32-bit large primes, rational side => yield ~1.0 rel/Q, time ~0.161s/rel 15e, small prime 10^8, 32-bit large primes, rational side => yield ~2.6 rel/Q, time ~0.123s/rel (16e, small prime 10^8, 32-bit large primes, rational side => yield ~7.0 rel/Q, time ~0.136s/rel) So: yes, 15e is the way to go. Tell me the value of p and I'll put it up on the 15e queue. Last fiddled with by fivemack on 2015-02-26 at 18:19
2015-02-26, 20:46 #38 wblipp "William" May 2003 New Haven 2×32×131 Posts Thanks. Is the 15e queue adequately stocked? Code: P58=4634428357056524094275270112238036268732742651439283929441 William
2015-02-27, 07:12 #39 fivemack (loop (#_fork)) Feb 2006 Cambridge, England 6,353 Posts OK, that's on the queue. No idea when it will get done - I think the queue is long enough that even the Challenge won't burn through it, so it may take months before your number reaches the top of the queue and gets sieved in a few days.
2015-03-03, 04:16 #40 wblipp "William" May 2003 New Haven 2·32·131 Posts How's the 14e queue looking? In the OPN thread RichD has announced finishing ECM for these five numbers, ranging from 237 to 240 digits: 7487^61-1 7673^61-1 8111^61-1 8447^61-1 8543^61-1
2015-03-06, 22:23 #41
wblipp
"William"
May 2003
New Haven
235810 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by fivemack it may take months before your number reaches the top of the queue
I realized that this numbers has ECM to 2/9 the SNFS size, but it should have more than this to compensate for the Quartic penalty. I figured a few months would give me ample time to quietly get the extra ECM and pull the number if a factor was found. But that plan has been foiled by the advancement of all queued numbers to sieving status in preparation for the upcoming Challenge. Please accept my apology and de-queue the number, replacing it with better prepared numbers.
William
2015-03-13, 19:01 #42 pinhodecarlos "Carlos Pinho" Oct 2011 Milton Keynes, UK 7×661 Posts Be aware that we need to feed more 14e and 15e tasks.
2015-03-13, 21:08 #43 debrouxl Sep 2009 3D116 Posts I have just moved all queued 14e tasks to the sieving state.
2015-03-13, 21:32 #44 pinhodecarlos "Carlos Pinho" Oct 2011 Milton Keynes, UK 462710 Posts Thank you but still not enough. I see more teams involved on this challenge than on the previous one. Last fiddled with by pinhodecarlos on 2015-03-13 at 21:34
Similar Threads Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post kriesel kriesel 6 2019-05-22 19:37 debrouxl NFS@Home 10 2018-05-06 21:05 ewmayer Software 3 2017-05-25 04:02 jasong jasong 35 2016-12-11 00:57 PrimeCroat Hardware 3 2004-02-17 19:11
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https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJMR/article-full-text/7F5ECF168471 | ### African Journal ofMicrobiology Research
• Abbreviation: Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.
• Language: English
• ISSN: 1996-0808
• DOI: 10.5897/AJMR
• Start Year: 2007
• Published Articles: 5173
## Impact of mycorrhization on transplanting stress and the juvenile growth of an Ivorian forest species Guibourtia ehie (Fabaceae, (A. Chev.) J. Leonard)
##### Don-Rodrigue Bi Rosin Voko
• Don-Rodrigue Bi Rosin Voko
• Laboratoire d’Agrovalorisation, Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Université Jean Lorougon Guédé, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire.
##### Kouassi Clément Kouassi
• Kouassi Clément Kouassi
• Laboratoire d’Agrovalorisation, Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Université Jean Lorougon Guédé, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire.
##### Kra Athanase Kouassi
• Kra Athanase Kouassi
• Laboratoire d’Agrovalorisation, Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Université Jean Lorougon Guédé, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire.
##### Ibrahim Konaté
• Ibrahim Konaté
• Laboratoire d’Agrovalorisation, Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Université Jean Lorougon Guédé, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire.
• Accepted: 16 July 2021
• Published: 31 January 2022
ABSTRACT
Ivorian forest has been experiencing degradation for several decades despite reforestation efforts. The main cause of the failure of reforestation policies is an important mortality at the time of planting (transplanting stress). To remedy this problem, mycorrhization technology based on the beneficial effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could provide a sustainable solution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF inocula (local and commercial inoculum) on the juvenile growth of a Côte d'Ivoire forest species (Guibourtia ehie). Vegetative growth parameters and mineral nutrition (N, P, K, and Ca) were evaluated. After 150 days of cultivation, the plants treated with the local inoculum had the highest mycorrhization frequencies (75%) and intensities (21.23%). Also for growth parameters (height, number of leaves, leaf area, and crown diameter) and for nitrogen and potassium contents, the plants treated with the local polyspecific inoculum had the highest values compared to the plants treated with the commercial inoculum and the control plants. Mycorrhization improved mineral nutrition as well as vegetative growth of G. ehie seedlings. The integration of mycorrhizal inoculation from local strains in reforestation policies could be a sustainable solution for the recolonization of degraded forests by endangered species.
Key words: Guibourtia ehie, inoculum, mycorrhization mineral nutrition, vegetative growth, Ivory Coast.
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Inoculum 1 characteristics
Inoculum 1 production
Inoculum 1 (Local inoculum) was produced by trapping AMFs in the soil of the INP-HB (Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouet-Boigny) forest. The trapping technique is a bioassay, which allows to obtain AMF propagules in quality and quantity to initiate inoculation tests (Morton et al., 1993). Cowpea, which has a 60- to 70-day cycle, was chosen as the host plant. Cowpea seeds disinfected with 12°-10% bleach and rinsed once for 2 min with sterile water were pre-germinated. Plants of the same size were selected and sown in 2-L plastic pots containing a mixture of 700 g of gardener's potting soil + sand (1v/1v) previously sterilized (110°C, 2 kg/cm2, 3 h) and 150 g of forest soil serving as inoculum (2 plants per pot).
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore identification in inoculum 1
After 3 months, the number of AMFs propagules (spores) from trap culture was established. Spores were extracted by wet-sieving and decanting (Gerdemann and Nicolson, 1963) using sieve with different sizes (45, 90, 125 and 500 μm) and the modified sucrose density gradient centrifugation method (Walker et al., 1982). For AMF spore’s identification, healthy spores were mounted on glass microscope slides and stained with polyvinyl alcohollacto-glycerol (1 v/v PVLG) mixed with and without Melzer's reagent (Morton et al., 1993; Brundrett et al., 1994). Spores were cracked open to allow spore substructure characteristics under an optic microscope (EUROMEX Holland CSL/CKL) at a magnification of ×400. AMF spore morphotyping was based on Oehl et al. (2011) and the revision of Glomeromycota genera proposed by Redecker et al. (2013). The number of AMFs propagules (spores) in inoculum 1 (substrate in the pots) was estimated to be 700 spores per gram.
Inoculum 2 characteristics
Inoculum 2 is a commercial monospecific inoculum of Glomus intraradices produced by Myke Pro whose density has been estimated by the manufacturer at 3000 propagules/g.
Collection of G. ehie seedlings
G. ehie seedlings of about 10 cm high at the four-leaf stage were collected in Yamoussoukro (Côte d'Ivoire) in the arboriculture of the Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny (INPHB). This forest created in 1989 is full of essential forest species such as Milicia excelsa (Moraceae), Mansonia altissima (Sterculiaceae), Pterygota marcrocarpa (Sterculiaceae), G. ehie (Fabaceae), Triplochiton scleroxylon (Sterculiaceae), and Terminalia ivorensis (Combretaceae). To harvest a seedling, furrows were made around the seedling with a daba, then it was dug up with the clod of soil present on the roots. The roots were then cleaned of the soil clod and rinsed thoroughly with water to remove any surface microorganisms. On each plant, at the lateral roots, a sample of the finest roots likely to be colonized by native AMF were pulled out for a colonization check according to Trouvelot et al. (1986). Only seedlings with 0% colonization were retained for the study.
Inoculation process of G. ehie seedlings
Seedlings of the same size (about 10 cm high, about 0.185 mm in diameter) at the 4-leaf stage were selected for planting in 5-L plastic bags containing a mixture of 2000 g of sterilized potting soil (autoclaved at 110°C, 2 kg/cm2, 3 h; characteristics: pH = 6.8; organic matter = 2.57%; total nitrogen = 0.16%; available phosphorus = 75 mg/kg; cation exchange capacity = 7.4 cmol.kg-1) and 200 g of inoculum (1 plant/pot). The roots of the seedlings were placed in direct contact with the inoculum to optimize mycorrhizal colonization. The seedlings in the control bags were carried in 2000 g of sterilized potting soil + 200 g of sterilized substrate (autoclaved at 110°C, 2 kg/cm2, 3 h). Each bag was watered with 500 ml of water every 3 days until the end of the experiment.
Experimental design
The experiment took place in the open area at the edge of the experimental forest of the INP-HB. The design is completely randomized and includes one (1) plant species (G. ehie), three (3) treatments and 30 replications. The treatment factor has three levels: Inoculum 1 (local inoculum), Inoculum 2 (commercial inoculum) and Control. A total number of 90 seedlings were used, 30 seedlings per treatment.
Assessment of root colonization
Fine roots were sampled at 150 days of cultivation with three replicates per treatment. Each treatment contained three plants. Roots were rinsed and cut into 1 cm fragments. These roots fragments were cleared by boiling in 10% (w/v) KOH and stained with 0.05% (v/v) trypan blue in lactoglycerol according to Phillips and Haymann (1970) method. Ten pieces of roots per plant were placed in glycerol (50%) between slide and coverslip (Kormanik and McGraw, 1982) and observed under an optical microscope. Root colonization was evaluated through two parameters: mycorrhization intensity and mycorrhization frequency. The mycorrhization intensity indicates the rate of mycorrhizal structures in a colonized root fragment. Mycorrhization frequency represents the percentage of root fragments with mycorrhizal structures out of the total number of fragments observed. The colonized roots were observed and evaluated according to Trouvelot et al. (1986).
Measurement of mineral nutrition parameters
After drying in an oven at 60°C for 5 days, the samples of aerial parts (leaves and stems) were reduced to fine powder by means of a mortar. Then the mineralization of the powders was performed in a muffle furnace at 500°C. The ashes were solubilized with HCl. The extracts obtained were then filtered on ash-free filter paper and made up to 50 ml with distilled water. The stock solutions obtained were stored in flasks and thus ready for the determination of mineral elements. Nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method (Bremner, 1960) with mineralization in the presence of glucose to avoid nitrate losses and catalysts (SO4K2, SO4Cu, and Selenium). Phosphorus was determined by phopho-vanado-molybdate colorimetry (Pansu and Gautheyrou, 2006); potassium and calcium by flame photometry after ion exchange; magnesium by the complexometric method.
Collection of growth data
Measurements were made on the first day of transplantation (D1), on the 30th day (D30), on the 60th day (D60), on the 90th day (D90), on the 120th day (D120) and on the 150th day (D150) corresponding to the number of days necessary to judge the resistance to transplantation stress. The data collected concerned the survival rate, the height of the seedlings, the diameter at the collar and the leaf area. The survival rate was determined according to the following formula:
Survival rate (%) = (Number of surviving plants)/(Number of replicates) × 100
Plant height was measured with a 30 cm ruler. The diameter at the neck of the plants was measured with a Vernier caliper. The number of leaves was obtained by counting. Total leaf area for each individual plant sampled per treatment was determined as follows: leaves were classified into "large" (L) and "small" (S) batches according to whether they had reached maximum growth or not. For each batch of leaves, a sample of 2 leaves was considered for the determination of the average leaf area using the MESURIUM software. The leaf area of each batch of leaves was obtained by multiplying the number of leaves by the corresponding average area. Thus, the total leaf area (SFT) is calculated from the following formula:
SFT = STG + STP with STG = Total leaf area of the "large" batch of leaves and STP = Total leaf area of the "small" batch of leaves.
Statistical analysis of the data
The data obtained in this study were processed by a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 3 modalities (Control: no inoculum, Inoculum 1: local inoculum; Inoculum 2: commercial inoculum). This analysis was performed by STATISTICA 7.1 software. Tukey's HSD test (p≤ 0.05) was used to identify which means actually differed when the analysis of variance revealed a significant difference. The Tukey HSD test also allowed for multiple comparisons of means to form homogeneous groups.
RESULTS
Mycorrhizal colonization rate of G. ehie roots at 150 days
At 150 days of cultivation, roots of plants treated with inoculum 1 showed higher mycorrhization intensities and frequencies than those treated with inoculum 2. Roots of control plants showed no mycorrhizal structure (Table 1).
Impact of mycorrhization on plant mineral nutrition
The average mineral element contents of aerial parts are presented in Table 2. The mineral nitrogen content of the leaves of plants treated with inoculum 1 was higher (2.52%) than those obtained with the control (1.68%). Similarly, the potassium content of the leaves of plants treated with inoculum 1 is higher (1.89 cmol.kg-1) than those obtained with inoculum 2 (0.98 cmol.kg-1) and the control (0.807 cmol/kg-1). On the other hand, for phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents, no significant difference was noted between the three different treatments with Tukey's HSD test (p≤ 0.05).
Adaptation of mycorrhizal seedlings to transplant stress
Survival of seedlings under transplanting stress
The survival rate of seedlings to transplantation stress was assessed from day 1 to day 150 (Figure 1). For seedlings treated with inoculum 1, the survival rate was 100% for the first 30 days of transplantation. From the 60th day, the survival rate decreased to 93.33% and then stabilized at this value until the 150th day. With the plants treated with inoculum 2, a continuous decrease from day 1 to day 90 of transplantation from 100 to 63.33% was observed, then this rate was maintained until day 150. In the case of plants that received no inoculum (controls), the survival rate dropped from 100 to 53.33% from day 1 to day 90 of transplantation, then the rate stabilized until day 150.
Impact of mycorrhization on the growth of G. ehie seedlings
The height of the plants as a function of time is as shown in Figure 2A. All plants have a continuous height growth from day 1 to day 150. The plants treated with inoculum 1 show the greatest growth in height. Indeed, with inoculum 1 the growth of the plants is faster. However, no significant difference was observed between the height growth of the control plants and the plants treated with inoculum 2 until day 105.
Evolution of the diameter at the neck of the plants as a function of time was evaluated (Figure 2B). All curves show an increasing trend. However, the diameter of the plants treated with inoculum 1 evolved faster than those treated with inoculum 2. Also, the diameter of the plants treated with inoculum 2 evolved faster than that of the control plants. Indeed, as early as 30 days after transplanting, a significant difference was observed between the diameter of the plants treated with inoculum 1 and the initial diameter of the seedlings at T0. It is from 60 days that a significant difference is noted between the diameter of the plants treated with inoculum 2 and the initial diameter at T0. It is only after 90 days that a significant difference is noted between the diameter of the control plants and the initial diameter at T0 of the control seedlings.
Evolution of the average total leaf area of G. ehie plants is as shown in Figure 2C. In control plants and inoculum 2, a decrease in leaf area was observed during the first 30 days followed by an increase in leaf area from day 30 to day 150. On the other hand, inoculum 1, the growth of leaf area is continuous from time T0 to 150 days. Also, the growth of the SFT of the plants treated with inoculum 1 is faster than that of the control plants and the plants treated with inoculum 2. As early as 60 days, there is a significant difference between the total leaf areas of the plants treated with inoculum 1 and those of the seedlings at T0. The growth of plants treated with inoculum 2 was faster than that of the control plants. However, it is from 90 days that a significant difference is observed between the plants treated with inoculum 2 and the seedlings at T0.
DISCUSSION
This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of mycorrhization on adaptation to transplanting stress, mineral nutrition and growth of young shoots of G. ehie. It is a proposal for sustainable solutions to the difficulties encountered by reforestation policies in a context of climate change and forest ecosystem degradation. This study shows that the mycorizogenic power of inoculum 1, that is, the local polyspecific inoculum, is more important on G. ehie seedlings than that of inoculum 2, that is, the exotic monospecific inoculum. The climatic and edaphic environment would influence the ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to colonize plant roots (Casazza et al., 2017; Melo et al., 2019). Thus, the exotic inoculum (inoculum 2) would have difficulty developing under local ecological conditions. The same conclusion has been drawn by several authors (Copeman et al., 1996; Berruti et al., 2016). In fact these authors proved that in general, local inocula colonize plants better than inocula of foreign origin. It was also obtained during this study that mycorrhization, especially with the local polyspecific inoculum, improved the nitrogen and potassium contents of the aerial parts on the other hand no improvement in phosphorus, magnesium and calcium contents was noted compared to the control. These results are contrary to some studies dealing with the impact of mycorrhization on plant mineral nutrition, which concluded that mycorrhization acted mainly by improving phosphate nutrition (Walder and van der Heijden, 2015; Shi et al., 2021). In contrast, most studies on tropical soils reach the same conclusion as ours. Namely, that mycorrhization has more effects on nitrogen and potassium nutrition than on phosphorus nutrition (Osonubi et al., 1995; Séry et al., 2016).
The mycorrhized seedlings had higher survival percentages than those that received no inoculum. That is, 63.33% survival with inoculum 2 and up to 93.33% survival with inoculum 1, compared to 53.33% with the control plants. The mycorrhized seedlings were more resistant to transplant stress despite the pre-transplant removal of the thinner roots. This important ability of mycorrhization to improve plant adaptation to stressful conditions or changing ecosystems has been cited several times (Smith and Read, 2008; Sinclair et al., 2014). Indeed these studies showed that mycorrhization improved plant adaptation to harsh conditions through its positive action on soil structure (Rillig and Steinberg, 2002; Zhang et al., 2017), inhibition of some soil pathogens (Elsen et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2018; Diagne et al., 2020) and mobilization of essential mineral elements.
Also, during this study, mycorrhization improved the overall growth parameters of G. ehie seedlings compared to control plants. Indeed, the increase in total leaf area of treated seedlings was greater than that of untreated seedlings. However, only inoculum 1 resulted in a greater growth in height and an increase in the diameter at the collar of the seedlings compared to the control plants. Overall, inoculum 1 appeared to perform better than inoculum 2 (N and K nutrition, transplant stress resistance, seedling height, and total leaf area). This can be explained by the greater root colonization with inoculum 1 compared to inoculum 2. Indeed, the benefits brought to the plant by mycorrhization are proportional to the root colonization rate (Campo et al., 2020). These results are consistent with the majority of studies that have compared the efficiency of local and exotic inocula. These studies have shown that native multispecific inocula have a better impact on plant nutrition and growth compared to exotic monospecific commercial inocula (Ortas and Ustuner, 2014; Kouadio et al., 2017).
CONCLUSION
Anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and overexploitation of species are at the origin of the disappearance of important forest species. The quality of the timber and the use of secondary metabolites in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries make G. ehie a highly sought after plant. This study proved that mycorrhization could provide solutions to the reforestation difficulties of this plant. Indeed, adaptation to transplanting stress, mineral nutrition and vegetative growth of G. ehie seedlings were improved by mycorrhization. However, for a better efficiency of the mycorrhization technology on reforestation and for a sustainable commercial exploitation of this plant, it will be necessary to develop an ecological engineering from local strains. This technology will consist of identification and selection of best strains for the production of efficient inoculums.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.
REFERENCES | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8065212368965149, "perplexity": 6820.028345146087}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00443.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/371931/what-is-the-origin-of-the-family-series-shape-distinction | # What is the origin of the family/series/shape distinction?
I've recently started to learn LaTeX, and have just come across the distinction between font commands and declarations. As a learner it seems unnecessarily complex that whereas the commands follow a regular text- pattern, the declarations distinguish between -family/-series/-shape.
My question is: What motivated the distinction between -family, -series and -shape in font declarations? In the answers of another question (\bfseries is to \textbf as WHAT is to \textsf), there is considerable explanation of what the different font elements mean in LaTeX and how they fit together, but my question is why they were designed like that in the first place.
That particular terminology was introduced by Rainer Schöpf and Frank Mittelbach in the New Font Selection Scheme, which was originally a variant version of LaTeX 2.09 but then formed the core of the LaTeX2e release of LaTeX.
It does however correspond fairly closely to natural language terminology with fonts and also to classifications used by later systems such as CSS for styling fonts on the web where you have font-family: Times Roman, font-weight: bold, font-style: italic.
In the primitive TeX font loader each font is a distinct entity so there is no connection between computer modern roman and computer modern bold, so you can not ask for the bold version of the current font.
The NFSS classifies fonts according to family, series (weight) etc so if you use \itshape it just changes the shape to it and then tries to select a font with all the other properties unchanged.
The declarations are the lower level form, and each is named to tell you which "axis" it changes, so \itshape changes the shape axis to it etc. the \text... command forms that take an argument change one or more of the font axes and do some work on inserting automatic italic correction, and we dropped the axis part of the names in those cases, just to keep the names shorter.
The original LaTeX2.09/NFSS version introduced the terminology of the axes in internal font declarations but instead of having user level commands \bfseries and \textbf it re-defined the existing "two letter" commands such as \bf to mean bold version of current font, rather than always switch to the same bold font whatever the context. This caused some compatibility issues and confusion and when NFSS was re-done to produce LaTeX2e the current command set was introduced with \bfseries meaning bold version of current font and \bf not being defined by default, but defined in the standard classes as (more or less) \normalfont\bfseries to give a backward compatible definition that always selected the bold version of the default document font.
In the olden times (before NFSS), LaTeX had the commands \it, \sl, \bf and \tt, which were not “orthogonal” to each other. So
Normal {\it italic {\bf boldface {\sl slanted}}}
would have printed “boldface” in upright type and “slanted” in slanted type and medium weight.
In order to get boldface italic you had to define your own command, using a rather low level interface: as low as requiring several \font declarations. Keep also in mind that fonts were saved in the format, so you had to create an entirely new latexwhatever format if you wanted to use the “whatever” font family, based on a completely rewritten lfonts.tex file.
The situation was unacceptable when the AMS started the project to port AMS-TeX to LaTeX. An entirely new and more flexible font selection scheme was needed; Frank Mittelbach and Rainer Schöpf were in charge of the port and devised the “new font selection scheme” (version 1) that was immensely more powerful than the old font loader.
% ten point
\font\tenrm = cmr10 % roman
\font\tenmi = cmmi10 % math italic
\skewchar\tenmi ='177 % for placement of accents
%\font\tenmib = cmmib10 % bold math italic
\font\tensy = cmsy10 % math symbols
\skewchar\tensy ='60 % for placement of math accents
%\font\tensyb = cmbsy10 % bold symbols
\font\tenit = cmti10 % text italic
\font\tensl = cmsl10 % slanted
\font\tenbf = cmbx10 % extended bold
%\font\tenbfs = cmbxsl10 % extended bold slanted
\font\tentt = cmtt10 % typewriter
\hyphenchar\tentt = -1 % suppress hyphenation in \tt font
%\font\tentti = cmitt10 % italic typewriter
%\font\tentts = cmsltt10 % slanted typewriter
\font\tensf = cmss10 % sans serif
%\font\tensfi = cmssi10 % italic sans serif
%\font\tensfb = cmssbx10 % bold sans serif
%\font\tensc = cmcsc10 % small caps
\font\tenly = lasy10 % LaTeX symbols
%\font\tenlyb = lasyb10 % bold LaTeX symbols
%\font\tenuit = cmu10 % unslanted italic
where fonts for a specific size were defined, they grouped fonts into classes; for each class one defined the various sizes. Some entries are commented because there was a (rather primitive) mechanism to load fonts on demand, but they had to be predefined (if not preloaded) anyway in the format.
\fivrm \sixrm \sevrm \egtrm \ninrm \tenrm
\elvrm \twlvrm \frtnrm \svtnrm \twtyrm \twfvrm
for the upright font in medium size, they decided the names would be
\cmr/m/n/5 \cmr/m/n/6 \cmr/m/n/7 \cmr/m/n/8 \cmr/m/n/9 \cmr/m/n/10
\cmr/m/n/11 \cmr/m/n/12 \cmr/m/n/14 \cmr/m/n/17 \cmr/m/n/20 \cmr/m/n/25
(with a slash in the name, which requires some trick) so the names encoded various features of the font. Most importantly, the family: the format still had the basic fonts preloaded, but it became possible to load entirely new font families on demand.
The idea of family, series and shape came of course from how the X window system for Unix classified fonts.
This scheme allowed to make font selection commands orthogonal to each other, so
Normal {\itshape italic {\bfseries boldface {\slshape slanted}}}
would print “boldface” in boldface italic (if the font is available) and “slanted” in boldface slanted (again, if the font is available). I use “available” in the sense of corresponding to an external font file and being defined in the macro files.
Version 2 of NFSS introduced the concept of font encoding, so the normal font is now known to the system as \OT1/cmr/m/n/10.
Encoding the features in the name allows for finer selections: the boldface font is called \OT1/cmr/bx/n/10, so, in order to select it from the current font, it's sufficient to disassemble the name and changing m to bx, which is what eventually \bfseries does, essentially calling \fontseries{bx}\selectfont.
A declaration for getting boldface italic could be defined by
\DeclareRobustCommand{\bfitfont}{\fontseries{bx}\fontshape{it}\selectfont}
The scheme also introduced \DeclareTextFontCommand, so we have something like
\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textbf}{\bfseries}
and you could define \textbfit with
\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textbfit}{\bfseries\itshape}
called as \textbfit{word}.
The other important aspect of NFSS is the possibility to define font families in a separate .fd file, where each available class of fonts (grouped by features) for a given family is defined by selecting the external font files for the various sizes.
Such a scheme is so flexible that fontspec hooked to it: when you say \setmainfont{FONT}, the contents of what would be an .fd file is created on the fly. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9887816309928894, "perplexity": 5063.939130548132}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524522.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716095720-20190716121720-00247.warc.gz"} |
http://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/4901/circular-time-delay-in-signal-effect-on-phase-spectra-of-dft | # Circular Time Delay in signal, effect on phase spectra of DFT
If you circularly shift a signal x[n]= [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 ] to the right by M=1 compared to M=2, the phase spectra has a lot many zeros when M=2 compared to M=1.
here, I am talking about Circular Time shifting.
I know that if x[n] is even, then DFT is purely real and hence phase is zero. However, why are there way many more zeros when M=2 compared to M=1?
Thanks
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If by phase spectrum you mean the sequence $$\bigr(\angle X[0], \angle X[1], \angle X[2], \ldots, \angle X[N-1]\bigr),$$ then remember that a circular shift by $M$ in the time domain results in each $X[n]$ being multiplied by $\exp(-j2\pi Mn/N)$, and thus causes a change in $\angle X[n]$; in particular, $\angle X[n]$ decreases by $2\pi Mn/N$. For the case $M=1$, the multipliers are distinct $N$-th roots of unity, that is, the changes in phase are
$$\Bigr(0, 2\pi\frac{1}{N}, 2\pi\frac{1}{N}, \ldots, 2\pi\frac{N-1}{N}\Bigr)$$
all of which are different numbers. Thus, each entry in the phase spectrum changes (except for the entry for $n=0$). For the case $M=2$ and $N=12$, the multipliers are $\exp(-j2\pi 2n/12) = \exp(-j2\pi n/6)$ and so the changes in phase are
$$\Bigr(0, 2\pi\frac{1}{6}, 2\pi\frac{2}{6}, \ldots, 2\pi\frac{5}{6}, 2\pi\frac{6}{6}, 2\pi\frac{7}{6}, \ldots 2\pi\frac{11}{6}\Bigr)$$
But a phase change of $2\pi\frac{6}{6} = 2\pi$ is the same as no phase change, a phase change of $2\pi\frac{7}{6}$ is the same as a phase change of $2\pi\frac{1}{6}$, and so on. So the displayed vector above of phase changes is actually
$$\Bigr(0, 2\pi\frac{1}{6}, 2\pi\frac{2}{6}, \ldots, 2\pi\frac{5}{6}, 0, 2\pi\frac{1}{6}, \ldots 2\pi\frac{5}{6}\Bigr)$$
which is two periods of a sequence of period $6$. Note each entry in the phase spectrum changes except for $n=0$ and $n=6$ which do not change.
Now suppose that each $X[n]$ is a real number and thus the phase spectrum is $0$ everywhere. Then, if you circularly shift by one place ($M=1$ in the time domain, all entries in the phase spectrum will be nonzero except for the $n=0$ entry. If instead you circularly shift by two places ($M=2$) in the time domain, the phase spectrum will have zeroes in both the $n=0$ and $n=6$ entries. Note also that $\exp(-j\pi = -1$, and so for $M=1$, $X[0]$ and $X[6]$ will still be real-valued (though there will have been a phase change of $\pi$ in $X[6]$) and similarly, for $M=2$, $X[0], X[3], X[6]$, and $X[9]$ will still remain real-valued though there will have been a phase change of $\pi$ in $X[3]$ and $X[9]$.
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I am really new to this; hence I could not understand what you meant by "For the case M=1, the multipliers are distinct N-th roots of unity and each"--esp, the multipliers being distinct N-roots of unity. By unity, do you mean the unit circle with the multiplier being the $exp(−j2πMn/N)$? If you could kindly break it down for me, it help make sense, especially how you are accounting for the periods of the multiplier sequence. – dsp_ent Nov 4 '12 at 18:56
@dsp_ent See edited answer. – Dilip Sarwate Nov 4 '12 at 22:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9458562135696411, "perplexity": 266.918974345494}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/112285-functions-help.html | 1. ## functions help
Would you explain How to determine the equation of the function and what does it mean to determine the sign of the function in each interval "created by zeros" of the function?
With these given points:
(-12,-30888), (-10,-12375), (-8,-4032), (-6,-945), (-4,-120), (-2,-3), (0,0), (2,3), (4,120), (6,945), (8,4032), (10,12375), (12,30888)
Thanks
2. hi im new but i''ll try to help, please correct me if i am wrong.
Q1.Would you explain How to determine the equation of the function?
A. you were given a set points and expected to deduce an equation that would out put those values, it looks like there is a pattern so i think this is a geometric sequence problem.
Q2.what does it mean to determine the sign of the function in each interval "created by zeros" of the function?
A. the Zeros of a function are the x values where y=0, that is where the curve of the function intersects the x axis. anything above the x axis is + and below is -. The curve looks like an odd function which means it is flipped across x axis for negative x values.
With these given points:
(-12,-30888), (-10,-12375), (-8,-4032), (-6,-945), (-4,-120), (-2,-3), (0,0), (2,3), (4,120), (6,945), (8,4032), (10,12375), (12,30888)
i cant remember how to do geometric sequences but i'll help on Q2.
with the points you were given, it again looks like f(x) = - f(-x) but im not sure until you figure the equation. y= 0 is a zero, that occurs at x=0 so x= 0 is a 'root' or a 'zero' this splits the graph into two intervals, where if x>= 0 then the sign is positive, and if x< 0 the sign is negative.
a hint on Q1. it looks like its in the form of ax^n where a,n are + integers | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9024330973625183, "perplexity": 805.543634090601}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320023.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623063716-20170623083716-00210.warc.gz"} |
https://kr.mathworks.com/help/phased/ref/effearthradius.html | Documentation
## Syntax
```Re = effearthradius Re = effearthradius(RGradient) ```
## Description
`Re = effearthradius` returns the effective radius of spherical earth in meters. The calculation uses a refractivity gradient of `-39e-9`. As a result, `Re` is approximately 4/3 of the actual earth radius.
`Re = effearthradius(RGradient)` specifies the refractivity gradient.
## Input Arguments
`RGradient` Refractivity gradient in units of 1/meter. This value must be a nonpositive scalar. Default: `-39e-9`
## Output Arguments
`Re` Effective earth radius in meters.
collapse all
The effective earth radius is a scaling of the actual earth radius. The scale factor is:
`$\frac{1}{1+r\cdot \text{RGradient}}$`
where r is the actual earth radius in meters and `RGradient` is the refractivity gradient. The refractivity gradient, which depends on the altitude, is the rate of change of refraction index with altitude. The refraction index for a given altitude is the ratio between the free-space propagation speed and the propagation speed in the air band at that altitude.
The most commonly used scale factor is 4/3. This value corresponds to a refractivity gradient of .
## References
[1] Skolnik, M. Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9680261611938477, "perplexity": 1574.745980162452}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315681.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820221802-20190821003802-00133.warc.gz"} |
https://molspaces.com/cb2bib/doc/entrytype/ | # cb2Bib BiBTeX Entry Types Available as cb2Bib Fields
cb2Bib includes nearly all standard and extended BibTeX fields. The complete list is as follows. The field descriptions are taken from The BibTeX Format written by Dana Jacobsen.
### Main Fields
abstract An abstract of the work.
author The name(s) of the author(s), in the format described in the LaTeX book.
file Usually, the PDF filename of the work.
journal A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals.
keywords Key words used for searching or possibly for annotation.
pages One or more page numbers or range of numbers, such as 42--111 or 7,41,73--97 or 43+ (the +’ in this last example indicates pages following that don’t form a simple range). To make it easier to maintain Scribe-compatible databases, the standard styles convert a single dash (as in 7-33) to the double dash used in TeX to denote number ranges (as in 7--33).
title The work’s title, typed as explained in the LaTeX book.
volume The volume of a journal or multi-volume book.
number The number of a journal, magazine, technical report, or of a work in a series. An issue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually gives it a number; and sometimes books are given numbers in a named series.
year The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it was written. Generally it should consist of four numerals, such as 1984, although the standard styles can handle any year whose last four nonpunctuation characters are numerals, such as \hbox{(about 1984)}.
### Other Fields
address Usually the address of the publisher or other type of institution. For major publishing houses, van Leunen recommends omitting the information entirely. For small publishers, on the other hand, you can help the reader by giving the complete address.
annote An annotation. It is not used by the standard bibliography styles, but may be used by others that produce an annotated bibliography.
booktitle Title of a book, part of which is being cited. See the LaTeX book for how to type titles. For book entries, use the title field instead.
chapter A chapter (or section or whatever) number.
doi The Digital Object Identifier is a unique string created to identify a piece of intellectual property in an online environment.
edition The edition of a book—for example, Second”. This should be an ordinal, and should have the first letter capitalized, as shown here; the standard styles convert to lower case when necessary.
editor Name(s) of editor(s), typed as indicated in the LaTeX book. If there is also an author field, then the editor field gives the editor of the book or collection in which the reference appears.
eprint Electronic document file.
institution The sponsoring institution of a technical report.
ISBN The International Standard Book Number.
ISSN The International Standard Serial Number. Used to identify a journal.
month The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written. You should use the standard three-letter abbreviation, as described in Appendix B.1.3 of the LaTeX book.
note Any additional information that can help the reader. The first word should be capitalized.
organization The organization that sponsors a conference or that publishes a manual.
publisher The publisher’s name.
school The name of the school where a thesis was written.
series The name of a series or set of books. When citing an entire book, the the title field gives its title and an optional series field gives the name of a series or multi-volume set in which the book is published.
URL` The WWW Universal Resource Locator that points to the item being referenced. This often is used for technical reports to point to the ftp site where the postscript source of the report is located. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6875035166740417, "perplexity": 1709.5071693122936}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584445118.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124014810-20190124040810-00236.warc.gz"} |
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/53818/how-to-estimate-the-kolmogorov-length-scale | # How to estimate the Kolmogorov length scale
My understanding of Kolmogorov scales doesn't really go beyond this poem:
Big whirls have little whirls that feed on their velocity, and little whirls have lesser whirls and so on to viscosity. - Lewis Fry Richardson
Th smallest whirl according to Wikipedia would be that big:
$\eta = (\frac{\nu^3}{\varepsilon})^\frac{1}{4}$
... with $\nu$ beeing kinematic viscosity and $\epsilon$ the rate of energy disspiation.
Since I find no straightforward way to calculate $\epsilon$, I'm completely at loss at what orders of magnitude to expect. Since I imagine this to be an important factor in some technical or biological processes, I assume that someone measured or calculated these microscales for real life flow regimes. Can anyone point me to these numbers?
I'm mostly interested in non-compressible fluids, but will take anything I get. Processes where I believe the microscales to be relevant are communities of synthropic bacteria (different species needing each others metabolism and thus close neighborhood) or dispersing something in a mixture.
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The size of the Kolmogorv scale is not universal, it is dependent on the flow phenomena you are looking at. I don't know the details for compressible flows, so I will give you some hints on incompressible flows.
From the quotes poem, you can anticipate that everything that is dissipated at the smallest scales, has to be present at larger scale first. Therefor, as a very crude estimate, for a system of length $L$ and size $U$ (and dimensional grounds, on this scale viscosity does not play a role!), one could argue that
$$\varepsilon=\frac{U^3}{L}$$
For the crude estimate, one could use this $\varepsilon$ to estimate the Kolmogorov length scale.
To put in numbers, suppose you ($L=1m$) are running ($U=3m/s$) (in air $\nu=1.5\times10^{-5} m^2/s$), then, $\eta=100\mu m$. Which sounds at least reasonable.
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isn't the dimension of $\epsilon$ J/s? because $\frac{U^3}{L} misses a kg to become Power. – mart Feb 13 '13 at 13:20 no, wait,$\epsilon$has to be J/s kg. Allright! – mart Feb 13 '13 at 13:21 I only remember$m^2/s^3$:) – Bernhard Feb 13 '13 at 13:31 Epsilon values range from$10^{-10}$to$10^{-4} \frac{m^2}{s^3}\$ in typical oceanic, lakes and rivers situations, use those values to have an idea of Kolmogorof scale
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Seems better suited for a comment. – Brandon Enright Jun 3 '14 at 2:46
1) I changed the syntax so the numbers are more readable, please check if still correct, 2) as @BrandonEnright said, this does not answer the question as to how to arrive there. – mart Jun 3 '14 at 7:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7688549757003784, "perplexity": 1075.2322980037568}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738095178.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222135-00244-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://warholprints.com/library/wave-mechanics-of-crystalline-solids | # Wave mechanics of crystalline solids
Format: Unknown Binding
Language:
Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub
Size: 14.36 MB
In fact we never needed to calculate the wavefunction. Mass is the resistance of an object to acceleration if it is otherwise free to move. So how many dimensions you have is how many ways you can move your hands, but they are linearly independent. The point is Quantum mechanics allows for possibilities that classical mechanics does not. An example of reflection is the light we observe that bounces off an object, allowing us to see that object.
Pages: 473
Publisher: Chapman & Hall (1961)
ISBN: B0000EGNR1
Physics of Shock Waves and High Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena
Solutions In Action
Shock Waves: 26th International Symposium on Shock Waves, Volume 2
When we take a photograph, some flashbulb photons hit the ball (which reflects them back to the camera film) and a tiny amount of photon momentum is transferred to the ball. But the ball's mass is so large that this momentum doesn't have a significant effect on the ball's motion. <...snip...> But if we use this method to measure the speed of an electron, interaction between a photon and the tiny electron will change the electron's motion in a significant and unpredictable way... so we cannot predict with certainty what it will do next , source: Vortex Structure and Dynamics: Lectures of a Workshop Held in Rouen, France, April 27-28, 1999 (Lecture Notes in Physics) download pdf. This verse indicates that the universe is actively maintained by God. The indeterminacy of Quantum Mechanics is expected with intelligent control of the universe. General Intelligent Design is a perfect match to this concept. General Intelligent Design depicts quantum mechanical waves and their collapse as being the result of intelligent agents that determine the states resulting from the waves' collapse Advanced Signal Processing and Noise Reduction, 2nd Edition http://warholprints.com/library/advanced-signal-processing-and-noise-reduction-2-nd-edition.
Gauge Theory and the Topology of Four-Manifolds (Ias/Park City Mathematics Series, V. 4)
At the time of joining the university, he had no definite plan for a career. He was not attracted to the idea of a military or diplomatic career. At the beginning he studied history but he did not like the uncritical way the history was taught those days. From history he shifted to law with a view to make a career in the civil service epub. Percentage of marks asked in wave motion. IIT JEE 1980 - 2009 Transverse wave – Here, the elements of the disturbed media of the travelling wave, move perpendicular to the direction of the wave’s propagation. A particle at the crest / trough has zero velocity Scattering Theory http://warholprints.com/library/scattering-theory. They filled the tray with a silicone oil and began vibrating it at a rate just below that required to produce surface waves. They then dropped a single droplet of the same oil into the bath. The droplet bounced up and down, producing waves that pushed it along the surface. The waves generated by the bouncing droplet reflected off the corral walls, confining the droplet within the circle and interfering with each other to create complicated patterns Satellite Communications Systems: Systems, Techniques and Technology Satellite Communications Systems:. Further, as far as we know, there is nothing "waving" download. Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 129 20 - H. Fukushima, 2010 New saccharification process of cellulosic biomass by microwave irradiation, Proc. of Mat. Sci. & Tech. 2010, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Oct. 2010, 2859 2863 21 - J. Sato, 2010 Reduction Behavior of TiO2 During Microwave Heating, Proc. of MS&T 2010, Pittsburg PA, 2831 2836 22 - G schrodinger equation read online http://egyptcancernetwork57357.org/?library/schrodinger-equation. Without quantum mechanics there would be no global economy to speak of, because the electronics revolution that brought us the computer age is a child of quantum mechanics pdf. When not explicitly stated otherwise, cosine should generally be inferred. (also see phasor ) Two oscillators that have the same frequency and different phases have a phase difference, and the oscillators are said to be out of phase with each other ref.: Waves and Rays in Elastic download epub http://warholprints.com/library/waves-and-rays-in-elastic-continua-3-rd-edition.
Digital Television: Technology and Standards
The Dawning of Gauge Theory
Multiple Scattering: Interaction of Time-Harmonic Waves with N Obstacles (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications)
Probabilistic Treatment of Gauge Theories (Contemporary Fundamental Physics)
Three-dimensional Separated Flows Topology: Singular Points, Beam Splitters and Vortex Structures
Symmetries, Asymmetries, and the World of Particles (Geo. S. Long Publication Series)
Advances in Topological Quantum Field Theory: Proceedings of the NATO Adavanced Research Workshop on New Techniques in Topological Quantum Field ... 22 - 26 August 2001 (Nato Science Series II:)
A Shock-Fitting Primer (Chapman & Hall/CRC Applied Mathematics & Nonlinear Science)
Scattering and Localization of Classical (Series in Computer Science)
Rogue Waves in the Ocean (Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics)
The Physics of Vibrations and Waves
Linear Isentropic Oscillations of Stars: Theoretical Foundations (Astrophysics and Space Science Library)
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The Review of radio science, 1990-1992 (Oxford science publications)
Nonlocal Quantum Field Theory and Stochastic Quantum Mechanics (Fundamental Theories of Physics)
We now look at the characteristics of waves in spacetime. Recall that a sine wave moving to the right in one space dimension can be represented by A(x, t) = A0 sin(kx − ωt), (5.1) where A0 is the (constant) amplitude of the wave, k is the wavenumber, and ω is the angular frequency, and that the quantity φ = kx − ωt is called the 95 Figure 5.1: Sketch of wave fronts for a wave in spacetime Wave Mechanics read for free Wave Mechanics. That's the whole answer And that's the valuation of this whole thing. It's 0 for beta equals 0 is 0 for some other possible beta, it's going to look like this. So there's a point at which this function is going to have a minimum, and we should choose that point to get the best upper bound on the function Random Media and Boundaries: read pdf read pdf. Since the time intervals between the frames is constant, if the spacing between these trailing lines has been growing, then the speed of the object has been increasing, and if the spacing has been shrinking, then the speed has been decreasing ref.: Quantum Field Theory larrainesusadanceunlimited.com. Click here to toggle editing of individual sections of the page (if possible). Watch headings for an "edit" link when available. Append content without editing the whole page source Wind Waves: Their Generation read online http://phpstack-9483-21148-68374.cloudwaysapps.com/library/wind-waves-their-generation-and-propagation-on-the-ocean-surface. But the number of waves in $L$ is $kL/2\pi$. Thus $k$ is uncertain, and we again get the result ( 2.7 ), a property merely of waves. The same thing works whether the waves are in space and $k$ is the number of radians per centimeter and $L$ is the length of the train, or the waves are in time and $\omega$ is the number of radians per second and $T$ is the “length” in time that the wave train comes in ref.: Theory and Applications of Ocean Surface Waves (Third Edition) (in 2 Volumes) (Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering (Paperback)) Theory and Applications of Ocean Surface. What is de Broglie wavelength of an electron which has been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 100 V. Calculate de Broglie wavelength associated with electron having 10 keV kinetic energy, where me = 9.1 × 10-31 kg and h = 6.6 × 10-34 Js online. The scientists detail the atom interferometer concept in the April 25 issue of the journal Physical Review Letters. To visualize wave motion and develop intuition about waves. To understand how waves travel through a medium , source: Stability of Spherically read pdf warholprints.com. If Ψ(x, t) is one solution, then so is Ψ(x, –t). The symmetry of complex conjugation is called time-reversal symmetry. Continuity of the wavefunction and its first spatial derivative (in the x direction, y and z coordinates not shown), at some time t pdf. Among his popular books on physics included Matter and Light: The New Physics (1939); The Revolution in Physics (1953), Physics and Microphysics (1960) and New Perspectives in Physics (1962). In 1952, de Broglie was awarded the first Kalinga Prize by UNESCO for his efforts to explain modern physics to laymen. Louis de Broglie died on March 19, 1987 in Louveciennes (Yvelines). The science of physics is interesting and rewarding , source: Dedicated Digital Processors: read epub Dedicated Digital Processors: Methods in. Refraction is the phenomenon of a wave changing its speed download. In classical mechanics, the material universe is thought to be made up of tiny particles whose motions are completely determined by forces that act between the particles, forces such as gravitation, electrical attractions and repulsions, etc epub.
4.6 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7483439445495605, "perplexity": 1202.1706076294258}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550975184.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728163715-20170728183715-00043.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/146973/expected-value-of-the-maximum-of-two-exponentially-distributed-random-variables | # Expected Value of the maximum of two exponentially distributed random variables
I want to find the expected value of $\text{max}\{X,Y\}$ where $X$ ist $\text{exp}(\lambda)$-distributed and $Y$ ist $\text{exp}(\eta)$-distributed. I figured out how to do this for the minimum of $n$ variables, but i struggle with doing it for 2 with the maximum.
(The context in which this was given is waiting for the later of two trains, with their arrival times being exp-distributed).
Thanks!
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Are these two variable independent? – Davide Giraudo May 19 '12 at 8:36
Yes they are. Forgot to add that, sorry. – ifubic May 19 '12 at 8:41
You can find the cumulative distribution function, and for non-negative random variables there is a formula which links the CDF with the expectation. – Davide Giraudo May 19 '12 at 8:43
Let $V=\max\{X,Y\}$, then $$P(V\leq t)=P(X\leq t,Y\leq t)==P(X\leq t)P(Y\leq t)$$ now find $f_V(t)$ and then $\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}tf_V(t)dt$, which should be $\frac{1}{\lambda}+\frac{1}{\eta}-\frac{1}{\lambda+\eta}$
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Thanks! That worked out nicely! – ifubic May 19 '12 at 9:59
That would be appropriate to accept the answer then. – Julius May 19 '12 at 10:21
The sample $(X,Y)$ have a density given by $f_X(x)f_Y(y)$ since $X$ and $Y$ are independent. You have to compute $$\iint_{\Bbb R^2}\max\{x,y\}f_X(x)f_Y(y)dxdy.$$ Cut this integral in two parts.
The minimum of two independent exponential random variables with parameters $\lambda$ and $\eta$ is also exponential with parameter $\lambda+\eta$.
Also $\mathbb E\big[\min(X_1+X_2)+\max(X_1,X_2)\big]=\mathbb E\big[X_1+X_2\big]=\frac{1}{\lambda}+\frac{1}{\eta}$. Rearranging and using $\mathbb E\big[\min(X_1,X_2)\big]=\frac{1}{\lambda+\eta}$, we get $\mathbb E\big[\max(X_1,X_2)\big]=\frac{1}{\lambda}+\frac{1}{\eta}-\frac{1}{\lambda+\eta}.$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9053059816360474, "perplexity": 347.87549123087524}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999638008/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060718-00086-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://mathspace.co/textbooks/syllabuses/Syllabus-452/topics/Topic-8361/subtopics/Subtopic-110114/?activeTab=theory | UK Primary (3-6)
Identify and describe types of patterns from tables or graphs
Lesson
## Data in tables
When we see a table of data, often there is a relationship between the information in one column and the information in the other column. We can look for any relationships and then use this to work out other values. For example, when a group of Grade 6 runners raced against Grade 3 runners, their times were adjusted to make it fair. Their times are written in the table below.
Actual times versus adjusted times (secs)
35 43
37 45
48 56
54 62
In Video 1, we will see how to look up information in this table and calculate an adjusted time for a runner whose actual time was $40$40 secs.
## Data on a graph
This time we will look at data on a graph and see how two pieces of information are related to each other. We do that by looking at the corresponding values on the vertical and horizontal axes. Let's compare your age to your sister's age and see what happens as your sister gets $1$1 year older each year. You don't have a sister? That's okay, just imagine someone else in the example.
## Writing a rule
Now we can write a rule to describe one set of data to another. We identify the rule and then use variables, or letters, to write it in a shorter way. Let's write a rule using variables for our previous example that tells us how old you are based on your sister's age.
Information Variable
Your age $y$y
Your sister's age $x$x
Let's see how we do this.
## Writing it a different way
We looked at how to calculate your age, once we knew your sister's age. What if we wanted to write the rule in a different way? This time we will work out your sister's age if we know your age. How do you think our rule, or equation, might change?
Let's have a look in our last video.
Did you know?
You've just worked through some algebra!
#### Worked Examples
##### Question 1
A catering company uses the following table to work out how many sandwiches are required to feed a certain number of people.
Fill in the blanks:
Number of People Sandwiches
$1$1 $5$5
$2$2 $10$10
$3$3 $15$15
$4$4 $20$20
$5$5 $25$25
• For each person, the caterer needs to make $\editable{}$ sandwiches.
• For $6$6 people, the caterer would need to make $\editable{}$ sandwiches.
##### Question 2
Consider the pattern shown on this line graph:
1. If the pattern continues on, the next point marked on the line will be $\left(\editable{},\editable{}\right)$(,).
2. Fill in the table with the points from the graph, and the one you just found (the first one is filled in for you):
$x$x-value $y$y-value
$0$0 $0$0
$\editable{}$ $\editable{}$
$\editable{}$ $\editable{}$
$\editable{}$ $\editable{}$
3. Choose all statements that correctly describe this pattern:
The rule is $x=y\div4$x=y÷4
A
The rule is $y=4\times x$y=4×x
B
The rule is $y=x\div4$y=x÷4
C
As $x$x increases $y$y increases.
D
The rule is $x=y\div4$x=y÷4
A
The rule is $y=4\times x$y=4×x
B
The rule is $y=x\div4$y=x÷4
C
As $x$x increases $y$y increases.
D
##### Question 3
Consider the pattern shown on this dot plot:
1. If the pattern continues on, the next point marked on the line will be $\left(\editable{},\editable{}\right)$(,).
2. Fill in the table with the points from the graph, and the one you just found (the first one is filled in for you):
$x$x-value $y$y-value
$0$0 $0$0
$\editable{}$ $\editable{}$
$\editable{}$ $\editable{}$
$\editable{}$ $\editable{}$
3. Choose all statements that correctly describe this pattern:
The rule is $x=y\div2$x=y÷2
A
The rule is $y=x\div2$y=x÷2
B
As $x$x increases $y$y increases.
C
The rule is $y=2\times x$y=2×x
D
The rule is $x=y\div2$x=y÷2
A
The rule is $y=x\div2$y=x÷2
B
As $x$x increases $y$y increases.
C
The rule is $y=2\times x$y=2×x
D | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4815536141395569, "perplexity": 1763.6510395451364}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056572.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918184640-20210918214640-00219.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/algebra-1/chapter-5-linear-functions-5-8-graphing-absolute-value-functions-practice-and-problem-solving-exercises-page-345/29 | ## Algebra 1
$y=|x-0.5|$
The graph of $y=|x-h|$, where $h$ is a positive number, translates the graph $y=|x|$ to the right $h$ units. By substituting $0.5$ in for $h$, we can translate the graph $0.5$ units to the right. This gives us the equation $y=|x-0.5|$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.963127613067627, "perplexity": 83.61447881024303}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662572800.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524110236-20220524140236-00217.warc.gz"} |
http://lemon.cs.elte.hu/trac/lemon/changeset/5db4ff8d69dec08f4030b7e49c5d32fda52080f0/lemon-0.x/lemon | # Changeset 1949:5db4ff8d69de in lemon-0.x for lemon
Ignore:
Timestamp:
02/03/06 10:18:17 (14 years ago)
Branch:
default
Phase:
public
Convert:
svn:c9d7d8f5-90d6-0310-b91f-818b3a526b0e/lemon/trunk@2524
Message:
Fight with Doxygen.
Victory hasn't been reached yet, but it's on the horizon.
File:
1 edited
### Legend:
Unmodified
Removed
r1946 namespace lemon { // Graph adaptors /*! \addtogroup graph_adaptors @{ */ /*! Base type for the Graph Adaptors \warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state than the other parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. This is the base type for most of LEMON graph adaptors. This class implements a trivial graph adaptor i.e. it only wraps the functions and types of the graph. The purpose of this class is to make easier implementing graph adaptors. E.g. if an adaptor is considered which differs from the wrapped graph only in some of its functions or types, then it can be derived from GraphAdaptor, and only the differences should be implemented. \author Marton Makai */ //x\brief Base type for the Graph Adaptors //x\ingroup graph_adaptors //x //xBase type for the Graph Adaptors //x //x\warning Graph adaptors are in even //xmore experimental state than the other //xparts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. //x //xThis is the base type for most of LEMON graph adaptors. //xThis class implements a trivial graph adaptor i.e. it only wraps the //xfunctions and types of the graph. The purpose of this class is to //xmake easier implementing graph adaptors. E.g. if an adaptor is //xconsidered which differs from the wrapped graph only in some of its //xfunctions or types, then it can be derived from GraphAdaptor, //xand only the //xdifferences should be implemented. //x //xauthor Marton Makai template class GraphAdaptorBase { /// A graph adaptor which reverses the orientation of the edges. ///\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state than the other ///\brief A graph adaptor which reverses the orientation of the edges. ///\ingroup graph_adaptors /// ///\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental ///state than the other ///parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. /// /// Let \f$G=(V, A)\f$ be a directed graph and /// suppose that a graph instange \c g of type /// \c ListGraph implements \f$G\f$. /// If \c g is defined as ///\code /// ListGraph g; ///\endcode /// For each directed edge /// \f$e\in A\f$, let \f$\bar e\f$ denote the edge obtained by /// reversing its orientation. /// Then RevGraphAdaptor implements the graph structure with node-set /// \f$V\f$ and edge-set /// \f$\{\bar e : e\in A \}\f$, i.e. the graph obtained from \f$G\f$ be /// reversing the orientation of its edges. The following code shows how /// such an instance can be constructed. /// then ///\code /// RevGraphAdaptor gw(g); ///\endcode ///\author Marton Makai ///implements the graph obtained from \c g by /// reversing the orientation of its edges. template } /// This function hides \c n in the graph, i.e. the iteration /// jumps over it. This is done by simply setting the value of \c n /// to be false in the corresponding node-map. //x\e //x This function hides \c n in the graph, i.e. the iteration //x jumps over it. This is done by simply setting the value of \c n //x to be false in the corresponding node-map. void hide(const Node& n) const { node_filter_map->set(n, false); } /// This function hides \c e in the graph, i.e. the iteration /// jumps over it. This is done by simply setting the value of \c e /// to be false in the corresponding edge-map. //x\e //x This function hides \c e in the graph, i.e. the iteration //x jumps over it. This is done by simply setting the value of \c e //x to be false in the corresponding edge-map. void hide(const Edge& e) const { edge_filter_map->set(e, false); } /// The value of \c n is set to be true in the node-map which stores /// hide information. If \c n was hidden previuosly, then it is shown /// again //x\e //x The value of \c n is set to be true in the node-map which stores //x hide information. If \c n was hidden previuosly, then it is shown //x again void unHide(const Node& n) const { node_filter_map->set(n, true); } /// The value of \c e is set to be true in the edge-map which stores /// hide information. If \c e was hidden previuosly, then it is shown /// again //x\e //x The value of \c e is set to be true in the edge-map which stores //x hide information. If \c e was hidden previuosly, then it is shown //x again void unHide(const Edge& e) const { edge_filter_map->set(e, true); } /// Returns true if \c n is hidden. //x Returns true if \c n is hidden. //x\e //x bool hidden(const Node& n) const { return !(*node_filter_map)[n]; } /// Returns true if \c n is hidden. //x Returns true if \c n is hidden. //x\e //x bool hidden(const Edge& e) const { return !(*edge_filter_map)[e]; } } /// This function hides \c n in the graph, i.e. the iteration /// jumps over it. This is done by simply setting the value of \c n /// to be false in the corresponding node-map. //x\e //x This function hides \c n in the graph, i.e. the iteration //x jumps over it. This is done by simply setting the value of \c n //x to be false in the corresponding node-map. void hide(const Node& n) const { node_filter_map->set(n, false); } /// This function hides \c e in the graph, i.e. the iteration /// jumps over it. This is done by simply setting the value of \c e /// to be false in the corresponding edge-map. //x\e //x This function hides \c e in the graph, i.e. the iteration //x jumps over it. This is done by simply setting the value of \c e //x to be false in the corresponding edge-map. void hide(const Edge& e) const { edge_filter_map->set(e, false); } /// The value of \c n is set to be true in the node-map which stores /// hide information. If \c n was hidden previuosly, then it is shown /// again //x\e //x The value of \c n is set to be true in the node-map which stores //x hide information. If \c n was hidden previuosly, then it is shown //x again void unHide(const Node& n) const { node_filter_map->set(n, true); } /// The value of \c e is set to be true in the edge-map which stores /// hide information. If \c e was hidden previuosly, then it is shown /// again //x\e //x The value of \c e is set to be true in the edge-map which stores //x hide information. If \c e was hidden previuosly, then it is shown //x again void unHide(const Edge& e) const { edge_filter_map->set(e, true); } /// Returns true if \c n is hidden. //x Returns true if \c n is hidden. //x\e //x bool hidden(const Node& n) const { return !(*node_filter_map)[n]; } /// Returns true if \c n is hidden. //x Returns true if \c n is hidden. //x\e //x bool hidden(const Edge& e) const { return !(*edge_filter_map)[e]; } }; /*! \brief A graph adaptor for hiding nodes and edges from a graph. \warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state than the other parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. SubGraphAdaptor shows the graph with filtered node-set and edge-set. If the \c checked parameter is true then it filters the edgeset to do not get invalid edges without source or target. Let \f$G=(V, A)\f$ be a directed graph and suppose that the graph instance \c g of type ListGraph implements \f$G\f$. Let moreover \f$b_V\f$ and \f$b_A\f$ be bool-valued functions resp. on the node-set and edge-set. SubGraphAdaptor<...>::NodeIt iterates on the node-set \f$\{v\in V : b_V(v)=true\}\f$ and SubGraphAdaptor<...>::EdgeIt iterates on the edge-set \f$\{e\in A : b_A(e)=true\}\f$. Similarly, SubGraphAdaptor<...>::OutEdgeIt and SubGraphAdaptor<...>::InEdgeIt iterates only on edges leaving and entering a specific node which have true value. If the \c checked template parameter is false then we have to note that the node-iterator cares only the filter on the node-set, and the edge-iterator cares only the filter on the edge-set. This way the edge-map should filter all edges which's source or target is filtered by the node-filter. \code typedef ListGraph Graph; Graph g; typedef Graph::Node Node; typedef Graph::Edge Edge; Node u=g.addNode(); //node of id 0 Node v=g.addNode(); //node of id 1 Node e=g.addEdge(u, v); //edge of id 0 Node f=g.addEdge(v, u); //edge of id 1 Graph::NodeMap nm(g, true); nm.set(u, false); Graph::EdgeMap em(g, true); em.set(e, false); typedef SubGraphAdaptor, Graph::EdgeMap > SubGW; SubGW gw(g, nm, em); for (SubGW::NodeIt n(gw); n!=INVALID; ++n) std::cout << g.id(n) << std::endl; std::cout << ":-)" << std::endl; for (SubGW::EdgeIt e(gw); e!=INVALID; ++e) std::cout << g.id(e) << std::endl; \endcode The output of the above code is the following. \code 1 :-) 1 \endcode Note that \c n is of type \c SubGW::NodeIt, but it can be converted to \c Graph::Node that is why \c g.id(n) can be applied. For other examples see also the documentation of NodeSubGraphAdaptor and EdgeSubGraphAdaptor. \author Marton Makai */ //x\brief A graph adaptor for hiding nodes and edges from a graph. //x\ingroup graph_adaptors //x //x\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental //xstate than the other //xparts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. //x //xSubGraphAdaptor shows the graph with filtered node-set and //xedge-set. If the \c checked parameter is true then it filters the edgeset //xto do not get invalid edges without source or target. //xLet \f$G=(V, A)\f$ be a directed graph //xand suppose that the graph instance \c g of type ListGraph implements //x\f$G\f$. //x/Let moreover \f$b_V\f$ and //x\f$b_A\f$ be bool-valued functions resp. on the node-set and edge-set. //xSubGraphAdaptor<...>::NodeIt iterates //xon the node-set \f$\{v\in V : b_V(v)=true\}\f$ and //xSubGraphAdaptor<...>::EdgeIt iterates //xon the edge-set \f$\{e\in A : b_A(e)=true\}\f$. Similarly, //xSubGraphAdaptor<...>::OutEdgeIt and //xSubGraphAdaptor<...>::InEdgeIt iterates //xonly on edges leaving and entering a specific node which have true value. //x //xIf the \c checked template parameter is false then we have to note that //xthe node-iterator cares only the filter on the node-set, and the //xedge-iterator cares only the filter on the edge-set. //xThis way the edge-map //xshould filter all edges which's source or target is filtered by the //xnode-filter. //x\code //xtypedef ListGraph Graph; //xGraph g; //xtypedef Graph::Node Node; //xtypedef Graph::Edge Edge; //xNode u=g.addNode(); //node of id 0 //xNode v=g.addNode(); //node of id 1 //xNode e=g.addEdge(u, v); //edge of id 0 //xNode f=g.addEdge(v, u); //edge of id 1 //xGraph::NodeMap nm(g, true); //xnm.set(u, false); //xGraph::EdgeMap em(g, true); //xem.set(e, false); //xtypedef SubGraphAdaptor, Graph::EdgeMap > SubGW; //xSubGW gw(g, nm, em); //xfor (SubGW::NodeIt n(gw); n!=INVALID; ++n) std::cout << g.id(n) << std::endl; //xstd::cout << ":-)" << std::endl; //xfor (SubGW::EdgeIt e(gw); e!=INVALID; ++e) std::cout << g.id(e) << std::endl; //x\endcode //xThe output of the above code is the following. //x\code //x1 //x:-) //x1 //x\endcode //xNote that \c n is of type \c SubGW::NodeIt, but it can be converted to //x\c Graph::Node that is why \c g.id(n) can be applied. //x //xFor other examples see also the documentation of NodeSubGraphAdaptor and //xEdgeSubGraphAdaptor. //x //x\author Marton Makai template /*! \brief An adaptor for hiding nodes from a graph. \warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state than the other parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. An adaptor for hiding nodes from a graph. This adaptor specializes SubGraphAdaptor in the way that only the node-set can be filtered. In usual case the checked parameter is true, we get the induced subgraph. But if the checked parameter is false then we can only filter only isolated nodes. \author Marton Makai */ //x\brief An adaptor for hiding nodes from a graph. //x\ingroup graph_adaptors //x //x\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state //xthan the other //xparts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. //x //xAn adaptor for hiding nodes from a graph. //xThis adaptor specializes SubGraphAdaptor in the way that only //xthe node-set //xcan be filtered. In usual case the checked parameter is true, we get the //xinduced subgraph. But if the checked parameter is false then we can only //xfilter only isolated nodes. //x\author Marton Makai template class NodeSubGraphAdaptor : /*! \brief An adaptor for hiding edges from a graph. \warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state than the other parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. An adaptor for hiding edges from a graph. This adaptor specializes SubGraphAdaptor in the way that only the edge-set can be filtered. The usefulness of this adaptor is demonstrated in the problem of searching a maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest paths between two nodes \c s and \c t. Shortest here means being shortest w.r.t. non-negative edge-lengths. Note that the comprehension of the presented solution need's some elementary knowledge from combinatorial optimization. If a single shortest path is to be searched between \c s and \c t, then this can be done easily by applying the Dijkstra algorithm. What happens, if a maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest paths is to be computed. It can be proved that an edge can be in a shortest path if and only if it is tight with respect to the potential function computed by Dijkstra. Moreover, any path containing only such edges is a shortest one. Thus we have to compute a maximum number of edge-disjoint paths between \c s and \c t in the graph which has edge-set all the tight edges. The computation will be demonstrated on the following graph, which is read from the dimacs file \c sub_graph_adaptor_demo.dim. The full source code is available in \ref sub_graph_adaptor_demo.cc. If you are interested in more demo programs, you can use \ref dim_to_dot.cc to generate .dot files from dimacs files. The .dot file of the following figure was generated by the demo program \ref dim_to_dot.cc. \dot digraph lemon_dot_example { node [ shape=ellipse, fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=10 ]; n0 [ label="0 (s)" ]; n1 [ label="1" ]; n2 [ label="2" ]; n3 [ label="3" ]; n4 [ label="4" ]; n5 [ label="5" ]; n6 [ label="6 (t)" ]; edge [ shape=ellipse, fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=10 ]; n5 -> n6 [ label="9, length:4" ]; n4 -> n6 [ label="8, length:2" ]; n3 -> n5 [ label="7, length:1" ]; n2 -> n5 [ label="6, length:3" ]; n2 -> n6 [ label="5, length:5" ]; n2 -> n4 [ label="4, length:2" ]; n1 -> n4 [ label="3, length:3" ]; n0 -> n3 [ label="2, length:1" ]; n0 -> n2 [ label="1, length:2" ]; n0 -> n1 [ label="0, length:3" ]; } \enddot \code Graph g; Node s, t; LengthMap length(g); readDimacs(std::cin, g, length, s, t); cout << "edges with lengths (of form id, source--length->target): " << endl; for(EdgeIt e(g); e!=INVALID; ++e) cout << g.id(e) << ", " << g.id(g.source(e)) << "--" << length[e] << "->" << g.id(g.target(e)) << endl; cout << "s: " << g.id(s) << " t: " << g.id(t) << endl; \endcode Next, the potential function is computed with Dijkstra. \code typedef Dijkstra Dijkstra; Dijkstra dijkstra(g, length); dijkstra.run(s); \endcode Next, we consrtruct a map which filters the edge-set to the tight edges. \code typedef TightEdgeFilterMap TightEdgeFilter; TightEdgeFilter tight_edge_filter(g, dijkstra.distMap(), length); typedef EdgeSubGraphAdaptor SubGW; SubGW gw(g, tight_edge_filter); \endcode Then, the maximum nimber of edge-disjoint \c s-\c t paths are computed with a max flow algorithm Preflow. \code ConstMap const_1_map(1); Graph::EdgeMap flow(g, 0); Preflow, Graph::EdgeMap > preflow(gw, s, t, const_1_map, flow); preflow.run(); \endcode Last, the output is: \code cout << "maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest path: " << preflow.flowValue() << endl; cout << "edges of the maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest s-t paths: " << endl; for(EdgeIt e(g); e!=INVALID; ++e) if (flow[e]) cout << " " << g.id(g.source(e)) << "--" << length[e] << "->" << g.id(g.target(e)) << endl; \endcode The program has the following (expected :-)) output: \code edges with lengths (of form id, source--length->target): 9, 5--4->6 8, 4--2->6 7, 3--1->5 6, 2--3->5 5, 2--5->6 4, 2--2->4 3, 1--3->4 2, 0--1->3 1, 0--2->2 0, 0--3->1 s: 0 t: 6 maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest path: 2 edges of the maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest s-t paths: 9, 5--4->6 8, 4--2->6 7, 3--1->5 4, 2--2->4 2, 0--1->3 1, 0--2->2 \endcode \author Marton Makai */ //x\brief An adaptor for hiding edges from a graph. //x //x\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state //xthan the other parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. //x //xAn adaptor for hiding edges from a graph. //xThis adaptor specializes SubGraphAdaptor in the way that //xonly the edge-set //xcan be filtered. The usefulness of this adaptor is demonstrated in the //xproblem of searching a maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest paths //xbetween //xtwo nodes \c s and \c t. Shortest here means being shortest w.r.t. //xnon-negative edge-lengths. Note that //xthe comprehension of the presented solution //xneed's some elementary knowledge from combinatorial optimization. //x //xIf a single shortest path is to be //xsearched between \c s and \c t, then this can be done easily by //xapplying the Dijkstra algorithm. What happens, if a maximum number of //xedge-disjoint shortest paths is to be computed. It can be proved that an //xedge can be in a shortest path if and only //xif it is tight with respect to //xthe potential function computed by Dijkstra. //xMoreover, any path containing //xonly such edges is a shortest one. //xThus we have to compute a maximum number //xof edge-disjoint paths between \c s and \c t in //xthe graph which has edge-set //xall the tight edges. The computation will be demonstrated //xon the following //xgraph, which is read from the dimacs file \c sub_graph_adaptor_demo.dim. //xThe full source code is available in \ref sub_graph_adaptor_demo.cc. //xIf you are interested in more demo programs, you can use //x\ref dim_to_dot.cc to generate .dot files from dimacs files. //xThe .dot file of the following figure was generated by //xthe demo program \ref dim_to_dot.cc. //x //x\dot //xdigraph lemon_dot_example { //xnode [ shape=ellipse, fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=10 ]; //xn0 [ label="0 (s)" ]; //xn1 [ label="1" ]; //xn2 [ label="2" ]; //xn3 [ label="3" ]; //xn4 [ label="4" ]; //xn5 [ label="5" ]; //xn6 [ label="6 (t)" ]; //xedge [ shape=ellipse, fontname=Helvetica, fontsize=10 ]; //xn5 -> n6 [ label="9, length:4" ]; //xn4 -> n6 [ label="8, length:2" ]; //xn3 -> n5 [ label="7, length:1" ]; //xn2 -> n5 [ label="6, length:3" ]; //xn2 -> n6 [ label="5, length:5" ]; //xn2 -> n4 [ label="4, length:2" ]; //xn1 -> n4 [ label="3, length:3" ]; //xn0 -> n3 [ label="2, length:1" ]; //xn0 -> n2 [ label="1, length:2" ]; //xn0 -> n1 [ label="0, length:3" ]; //x} //x\enddot //x //x\code //xGraph g; //xNode s, t; //xLengthMap length(g); //x //xreadDimacs(std::cin, g, length, s, t); //x //xcout << "edges with lengths (of form id, source--length->target): " << endl; //xfor(EdgeIt e(g); e!=INVALID; ++e) //x cout << g.id(e) << ", " << g.id(g.source(e)) << "--" //x << length[e] << "->" << g.id(g.target(e)) << endl; //x //xcout << "s: " << g.id(s) << " t: " << g.id(t) << endl; //x\endcode //xNext, the potential function is computed with Dijkstra. //x\code //xtypedef Dijkstra Dijkstra; //xDijkstra dijkstra(g, length); //xdijkstra.run(s); //x\endcode //xNext, we consrtruct a map which filters the edge-set to the tight edges. //x\code //xtypedef TightEdgeFilterMap //x TightEdgeFilter; //xTightEdgeFilter tight_edge_filter(g, dijkstra.distMap(), length); //x //xtypedef EdgeSubGraphAdaptor SubGW; //xSubGW gw(g, tight_edge_filter); //x\endcode //xThen, the maximum nimber of edge-disjoint \c s-\c t paths are computed //xwith a max flow algorithm Preflow. //x\code //xConstMap const_1_map(1); //xGraph::EdgeMap flow(g, 0); //x //xPreflow, Graph::EdgeMap > //x preflow(gw, s, t, const_1_map, flow); //xpreflow.run(); //x\endcode //xLast, the output is: //x\code //xcout << "maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest path: " //x << preflow.flowValue() << endl; //xcout << "edges of the maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest s-t paths: " //x << endl; //xfor(EdgeIt e(g); e!=INVALID; ++e) //x if (flow[e]) //x cout << " " << g.id(g.source(e)) << "--" //x << length[e] << "->" << g.id(g.target(e)) << endl; //x\endcode //xThe program has the following (expected :-)) output: //x\code //xedges with lengths (of form id, source--length->target): //x 9, 5--4->6 //x 8, 4--2->6 //x 7, 3--1->5 //x 6, 2--3->5 //x 5, 2--5->6 //x 4, 2--2->4 //x 3, 1--3->4 //x 2, 0--1->3 //x 1, 0--2->2 //x 0, 0--3->1 //xs: 0 t: 6 //xmaximum number of edge-disjoint shortest path: 2 //xedges of the maximum number of edge-disjoint shortest s-t paths: //x 9, 5--4->6 //x 8, 4--2->6 //x 7, 3--1->5 //x 4, 2--2->4 //x 2, 0--1->3 //x 1, 0--2->2 //x\endcode //x //x\author Marton Makai template class EdgeSubGraphAdaptor : }; /// \brief An undirected graph is made from a directed graph by an adaptor /// /// Undocumented, untested!!! /// If somebody knows nice demo application, let's polulate it. /// /// \author Marton Makai //x\brief An undirected graph is made from a directed graph by an adaptor //x\ingroup graph_adaptors //x //x Undocumented, untested!!! //x If somebody knows nice demo application, let's polulate it. //x //x \author Marton Makai template class UGraphAdaptor : typedef typename _Graph::Edge GraphEdge; template class EdgeMap; /// SubBidirGraphAdaptorBase<..., ..., ...>::Edge is inherited from /// _Graph::Edge. It contains an extra bool flag which is true /// if and only if the /// edge is the backward version of the original edge. // SubBidirGraphAdaptorBase<..., ..., ...>::Edge is inherited from // _Graph::Edge. It contains an extra bool flag which is true // if and only if the // edge is the backward version of the original edge. class Edge : public _Graph::Edge { friend class SubBidirGraphAdaptorBase< public: Edge() { } /// \todo =false is needed, or causes problems? /// If \c _backward is false, then we get an edge corresponding to the /// original one, otherwise its oppositely directed pair is obtained. // \todo =false is needed, or causes problems? // If \c _backward is false, then we get an edge corresponding to the // original one, otherwise its oppositely directed pair is obtained. Edge(const typename _Graph::Edge& e, bool _backward/*=false*/) : _Graph::Edge(e), backward(_backward) { } return ((!e.backward) ? this->graph->target(e) : this->graph->source(e)); } /// Gives back the opposite edge. //x Gives back the opposite edge. //x\e //x Edge opposite(const Edge& e) const { Edge f=e; } /// \warning This is a linear time operation and works only if /// \c Graph::EdgeIt is defined. /// \todo hmm //x\e //x \warning This is a linear time operation and works only if //x \c Graph::EdgeIt is defined. //x \todo hmm int edgeNum() const { int i=0; bool backward(const Edge& e) const { return e.backward; } //x\e //x \c SubBidirGraphAdaptorBase<..., ..., ...>::EdgeMap contains two //x _Graph::EdgeMap one for the forward edges and //x one for the backward edges. template /// \c SubBidirGraphAdaptorBase<..., ..., ...>::EdgeMap contains two /// _Graph::EdgeMap one for the forward edges and /// one for the backward edges. class EdgeMap { template friend class EdgeMap; ///\brief An adaptor for composing a subgraph of a /// bidirected graph made from a directed one. /// /// An adaptor for composing a subgraph of a /// bidirected graph made from a directed one. /// ///\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state than the other ///parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. /// /// Let \f$G=(V, A)\f$ be a directed graph and for each directed edge /// \f$e\in A\f$, let \f$\bar e\f$ denote the edge obtained by /// reversing its orientation. We are given moreover two bool valued /// maps on the edge-set, /// \f$forward\_filter\f$, and \f$backward\_filter\f$. /// SubBidirGraphAdaptor implements the graph structure with node-set /// \f$V\f$ and edge-set /// \f$\{e : e\in A \mbox{ and } forward\_filter(e) \mbox{ is true}\}+\{\bar e : e\in A \mbox{ and } backward\_filter(e) \mbox{ is true}\}\f$. /// The purpose of writing + instead of union is because parallel /// edges can arise. (Similarly, antiparallel edges also can arise). /// In other words, a subgraph of the bidirected graph obtained, which /// is given by orienting the edges of the original graph in both directions. /// As the oppositely directed edges are logically different, /// the maps are able to attach different values for them. /// /// An example for such a construction is \c RevGraphAdaptor where the /// forward_filter is everywhere false and the backward_filter is /// everywhere true. We note that for sake of efficiency, /// \c RevGraphAdaptor is implemented in a different way. /// But BidirGraphAdaptor is obtained from /// SubBidirGraphAdaptor by considering everywhere true /// valued maps both for forward_filter and backward_filter. /// /// The most important application of SubBidirGraphAdaptor /// is ResGraphAdaptor, which stands for the residual graph in directed /// flow and circulation problems. /// As adaptors usually, the SubBidirGraphAdaptor implements the /// above mentioned graph structure without its physical storage, /// that is the whole stuff is stored in constant memory. //x\brief An adaptor for composing a subgraph of a //x bidirected graph made from a directed one. //x\ingroup graph_adaptors //x //x An adaptor for composing a subgraph of a //x bidirected graph made from a directed one. //x //x\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state //xthan the other //xparts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. //x //x Let \f$G=(V, A)\f$ be a directed graph and for each directed edge //x \f$e\in A\f$, let \f$\bar e\f$ denote the edge obtained by //x reversing its orientation. We are given moreover two bool valued //x maps on the edge-set, //x \f$forward\_filter\f$, and \f$backward\_filter\f$. //x SubBidirGraphAdaptor implements the graph structure with node-set //x \f$V\f$ and edge-set //x \f$\{e : e\in A \mbox{ and } forward\_filter(e) \mbox{ is true}\}+\{\bar e : e\in A \mbox{ and } backward\_filter(e) \mbox{ is true}\}\f$. //x The purpose of writing + instead of union is because parallel //x edges can arise. (Similarly, antiparallel edges also can arise). //x In other words, a subgraph of the bidirected graph obtained, which //x is given by orienting the edges of the original graph in both directions. //x As the oppositely directed edges are logically different, //x the maps are able to attach different values for them. //x //x An example for such a construction is \c RevGraphAdaptor where the //x forward_filter is everywhere false and the backward_filter is //x everywhere true. We note that for sake of efficiency, //x \c RevGraphAdaptor is implemented in a different way. //x But BidirGraphAdaptor is obtained from //x SubBidirGraphAdaptor by considering everywhere true //x valued maps both for forward_filter and backward_filter. //x //x The most important application of SubBidirGraphAdaptor //x is ResGraphAdaptor, which stands for the residual graph in directed //x flow and circulation problems. //x As adaptors usually, the SubBidirGraphAdaptor implements the //x above mentioned graph structure without its physical storage, //x that is the whole stuff is stored in constant memory. template ///\brief An adaptor for composing bidirected graph from a directed one. /// ///\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state than the other ///parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. /// /// An adaptor for composing bidirected graph from a directed one. /// A bidirected graph is composed over the directed one without physical /// storage. As the oppositely directed edges are logically different ones /// the maps are able to attach different values for them. //x\brief An adaptor for composing bidirected graph from a directed one. //x\ingroup graph_adaptors //x //x\warning Graph adaptors are in even more experimental state //xthan the other //xparts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. //x //x An adaptor for composing bidirected graph from a directed one. //x A bidirected graph is composed over the directed one without physical //x storage. As the oppositely directed edges are logically different ones //x the maps are able to attach different values for them. template class BidirGraphAdaptor : /*! \brief An adaptor for composing the residual graph for directed flow and circulation problems. An adaptor for composing the residual graph for directed flow and circulation problems. Let \f$G=(V, A)\f$ be a directed graph and let \f$F\f$ be a number type. Let moreover \f$f,c:A\to F\f$, be functions on the edge-set. In the appications of ResGraphAdaptor, \f$f\f$ usually stands for a flow and \f$c\f$ for a capacity function. Suppose that a graph instange \c g of type \c ListGraph implements \f$G\f$. \code ListGraph g; \endcode Then RevGraphAdaptor implements the graph structure with node-set \f$V\f$ and edge-set \f$A_{forward}\cup A_{backward}\f$, where \f$A_{forward}=\{uv : uv\in A, f(uv)0\}\f$, i.e. the so called residual graph. When we take the union \f$A_{forward}\cup A_{backward}\f$, multilicities are counted, i.e. if an edge is in both \f$A_{forward}\f$ and \f$A_{backward}\f$, then in the adaptor it appears twice. The following code shows how such an instance can be constructed. \code typedef ListGraph Graph; Graph::EdgeMap f(g); Graph::EdgeMap c(g); ResGraphAdaptor, Graph::EdgeMap > gw(g); \endcode \author Marton Makai */ //x\brief An adaptor for composing the residual //xgraph for directed flow and circulation problems. //x\ingroup graph_adaptors //x //xAn adaptor for composing the residual graph for //xdirected flow and circulation problems. //xLet \f$G=(V, A)\f$ be a directed graph and let \f$F\f$ be a //xnumber type. Let moreover //x\f$f,c:A\to F\f$, be functions on the edge-set. //xIn the appications of ResGraphAdaptor, \f$f\f$ usually stands for a flow //xand \f$c\f$ for a capacity function. //xSuppose that a graph instange \c g of type //x\c ListGraph implements \f$G\f$ . //x\code //x ListGraph g; //x\endcode //xThen RevGraphAdaptor implements the graph structure with node-set //x\f$V\f$ and edge-set \f$A_{forward}\cup A_{backward}\f$, where //x\f$A_{forward}=\{uv : uv\in A, f(uv)0\}\f$, //xi.e. the so called residual graph. //xWhen we take the union \f$A_{forward}\cup A_{backward}\f$, //xmultilicities are counted, i.e. if an edge is in both //x\f$A_{forward}\f$ and \f$A_{backward}\f$, then in the adaptor it //xappears twice. //xThe following code shows how //xsuch an instance can be constructed. //x\code //xtypedef ListGraph Graph; //xGraph::EdgeMap f(g); //xGraph::EdgeMap c(g); //xResGraphAdaptor, Graph::EdgeMap > gw(g); //x\endcode //x\author Marton Makai //x template } /// \brief Residual capacity map. /// /// In generic residual graphs the residual capacity can be obtained /// as a map. //x \brief Residual capacity map. //x //x In generic residual graphs the residual capacity can be obtained //x as a map. class ResCap { protected: /// For blocking flows. ///\warning Graph adaptors are in even more ///experimental state than the other ///parts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. /// ///This graph adaptor is used for on-the-fly ///Dinits blocking flow computations. ///For each node, an out-edge is stored which is used when the ///\code OutEdgeIt& first(OutEdgeIt&, const Node&)\endcode ///is called. /// ///\author Marton Makai /// //x\brief For blocking flows. //x\ingroup graph_adaptors //x //x\warning Graph adaptors are in even more //xexperimental state than the other //xparts of the lib. Use them at you own risk. //x //xThis graph adaptor is used for on-the-fly //xDinits blocking flow computations. //xFor each node, an out-edge is stored which is used when the //x\code //xOutEdgeIt& first(OutEdgeIt&, const Node&) //x\endcode //xis called. //x //x\author Marton Makai //x template class ErasingFirstGraphAdaptor : }; /// \todo May we want VARIANT/union type //x \todo May we want VARIANT/union type class Edge : public Parent::Edge { friend class SplitGraphAdaptorBase; }; ///@} } //namespace lemon | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7198091745376587, "perplexity": 16099.0476145177}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665767.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112202920-20191112230920-00450.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/132265-numerical-method-finding-root-iteration-method.html | # Thread: Numerical method,finding root in iteration method.
1. ## Numerical method,finding root in iteration method.
hello i have problem with solution. please clear my doubt.
my doubt is how did the writer get x0 = 3.8
how did he get x0 value.
Attached Thumbnails
2. Originally Posted by avengerevenge
hello i have problem with solution. please clear my doubt.
my doubt is how did the writer get x0 = 3.8
how did he get x0 value.
Hi avengerevenge,
Maybe from graphing
$\displaystyle f(x)=2x-log_{10}x-7=0$
Or..
$\displaystyle 10^{2x-log_{10}x}=10^7$
$\displaystyle \frac{10^{2x}}{10^{log_{10}x}}>10^7$
$\displaystyle \frac{10^{2x}}{x}>10^7$
$\displaystyle 10^{2x}>x10^7$
$\displaystyle x=1,\ 10^2<10^7$
$\displaystyle x=2,\ 10^4<(2)10^7$
$\displaystyle x=3,\ 10^6<(3)10^7$
$\displaystyle x=4,\ 10^8>(4)10^7$
$\displaystyle 3<x<4$
Attached Thumbnails
"Find real root of $\displaystyle 2x- log_{10}(x)= 7$ by iteration method
The answer is $\displaystyle x= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(x)+ 7)$
$\displaystyle x_0= 3.8$
$\displaystyle x_1= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(x)+ 7)= 3.7893$
$\displaystyle x_2= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(x)+ 7)= 3.7893$
How did he get $\displaystyle x_0= 3.8$? Pretty much an "educated" guess. Under the right conditions, if $\displaystyle x_0$ is any number reasonably close to the answer to begin with, this sequence will converge to the solution to the equation. I suspect that this author already knew the answer and chose 3.8 because it was already correct to the first decimal place.
If I were coming to this equation without knowing the answer I might argue "log(x) is always smaller than x so what happens if I ignore it? The equation becomes 2x= 7 and x= 7/2= 3.5. I think I will try $\displaystyle x_0= 3.5$." Then I would get:
$\displaystyle x_0= 3.5$
$\displaystyle x_1= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(3.5)+ 7)= 3.7720$
$\displaystyle x_2= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(3.7720)+ 7)= 3.7883$
$\displaystyle x_3= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(3.7883)+ 7)= 3.7892$
$\displaystyle x_4= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(3.7892)+ 7)= 3.7893$
$\displaystyle x_5= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(3.7893)+ 7)= 3.7893$
Since those last two iterations are the same to the four decimal places I am keeping, I can stop here, confident that my answer is correct at least to three decimal places. It took a couple more iterations because my first value was not as close to the correct answer as 3.8 but I still get the same answer.
Notice that if I had started with $\displaystyle x_0= 1$, my first step would have been
$\displaystyle x_1= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(1)+ 7)= 7/2= 3.5$
And then the iteration would be the same as above.
If I had started with something really bad, say $\displaystyle x_0= 100$, then I would have
$\displaystyle x_1= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(100)+ 7)= 27/2= 13.5$
$\displaystyle x_2= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(13.5)+ 7)= 4.0652$
$\displaystyle x_3= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(4.0652)+ 7)= 3.8045$
$\displaystyle x_4= \frac{1}{2}(log_{10}(3.8045)+ 7)= 3.7901$
and I am heading right back to 3.7893.
4. Originally Posted by Archie Meade
Hi avengerevenge,
Maybe from graphing
$\displaystyle f(x)=2x-log_{10}x-7=0$
Or..
$\displaystyle 10^{2x}-x=10^7$
Hopefully, not! $\displaystyle 10^{2x- log_{10}x}= \frac{10^{2x}}{x}$, not $\displaystyle 10^{2x}- x$.
$\displaystyle 10^{2x}>10^7$
$\displaystyle 2x>7\ \Rightarrow\ x>3.5$
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# Solve 2x-log x=7 by iteration method
Click on a term to search for related topics. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7635118365287781, "perplexity": 769.1927736321772}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650730.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324151847-20180324171847-00732.warc.gz"} |
https://percentages.io/ | What is % of ?
is what % of ?
What is the % change from to ?
Example Problems
# What is Percentage?
### An introduction
Percentage is a mathematical number expressed as a fraction with a denominator of 100. It is normally denoted with the percentage (%) symbol. For example, the fraction $$\frac{50}{100}$$ could also be written as $$50\%$$. That example is simple, because the denominator of our fraction is already 100. Another example is that the ratio $$\frac{20}{40}$$ could also be written as $$50\%$$. Note that both are equivalent fractions, but are written differently. Percentage allows us to normalize numbers and ratios that otherwise appear quite different. The concept of percentage is used by many people in day to day life. It can be used for many things such as calculating your score on a test or calculating how much tip to leave your waiter at a restaurant. It can help keep track of performance over time and it can help make sense of complex stock market prices. The concept of normalizing numbers of any size to a simple ratio with a base of 100 is one that has an unlimite number of uses.
The purpose of this website is to provide a quick and simple tool for users to calculate percentages of all types. It can also be used to help with math homework or as a learning aid. This website also aims to provide users with a friendly and simple user interface that makes interaction with the site painless and fast. I hope you enjoy using this tool as much as I enjoyed making it! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8362298607826233, "perplexity": 321.21944159757}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419639.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601211310-20200602001310-00412.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/41551/hypothesis-testing-with-the-geometric-distribution | # Hypothesis testing with the geometric distribution
A single observation of a random variable having a geometric distribution is used to test the null hypothesis $\theta=\theta_0$ against the alternative hypothesis $\theta=\theta_1 > \theta_0$.
If the null hypothesis is rejected if and only if the observed value of the random variable is greater than or equal to the positive integer $k$ , find expressions for the probabilities of type I and type II errors.
My idea:
Type I error equals $\alpha$, which is the probability that we reject $H_0$ while it is true. Probability of type II error is $\beta$, which is the probability that we accept $H_0$ while $H_0$ is false.
Let's say the Null Hypothetis is rejected, this means that $X\ge k$ ?
I know that that $P(X\ge k ; \theta_0)= 1- \theta_0(1-\theta_0)^{k-1}$. Is this value equal to $\alpha$?
How can I calculate $\beta$? $P(X\ge k ; \theta_1)= \theta_1(1-\theta_1)^{k-1}$.
Who can help me making this clear ? :-)
Thank you for your trouble :-)
You have the definitions of Type I and Type II errors correct. However, the probability statement you use to represent the Type I error is incorrect. You want $P(X\geq k;\theta_0)=1-F_X(k-1;\theta_0)$, where $F_X(x;\theta_0)$ is the cumulative distribution function of a geometric random variable with parameter $\theta_0$. For the Type II error, the probability statement you've given is also incorrect. You want the probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis given that the alternative is true. This can be written as $P(X<k;\theta_1)=F_X(k-1;\theta_1)$.
When you write that $P(X\geq k;\theta_0)=1-\theta_0(1-\theta_0)^{k-1}$, you're actually saying that the Type I error is the probability of $X\neq k$ rather than $X\geq k$. Similarly, when you write that $P(X\geq k;\theta_1)=\theta_1(1-\theta_1)^{k-1}$, the inequality is incorrect (it should be $<$) and you've written that it is the probability of $X=k$ rather than $X<k$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9721764922142029, "perplexity": 72.67408169674303}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039617701.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423101141-20210423131141-00274.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/chemistry/chemistry-a-molecular-approach-3rd-edition/chapter-4-sections-4-1-4-9-exercises-problems-by-topic-page-187/35b | ## Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (3rd Edition)
$8.25g\ HNO_{3}$
Divide the mass of the base by its molar mass to find the moles of base to react. Multiply this by the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation to get the moles of acid. Finally, multiply the moles of acid by the molar mass of the acid to get the mass of acid. $4.85g\ Ca(OH)_{2}\times\frac{1mol\ Ca(OH)_{2}}{74.0927g\ Ca(OH)_{2}}\times\frac{2mol\ HNO_{3}}{1mol\ Ca(OH)_{2}}\times\frac{63.0128g\ HNO_{3}}{1mol\ HNO_{3}}=8.25g\ HNO_{3}$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9767606258392334, "perplexity": 1121.2284882578178}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160641.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924185233-20180924205633-00491.warc.gz"} |
https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.68q4hf7 | Chemical clock reactions are characterised by a relatively long induction period followed by a rapid switchover' during which the concentration of a \emph{clock chemical} rises rapidly. In addition to their interest in chemistry education, these reactions are relevant to industrial and biochemical applications. A substrate-depletive, non-autocatalytic clock reaction involving household chemicals (vitamin C, iodine, hydrogen peroxide and starch) is modelled mathematically via a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Following dimensional analysis the model is analysed in the phase plane and via matched asymptotic expansions. Asymptotic approximations are found to agree closely with numerical solutions in the appropriate time regions. Asymptotic analysis also yields an approximate formula for the dependence of switchover time on initial concentrations and the rate of the slow reaction. This formula is tested via kitchen sink chemistry' experiments, and is found to enable a good fit to experimental series varying in initial concentrations of both iodine and vitamin C. The vitamin C clock reaction provides an accessible model system for mathematical chemistry. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5527650117874146, "perplexity": 1629.1639915656872}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522309.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518183254-20220518213254-00184.warc.gz"} |
https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Aerospace_Engineering/Fundamentals_of_Aerospace_Engineering_(Arnedo)/02%3A_Generalities/2.01%3A_Classification_of_aerospace_vehicles | Skip to main content
# 2.1: Classification of aerospace vehicles
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An aircraft, in a wide sense, is a vehicle capable to navigate in the air (in general, in the atmosphere of a planet) by means of a lift force. This lift appears due to two different physical phenomena:
• aeroestatic lift, which gives name to the aerostats (lighter than the air vehicles), and
• dynamic effects generating lift forces, which gives name to the aerodynes (heavier than the air vehicles).
Figure 2.2: Aerostats.
An aerostat is a craft that remains aloft primarily through the use of lighter than air gases, which produce lift to the vehicle with nearly the same overall density as air. Aerostats include airships and aeroestatic balloons. Aerostats stay aloft by having a large "envelope" filled with a gas which is less dense than the surrounding atmosphere. See Figure 2.2 as illustration.
Aerodynes produce lift by moving a wing through the air. Aerodynes include fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft, and are heavier-than-the-air aircraft. The first group is the one nowadays know as airplanes (also known simply as aircraft). Rotorcraft include helicopters or autogyros (Invented by the Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva in 1923).
A special category can also be considered: ground effect aircraft. Ground effect refers to the increased lift and decreased drag that an aircraft airfoil or wing generates when an aircraft is close the ground or a surface. Missiles and space vehicles will be also analyzed as classes of aerospace vehicles.
2.1: Classification of aerospace vehicles is shared under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Manuel Soler Arnedo via source content that was edited to conform to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.
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https://www.algorist.com/algowiki/index.php/2.37 | # 2.37
On careful observation, one can see that the sum of any row is just ${\displaystyle 3^{n-1}}$ this is the sum for the series. This can even be computed using a series as shown below
```1=a0
1 1 1
a1 a0 a2
```
now a(mid) of the next line becomes the a(0) +a(1) +a(2) that it this mid element is always the sum of the middle three elements
Alternate explanation :
Every element in the current row will be used 3 times in the next row; once directly below it, and also in left and right element below it.
So sum of elements in ${\displaystyle (n+1)}$th row will be 3*(sum of elements in ${\displaystyle n}$th row).
Hence, S(n) = ${\displaystyle 3^{n-1}}$ (Base case : For 1st row, sum is 1)
Back to Chapter 2 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 4, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7228655219078064, "perplexity": 756.057405616602}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058263.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927030035-20210927060035-00613.warc.gz"} |
https://sbseminar.wordpress.com/2009/07/28/topology-that-algebra-cant-see/ | # Topology that Algebra can’t see
Let $X$ be an algebraic variety over $\mathbb{C}$; that is to say, the zero locus of a bunch of polynomials with complex coefficients. We will consider this zero locus as a topological space using the ordinary topology on $\mathbb{C}$. One of the main themes of algebraic geometry in the last century has been learning how to study the topology of $X$ in terms of the algebraic properties of the defining equations.
In this post, I will explain that there are intrinsic limits to this approach; things that cannot be computed algebraically. In particular, I want to explain how from a categorical point of view, we can’t even compute the homology $H_1( \ , \mathbb{Z})$. And, even if you don’t believe in categories, you’ll still have to concede that we can’t compute $\pi_1( \ )$. This is a very pretty example and it should be more widely known.
Absolutely none of the ideas in this post are original; I think most of them are due to Serre. (Thanks to Attila Smith in comments for the reference.)
What does it mean that something cannot be computed algebraically? I could give a general definition, but let me just explain the kind of examples we will be looking at. Let $K$ be a finite Galois extension of $\mathbb{Q}$. Suppose that all of the equations defining $X$ have coefficients in $K$. Let $X^{\sigma}$ be the new variety obtained by replacing all the coefficients of $X$ by their Galois conjugates, for some $\sigma \in \mathrm{Gal}(K/\mathbb{Q})$. Since the Galois action preserves the truth of every algebraic statement; clearly we will not be able to use algebraic methods to distinguish $X$ and $X^{\sigma}$. Thus, if we can come up with cases where $X$ and $X^{\sigma}$ have different topology, then the manner in which they differ will be something that cannot be seen by algebraic methods.
If we were looking at topology of real points, it would be easy to build examples. For example, let $K = \mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{10}]$ and let $X$ be the elliptic curve $y^2 = x^3 - \sqrt{10} x +1$, so $X^{\sigma}$ is the elliptic curve $y^2 = x^3 + \sqrt{10} x +1$. Looking at real solutions, $X$ has two connected components and $X^{\sigma}$ has only one. In the figure below, $X$ is the solid black curve and $X^{\sigma}$ is the dashed blue curve.
Looking at complex solutions, however, both $X$ and $X^{\sigma}$ are two dimensional tori. (More precisely, tori with a single point removed; the “point at infinity”.) So one might think that determining the real geometry of a variety requires some subtle ideas, but that complex geometry is purely algebraic. In fact, this is not so.
Consider two lattices in the complex plane. The first, $M$, will be spanned by $1$ and $\sqrt{-5}$. The second, $N$, Will be spanned by $2$ and $1+\sqrt{-5}$.
Let $E$ be the elliptic curve $\mathbb{C}/M$ and let $F = \mathbb{C}/N$. Notice that both $M$ and $N$ are taken into themselves under multiplication by $\sqrt{-5}$. This multiplication descends to holomorphic endomorphisms of $E$ and $F$, which we will denote $s$ and $t$.
Since $E$ is an elliptic curve, it can be written as $y^2 = x^3 + ax + b$ for some $a$ and $b$. (Plus a point at infinity.) It turns out that the endomorphism $s$ imposes enough rigidity on the situation to see that $a$ and $b$ can be taken to be algebraic numbers; I will sketch an explanation for this below. In fact, we can take $a$ and $b$ to be in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})$. Moreover, the map $s$ can be written as $(x,y ) \mapsto (f(x,y), g(x,y))$, where $f$ and $g$ are rational functions whose coefficients are algebraic — explicitly, in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5}, \sqrt{-5})$.
I wanted to compute $a$, $b$, $f$ and $g$ for you*, but I couldn’t find them in any books or websites and it seemed a bit difficult. I was able to work out that the $j$ invariant of $E$ is
$\displaystyle{ -632000 + 282880 \sqrt{5} =2^8 * \sqrt{5}^3 * (4+\sqrt{5})^3 * (2-\sqrt{5})^4}.$
There is a theory of elliptic curves with unusual endomorphisms — the technical term is curves with complex multiplication. Here is one consequence of this theory: Let $K = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5}, \sqrt{-5})$ and let $\sigma$ be the Galois automorphism where $\sqrt{5} \mapsto - \sqrt{5}$ and $\sqrt{-5} \mapsto \sqrt{-5}$. Then the curve $F$ is given by $y^2 = x^3 + a^{\sigma} x + b^{\sigma}$. Moreover, the automorphism $t$ is given by applying $\sigma$ to the coefficients of $s$.
So, why do I say that “from a categorical point of view, we can’t even compute the homology $H_1*( \ , \mathbb{Z})$.” Of course, $H_1(E, \mathbb{Z})$ is naturally isomorphic to $M$, and unnaturally isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}^2$; similarly, $H_1(F, \mathbb{Z})$ is also unnaturally isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}^2$. So you could say that $H_1(E, \mathbb{Z})$ and $H_1(F, \mathbb{Z})$ were the same, if you are willing to engage in unnatural acts.
But homology is a functor! Computing it should means computing what it does to morphisms, not just what it does to objects! Looking at how multiplication by $\sqrt{-5}$ acts on $M$ and $N$. we see that the $\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{-5}]$ module $M$ is generated by a single element, where as the $\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{-5}]$ module $N$ is not. So there is an element $\gamma$ of $H_1(E, \mathbb{Z})$ so that $\gamma$ and $s_* \gamma$ span $H_1(E, \mathbb{Z})$, but there is no $\delta$ so that $\delta$ and $t_* \delta$ span $H_1(F, \mathbb{Z})$. In short, the action of an endomorphism on $H_1$ cannot be computed algebraically.
A clever trick, for those who mistrust categories: If you believe in the categorical philosophy, you are done now. But, if you are a classical sort, you might want to see two varieties $X$ and $X^{\sigma}$ which are not homeomorphic.
If we were living in the topological category, we could take the mapping cylinder of $s: E \to E$ and get a map whose topology reflects the map $s$. But in the algebraic category, mapping cylinders don’t exist. In the remainder of this post, I’ll sketch a trick to get around that, due to again to Serre.
Just like abelian curves come from lattices in $\mathbb{C}$, abelian varieties come from lattices in higher dimensional complex vector spaces. Just as $\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{-5}]$ has nonisomorphic modules, so does $\mathbb{Z}[e^{2 \pi i/n}]$ for certain values of $n$. A more complicated version of the above argument constructs an abelian variety $A$, with endomorphism $z$, such that $z^n = \mathrm{Id}$, and such that there is a Galois automorphism $\sigma$ for which $z^{\sigma} : A^{\sigma} \to A^{\sigma}$ is topologically different from $z: A \to A$. I’ll write $g$ for the dimension of $A$; for the curious, $g = \phi(n)/2$.
Now, let $B$ be simply connected, with a free action of $\mathbb{Z}/n$. (And let this variety and action be given by rational coefficients, so it is unaffected by $\sigma$.) Consider $X := A \times_{\mathbb{Z}/n} B$. This is $(A \times B)/(\mathbb{Z}/n)$, where $(\mathbb{Z}/n)$ acts diagonally. It is extremely plausible, and not hard to prove, that $X^{\sigma} = A^{\sigma} \times_{\mathbb{Z}/n} B$. Now, some basic topology tells us that $\pi_1(X)$ and $\pi_1(X^{\sigma})$ are both semidirect products of $\mathbb{Z}/n$ acting on $\mathbb{Z}^{2g}$. However, in the case of $A$, this action is by the action of $z_*$ on $H_1(A, \mathbb{Z})$, and in the case of $A^{\sigma}$ it is by the other action. These are nonisomorphic groups, so we see that even those who mistrust categories must admit that $\pi_1$ cannot be computed algebraically.
Sketch of why these numbers are algebraic. We can write down the condition that $f$ and $g$ give an automorphism of $y^2 = x^3 + ax +b$, whose square is $[-5]$. This is a whole lot of equations in $a$, $b$ and the coefficients of $f$ and $g$; all the coefficients of these equations are rational. Now, an elliptic curve $\mathbb{C}/\Lambda$ will only have such an automorphism if $\Lambda$ is closed under multiplication by $\sqrt{-5}$. It is a good exercise to show that any such lattice is, up to dilation and rotation, either $M$ or $N$. So these equations will only have two solutions. (Actually, they will have two solutions up to automorphism, see the footnote. But this is a sketch!) Any set of equations with finitely many solutions, and coefficients in a field $K$, has all of its solutions in $K^{\mathrm{alg}}$; this is a corollary of the Nullstellensatz.
*There is a technical point I am glossing over: $a$ and $b$ are not quite well defined. Specifically, the elliptic curve $y^2 = x^3 + ax +b$ is, as a complex variety, isomorphic to $y^2 = x^3 + D^2 ax + D^3 b$. Moreover, even if $a$, $b$ and $D$ are all in $\mathbb{Q}$, the isomorphism will involve coefficients in $\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{D}]$. This is called twisting, and is important if you want to get all the details right, but I will not deal with it.
## 15 thoughts on “Topology that Algebra can’t see”
1. Attila Smith says:
Dear David,
the relevant article by Serre might be:
Exemple de variétés projectives conjuguées non homéomorphes.
Your explanations are friendly and clear: bravo!
2. Thanks for the reference and the complement; I’ll update the article.
3. Jesse Kass says:
Dear David,
Nice post!
You may have already seen the paper, but James Milne and Junecue Suh have some recent work on this topic too.
http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.1953
4. Wesley Calvert says:
Russell Miller and I treated a rather different formalization of the same intuitive problem (can one compute topological invariants from elementary data) in a paper soon to appear in the proceedings of Unconventional Computation 2009.
We showed that if a manifold is “effectively given,” in the sense that we have algebraically computable functions (in the sense of Blum-Shub-Smale) to describe the transition functions, then
a) We cannot, in most cases, decide if a loop is nullhomotopic, but
b) There is a canonical system of loops which suffices to compute a presentation of pi_1.
I don’t have the preprint available online (yet), but can provide it upon request.
Thanks for the interesting post!
5. If you view your curve as a real algebraic set in $\mathbb{R}^4$ then you certainly can compute its Betti numbers algebraically (well, semi-algebraically). See e.g. http://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3911 for abundant references on this.
6. I’m not sure whether you are disagreeing or just discussing a different, but related, idea. So I’ll explain the difference in perspective between Serre’s result and the one you link to.
To my mind, pure algebra does not include testing inequalities, and Galois theory is designed to study things that can be computed algebraically. So semialgebraic methods are outside this paradigm. For example, in Galois theory we consider the field automorphism which takes $+ \sqrt{2}$ to $- \sqrt{2}$. This automorphism preserves field structure but not inequalities: it takes a positive number to a negative one. Even worse, we are allowed to take a real number like $2^{1/4}$ to an imaginary one like $i 2^{1/4}$.
The amazing thing, then is that there is so much that can be computed purely algebraically — including betti numbers! (You only need to read the first section of the linked reference to get my point, although the whole thing is excellent.) It is data like the action of endomorphisms on cohomology, or like the fundamental group, which requires nonalgebraic techniques.
Finally, although this is not my field, I’ll point out that there are lots of subtle issues in semi-algebraic computation. For example, it is not known whether there is an efficient way to test whether an algebraic number is positive!
7. Danny Calegari says:
Dear Wesley – from the sound of it, you might be interested in the papers of Nabutovsky and Weinberger, which have a similar flavor (if you are not already aware of them . . .) For example, see Weinberger’s nice book:
http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2109177
Best,
Danny
8. David,
to me it seems that computations involving real algebraic numbers can still be counted as algebraic, although it’s a matter of taste.
By the way, computing the fundamental group becomes doable, as one would be able, starting from a variety, to construct a finite simplical complex with the same fundamental group. Then you can run something along the lines of http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~leonard/fundamental/
To comment on your claim that testing positivity is not known to be efficient, it seems to me that you misread the part of the Lipton’s post you are referring to. Indeed, he talks about SSP, i.e. testing inequalities of the form $\sum_{m=1}^n \sqrt{a_m}\leq k.$ This way you’re effectively leaving the polynomial “universe”. An algebraic way to encode this would need $n$ variables $x_m,$ and a system involving nonlinear polynomial equations and inequalities in all of them. Needless to say, already the task of testing solvability of a system of $n$-variate polynomial equations is also NP-hard, even if you allow complex solutions.
On the other hand, if you work with the encoding of a real algebaric number by a defining univariate polynomial $f\in\mathbb{Z}[t]$ and a rational interval to locate the particular root (or what is called Thom encoding, i.e. the signs of the derivatives of $f$ at the root) then everything becomes efficient, and these procedures are dating back from 19th century.
(The complexity of SSP is related to the complexity semidefinite programming, and as such is indeed quite important. But this is another story.)
9. David,
I’ve been thinking about a problem, only tangentially related to this post, but maybe you’ll enjoy it.
Suppose I hand you an algorithm. It can be run on your household computer. [Formalize this as you will.] This algorithm spit out, one at a time, digits for a positive real number (say less than 1).
Is there another algorithm (call it the Decider) which will decide whether or not the first algorithm is describing 0?
I believe the answer is no. However, I’m a little weak on how one defines an algorithm, in ZFC set theory say.
Application: Given an explicit function (say an L-function attached to an explicit elliptic curve with integer coefficients), is there an algorithm to determine if there is more than a double pole at the origin?
Hi David,
Is it true that when you are looking at “real” or “complex” points in a scheme defined over rationals this incompatibility creeps in.
Consider the following reformulation :
If K1 and K2 are conjugate schemes defined over some algebraic extension of rationals, and L is some Galois extension containing K1 and K2, then for any locally constant sheaf F the cohomologies over K1 and K2 are isomorphic.
But this looks like a obvious base change…
11. David Speyer says:
For a locally constant sheaf with torsion coefficients, sure, that’s base change. If you are going to consider locally constant sheaves like $\mathbb{Z}$, then you have to worry about the fact that the etale and analytic topologies don’t give the same results for such sheaves.
Indeed, the singular cohomology of $X(\mathbb{C})$ with coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}$ is naturally isomorphic to the cohomology of the locally constant sheaf $\mathbb{Z}$ in the analytic topology. The examples above show that $H_{an}(K_1, \mathbb{Z})$ and $H_{an}(K_2, \mathbb{Z})$ need not be naturally isomorphic, but of course you only said isomorphic. I’d need to think a bit to see if I could find some $F$ for which these groups were not isomorphic at all.
13. If my understanding of your question is correct, take the family $y^2z=x(x-z)(x-\lambda z)$ on $\mathbb{P}^2\times \mathbb{A}^1$. For $\lambda\neq 0,1$, you have a smooth elliptic curve, which is topologically $S^1\times S^1$. For $\lambda=0,1$, you have a nodal cubic, which is a sphere with the north and south poles identified, which is not the same topology. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 180, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9423325657844543, "perplexity": 170.11211818404914}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425193.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725122451-20170725142451-00046.warc.gz"} |
http://www.aimath.org/WWN/qptsurface2/articles/html/7a/ | # Colliot-Thelene 2: Rational points on surfaces with a pencil of curves of genus one
We had , , and
separable, all irreducible, even degree, , , up to . , , .
and is the composition with the map
where .
Fact. .
Theorem. [Theorem B] Assume Schinzel's hypothesis, and the finiteness of . Let , . Let . Assume: , and .
Then is infinite, and is Zariski dense.
Here,
Schinzel's hypothesis: Let for be distinct irreducible polynomials with leading coefficient positive (plus technical condition, to exclude polynomials like ); then there exist infinitely many values such that each is a prime.
Remark. The assumption that is satisfied for general . For the assumption that , in general we have so this reduces to .
The proof of this theorem will take up the rest of these notes.
We shall define a finite set of bad places'. For each , we have some , and we look for , with very close to for , and find one such that:
• ;
• , spanned by and .
We have , containing -adic places and those over (note we are being sloppy for real places), and places of bad reduction of , of , and such that . If , then is separable (finite étale cover).
We look at and look at its prime decomposition; it will have some part in and another part of primes of multiplicity , and one prime , the Schinzel prime'. We realize for . Then has bad reduction in .
First we find such that . For , we introduce the algebra , where is the quadratic extension connected to . Then . A priori, . Since is even, .
Let , with projection . We know that . For almost all places of , is trivial.
Fix as before plus places where some is not trivial on . Now . Fix for with this property. Note . Suppose is very close to for and the decomposition of has all primes in split in .
Claim. For such , .
Proof. The only places where it will fail to have a point are those of bad reduction. For , , as is close to . For , since the two rational curves are defined. For , write
the second because splits in ; therefore the prime that is left over forces the prime to split in , we again have points locally.
For the second part, we now need to control the Selmer groups uniformly in the family , for satisfying , namely, is very close to for , decomposes into primes in , primes splitting in , and the Schinzel prime .
Let , and . We have
Here
and the Cartesian square from . Then is the kernel of a symmetric pairing on .
We find two `constant' subgroups . First, we find , fixed because very close to for . For the second pair:
Proposition. For each , there exists a unique such that for any with , , and for each , its component in belongs to .
We define the subgroup
Note .
Proposition.
Proposition. On , the restriction of the pairing is independent of .
To prove this, use various reciprocity laws.
To conclude, write , where , , and is the supplement. Use the assumption that to get rid of ...
Now use finiteness of and Cassels-Tate pairing, implies , so the rank is .
Back to the main index for Rational and integral points on higher dimensional varieties. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9908494353294373, "perplexity": 875.3284596219305}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661296.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00272-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://cracku.in/ib-security-2019-question-paper-solved | # IB Security 2019
Instructions
For the following questions answer them individually
Question 1
What are the Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple of 6, 72, 120?
Question 2
If a quadratic polynomial y = $$ax^2+ bx + c$$ intersects x axis at α and β, then
Question 3
If in two linear equations ax + by = c and dx + ey = f and a/d = b/e = c/f then, which of the following is true about the two equations?
Question 4
Roots of the quadratic equations $$2x^2 + x - 528$$ = 0 is:
Question 5
Sum of all positive integers from 1 to 100 is:
Question 6
If area of similar triangles Δ ABC and Δ DEF be 64 sq cm and 121 sq cm and EF = 15.4 cm then BC equals:
Question 7
Area of a triangle with vertices at (2, 3), (-1, 0) and (2, -4) is:
Question 8
2 × tan 30° / $$(1 + tan^2 30°)$$ equals:
Question 9
The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on ground which is 30 mtrs. away from the foot of the tower is 30°. Height of the tower is:
Question 10
The length of a tangent from a point A at a distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cms. Radius of the circle is
OR | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5470831394195557, "perplexity": 748.7742332979946}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00486.warc.gz"} |
https://web.sas.upenn.edu/maam2/seminar-abstracts/ | # Seminar Abstracts
• October 23rd, 3pm EDT
Speaker: Theresa Anderson, Purdue University
Title: Dyadic analysis meets number theory
Abstract: We explore one of many ways that analysis and number theory interact by showing what goes on in the background to construct a measure that is $p$-adic doubling for any finite set of primes $p$ yet not doubling. This is recent work joint with Bingyang Hu. I will follow this by a short talk on the adjacent topic of “Complete classification of adjacent dyadic systems”. There will be ample question time and questions pertaining to professional development and careers in the mathematical sciences are especially welcome.
• October 30th, 3pm EDT
Speaker: Kornélia Héra, University of Chicago
Title: Hausdorff dimension of Furstenberg-type sets
Abstract: We say that a planar set F is a (t,s)-Furstenberg set, if there exists an s-dimensional family of lines in the plane such that each line of this family intersects F in an at least t-dimensional set. We present Hausdorff dimension estimates for (t,s)-Furstenberg sets and for more general Furstenberg type sets in higher dimensions.
The talk is based on joint work with Tamás Keleti and András Máthé, and with Pablo Shmerkin and Alexia Yavicoli.
• November 6th, 3pm EST (Note: Daylight Savings Time ends November 1st)
Speaker: Kyle Hambrook, San Jose State University
Title: Explicit Salem Sets of Arbitrary Dimension in Euclidean Space
Abstract: A set in $R^n$ is called Salem if it supports a probability measure whose Fourier transform decays as fast as the Hausdorff dimension of the set will allow. We construct the first explicit (i.e., non-random) examples of Salem sets in $R^n$ of arbitrary prescribed Hausdorff dimension. This completely resolves a problem proposed by Kahane more than 60 years ago. The construction is based on a form of Diophantine approximation in number fields. This is joint work with Robert Fraser.
• November 13th, 3pm EST
Speaker: Polona Durcik, Chapman University
Title: A triangular Hilbert transform with curvature
Abstract: The triangular Hilbert transform is a two-dimensional bilinear singular integral originating in time-frequency analysis. No Lebesgue space bounds are currently known for this operator. In this talk, we discuss recent joint work with Michael Christ and Joris Roos on a variant of the triangular Hilbert transform involving curvature. As an application, we also discuss a quantitative nonlinear Roth type theorem on patterns in the Euclidean plane.
• November 20th, 3pm EST
Speaker: Alex Barron, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Title: A sharp global Strichartz estimate for the Schrodinger equation on the cylinder
Abstract: The classical Strichartz estimates show that a solution to the linear Schrodinger equation on Euclidean space is in certain Lebesgue spaces globally in time provided the initial data is in L^2. On compact manifolds one can no longer have global control, and some loss of derivatives is necessary in interesting cases (meaning the initial data needs to be in a Sobolev space rather than L^2). On non-compact manifolds it is a challenging problem to understand when one can have good space-time estimates with no loss of derivatives.
In this talk we discuss a global-in-time Strichartz-type estimate for the linear Schrodinger equation on the infinite cylinder. Our estimate is sharp, scale-invariant, and requires only L^2 data. Joint work with M. Christ and B. Pausader.
• December 4th, 3:30pm EST
Speaker: Bruno Poggi, University of Minnesota
Title: Theory of $A_{\infty}$ weights for elliptic measures and generalized Carleson perturbations for elliptic operators
Abstract: We present Carleson perturbations for elliptic operators on domains for which there exists a robust elliptic PDE theory. Such domains include, in particular, (a) 1-sided NTA domains satisfying the capacity density condition (thus we extend some recent results of Akman-Hofmann-Martell-Toro), (b) domains with low-dimensional Ahlfors-David regular boundaries, and (c) certain domains with boundaries with pieces of distinct dimensions. Our Carleson perturbations are generalized in the sense that, in addition to the classical additive perturbations, we allow for scalar-multiplicative perturbations, which admit non-trivial differences on the boundary between the perturbed matrix and the original matrix. Finally, we investigate corollaries of our techniques, with implications to free boundary problems an a characterization of $A_{\infty}$ among elliptic measures. This is joint work with Joseph Feneuil.
• December 4th, 4pm EST
Speaker: Kan Jiang, Ningbo University
Title: Some thickness theorems and their applications
Abstract: In this talk, I will introduce some old and new thickness theorems. In terms of these results, we are able to give many interesting applications.
• December 11th, 3pm EST
Speaker: Tyler Bongers, Harvard University
Title: Energy techniques for nonlinear projections and Favard curve lengths
Abstract: There are many classical results relating the structure, dimension, and measure of a set to the structure of its orthogonal projections, including theorems of Marstrand and Besicovitch. It turns out that many nonlinear projection-type operators also have special geometry that allow us to build similar relationships between a set and its “projections,” just as in the linear setting. In this work, we will show how energy techniques of Mattila can be strengthened and generalized to projection-type operators satisfying a transversality condition, and apply these results to study visibility and Favard curve lengths of sets. This work is joint with Krystal Taylor. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 4, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8008618354797363, "perplexity": 1288.949450313815}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585450.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022021705-20211022051705-00295.warc.gz"} |
http://blekko.com/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)?source=672620ff | # Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, valence, also known as valency or valence number, is the number of valence bonds[1] a given atom has formed, or can form, with one or more other atoms. For most elements the number of bonds can vary. The IUPAC definition limits valence to the maximum number of univalent atoms that may combine with the atom, that is the maximum number of valence bonds that is possible for the given element.[2]
The valence of an element depends on the number of valence electrons that may be involved in the forming of valence bonds. A univalent (monovalent) atom, ion or group has a valence of one and thus can form one covalent bond. A divalent molecular entity has a valence of two and can form two sigma bonds to two different atoms or one sigma bond plus one pi bond to a single atom.[3] Alkyl groups and hydroxyl ions are univalent examples; oxo ligands are divalent.
Over the last century, the concept of valence evolved into a range of approaches for describing the chemical bond, including Lewis structures (1916), valence bond theory (1927), molecular orbitals (1928), valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (1958) and all the advanced methods of quantum chemistry.
In cyclohexanonoxime (image left), the nitrogen atom has three valence bonds and therefore a valence of three.
## History
The etymology of the word "valence" traces back to 1425, meaning "extract, preparation," from Latin valentia "strength, capacity," and the chemical meaning referring to the "combining power of an element" is recorded from 1884, from German Valenz.[4]
William Higgins' combinations of ultimate particles (1789)
In 1789, William Higgins published views on what he called combinations of "ultimate" particles, which foreshadowed the concept of valency bonds.[5] If, for example, according to Higgins, the force between the ultimate particle of oxygen and the ultimate particle of nitrogen were 6, then the strength of the force would be divided accordingly, and likewise for the other combinations of ultimate particles (see illustration).
The exact inception, however, of the theory of chemical valencies can be traced to an 1852 paper by Edward Frankland, in which he combined the older theories of free radicals and “type theory” with thoughts on chemical affinity to show that certain elements have the tendency to combine with other elements to form compounds containing 3, i.e. in the three atom groups (e.g., NO3, NH3, NI3, etc.) or 5, i.e. in the five atom groups (e.g., NO5, NH4O, PO5, etc.), equivalents of the attached elements. It is in this manner, according to Frankland, that their affinities are best satisfied. Following these examples and postulates, Frankland declares how obvious it is that:[6]
“ A tendency or law prevails (here), and that, no matter what the characters of the uniting atoms may be, the combining power of the attracting element, if I may be allowed the term, is always satisfied by the same number of these atoms. ”
This “combining power” was afterwards called quantivalence or valency (and valence by American chemists).[5]
### Covalence
The concept of covalence was developed in the middle of the nineteenth century in an attempt to rationalize the formulae of different chemical compounds. In 1919, Irving Langmuir, borrowed the term to explain Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom model by stating that "the number of pairs of electrons which any given atom shares with the adjacent atoms is called the covalence of that atom." The prefix co- means "together", so that a co-valent bond means that the atoms share valence. Hence, if an atom, for example, had a +1 valence, meaning it has one valence electron beyond the complete shell, and another a −1 valence, meaning it requires one electron to complete its outer shell (missing an electron) , then a bond between these two atoms would result because they would be complementing or sharing their out of balance valence tendencies. Subsequent to this, it is now more common to speak of covalent bonds rather than "valence", which has fallen out of use in higher level work with the advances in the theory of chemical bonding, but is still widely used in elementary studies where it provides a heuristic introduction to the subject.
## Common valences
For elements in the main groups of the periodic table, the valence can vary between one and seven, but usually these elements form a number of valence bonds between one and four. The number of bonds formed by a given element was originally thought to be a fixed chemical property. In fact, in most cases this is not true. For example, phosphorus often has a valence of three, but can also have other valences.
Nevertheless, many elements have a common valence related to their position in the periodic table, following the octet rule. Elements in the main groups 1 (alkali metals) and 17 (halogens) commonly have a valence of 1; elements in groups 2 (alkaline earth metals) and 16 (chalcogens) valence 2; elements in groups 13 (boron group) and 15 (nitrogen group) valence 3; elements in group 14 (carbon group) valence 4.
Polyvalence or multivalence refers to species that are not restricted to a distinct number of valence bonds. (Species with only one valence are univalent (monovalent)). For example, the Cs+ cation is a univalent or monovalent cation, whereas the Ca2+ cation is a divalent or polyvalent or multivalent cation and the Fe3+ cation is a trivalent or polyvalent or multivalent cation. As a result, examples of polyvalent cations include the Ca2+ cation and the Fe3+ cation.[citation needed]
## Valence versus oxidation state
Because of the ambiguity of the term valence,[3] nowadays other notations are used in practice. Beside the system of oxidation numbers as used in Stock nomenclature for coordination compounds,[7] and the lambda notation, as used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry,[8] "oxidation state" is a more clear indication of the electronic state of atoms in a molecule.
The "oxidation state" of an atom in a molecule gives the number of valence electrons it has gained or lost.[9] In contrast to the valency number, the oxidation state can be positive (for an electropositive atom) or negative (for an electronegative atom).
Elements in a high oxidation state can have a valence larger than four. For example, in perchlorates, chlorine has seven valence bonds and ruthenium, in the +8 oxidation state in ruthenium(VIII) tetroxide, has even eight valence bonds.
## "Maximum number of bonds" definition
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has made several attempts to arrive at an unambiguous definition of valence. The current version, adopted in 1994,:[10]
The maximum number of univalent atoms (originally hydrogen or chlorine atoms) that may combine with an atom of the element under consideration, or with a fragment, or for which an atom of this element can be substituted.[2]
Hydrogen and chlorine were originally used as examples of univalent atoms, because of their nature to form only one single bond. Hydrogen has only one valence electron and can form only one bond with an atom that has an incomplete outer shell. Chlorine has seven valence electrons and can form only one bond with an atom that donates a valence electron to complete chlorine's outer shell. However, chlorine can also have oxidation states from +1 to +7 and can form more than one bond by donating valence electrons.
Although hydrogen has only one valence electron, it can form bonds with more than one atom in hypervalent bonds. In the bifluoride ion ([HF
2
]
), for example, it forms a three-center four-electron bond with two fluoride atoms: $[\ F \frac{\quad}{\quad} H\ {}^-\!F \quad \longleftrightarrow \quad F^- \ {}\!H \frac{\quad}{\quad} F\ ]$
Another example is the Three-center two-electron bond in diborane (B2H6).
## Examples
(valencies according to the number of valence bonds definition and conform oxidation states)
COMPOUNDFORMULAVALENCEOXIDATION STATE
Hydrogen chlorideHClH=1 Cl=1H=+1 Cl=−1
Perchloric acid *HClO4H=1 Cl=7 O=2H=+1 Cl=+7 O=−2
Sodium hydrideNaHNa=1 H=1Na=+1 H=−1
Ferrous oxide **FeOFe=2 O=2Fe=+2 O=−2
Ferric oxide **Fe2O3Fe=3 O=2Fe=+3 O=−2
* The univalent perchlorate ion (ClO4) has valence 1.
** Iron oxide appears in a crystal structure, so no typical molecule can be identified.
In ferrous oxide, Fe has oxidation number II, in ferric oxide, oxidation number III.
Examples where valences and oxidation states differ due to bonds between identical atoms
COMPOUNDFORMULAVALENCEOXIDATION STATE
ChlorineCl2Cl=1Cl=0
Hydrogen peroxideH2O2H=1 O=2H=+1 O=−1
AcetyleneC2H2C=4 H=1C=−1 H=+1
Mercury(I) chlorideHg2Cl2Hg=2 Cl=1Hg=+1 Cl=−1
Valences may also be different from absolute values of oxidation states due to different polarity of bonds. For example, in dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, carbon has valence 4 but oxidation state 0.
## Maximum valences of the elements
Maximum valences for the elements are based on the data from list of oxidation states of the elements.
Maximum valences of the elements
123456789101112131415161718
Group →
↓ Period
11
H
2
He
23
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
311
Na
12
Mg
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
419
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
537
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
655
Cs
56
Ba
*
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
787
Fr
88
Ra
**
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
110
Ds
111
Rg
112
Cn
113
Uut
114
Fl
115
Uup
116
Lv
117
Uus
118
Uuo
* Lanthanides 57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
71
Lu
** Actinides 89
Ac
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr
Maximum valences are based on the List of oxidation states of the elements
Background color shows maximum valence of the chemical element: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Unknown
Color of the atomic number shows state of matter (at 0 °C and 1 atm): black=Solid green=Liquid red=Gas grey=Unknown
Border shows natural occurrence of the element: Primordial From decay Synthetic
## References
1. ^ Note: A valence bond (or bonding equivalent) is a covalent or ionic bond, formed by the interaction of two bonding electrons.
2. ^ a b IUPAC Gold Book definition: valence
3. ^ a b The Free Dictionary: valence
4. ^ Valence - Online Etymology Dictionary.
5. ^ a b Partington, J.R. (1989). A Short History of Chemistry. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-65977-1.
6. ^ Frankland, E. (1852). Phil. Trans., vol. cxlii, 417.
7. ^ IUPAC, Gold Book definition: oxidation number
8. ^ IUPAC, Gold Book definition: lambda
9. ^ IUPAC Gold Book definition: oxidation state
10. ^ Pure Appl. Chem. 66: 1175 (1994). | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5486150979995728, "perplexity": 3298.2906690885275}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768197.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00088-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://ics.org.ru/staff/detail/56-tatyana_ivanova | Rus / Eng
0
2013
Impact Factor
Staff
Publications
Ivanova Tatyana Borisovna
Ph.D. (Candidate of Physics and Mathematics)
Associate professor of Department of Theoretical Physics at UdSU.
Researcher of Laboratory of Nonlinear Analysis and the Design of New Types of Vehicles at UdSU.
1, Universitetskaya str., Izhevsk, 426034, Russia
tbesp@rcd.ru
Biography
• Born: September 7, 1982 in Izhevsk, Russia.
Education
In 2004 graduated from Udmurt State University (UdSU), Izhevsk, Russia.
2004–2007: postgraduate student of the Department of Theoretical Physics at Udmurt State University.
2012: Thesis of Ph.D. (candidate of science). Thesis title: «Numerical and analytical studies of stationary and bifurcation processes in the systems of hydrodynamical type» Moscow Engineering Physics Institute.
Positions held
2004–2008: Lecturer of the Department of Theoretical Physics at Udmurt State University.
2008–2012: Senior Lecturer of the Department of Theoretical Physics at Udmurt State University.
since 2010: Researcher of the Department of Vortex Dynamics of the Laboratory of Nonlinear Analysis and the Design of New Types of Vehicles at UdSU.
since 2012: Associate Professor of the Department of Theoretical Physics at Udmurt State University.
2013: Leading Researcher of the Research Department at M.T. Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8260614275932312, "perplexity": 12609.404173781975}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707013816-20200707043816-00466.warc.gz"} |
https://amsi.org.au/ESA_Senior_Years/SeniorTopic4/4f/4f_3answers.html | ##### Exercise 1
Let $$T$$ be the waiting time (in days) until the first call. Then $$T \stackrel{\mathrm{d}}{=} \exp(1.8)$$, and therefore $$F_T(t) = 1 - \exp(-1.8t)$$, for $$t > 0$$. We need to be careful about the units of time used here.
1. $$15$$ minutes equals $$\dfrac{15}{24 \times 60}$$ days, or 0.01042 days. Hence, the chance of a call in the first 15 minutes equals $$F_T(0.01042) = 1 - \exp(-1.8 \times 0.01042) = 0.0186$$.
2. Due to the lack of memory property, the probability is the same as that in part a, namely $$0.0186$$.
3. $$10$$ hours equals $$\dfrac{10}{24}$$ days, or 0.41667 days. So the probability of no calls during a shift is $$\Pr(T > 0.41667) = \exp(-1.8 \times 0.41667) = 0.4724$$.
4. Assuming independence between days, the probability of no calls in four successive days equals $$0.4724^4 = 0.0498$$.
5. Solving for the time $$y$$ in days: \begin{alignat*}{2} && \Pr(T \leq y) &= 0.1 \\\\ &\implies\quad& F_T(y) &= 0.1 \\\\ &\implies& 1 - \exp(-1.8y) &= 0.1 \\\\ &\implies& -1.8y &= \ln(0.9) \\\\ &\implies& y &= 0.0585 \text{ days}. \end{alignat*} Hence, $$x$$ is 1.4 hours, which is 1 hour 24 minutes.
##### Exercise 2
1. $$f_X(\mu) = \dfrac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} \approx \dfrac{0.40}{\sigma}$$.
2. We have $$f_X(x) = f_X(\mu)\,\exp(k(x))$$, where $$k(x) \leq 0$$ for all values of $$x$$. So $$\exp(k(x)) \leq 1$$, and the result follows.
3. To find points of inflexion, we need the second derivative of $$f_X(x)$$. Using the chain rule, we have \begin{align*} f_X'(x) &= \dfrac{d}{dx}\Bigl[\dfrac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi}}\,\exp\bigl(\dfrac{-(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}\Bigr)\Bigr] \\\\ &= \dfrac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi}}\Bigl(\dfrac{-(x-\mu)}{\sigma^2}\Bigr)\;\exp\Bigl(\dfrac{-(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}\Bigr). \end{align*} Now, using the product rule, we have $f_X''(x) = \dfrac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi}}\Bigl[\dfrac{(x - \mu)^2}{\sigma^4}-\dfrac{1}{\sigma^2}\Bigr]\;\exp\Bigl(\dfrac{-(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}\Bigr).$ At a point of inflexion, $$f_X''(x) = 0$$. This gives \begin{alignat*}{2} && f_X''(x) &= 0 \\\\ &\implies\quad& \dfrac{(x-\mu)^2}{\sigma^4} - \dfrac{1}{\sigma^2} &= 0 \\\\ &\implies& (x - \mu)^2 &= \sigma^2 \\\\ &\implies& x &= \mu \pm \sigma. \end{alignat*} Hence, the points of inflexion are at $$x = \mu - \sigma$$ and $$x = \mu + \sigma$$; these are the points either side of $$\mu$$ at which the curve changes from convex to concave.
4. $$f_X(\mu + k\sigma) = \dfrac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi}} \exp(-\dfrac{1}{2}k^2)$$.
$$k$$ $$\exp(-\dfrac{1}{2}k^2)$$ 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 0.607 0.135 0.011 0.0003 4e-06
Note that $$f_X(\mu - k\sigma) = f_X(\mu + k\sigma)$$, by symmetry.
There are a couple of useful interpretations:
• Firstly, when sketching a Normal pdf, the height of the curve at $$\mu \pm \sigma$$ is 61% of the height of the central peak, and so on.
• Second, recall that the height of a pdf reflects relative probabilities, so that if $$f_X(b) = 2 f_X(a)$$, then the chance of an observation near $$b$$ is approximately twice as likely as an observation near $$a$$. This means, for example, that observations near $$\mu$$ are approximately $$250\ 000$$ times more likely that observations near $$\mu + 5 \sigma$$, since $$\dfrac{1}{0.000004} = 250\ 0000$$.
##### Exercise 3
Let $$D$$ be the difference between the forecast maximum temperature and the actual maximum temperature (in degrees Celsius). Then $$D \stackrel{\mathrm{d}}{=} \mathrm{N}(0,1.2^2)$$.
1. $$\Pr(-1.0 < D < 1.0) = 0.595$$.
2. $$\Pr(D < -0.5) = 0.338$$ and $$\Pr(-0.5 < D < 0.5) = 0.323$$, so it is very slightly more probable that there is an underestimate of 0.5 degrees or more.
3. We want to find the 0.01 quantile of the distribution; that is, we want $$c_{0.01}$$ satisfying $$F_D(c_{0.01}) = 0.01$$. We find that $$c_{0.01} = -2.79$$ degrees. So 1% of forecast maximums are 2.79 degrees or more lower than the actual maximum. By symmetry, 1% of forecast maximums are 2.79 degrees or more higher than the actual maximum.
##### Exercise 4
1. The pdfs of the random variables $$A$$ and $$L$$ are shown on the same axes in figure 6. The green distribution, on the left, is for the dose of anaesthetic required to render the animal unconscious. The average dose is 120 mg, and most values are in the range from about 60 mg to 180 mg. The red distribution, on the right, is for the lethal dose. The mean is 400 mg — much higher than the mean of the green distribution. There is little overlap of the two distributions. (Which is how we want things to be!) In fact, you might think that they do not overlap at all, based on a visual assessment of figure 6.
Figure 6: The pdfs of anaesthetic and lethal doses.
2. This question is about the anaesthetic dose administered, so we need to consider the distribution that renders animals suitably unconscious (the green distribution in figure 6). We need to find the value $$d^*$$ that corresponds to 99.9% of the animals being rendered suitably unconscious; this means a cumulative probability of 0.999. This is shown in figure 7.
Figure 7: The pdf of anaesthetic dose, showing $$d^*$$.
We want to find $$d^*$$ such that $$\Pr(A \leq d^*) = 0.999$$; this is the 0.999 quantile of the distribution. This can be achieved in Excel using the function $$\sf \text{NORM.INV}$$. If you enter $$\sf \text{=NORM.INV(0.999, 120, 20)}$$ in a cell, you should find that the dose required to render 99.9% of animals unconscious is $$d^* = 181.80$$ mg.
3. We now consider the distribution of the lethal dose, and what happens if a dose of 181.80 mg is administered. If a dose of 181.80 mg is used, there will be a small proportion of animals for whom this dose is lethal: those for whom the lethal dose is less than or equal to 181.80 mg. We are considering the pdf of $$L$$ (the red distribution in figure 6), and need to find the area under the curve corresponding to a dose of 181.80 or less. This is shown on the left in the following figure.
Figure 8: The pdf of lethal dose, showing $$d^*$$.
The tail area is extremely small and hard to see, so the graph on the right is zoomed in to show the detail of the pdf of $$L$$ near $$d^*$$.
To find the left-tail area in this distribution, we can use the cdf function in Excel; we enter $$\sf \text{=NORM.DIST(181.80, 400, 50, 1)}$$ in a cell. The value returned, and hence the proportion dying, is 0.0000064, or 0.00064%. This corresponds to 6 in a million, which is very small, as we suspect from the diagrams: a good result. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9947602152824402, "perplexity": 454.899292889905}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335124.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928051515-20220928081515-00116.warc.gz"} |
https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/e90b84ab-ed33-40d8-92b3-7b0ed0f94fcb | Usage
• 2 views
Intrinsic Disorder Effects and Persistent Current Studies of YBCO Thin Films and Superconducting Tunnel Junctions
• Author / Creator
• This thesis studies the intrinsic disorder effects and the transport and magnetic properties of ring-shaped epitaxial thin films and superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) of the high temperature superconductor YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$. We used an unconventional contactless technique that allows us to directly measure the persistent current of superconducting rings. In order to study the disorder effects on the persistent current, we slowly increased oxygen vacancies in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$ by changing $\delta$ from 0.03 to 0.55 in steps of $\sim$0.021. Monitoring the corresponding changes in the temperature dependence of the persistent current revealed an anomaly in its flow within a certain range of disorder. We found that this anomaly is directly related to the occurrence of a spinodal decomposition of oxygen vacancies in YBCO, which we explain as a competition between two coexisting phases, oxygen rich and oxygen deficient. The analysis of the time dependence of the persistent current revealed that increasing oxygen vacancies transforms the vortex structure from quasi-lattice into a glass and subsequently into a pinned liquid phase. Our results also exhibited the first evidence of self-organization of the vortex structure with increasing disorder. We also performed the first direct measurement of the temperature dependence of the $c$-axis persistent current ($J_c$) that is purely due to tunnelling Cooper-pairs through intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) of YBCO. This is made possible by incorporating IJJs of YBCO into ring-shaped films. Then, we studied the temperature dependence of the persistent current of YBCO nanowires embedded in SrTiO$_3$-barrier integrated between two semi-ring-shaped YBCO thin films and systematically varied the nanowires length. Our observations revealed that $J_c$ has two different temperature dependences: a GL-dependence ($J_c \propto (T_c - T)^{3/2}$) at low temperatures which we found the same in all studied samples, and another power law dependence ($J_c \propto (T_c - T)^{\alpha > 3/2}$) at high temperatures which turned out to depend on the length of the nanowires. We attribute the cross-over between these two temperature dependences to the depinning and the dissipative motion of vortices. These experimental approaches and findings not only provide new information, but more importantly open new avenues of investigating the transport and magnetic properties of superconducting films, junctions, and nanowires.
• Subjects / Keywords
2009-11
• Type of Item
Thesis
• Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
• DOI
https://doi.org/10.7939/R3N01048S
This thesis is made available by the University of Alberta Libraries with permission of the copyright owner solely for non-commercial purposes. This thesis, or any portion thereof, may not otherwise be copied or reproduced without the written consent of the copyright owner, except to the extent permitted by Canadian copyright law.
• Language
English
• Institution
University of Alberta
• Degree level
Doctoral
• Department
• Department of Physics
• Supervisor / co-supervisor and their department(s)
• Chow, Kim H. (Physics)
• Examining committee members and their departments
• Etsell, Thomas H. (Chemical and Materials Engineering)
• Heimpel, Moritz (Physics)
• Fenrich, Frances (Physics)
• Jung, Jan A. (Physics)
• Christen, David K. (Superconductive and Energy Efficient Materials, Materials Science and Technology Division,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8045891523361206, "perplexity": 2965.1277356346204}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946011.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423125457-20180423145457-00229.warc.gz"} |
http://interglobalmedianetwork.com/tags/spectacle4/ | ## Spectacle V4
This past Saturday I presented at React Camp, which was a part of Open Camps NYC. I used a presentation deck called Spectacle, created by Formidable Labs. I chose to use the Spectacle boilerplate because of its flexibility. What was so cool about Spectacle is that it is written with React. The presentation went really well. The slide deck looked great. I (and others) had been concerned that my font would not be large enough, but there was totally no problem there. [Read More] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8953669667243958, "perplexity": 4408.008238908609}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828501.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217091227-20181217113227-00637.warc.gz"} |
https://www.scienceforums.net/profile/4749-pioneer/ | # pioneer
Senior Members
1146
## Community Reputation
65 Excellent
• Rank
Protist
• Birthday 10/28/1956
## Profile Information
• Location
Seabrook, New Hampshire
• Interests
Writing, swimming, digital art, recreation/relaxation
• College Major/Degree
MS Chem E MIT-79
• Favorite Area of Science
Generalist
• Biography
I am independantly poor but motivated create alternatives. I am a conceptual modeler who arranges common knowledge into new relationships. The strongest forcus is modelling the cell in one variable, i.e., hydrogen bonding.
• Occupation
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1. ## I still don't understand marijuana legalization people.
One of the practical reasons for legalization, is it would cripple the black market for that product. The prohibition keeps the price high. This means it is very profitable for young entrepreneurs to get into that tax free business. There is plenty of money for all types of things, such as buying guns, etc. If I was in the black market (I am not), I would like having the government keep the price up. If they stopped the black market protectionism, which costs the tax payers billions, the price would fall, profits would be gone, there would be wide spread unemployment in the black market MJ industry, there would be no money for guns and no longer worth fighting and killing for. It would worth the black market's effort to put money into anti-legal-campaigns, since this will assure that their industry is here for the indefinite future. The system in placed not only provides the black market a lucrative tax free industry, but it also supports many other businesses. The prohibition creates a lot of jobs and revenue as reflected by the billions given to the support industries. For example, lawyers, judges, police, jails, etc., make billions. This trickles into the economy to buy cars, guns, computers, paper (plenty of paper), etc, There is also the entire rehab industry; hospitals, half way houses, therapy, legal drugs, who also benefit. If I was in those industries,( which I am not) I would lobby to make sure nothing changes this wonderful cash cow. Advertising would be useful to keep the case cow funding going. Maybe as way to see the effect is to go back into history to a similar prohibition; alcohol. This too created a lucrative black market industry. With the money coming in hand and foot, some was shared with local politicians and some bought guns and goons. The support industries also had many bumper years. When it was repealed what happened to the black market for alcohol? What about alcohol related violence? Did the country go crazy and all become alcoholics?
2. ## Is the concept of negative man-made
The original question was, is negative a manmade concept? Things like fractional cardinals are an invention with practical use. I nature, we can take a big rock and break it into fractions. Each now becomes a little rock and not a fraction of a big rock, unless humans define it like that. Negative has practical use but it not part of nature. Nature uses positive values. There is no need for the mirror world. However, the mirror world does create many practical applications which allows humans to leave the natural world. Nature can't borrow from the future. It is restrained to positive things in the present. It would be like the rabbit borrowing grass from next summer, via the mirror world, to eat now. Comes next summer, the grass that was borrowed is reflected by the field half chewed, having been vacuumed up by the mirror world last winter altering the life forming capability. That would be unnatural, yet humans do it all the time to build manmade reality.
4. ## What is the most barbaric culture/society/civilisation to have ever existed?
I would have to say Genghis Khan and the Mongolians. If I am not mistaken, one of their signature tactics was the army would form a huge circle around an enemy. They would march to the center killing everything, including animals trapped in the circle. They had plenty of manpower and could make huge circles. He breach the Great Wall of China and was able to conquer china and and the Korean peninsula, then moved westward and took the middle east and eastern Europe.
5. ## Why does mass curve space-time?
Have you ever tried to use a C reference as the ground state?
6. ## Why does mass curve space-time?
The easiest way to explain it, is by using the assumption that C is the ground state of the universe. Mass, by being less than C will set a potential with C, with the action of gravity reflecting one means to lower the potential with C. Mass can not directly go to C; spontaneously go poof!, so it needs to use other means to reach C. Say the entire universe was at C. Time and space don't mean anything, since there is only a point-instant. To create finite time and space, we need to break away from C, with the further from C we go. the more time and space can expand. Mass has this property of being below C and part of extended time and space. Mass can't back track, since it would take infinite energy to return to the C reference. Instead it needs to move forward using other means to lower the potential with C, such as trying to cause time and space to return to the point-instant reference of C. The black hole is one resolution.
7. ## What other elements could the molecules of life systems be based on?
The most abundant molecules in the universe are H2 and H2O. That just so happens to be the energy range limit for life on earth; food/energy (<H2) and a final product (H2O). It would make sense that life would become part of that universal energy economy. In the diagram below one can see H, O, C, Fe, N, Mg, Ca, etc as being way up there in abundance. It is not coincidental that chlorophyl and hemoglobin use central atoms taken the top ten of the universe. Life is simply an extension of the universe. P or phosphorus is a bit down the line, with As or arsenic even further down the line. These may not be as critical for exchanging, although the abundance of P compared to As would make it more likely.
8. ## Is the concept of negative man-made
Although all numbers are manmade, in practical reality only the positive concept implies substance. Negative implies a mirror world where there is a deficient of substance. If I borrow $1000, I now have negative$1000. Yet I can buy positive things with this negative money. I don't have to buy only negative apples from the mirror world. Therefore it is actually, positive money, therefore I don't owe anything. This logic doesn't add up, because we have defined negative to mean this was a loan of a positive thing that we will call negative when we write it on the paper. In nature, behavior is part of the natural balance. Humans will define behavior as positive (good) and negative (evil). A good deed plus a bad deed might cancel. But in nature, the same two deeds can add to create a positive effect on substance. Humans define a convention to get a different result. Did the concept of plus and minus help separate humans from nature? It added a mirror world from which the deficit of substance, could be used to tweak substance to create new types of substance. Deficit spending makes use of the mirror world. Pay as you go stays in positive reality. The mirror world of deficit spending create a void in positive reality which will then suck future taxes out of the pocket into the mirror world. Conceptually it alters time, with the future tax money going back into time, via the mirror world, where it comes out of the mirror world, into today, to create new positive substance for today.
9. ## Corporal punishment
Try this experiment. Hypothetically, we turn off the pain sensation in a child's hand so he feels no pain. Next, we have a candle in the room. The child is curious and touches the fire, but since he does not feel anything, he plays with the flame. Since we know this will bur/scare n him, we try to reason with the child about the hazard of the flame. In the second scenario, we turn his pain sensation back on, and let him get punished near the flame with pain. Which lesson will be learned quicker? The fire has a natural cause and effect, with fire the cause of the pain, with pain the consequence of violating this cause and effect. The idea is to define a righteous cause and effect, so the entire process of cause and effect can be experienced. As long as the entire process is rational and teaches cause and effect it is the quickest way to learn cause and effect. If we try to coax and reason the lesson will take longer and may result in extra damage before the lesson is learned. The problem with physical punishment is it is not always metered out based on consistent cause and effect. It could metered out as the result of subjective whim. At that point the child will not learn cause and effect from the lesson, but could be made irrational by the process. For example, say a father is moody so somedays he spanks for breaking the window, and on other days he is easy going and does not. There is no point to this punishment since there is no cause and effect to be learned, other than break windows on good days. It can be counter productive. Not all rules are rational. If you use physical punishment to teach the cause and effect of an irrational rule, that does not teach cause and effect. For example, say the parent requires all the DVD's need to be in stored in reverse alphabetical order. If the child fails to do so, "slap!!". This lesson is irrational even of it uses a method for teaching cause and effect. The child may learn to order DVD's this way, but that would only make him irrational in the process. But if the rule is rational, like playing on the stairs with your tricycle is dangerous, "slap", this will teach the cause and effect of a rational relationship. It is not always clear cut, yes or no, but has a subset where it works wells.
10. ## Is the concept of negative man-made
In math, the concept of negative numbers is an important concept. But if you look at natural reality, what is a negative apple? If you look at tree, it may not have any apples and it may have some apples, but you won't find a tree with negative apples. Although we all understand the concept of negative, does this reflect natural or man-made?
11. ## ATP and pre-life
Although RNA replicators may have defined the inception of basic life, a question to comes to mind is connected to ATP. In modern times, there are thousands of proteins that use ATP. If the earliest proteins formed first, say from the dehydration of animo acids in clays, is it possible that the concentration of ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates would remain too low to support active replicators? ATP is an electron acceptor. All that would be needed to bleed its energy potential is a suitable electron releasing group such as -OH. Since this group is built into so many different proteins, isn't it likely that even a random protein distribution, would quickly react with ATP, depriving the RNA replicators? What this suggests is that proteins needed to evolve beyond being a nuisance until they could help regenerate or even increase the concentration of ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates. Then the RNA replicators had a shot at evolving.
12. ## Compromise on Bush Tax Cuts
Taxes are very similar to the school bully who shakes down the smaller kids at school for their lunch. The little boy works to make his P&J sandwich, he puts in some cookies, a small bag of chips and an apple. As he enters the school yard, the big bully kid takes his lunch bag (able to use force if needed), steals his chips, apples and cookies but leave him the P&J sandwich. If he gives back the apple, is the bully being generous? Maybe in some abstract way the bully is being generous by giving the boy's apple back to the boy. Say this happens every day. Since the boy is held hostage, he may develop the Stockholm syndrome, where it begins to relate to the bully who pillages his lunch. Now getting the apple back is a big treat, with the bully so generous. The bully is this scenario is not alone, but has a gang that he feeds. None of this gang will prepare their own lunch, but they all depend on the bully for their free lunch. If the bully was to give back the apple to the boy from which he took it, they may feel that they got short changed with their fair share given away. The gang may be hungry and dependent on other kids to pack lunches so they can feed. They may ask the bully not to give the apple back. Say the principle decides to help the little kids and looks out for them, so the bully gang can not take their lunch. Now the small boy has his entire lunch. The bully and his gang are hungry, but it never dawns on them to get up early and pack their own lunch through fund raising. They are so used to taking what they need. The little boy who is not used to so much food to eat, finds that he now has cookies, chips an an apple ,beyond the P&J sandwich he has gotten used to. Since the Stockholm syndrome will take time to dissipate, he will feel affinity for the bully and give him some cookies.
13. ## "Status quo" emerging from cultures of change?
Another way to look at it is the status quo is easier to follow. One doesn't need to fully understand everything, but simply needs to memorize and follow. Even without understanding, one has the weight of the bigger group behind you, therefore that choice gives one a secure place to stand, right or wrong. The emergent requires more effort and skill since it is evolving quickly. Simply memorizing and following will be no match when the other team outnumbers you. It will be a slaughter. However, those who do their work have a strategic advantage. It sort of analogous to the movie Spartan, where the few find a pinch point to funnel the might of that huge army, thereby shifting the battle in their favor. The skilled Spartans were better equipped to battle when the battle come down to one on one or two on one. As the huge army gets exhausted the ranks begin to unravel. The emergent may then may become the new status quo, where the herd once again memorizes and depends on the size of this growing army to overcome others with smaller armies that use the same battle plan. But emergence appears again and again, finding the skills and pinch point to win.
14. ## If life was fair would it be boring?
Say you are playing a sport where the officials are making sure nobody cheats and all play by the same rules, will the game always be boring? The answer is no. Say we put together a game of ball, where we have a few ringers and many low skilled players, would the game be boring? Or would the game be more interesting if all the players were more tightly bunched with respect to their skill levels? From the point of view of the players, it gets boring playing against low skilled players or against players who are too good. The first doesn't challenge you or bring out your best, and the second never gives you a chance to practice your skills and improve. If the players are closer, the game can be exciting for all. The game of life is no different. If life is a battlefield instead of a game, the rules of war are different. There is no such thing as cheating. There is no requirement for a fair fight, since only winning the battle and war matter. But games are more fun and much more relaxing.
15. ## ANGER, FRUSTRATION, HATE? ALL OF THE ABOVE?
I have listened to both conservative and liberal talk radio. There is a difference. The conservative talk shows tend to slant a little more toward fresh logic and argument, while the liberal tends to slant a little more toward emotional appeal. Emotional appeal tends to get old faster, while fresh logic and argument seems to allow continuous nuance that makes it interesting. I am not saying conservative radio doesn't also use emotional appeal, but it tries to balance this with enough new ideas and logic to keep from getting stale. Rather than complain or try to use the government to force equal time, liberal radio should use the Rush template by doing their research and coming up with new angles to say the same thing.
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https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/17734/estimate-the-discrete-fourier-transform-series-of-a-signal-with-missing-sample | # Estimate the Discrete Fourier Transform / Series of a Signal with Missing Samples
Assuming we have a discrete signal $${ \left\{ x \left[ n \right] \right\}}_{n = 1}^{N}$$.
Which has a Discrete Fourier Transform / Series.
Now, assume I'd like to estimate its Discrete Fourier Series coefficient yet some samples of $$x \left[ n \right]$$ are missing (The indices are known).
How could that be done efficiently without computing the Pseudo Inverse of the adapting Fourier Series matrix?
• How many samples are missing? Aug 19 '14 at 19:06
• Let's say $K < N$. Something like $N = 3500$ and $K = 500$.
– Royi
Aug 19 '14 at 19:28
• – Royi
Jan 16 at 12:20
Given $$\left\{ x \left[ n \right] \right\}_{n \in M}$$ where $$M$$ is the set of indices given for the samples of $$x \left[ n \right]$$.
The trivial solution (Which it would be great to have a faster more efficient solution is what I'm looking for) would be:
$$\arg \min_{y} \frac{1}{2} \left\| \hat{F}^{T} y - x \right\|_{2}^{2}$$
Where $$\hat{F}$$ is formed by subset of columns of the DFT Matrix $$F$$ matching the given indices of the samples, $$x$$ is the vector of the given samples and $$y$$ is the vector of the estimated DFT of the full data of $$x \left[ n \right]$$.
The solution is then given by the Pseudo Inverse (Least Squares Solution):
$$y = { ( \hat{F} \hat{F}^{T} ) }^{-1} \hat{F} x$$
In practice, the matrix will be very poorly conditioned hence solution must be generated using the LS Solution using the SVD.
A sample code is shared on GitHub Repository.
Result of the code: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 12, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9599288702011108, "perplexity": 381.4557360895398}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363135.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205035505-20211205065505-00349.warc.gz"} |
http://icpc.njust.edu.cn/Problem/Hdu/6012/ | # Lotus and Horticulture
Time Limit: 4000/2000 MS (Java/Others)
Memory Limit: 262144/262144 K (Java/Others)
## Description
These days Lotus is interested in cultivating potted plants, so she wants to build a greenhouse to meet her research desires.
Lotus placed all of the $n$ pots in the new greenhouse, so all potted plants were in the same environment.
Each plant has an optimal growth temperature range of $[l, r]$, which grows best at this temperature range, but does not necessarily provide the best research value (Lotus thinks that researching poorly developed potted plants are also of great research value).
Lotus has carried out a number of experiments and found that if the growth temperature of the i-th plant is suitable, it can provide $a_i$ units of research value; if the growth temperature exceeds the upper limit of the suitable temperature, it can provide the $b_i$ units of research value; temperatures below the lower limit of the appropriate temperature, can provide $c_i$ units of research value.
Now, through experimentation, Lotus has known the appropriate growth temperature range for each plant, and the values of $a$, $b$, $c$ are also known. You need to choose a temperature for the greenhouse based on these information, providing Lotus with the maximum research value.
__NOTICE: the temperature can be any real number.__
## Input
The input includes multiple test cases. The first line contains a single integer $T$, the number of test cases.
The first line of each test case contains a single integer $n\in[1,50000]$, the number of potted plants.
The next $n$ line, each line contains five integers $l_i,r_i,a_i,b_i,c_i\in[1, 10^9]$.
## Output
For each test case, print one line of one single integer presenting the answer.
## Sample Input
1
5
5 8 16 20 12
10 16 3 13 13
8 11 13 1 11
7 9 6 17 5
2 11 20 8 5
## Sample Output
83
jiangzijing2015
## Source
BestCoder Round #91 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38433709740638733, "perplexity": 1296.083360309045}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314641.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819032136-20190819054136-00422.warc.gz"} |
https://www.expii.com/t/successive-ka-values-of-multiple-ionizations-overview-8474 | Expii
# Successive Ka Values of Multiple Ionizations — Overview - Expii
When looking at multiple dissociation steps of a polyprotic acid, each successive K$$_a$$ value will be smaller the the previous one. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24504826962947845, "perplexity": 9499.263344519242}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104678225.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706212428-20220707002428-00357.warc.gz"} |
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/86528/why-would-two-isomers-have-different-solubilities-in-water/86530 | # Why would two isomers have different solubilities in water?
I was wondering as to why, e.g. $\ce{CH3CH2CH2CH2OH}$ and $\ce{(CH3)3COH}$, do not have the same solubility in water, considering they both have the same molecular formula.
• Of course it's different, like every property they have, only molecular mass is same. – Mithoron Nov 28 '17 at 16:04
• What is attached to the C-O-H "part" has different surface areas. – MaxW Nov 28 '17 at 16:04
• @Mithoron Yeah I do see why they're different. But I wanted to know why are they different? Like an actual reason – Hatem Chalak Nov 28 '17 at 16:19
• While they have the same formula, the molecules have different shapes, which means that they are different in almost any important way with respect to how they interact with other entities. The electron cloud is different. The rotation and vibration modes are different. The reactivities are different. The 'actual reason' that they are different is because they are different. – Jon Custer Nov 28 '17 at 16:30
• Your last question in comments is bordering on philosophical. They're different because they're not the same. We look different because we're not the same person. Not sure how useful it is to ask why... – Zhe Nov 28 '17 at 16:38 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18294312059879303, "perplexity": 560.9216914670009}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202418.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929154729-20200929184729-00168.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/discussions/thread/counters/ | # Counters
It's already been a year since I first learned the concept of counters.
This is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. See Counters.
In the schematic shown, a 74190 U/D Decade Counter IC is used to generate pulses from 0000 to 1001 (to be converted as 0 to 9) with the clock of frequency 1Hz then a 7447 Decoder IC is used to drive the seven segment (Common Anode) display.
Note by JohnDonnie Celestre
3 years, 5 months ago
MarkdownAppears as
*italics* or _italics_ italics
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Note: you must add a full line of space before and after lists for them to show up correctly
paragraph 1paragraph 2
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[example link](https://brilliant.org)example link
> This is a quote
This is a quote
# I indented these lines
# 4 spaces, and now they show
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print "hello world"
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# up as a code block.
print "hello world"
MathAppears as
Remember to wrap math in $$...$$ or $...$ to ensure proper formatting.
2 \times 3 $$2 \times 3$$
2^{34} $$2^{34}$$
a_{i-1} $$a_{i-1}$$
\frac{2}{3} $$\frac{2}{3}$$
\sqrt{2} $$\sqrt{2}$$
\sum_{i=1}^3 $$\sum_{i=1}^3$$
\sin \theta $$\sin \theta$$
\boxed{123} $$\boxed{123}$$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9888327121734619, "perplexity": 9432.127911581832}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868239.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527091644-20180527111644-00137.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/1-1.237716/ | # 1 = -1
1. May 29, 2008
### _Mayday_
Hey Everyone,
A while back I found this cool little proof that showed 1 = -1. Now I am fully aware there was a little cheat in there somewhere, but I have lost the little proof. Has anyone come across it, or have anything similar? I just think it's cool, even though in one of the steps there is a mistake. I know it starts with like rooting one, and then putting 1 = (-1)(-1) etc.
Cheers.
_Mayday_
2. May 29, 2008
### dirk_mec1
I got another version:
$$\frac{-1}{1}=-1$$ and $$\frac{1}{-1}=-1$$
so:
$$\frac{-1}{1}=\frac{1}{-1}$$
if $$\sqrt{-1}=i$$
then
$$\sqrt{\frac{-1}{1}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{-1}}$$
so:
$$\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{\sqrt{1}}=\frac{\sqrt{1}}{\sqrt{-1}}$$
$$\frac{1}{2}(\frac{i}{1})=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{i})$$
becomes
$$\frac{i}{2}=\frac{1}{2i}$$
$$\frac{i}{2} + \frac{3}{2i} = \frac{1}{2i} + \frac{3}{2i}$$
$$i(\frac{i}{2} + \frac{3}{2i}) = i(\frac{1}{2i} + \frac{3}{2i})$$
$$\frac{-1}{2}+\frac{3}{2}=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{3}{2}$$
$$\frac{2}{2} = \frac{4}{2}$$
$$1 = 2$$
3. May 29, 2008
### robert Ihnot
YOu got a problem right here: $$\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{\sqrt{1}}=\frac{\sqrt{1}}{\sqrt{-1}}$$ Since this gives i=1/i.
$$\sqrt{\frac{-1}{1}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{-1}}$$
Just because a=b doesn't mean that $$\sqrt a = \sqrt b.$$
Last edited: May 29, 2008
4. May 29, 2008
### LukeD
yes it does (as long as we've agreed on some convention so that $$\sqrt{x}$$ is a function, which we have)
And that line is correct. The problem is that in the complex numbers $$\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}} = \sqrt{\frac{c}{d}}$$ does not imply that $$\frac{\sqrt{a}}{\sqrt{b}}=\frac{\sqrt{c}}{\sqrt{d}}$$. This is true for the positive real numbers, but not for complex numbers in general.
But the poster was just asking for "proofs" that 1 = -1. Of course they are all flawed. But to the OP: There are a lot of "proofs" of this, so any more description, if you could remember any part of it, would be useful.
Last edited: May 29, 2008
5. May 29, 2008
### Diffy
Hey Mayday,
You pretty much have a proof in the one that Dirk_mec1 posted.
Once you get to this step:
$$\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{\sqrt{1}}=\frac{\sqrt{1}}{\sqrt{-1}}$$
you now have
i/1 = 1/i
multiply both sides by i
you have (i^2)/1 = i/i --> -1/1 = 1/1 --> -1 = 1.
6. May 29, 2008
### _Mayday_
Thank you! Wait till my class see this stuff!
7. May 30, 2008
### Alex48674
Another one that freaks people out
a=b
aa=ab
aa-bb=ab-bb
(a+b)(a-b)=b(a-b)
divide by a-b
a+b=b
since a=b then
2b=b
2=1
Naturally this is completely fake, the error in this logic is that when you divide by a-b you are dividing by zero. If you want to can keep repeating this and get like 1=4 and stuff. Kinda freaks people out but make sure you explain it to them in the end =P. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8107119202613831, "perplexity": 1279.7442886022752}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743110.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116173611-20181116195611-00192.warc.gz"} |
https://journal.bisu.edu.cn/article/2020/1003-6539/1003-6539-42-4-56.shtml | ## 时间指示语与身份话语建构——基于回归前后香港施政报告的研究
,1, ,2
1.华南师范大学外国语言文化学院,广州 510631
2.广东外语外贸大学,广州 510420
## Temporal Deixis and Discourse Construction in Identity
,1, ,2
1. South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
2. Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510420, China
基金资助: 国家社会科学基金项目“粤港澳大湾区公共话语的偏离性与融合性研究”(20BYY062)教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“跨文化语篇能力研究”(16JJD740006)
Abstract
Identity research has been a hot spot in many fields, and identities have been found to be constructed often through the manipulative use of language. This research conducts a comparative analysis of the 22 annual Policy Addresses (PA) of the Hong Kong Government (both the British Hong Kong Government and the Hong Kong SAR Government) that were delivered during the pre- and post-transition period to reveal how three kinds of temporal deixis are used as discursive strategies to construct social identities. Among the major findings are the following three observations: (1) past temporal deixis helps construct the positive Hong Kong history in the pre-transition PA but conversely constructs the negative Hong Kong colonized history in the post-transition PA; (2) future temporal deixis contributes to the construction of a transient and uncertain future for Hong Kong in the pre-transition PA and conversely a positive Hong Kong future and a positive China in the post-transition PA; (3) absolute temporal deixis “1997” in the pre-transition PA constructs a negative “1997 event” and conversely in the post-transition PA a positive “reunion with China”. The paper concludes that temporal deixis is a discursive strategy in the manipulative construction of Hong Kong identities, which provides a new perspective for the study of temporal deixis and enriches the study of identity from the perspective of sociolinguistics and pragmatics.
Keywords： temporal deixis ; identity ; discourse construction ; Hong Kong Policy Address ; Critical Discourse Analysis
Wang Jialin, Chen Jianping. Temporal Deixis and Discourse Construction in Identity. Journal of Beijing InternaTional Studies University, 2020, 42(4): 56-67. DOI:10.12002/j.bisu.292
## 二、批评话语分析与身份的话语建构
### 三、时间指示语与香港人身份的建构
1997年香港回归中国,这是个具有划时代意义的事件,“1997年”属于话语中的绝对时间,不会因说话人的主观意志而发生变化。依据这个绝对时间,我们建立了回归前港英政府施政报告和回归后香港特区政府施政报告两个子语料库,探讨其中包含的过去和将来两类相对时间指示语如何与“正面的我们”和“负面的他们”形成相关,进而参与到香港人身份建构的过程中。
### 1. 过去时间指示语
1997年香港回归之前的11年间（1986—1996）,在港英政府发布的施政报告中,过去时间指示语都指向香港回归中国之前由英国管辖的这段历史,如例（1）~（2）。
- GDP has grown by 18% in real terms to US$23 800 per head. - New investment has grown by 31% in real terms. - Total visible exports have grown by 43% in real terms, and total exports of services have grown by 31%. - Our fiscal reserves have grown by 57% to total$151 billion.
- And, of course, the share of public spending has remained firmly below 20% of GDP. （选自1995PA(① PA指Policy Address,施政报告,下同。), p.8(② p.表示paragraph,段落,下同。)）
The first half of 1986 was marked by a strong recovery in Hong Kong’s domestic exports which have grown by 8% in real terms since the same period last. Domestic exports and re-exports to China continued to be affected by the tighter control on imports which were adopted by China in early 1985.（选自1986PA,p.14）
Hong Kong has finally broken free from the psychological constraints brought about by the colonial era. We should have the courage to set aside past modes of thought and plan Hong Kong’s long term future with new vision.（选自1997PA,p.3）
The rapid growth of our economy in the past two decades has been due mainly to our seizing the opportunities provided by the opening up of the Mainland.（选自2003PA,p.6）
### 2. 将来时间指示语
Plans are in hand to deal with this problem. The number of hospital beds will increase by no less than 50% in the coming decade.（选自1987PA,p.90）
We will do everything that is honorable and sensible to cooperate with China for the remaining thousand days of British rule.（选自1994PA,p.94）
In the coming years, we will continue to consolidate the reforms we have already put in place and focus our attention on education and the changes we need to make to health care.（选自2000PA,p.26）
... we firmly believe that we and our next generation will create a more vibrant and prosperous Hong Kong. We will make a success of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ and accomplish the mission that history has entrusted to us in the course of the revival of our great nation.（选自2004PA,p.83）
### 3. 绝对时间指示语“1997”
1997年,中国对香港恢复行使主权,香港从英国殖民地变为中华人民共和国香港特别行政区,这在香港历史上具有划时代的意义。因此,探究“1997”这一绝对时间指示语在港英政府和特区政府的历次施政报告中的使用情况,分析它在身份话语建构中的作用,对本研究具有重要的作用。在利用AntConc软件对语料库进行检索后,笔者发现“1997”在回归前港英政府的施政报告中共出现了211次,但在回归后特区政府的施政报告中却仅出现了36次。之所以存在这样巨大的差异,是因为1997年对港英政府和特区政府具有不同的意义。对于前者而言,1997年标志着曾经不可一世的日不落帝国在香港殖民统治的终结;而对后者而言,1997年则标志着重归祖国怀抱的美好时代的开端。在回归前港英政府施政报告子语料库中,“1997”这一绝对时间指示语往往出现在以下这样的例句中：
And we must develop and consolidate our governmental institutions so that they can tackle effectively our immediate problems, be ready for the changes which will take place in 1997. （选自1988PA,p.185）
When the name of Hong Kong is mentioned nowadays, far too many people probably think either of 1997 or of Vietnamese boat people. We must do what we can to project a more balanced and more positive image of this exciting city.（选自1989PA,p.37）
Nevertheless, I recognise that civil servants are worried about the future payment of their pensions after 1997.（选自1993PA,p.123）
On 1 July 1997, Hong Kong was reunited with China.（选自1997PA,p.2）
The percentage of primary students enjoying whole-day schooling has risen from 19% in 1997 to 32% this year.（选自1999PA,p.64）
That said, our financial infrastructure is more robust than it was in 1997.（选自2008PA,p.18）
## 参考文献 原文顺序 文献年度倒序 文中引用次数倒序 被引期刊影响因子
Ainsworth S & Hardy C.
Critical discourse analysis and identity:Why bother?
[J]. Critical Discourse Studies, 2004,1(2):225~259.
Berger P L & Luckmann T.
The Social Construction of Reality
[M]. New York:Doubleday & Company, 1966.
Burr V.
Social Constructionism
[M]. 2nd ed. New York:Routledge, 2003.
de Fina A. Group identity,narrative,and self-representations[M] //de Fina A, Schiffrin D & Bamberg M. Discourse and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 351~375.
Fairclough N. Critical Discourse Analysis:The Critical Study of Language[M]. New York: Longman Publishing, 1995.
Levinson S C. Pragmatics[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Martin D C.
The choices of identity
[J]. Social Identities, 1995,1(1):5~20.
van Dijk T A.
Principles of critical discourse analysis
[J]. Discourse and Society, 1993,4(2):249~283.
Wodak R.
Pragmatics and critical discourse analysis:A cross-disciplinary inquiry
[J]. Pragmatics & Cognition, 2007,15(1):203~225.
Wodak R, de Cillia R, Reisigl M, et al. The Discursive Construction of National Identity[M]. Hirsch A & Mitten R (Trans.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
Woodward K.
Identity and Difference
[M]. London:SAGE, 1997.
[J]. 中国外语, 2014(2):32~38.
[J]. 山东科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2006,8(2):1~7.
[J]. 浙江外国语学院学报, 2015(3):8~13.
“我”、“我们”的使用与个人性格
[J]. 语言教学与研究, 2001(4):75~80.
[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报, 2012,35(4):12~15,106.
[J]. 天津外国语大学学报, 2016,23(5):13~17.
[J]. 浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2007,32(6):88~91.
[J]. 广东外语外贸大学学报, 2010,20(3):44~49.
[J]. 现代外语, 1994(2):6~12.
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https://brilliant.org/problems/functions-problem-2406/ | # Swapping in and out
Algebra Level 1
If $$f(x)=x+\frac{1}{x}$$ and $$g(x)=x-\frac{1}{x}$$, $$f \big( g(3) \big) = \frac{a}{b}$$, where $$a$$ and $$b$$ are positive, coprime integers. What is $$a+b$$?
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.820589542388916, "perplexity": 806.7425931144251}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864482.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622123642-20180622143642-00158.warc.gz"} |
https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/5215/vectorizing-a-non-trivial-function-in-numpy | # vectorizing a non-trivial function in numpy
I have a 2d numpy array, with shape (100,3)
a = np.random((100,3))
and I want to call a function fun:
b = fun(a)
This function is currently defined:
@np.vectorize
def fun(r):
if r <= 0.0: return 0.0
else: return min(2.0/(1.0 + r), 2.0*r/(1.0 + r))
and this works fun. But I would like to express this in a more numpythonic (and therefore more efficient) way. I tried:
def fun(r):
ans = zeros_like(r)
ans[r > 0.0] = min(2.0/(1.0 + r), 2.0*r/(1.0 + r))
return ans
but that don't work as the min is not doing what I want. I also tried:
def fun(r):
return np.piecewise(r
, [r <= 0.0, r > 0.0]
, [0.0, lambda x: min(2.0/(1.0 + x), 2.0*x/(1.0 + x))]
)
but that doesn't work for a similar reason. So how should I do it?
• There's a difference between min, np.min and np.minimum. In this case, it looks like you want np.minimum. – Christian Clason Feb 7 '13 at 14:33
• Thanks for the suggestion, but np.min would find the min of the whole array, which is the incorrect behaviour. np.minimum might be the correct one to use, but it says ValueError: array is not broadcastable to correct shape. – js947 Feb 7 '13 at 18:25
• np.minimum(2./(1.+r),2.*r/(1.+r)) works for me; the problem is with the assignment: ans[r>0] returns all entries where r is nonzero as an 1d array. How about (r>0)*np.minimum(...)? – Christian Clason Feb 7 '13 at 22:40
def f(r):
return 2 * np.clip(r, 0, 1) / (r + 1)
• clipper, Welcome to SciComp. Usually when answering it is useful to explain your answer. Even if the code is correct, if the asker doesn't understand it, it may not help them. – Godric Seer Feb 8 '13 at 3:07
• Seems pretty self-explanatory. – David Ketcheson Feb 8 '13 at 9:57
Thanks to both @clipper and @christianclason, I figured out something that works:
def fun(r):
np.clip(r, 0.0, r, out=r)
return 2.0 * np.minimum(1.0, r) / (1.0 + r)
and my program gets about a 20% reduction in total run time! Unfortunately, the code now looks 20% more rubbish.
• Define "rubbish". – Christian Clason Feb 8 '13 at 15:47
• Your call to np.clip modifies the array r, which is passed by reference; hence, if you call fun(a), the array a will remain clipped afterward in the calling function (and not just inside fun). – Christian Clason Feb 8 '13 at 15:49
• more rubbish: less like mathematics, less like fortran – js947 Feb 11 '13 at 13:38 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2721230089664459, "perplexity": 3671.9616842031173}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178356140.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226030728-20210226060728-00360.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/limit-calculation.443258/#post-2961565 | # Limit Calculation
• #1
CalculusHelp1
22
0
## Homework Statement
Calculate the limit as x-->pi/4 of [tan(x-pi/4)+1]/x-pi/4
## Homework Equations
lim h-->0 of [f(x+h)-f(x)]/h = f'(x)
lim x--->a [f(x)-f(a)]/(x-a) = f'(x)
## The Attempt at a Solution
I've attempted to turn this equation into the form f(x)-f(a)/x-a by letting f(x)=tanx and a=pi/4
This turns into -[-tan(x+a)-tan(a)]/x-a...which isn't the correct derivative form. .I've tried other methods which also turn into similar garble (a minus sign backwards, x-h rather than x+h and the like).
Can anyone see what the problem is? Thanks
## Answers and Replies
• #2
Staff Emeritus
Homework Helper
22,178
3,317
The limit
$$\lim_{x\rightarrow \pi/4}{\frac{\tan(x-\pi/4)+1}{x-\pi/4}}$$
Is of the form "1/0". Thus the limit is always $$+\infty$$ or $$-\infty$$ or it doesn't exist (if the left limit does not equal the right limit). Which one is it?
• #3
CalculusHelp1
22
0
Oh is is actually this easy?
In that case, I would think since the numerator will always be positive regardless of which side the limit approaches from, and the denominator will switch signs depending on which side it approaches from, then the limit from the left will be -infinity and will be +infinite from the right, then the limit will not exist.
Are you sure there isn't a way to do this with derivatives? I thought this is what the question was getting at
• #4
Staff Emeritus
Homework Helper
22,178
3,317
Yes, I know it looks a lot like a derivative. But this method is definitely simpler then to change the limit into a derivative (if there is a way of doing that).
I don't think that you can change this limit into a derivative-limit. A derivative will yield "0/0", while this is "1/0".
• #5
Staff Emeritus
Homework Helper
22,178
3,317
Well, if the question was
$$\lim_{x\rightarrow \pi/4}{\frac{\tan(x)-1}{x-\pi/4}}$$
Then you can do some derivative-stuff. But I don't really see a possibility here...
• #6
CalculusHelp1
22
0
Okay that makes sense. Thanks for the help
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410 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9506087303161621, "perplexity": 2092.703484943705}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00322.warc.gz"} |
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?p=134630 | ## Pressure of gasses
$PV=nRT$
305174946
Posts: 61
Joined: Fri Sep 28, 2018 12:17 am
### Pressure of gasses
On page 151 of the 6th edition of our textbook there is an equation: P=dhg which solves for the pressure of a gas based on the height of a column of liquid and its density and gravity. I was wondering if we would need to know this calculation, if so can someone please explain it in depth because the explanation in the textbook slightly confuses me.
Kenan Kherallah 2C
Posts: 78
Joined: Fri Sep 28, 2018 12:17 am
### Re: Pressure of gasses
I dont think we will be using this equation since he hasnt mentioned it in lecture and all HW problems are solvable without the equation.
904914909
Posts: 60
Joined: Fri Sep 28, 2018 12:26 am
### Re: Pressure of gasses
I think stick to the formulas he has given us in lecture so far, bc this one hasn't been mentioned yet.
Mhun-Jeong Isaac Lee 1B
Posts: 54
Joined: Fri Sep 28, 2018 12:17 am
### Re: Pressure of gasses
Yeah just to confirm the above responses, Dr. Lavelle hasn't gone over that equation so I don't think we have to know that one. For now at least.
Jasmine Chow 1F
Posts: 60
Joined: Fri Sep 28, 2018 12:16 am
Been upvoted: 1 time
### Re: Pressure of gasses
I don't think we will be using it. He hasn't mentioned it in lecture yet.
Chem_Mod
Posts: 17238
Joined: Thu Aug 04, 2011 1:53 pm
Has upvoted: 367 times
### Re: Pressure of gasses
This is more of a physics topic but if your interested this is the general idea:
To calculate the weight of the liquid we use the equation: weight (force)=mg (mass x gravity constant). The mass of the liquid can be determined using both the volume of the liquid and its density (m=Vd : where V=volume and d=density). Combining these equations we now get F=Vdg.The volume of a cylinder of liquid can be determined using the geometric formula V=A (of the circle) x h (height of the liquid). Using this equation we now get: F=Ahdg
Now, the definition of pressure is Force/Area, so combining the equations above we get P=(Ahdg)/A which when simplified yield P=hdg Tadaaaaa. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9153250455856323, "perplexity": 1949.8399476516806}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575596.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922160018-20190922182018-00279.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/infinite-series-question.94507/ | # Infinite series question
1. Oct 13, 2005
### happyg1
Hello,
Here's the question:
Does the series SUM log(1+1/n) converge or diverge?
I wrote out the nth partial sums like this:
log(1+1) + log(1+1/2) + log(1+1/3)+..........+log(1+1/n)
It looks to me like the limit of the thing inside the parentheses goes to 1 as n goes to infinity, making the limit of the entire thing 0. So I say it converges.
One of my classmates says that SUM 1/n diverges, so this one does too. I can't disagree with him, but I fail to see the relevance.
I'm confused. Any clarification will be appreciated.
CC
2. Oct 13, 2005
### shmoe
The terms going to zero is a necessary but not sufficient condition for convergence of the series (1/n is your basic counterexample).
They probably have the limit comparison test in mind. You can also look at the integral comparison test, you can find an antiderivative of log(1+1/n) easily enough.
3. Oct 13, 2005
### Ali 2
The series diverges ..
Take the sequance of partial sums ..
$$S_n = \sum_{k=1} ^n\log \left( 1 + \frac 1k \right) = \sum_{k=1} ^n \log \left ( \frac { k+1} { k} \right ) = \sum_{k=1} ^n \log (k+1) - \log (k) \mbox{ ( Telescoping series }$$
$$= (\log 2 - \log 1) + (\log 3 - \log 2) +....... + (\log n - \log (n-1) ) + (\log (n+1) - \log n)$$
$$= - \log 1 + \log ( n+1 ) = \log (n+1)$$
$$\lim _ { n \rightarrow \infty } S_n = \lim _ { n \rightarrow \infty } \log ( n+1) = \infty \Longrightarrow \sum_{n=1} ^ {\infty}\log \left( 1 + \frac 1n \right) \mbox{ diverges }$$
Last edited: Oct 13, 2005
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https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/n/nutritional+ignorance+related.html | #### Sample records for nutritional ignorance related
1. Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Are Separable and Related to Performance during Sustained Intersensory Attention
Science.gov (United States)
Lenartowicz, Agatha; Simpson, Gregory V.; Haber, Catherine M.; Cohen, Mark S.
2017-01-01
The ability to attend to an input selectively while ignoring distracting sensations is thought to depend on the coordination of two processes: enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. This implies that attending and ignoring may be dissociable neural processes and that they make separable contributions to behavioral outcomes of attention. In this study, we tested these hypotheses in the context of sustained attention by measuring neurophysiological responses to attended and ignored stimuli in a noncued, continuous, audiovisual selective attention task. We compared these against responses during a passive control to quantify effects of attending and ignoring separately. In both sensory modalities, responses to ignored stimuli were attenuated relative to a passive control, whereas responses to attended stimuli were enhanced. The scalp topographies and brain activations of these modulatory effects were consistent with the sensory regions that process each modality. They also included parietal and prefrontal activations that suggest these effects arise from interactions between top–down and sensory cortices. Most importantly, we found that both attending and ignoring processes contributed to task accuracy and that these effects were not correlated—suggesting unique neural trajectories. This conclusion was supported by the novel observation that attending and ignoring differed in timing and in active cortical regions. The data provide direct evidence for the separable contributions of attending and ignoring to behavioral outcomes of attention control during sustained intersensory attention. PMID:24666167
2. Neurophysiological signals of ignoring and attending are separable and related to performance during sustained intersensory attention.
Science.gov (United States)
Lenartowicz, Agatha; Simpson, Gregory V; Haber, Catherine M; Cohen, Mark S
2014-09-01
The ability to attend to an input selectively while ignoring distracting sensations is thought to depend on the coordination of two processes: enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. This implies that attending and ignoring may be dissociable neural processes and that they make separable contributions to behavioral outcomes of attention. In this study, we tested these hypotheses in the context of sustained attention by measuring neurophysiological responses to attended and ignored stimuli in a noncued, continuous, audiovisual selective attention task. We compared these against responses during a passive control to quantify effects of attending and ignoring separately. In both sensory modalities, responses to ignored stimuli were attenuated relative to a passive control, whereas responses to attended stimuli were enhanced. The scalp topographies and brain activations of these modulatory effects were consistent with the sensory regions that process each modality. They also included parietal and prefrontal activations that suggest these effects arise from interactions between top-down and sensory cortices. Most importantly, we found that both attending and ignoring processes contributed to task accuracy and that these effects were not correlated--suggesting unique neural trajectories. This conclusion was supported by the novel observation that attending and ignoring differed in timing and in active cortical regions. The data provide direct evidence for the separable contributions of attending and ignoring to behavioral outcomes of attention control during sustained intersensory attention.
3. Organizational Ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lange, Ann-Christina
2016-01-01
This paper provides an analysis of strategic uses of ignorance or not-knowing in one of the most secretive industries within the financial sector. The focus of the paper is on the relation between imitation and ignorance within the organizational structure of high-frequency trading (HFT) firms...... and investigate the kinds of imitations that might be produced from structures of not-knowing (i.e. structures intended to divide, obscure and protect knowledge). This point is illustrated through ethnographic studies and interviews within five HFT firms. The data show how a black-box structure of ignorance...... is replicated within the organizational setting of these firms and re-enacted by the traders. Towards the end of the paper the politics of the relationship between imitation and ignorance is discussed....
4. Nutrition and Cancer: An Historical Perspective-The Past, Present, and Future of Nutrition and Cancer. Part 2. Misunderstanding and Ignoring Nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Campbell, T Colin
2017-07-25
The role that nutrition plays in cancer development and treatment has received considerable attention in recent decades, but it still engenders considerable controversy. Within the cancer research and especially the clinical community, for example, nutritional factors are considered to play, at best, a secondary role. The role of nutrition in cancer development was noted by authorities as far back as the early 1800s, generally under the theory that cancer is "constitutional" in its origin, implying a complex, multifactorial, multistage etiology. Opponents of this idea insisted, rather vigorously, that cancer is a local unifactorial disease, best treated through surgery, with little attention paid to the etiology and possible prevention of cancer. This "local" theory, developed during the late 1700s and early 1800s, gradually included, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, chemotherapy and radiotherapy as treatment modalities, which now remain, along with surgery, as the basis of present-day cancer treatment. This highly reductionist paradigm left in its wake unfortunate consequences for the present day, which is the subject of this perspective.
5. Ignorance Management
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
John ISRAILIDIS
2013-05-01
Full Text Available This paper identifies an alternative perspective on Knowledge Management (KM in multinational organisations by definition of the concept of Ignorance Management.Furthermore, this paper discusses the dificulties employees face in understanding and comprehending what they need to know to do their jobs, and what implications this can have within global technology intensive environments. The focus is given in particular on multinational organisations where innovation and new knowledge is essential to both shortterm opportunistic value capture and long-term business sustainability. Hence, this paper discusses why managing ignorance is essential for maintaining a strategic knowledge sharing culture within multinational organisations. Furthermore, it develops a novel theory on the nature of knowledge and ignorance while making the distinction between knowns and unknowns as well as between consciousness and ignorance. The theoretical findings have been applied to technology intensive and innovative environments. A case study is explored within the paper, based on findings from one of the largest military contractors in the world, which employs over 100,000 people across the globe. The paper adopts an interpretative philosophy, using the primary strategy of qualitative research. In addition, due to the complexity of the topic, a mixed methods approach has been used for the data collection process. Moreover, participatory action research is undertaken to study individuals’ actions in a particular context and improve organisational strategies and KM practices. The study shows that managing ignorance and adaptiveness in multinational organisations is becoming increasingly important. Thus, the critical question is not just managing what is known but also trying to find ways to manage the unknown. This viewpoint of acknowledging ignorance, if successfully incorporated within a company’s KM strategy, will not only facilitate and enhance knowledge storage
6. Nutritional aspects related to endometriosis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gabriela Halpern
2015-12-01
Full Text Available SUMMARY This literature review analyzed the evidence on nutritional aspects related to the pathogenesis and progression of endometriosis. Diets deficient in nutrients result in changes in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and promote epigenetic abnormalities, that may be involved in the genesis and progression of the disease. Foods rich in omega 3 with anti-inflammatory effects, supplementation with Nacetylcysteine, vitamin D and resveratrol, in addition to the increased consumption of fruits, vegetables (preferably organic and whole grains exert a protective effect, reducing the risk of development and possible regression of disease. Dietary re-education seems to be a promising tool in the prevention and treatment of endometriosis.
7. [History of ignorance of methylmercury toxicity and intoxication in Japan in relation to Minamata disease].
Science.gov (United States)
Ishihara, Nobuo
2014-01-01
The first reports of methylmercury intoxication appeared in 1865 and 1866. These reports had sensational effects in European countries, and were introduced not only in journals but also in newspapers. These two reports were referable in Japan at the latest in 1927. The formation of organic mercury in the production of acetoaldehyde was also referable in 1906 in Japan. In 1931 (one year before the start of acetoaldehyde production in Minamata) these important reports cited above were referable in Kumamoto University, and there were warnings about the toxicity of organic mercury and environmental pollution prior to the start of acetoaldehyde production. However, not only the plant, authorities (Ministry of Welfare), and Kumamoto Prefectural Office, but also the scientists completely ignored these reports. Waste was dumped into the environment without any treatment. Serious pollution of the environment by organic mercury started, which resulted in the outbreak of Minamata disease (=methylmercury intoxication).
8. The Varieties of Ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nottelmann, Nikolaj
2016-01-01
This chapter discusses varieties of ignorance divided according to kind (what the subject is ignorant of), degree, and order (e.g. ignorance of ignorance equals second-order ignorance). It provides analyses of notions such as factual ignorance, erotetic ignorance (ignorance of answers to question...
9. Clash of Ignorance
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mahmoud Eid
2012-06-01
Full Text Available The clash of ignorance thesis presents a critique of the clash of civilizations theory. It challenges the assumptions that civilizations are monolithic entities that do not interact and that the Self and the Other are always opposed to each other. Despite some significantly different values and clashes between Western and Muslim civilizations, they overlap with each other in many ways and have historically demonstrated the capacity for fruitful engagement. The clash of ignorance thesis makes a significant contribution to the understanding of intercultural and international communication as well as to the study of inter-group relations in various other areas of scholarship. It does this by bringing forward for examination the key impediments to mutually beneficial interaction between groups. The thesis directly addresses the particular problem of ignorance that other epistemological approaches have not raised in a substantial manner. Whereas the critique of Orientalism deals with the hegemonic construction of knowledge, the clash of ignorance paradigm broadens the inquiry to include various actors whose respective distortions of knowledge symbiotically promote conflict with each other. It also augments the power-knowledge model to provide conceptual and analytical tools for understanding the exploitation of ignorance for the purposes of enhancing particular groups’ or individuals’ power. Whereas academics, policymakers, think tanks, and religious leaders have referred to the clash of ignorance concept, this essay contributes to its development as a theory that is able to provide a valid basis to explain the empirical evidence drawn from relevant cases.
10. The Sin of Science: Ignorance of Ignorance.
Science.gov (United States)
Ravetz, Jerome R.
1993-01-01
Considers the idea of ignorance of ignorance in the scientific culture. Topics discussed include a historical background of ignorance in science, including the ideas of Socrates, Galileo, Descartes, and Bacon; teaching and practice; and philosophical reconstruction and the relationship between knowledge and ignorance. (Contains six references.)…
11. The paradox of nutrition-related diseases in the Arab countries: the need for action.
Science.gov (United States)
Musaiger, Abdulrahman O; Hassan, Abdelmonem S; Obeid, Omar
2011-09-01
The aim of this review was to highlight the current situation of nutrition-related diseases in the Arab countries, and factors associated with prevalence of these diseases. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for data relating to such nutrition-related diseases published between January 1990 and May 2011. The picture of nutritional status in the Arab countries has changed drastically over the past 30 years as a result of changes in the social and economic situation. Two contrasting nutrition-related diseases exist, those associated with inadequate intake of nutrients and unhealthy dietary habits such as growth retardation among young children and micronutrient deficiencies; and those associated with changes in lifestyle such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity (diet-related non-communicable diseases). Factors contributing to nutritional problems vary from country to country, depending on socio-economic status. In general, unsound dietary habits, poor sanitation, poverty, ignorance and lack of access to safe water and health services are mainly responsible for under-nutrition. Changes in lifestyle and dietary habits as well as inactivity are associated with the occurrence of diet-related non-communicable diseases. Programs to prevent and control nutrition-related diseases are insufficient and ineffective, due mainly to a focus on curative care at the expense of preventive health care services, lack of epidemiological studies, lack of nutritional surveillance, inadequate nutrition information and lack of assessment of the cost-effectiveness of nutrition intervention programs.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gergo Somodi
2009-12-01
Full Text Available The aim of this paper is twofold. I criticize Michael Devitt's linguistic---as opposed to Chomsky's psychological---conception of linguistics on the one hand, and I modify his related view on linguistic intuitions on the other. I argue that Devitt's argument for the linguistic conception is in conflict with one of the main theses of that very conception, according to which linguistics should be about physical sentence tokens of a given language rather than about the psychologically real competence of native speakers. The basis of this conflict is that Devitt's view on language, as I will show, inherits too much from the criticized Chomskian view. This is also the basis of Devitt's strange claim that it is the linguist, and not the ordinary speaker, whose linguistic intuition should have an evidential role in linguistics. I will argue for the opposite by sketching a view on language that is more appropriate to the linguistic conception. That is, in criticizing Devitt, I am not defending the Chomskian approach. My aim is to radicalize Devitt's claims.
13. Epistemologies of Ignorance in Education
Science.gov (United States)
Malewski, Erik; Jaramillo, Nathalia
2011-01-01
Epistemologies of Ignorance provide educators a distinct epistemological view on questions of marginalization, oppression, relations of power and dominance, difference, philosophy, and even death among our youth. The authors of this edited collection challenge the ambivalence--ignorance--found in the construction of curriculum, teaching practices,…
14. Ignorability for categorical data
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jaeger, Manfred
2005-01-01
We study the problem of ignorability in likelihood-based inference from incomplete categorical data. Two versions of the coarsened at random assumption (car) are distinguished, their compatibility with the parameter distinctness assumption is investigated and several conditions for ignorability...
15. The Paradox of Nutrition-Related Diseases in the Arab Countries: The Need for Action
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Omar Obeid
2011-09-01
Full Text Available The aim of this review was to highlight the current situation of nutrition-related diseases in the Arab countries, and factors associated with prevalence of these diseases. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for data relating to such nutrition-related diseases published between January 1990 and May 2011. The picture of nutritional status in the Arab countries has changed drastically over the past 30 years as a result of changes in the social and economic situation. Two contrasting nutrition-related diseases exist, those associated with inadequate intake of nutrients and unhealthy dietary habits such as growth retardation among young children and micronutrient deficiencies; and those associated with changes in lifestyle such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity (diet-related non-communicable diseases. Factors contributing to nutritional problems vary from country to country, depending on socio-economic status. In general, unsound dietary habits, poor sanitation, poverty, ignorance and lack of access to safe water and health services are mainly responsible for under-nutrition. Changes in lifestyle and dietary habits as well as inactivity are associated with the occurrence of diet-related non-communicable diseases. Programs to prevent and control nutrition-related diseases are insufficient and ineffective, due mainly to a focus on curative care at the expense of preventive health care services, lack of epidemiological studies, lack of nutritional surveillance, inadequate nutrition information and lack of assessment of the cost-effectiveness of nutrition intervention programs.
16. Nutrition and cancer: issues related to treatment and survivorship.
Science.gov (United States)
Witham, Gary
2013-10-01
This paper reviews nutritional issues related to cancer treatment and further explores nutritional needs pertinent to cancer survivorship. It examines the major problems with nutrition when patients undergo the main cancer treatment modalities of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Particular attention is paid to long-term dietary advice in acknowledgement of the improved effectiveness of cancer treatment and the chronic nature of the condition.
17. Strategic Self-Ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Thunström, Linda; Nordström, Leif Jonas; Shogren, Jason F.
We examine strategic self-ignorance—the use of ignorance as an excuse to overindulge in pleasurable activities that may be harmful to one’s future self. Our model shows that guilt aversion provides a behavioral rationale for present-biased agents to avoid information about negative future impacts...... of such activities. We then confront our model with data from an experiment using prepared, restaurant-style meals — a good that is transparent in immediate pleasure (taste) but non-transparent in future harm (calories). Our results support the notion that strategic self-ignorance matters: nearly three of five...... subjects (58 percent) chose to ignore free information on calorie content, leading at-risk subjects to consume significantly more calories. We also find evidence consistent with our model on the determinants of strategic self-ignorance....
18. Strategic self-ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Thunström, Linda; Nordström, Leif Jonas; Shogren, Jason F.
2016-01-01
We examine strategic self-ignorance—the use of ignorance as an excuse to over-indulge in pleasurable activities that may be harmful to one’s future self. Our model shows that guilt aversion provides a behavioral rationale for present-biased agents to avoid information about negative future impacts...... of such activities. We then confront our model with data from an experiment using prepared, restaurant-style meals—a good that is transparent in immediate pleasure (taste) but non-transparent in future harm (calories). Our results support the notion that strategic self-ignorance matters: nearly three of five...... subjects (58%) chose to ignore free information on calorie content, leading at-risk subjects to consume significantly more calories. We also find evidence consistent with our model on the determinants of strategic self-ignorance....
19. "Relative Ignorance": "Lingua" and "Linguaggio" in Gramsci's Concept of a Formative "Aesthetic" as a Concern for Power
Science.gov (United States)
Baldacchino, John
2011-01-01
This essay looks at the relationship between formative aesthetics, language and the historical anticipation that begins with Antonio Gramsci's discussion of Kant's idea of "noumenon". In Gramsci both education (as "formazione") and aesthetics stem from a concern for power in terms of the hegemonic relations that are inherent to history as a…
20. The challenges of ignorance
CSIR Research Space (South Africa)
Barnard, E
2009-11-01
Full Text Available as ignorance models, and point out the need for a framework that allows for prior probabilities to be constructed in a more principled fashion. Such a framework is proposed for the task of supervised learning, based on the trend of the Bayes error as a function...
1. In Praise of Ignorance
Science.gov (United States)
Formica, Piero
2014-01-01
In this article Piero Formica examines the difference between incremental and revolutionary innovation, distinguishing between the constrained "path finders" and the unconstrained "path creators". He argues that an acceptance of "ignorance" and a willingness to venture into the unknown are critical elements in…
2. Designing a New Program in Family Relations and Applied Nutrition
Science.gov (United States)
Devine, Sharon Mayne; Daly, Kerry; Lero, Donna; MacMartin, Clare
2007-01-01
Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, which is offered at the University of Guelph, is an interdisciplinary department that previously offered three undergraduate majors: child, youth, and family; applied human nutrition; and gerontology; as well as graduate programs at the master's and doctoral levels. Several factors have precipitated a review…
3. Weight-Related Attitudes and Experiences of Nutrition Professionals
Science.gov (United States)
Learners will describe the attitudes and experiences of nutrition professionals regarding professional responsibility to model an appropriate weight status and the role of personal weight-related issues in nutrition counseling interactions. The purpose of this study was to describe the attitudes an...
4. Nutritional influences on epigenetics and age-related disease
Science.gov (United States)
Nutritional epigenetics has emerged as a novel mechanism underlying gene–diet interactions, further elucidating the modulatory role of nutrition in aging and age-related disease development. Epigenetics is defined as a heritable modification to the DNA that regulates chromosome architecture and modu...
5. Nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Durnin, J V
1976-07-01
Nutrition appeared somewhat late on the scene in the I.B.P. projects in the U.K., but eventually it occupied an integral part of many of the H.A. (human adaptability) investigations. The nutritional data obtained in the studies of isolated and nearisolated communities in Tristan da Cunha and in New Guinea provided information of wide nutritional significance. There were also detailed and extensive studies in Israel which, similarly to those in New Guinea, attempted to relate nutritional factors to enviroment, working conditions, and physical fitness. Some extraordinarily low energy intakes found in Ethiopians have induced much speculation on the extent which man can adequately adapt to restricted food supplies. Interesting nutritional observations, of general importance, have also arisen from results obtained on such disparate groups as Glasgow adolescents, Tanzanian and Sudanese students, children in Malawi and vegans in the U.K.
6. Comment on "The phase relation between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature" Humlum et al. [Glob. Planet. Change 100: 51-69.]: Isotopes ignored
Science.gov (United States)
Kern, Zoltán; Leuenberger, Markus
2013-10-01
A recent study relying purely on statistical analysis of relatively short time series suggested substantial re-thinking of the traditional view about causality explaining the detected rising trend of atmospheric CO2 (atmCO2) concentrations. If these results are well-justified then they should surely compel a fundamental scientific shift in paradigms regarding both atmospheric greenhouse warming mechanism and global carbon cycle. However, the presented work suffers from serious logical deficiencies such as, 1) what could be the sink for fossil fuel CO2 emissions, if neither the atmosphere nor the ocean - as suggested by the authors - plays a role? 2) What is the alternative explanation for ocean acidification if the ocean is a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere? Probably the most provocative point of the commented study is that anthropogenic emissions have little influence on atmCO2 concentrations. The authors have obviously ignored the reconstructed and directly measured carbon isotopic trends of atmCO2 (both δ13C, and radiocarbon dilution) and the declining O2/N2 ratio, although these parameters provide solid evidence that fossil fuel combustion is the major source of atmCO2 increase throughout the Industrial Era.
7. Publishing nutrition research: validity, reliability, and diagnostic test assessment in nutrition-related research.
Science.gov (United States)
Gleason, Philip M; Harris, Jeffrey; Sheean, Patricia M; Boushey, Carol J; Bruemmer, Barbara
2010-03-01
This is the sixth in a series of monographs on research design and analysis. The purpose of this article is to describe and discuss several concepts related to the measurement of nutrition-related characteristics and outcomes, including validity, reliability, and diagnostic tests. The article reviews the methodologic issues related to capturing the various aspects of a given nutrition measure's reliability, including test-retest, inter-item, and interobserver or inter-rater reliability. Similarly, it covers content validity, indicators of absolute vs relative validity, and internal vs external validity. With respect to diagnostic assessment, the article summarizes the concepts of sensitivity and specificity. The hope is that dietetics practitioners will be able to both use high-quality measures of nutrition concepts in their research and recognize these measures in research completed by others.
8. Is dengue severity related to nutritional status?
Science.gov (United States)
Kalayanarooj, Siripen; Nimmannitya, Suchitra
2005-03-01
9. Ignorance and Science: Dilemmas, Perspectives, and Prospects.
Science.gov (United States)
Smithson, Michael
1993-01-01
Discusses scientific ignorance and uncertainty. Highlights include approaching knowledgeable ignorance, including a taxonomy of ignorance and uncertainty frameworks and measures; social constructivism, subjectivity, and scientific realism; strategies for working with scientific ignorance; and frameworks for ignorance representation. (Contains 43…
10. [Quality of life questionnaire related to nutritional status].
Science.gov (United States)
Wanden-Berghe, C; Martín-Rodero, H; Guardiola-Wanden-Berghe, R; Sanz-Valero, J; Galindo-Villardón, P
2012-01-01
To build and validate an instrument to measure the perceived quality of life in the nutritional status. By focal groups and interviews with nutrition experts, the dimensions with greater affectation were identified. After the judge test, the CaVEN questionnaire was defined. For its valuation a multicentric study was performed, participating 7 Spanish hospitals. The internal structure of the questionnaire was evaluated by explanatory factorial analysis. Reliability was tested using the Cronbach α coefficient and the validity of the criteria with the nutritional Gold Standards. A questionnaire of 26 items with 6 health dimensions was built. It was applied to 68 patients that were valued in the Nutrition Units. The test KMO was 0.756, showing a good accuracy in the Factorial Analysis. The existence of principal dimension of inertia was found (Bartlett p CaVEN (p CaVEN. The CaVEN questionnaire has proved a useful tool for assessing the quality of life related to nutritional status, even in groups with little nutritional alterations.
11. Nutrition therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and related nutritional complications.
Science.gov (United States)
Fernandes, Amanda Carla; Bezerra, Olívia Maria de Paula Alves
2006-01-01
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by progressive and partially reversible airway obstruction. The innumerable complications that occur during the progression of the disease can affect the nutritional state of patients suffering from this illness. The objective of this study was to present a brief review of the literature regarding the nutrition therapy used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To that end, we performed a bibliographic search for related articles published within the last 18 years and indexed for the Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) and Medline databases. Malnutrition is associated with a poor prognosis for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, since it predisposes such patients to infections, as well as reducing respiratory muscle force, exercise tolerance and quality of life. Despite the fact that such malnutrition is extremely common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, it should be recognized as an independent risk factor, since it can be modified through appropriate and efficacious diet therapy and monitoring. For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nutrition therapy is initiated after the evaluation of the nutritional state of the patient, which identifies nutritional risk, thereby allowing the proper level of treatment to be established. In this evaluation, anthropometric and biochemical markers, as well as indicators of dietary consumption and body composition, should be used. The prescribed diet should contain appropriate proportions of macronutrients, micronutrients and immunonutrients in order to regain or maintain the proper nutritional state and to avoid complications. The physical characteristics of the diet should be tailored to the individual needs and tolerances of each patient. In the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
12. Vitamin D status in infants: relation to nutrition and season
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Østergard, M.; Arnberg, K.; Michaelsen, K. F.;
2011-01-01
In a cross-sectional study, the primary objective was to assess the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) in healthy 9-month-old infants (n = 255). The secondary objective was to evaluate nutritional variables and season in relation to 25(OH) D. The concentration of 25(OH) D was 77...
13. The Cost of Ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Persson, Karl Gunnar; Sharp, Paul Richard
a substantial mark-up relative to an equally good producer from a new denomination. Since ambitious producers in new denominations suffer from price ‘discrimination' it can be expected that they will produce vineyard branded but denomination neutral wines, provided they can overcome the large fixed costs...
14. Nutritional decline in cystic fibrosis related diabetes: the effect of intensive nutritional intervention.
LENUS (Irish Health Repository)
White, H
2012-02-01
BACKGROUND: Reports indicate that nutritional and respiratory decline occur up to four years prior to diagnosis of cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD). Our aim was to establish whether intensive nutritional intervention prevents pre-diabetic nutritional decline in an adult population with CFRD. METHODS: 48 adult patients with CFRD were matched to 48 controls with CF, for age, gender and lung pathogen status. Nutritional and other clinical indices were recorded at annual intervals from six years before until two years after diagnosis. Data were also analysed to examine the impact of early and late acquisition of CFRD. RESULTS: No important differences in weight, height, body mass index (BMI), lung function or intravenous treatment were found between groups in the six years prior to diagnosis, nor any significant deviation over time. In those who developed diabetes, use of overnight enteral tube feeding (ETF) was four times as likely at the time of diagnosis, compared to controls [ETF 43.8% (CFRD) v 18.8% (CF Controls), OR 4.0, CI 1.3 to 16.4, p=0.01]. Age at onset of CFRD played a significant role in determining the pre-diabetic clinical course. Younger diabetics with continued growth at study onset (n=17) had a lower BMI from 2 years prior to diagnosis compared to controls [BMI 18.9 kg\\/m(2) (CFRD) v 20.8 kg\\/m(2) (CF Controls), diff=1.9, CI -0.1 to 3.7 p=0.04]. The BMI of older diabetics (completed growth at study onset) was equal to that of controls throughout. CONCLUSION: Pre-diabetic nutritional decline is not inevitable in adults with CFRD, but is influenced by age of onset. In the group overall, those with CFRD are more likely to require ETF from 2 years prior to diagnosis. Despite intensive nutritional intervention, patients who continue to grow throughout the pre-diabetic years, show a level of nutritional decline absent in older adults.
15. Parameter Estimation Through Ignorance
CERN Document Server
Du, Hailiang
2015-01-01
Dynamical modelling lies at the heart of our understanding of physical systems. Its role in science is deeper than mere operational forecasting, in that it allows us to evaluate the adequacy of the mathematical structure of our models. Despite the importance of model parameters, there is no general method of parameter estimation outside linear systems. A new relatively simple method of parameter estimation for nonlinear systems is presented, based on variations in the accuracy of probability forecasts. It is illustrated on the Logistic Map, the Henon Map and the 12-D Lorenz96 flow, and its ability to outperform linear least squares in these systems is explored at various noise levels and sampling rates. As expected, it is more effective when the forecast error distributions are non-Gaussian. The new method selects parameter values by minimizing a proper, local skill score for continuous probability forecasts as a function of the parameter values. This new approach is easier to implement in practice than alter...
16. Nutrition-Related Characteristics of High School Teachers and Student Performance.
Science.gov (United States)
Skinner, Jean D.; Woodburn, Margy J.
1983-01-01
Examined relationship between nutrition-related teacher (N=62) characteristics and effective nutrition education for their teenage students (N=1,073). Instruments used assessed such teacher characteristics as nutrition knowledge, dietary practices, and self-confidence as nutrition educators as well as students' knowledge and dietary practices…
17. Ignorance as an under-identified social problem.
Science.gov (United States)
Ungar, Sheldon
2008-06-01
This paper examines the persistence and intensification of ignorance in the ostensible knowledge society. Given the ubiquity of ignorance, it focuses on research and observations dealing with functional knowledge deficits that challenge the ideal of the well-informed citizen. These developments are traced back to the contradictory dynamics of the knowledge society, specifically information explosions in the knowledge economy and the resultant knowledge-ignorance paradox. The theoretical unfolding of this paradox in terms of entry and speech barriers suggests that pockets of observed public knowledge - rather than ignorance - are exceptional and require specific explanation. While ignorance among individuals, as well as experts and organizations, is a serious social problem with potentially deadly consequences, ignorance remains relatively unrecognized since it has major liabilities as a marketable issue. The conclusion points to the importance of future research on the cultural and institutional production of ignorance.
18. How is maternal nutrition related to preterm birth?
Science.gov (United States)
Bloomfield, Frank H
2011-08-21
The incidence of preterm birth in developed countries is increasing, and in some countries, including the United States, it is almost as high as in developing countries. Demographic changes in women becoming pregnant can account for only a relatively small proportion of the increase. A significant proportion of spontaneous preterm birth continues to be of unknown cause. Experimental data from animal studies suggesting that maternal undernutrition may play a role in spontaneous, noninfectious, preterm birth are supported by observational data in human populations, which support a role for maternal prepregnancy nutritional status in determining gestation length. In addition, intakes or lack of specific nutrients during pregnancy may influence gestation length and thus the risk of preterm birth. As yet, the role of paternal nutrition in contributing to gestation length is unexplored.
19. Assessment of nutrition knowledge and related aspects among first-year Kuwait University students.
Science.gov (United States)
2011-01-01
Assessing nutrition knowledge of populations assists in drawing strategies for education programs. Nutrition-related problems are common in Kuwait, thus data on nutrition knowledge are needed. This study involved administration of a questionnaire to 1,037 first-year Kuwait University students. The overall nutrition knowledge score was rated as fair, with deficiency in specific areas of knowledge. Students' dietary habits, attitudes, and interest in nutrition information were assessed as fair. Our findings will aid in building a nutrition knowledge database in Kuwait. A simplified course on aspects of healthy nutrition and lifestyle to all Kuwait University students is highly recommended.
20. Newly Identified Mechanisms of Total Parenteral Nutrition Related Liver Injury
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ajay Kumar Jain
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Total parenteral nutrition (TPN, a lifesaving therapy, involves providing nutrition by bypassing the gut. Unfortunately it is associated with significant complications including gut atrophy and parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (PNALD. PNALD includes steatosis, cholestasis, disrupted glucose metabolism, disrupted lipid metabolism, cirrhosis, and liver failure. The etiopathogenesis remains poorly defined; however, an altered enterohepatic circulation, disrupting nuclear receptor signaling, is emerging as a promising mechanism. Rodent models and our piglet TPN model have shown that, during regular feeding, bile acids activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR in the gut and enhance fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19 level. FGF19 regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. We noted reduced FGF19 with TPN use and substantial improvement in FGF19, bilirubin, and metabolic profiles with the FXR agonist chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA. Additionally, CDCA caused gut growth and enhanced expression of glucagon like peptides (GLPs. GLPs regulate gut trophic effects, insulin, glucose homeostasis, and hepatic steatosis. GLP secretion is regulated by the CDCA activated receptor TGR5. This leads to an important conclusion that, in addition to a disrupted FXR-FGF19 axis, a disrupted TGR5-GLP axis may contribute to TPN related pathologies. Thus modulators of FXR-FGF19 and the TGR5-GLP axis could help bring forward novel treatment strategies.
1. Interactive relations among maternal depressive symptomatology, nutrition, and parenting.
Science.gov (United States)
Aubuchon-Endsley, Nicki L; Thomas, David G; Kennedy, Tay S; Grant, Stephanie L; Valtr, Tabitha
2012-01-01
Theoretical models linking maternal nutrition, depressive symptomatology, and parenting are underdeveloped. However, existing literature suggests that iron status and depressive symptomatology interact in relation to problematic parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive). Therefore, in the current study the authors investigate these interactive relations in a sample of breastfeeding mothers (n = 105) interviewed at three months postpartum. Participants completed questionnaires (from December 2008 to January 2011) regarding their depressive symptomatology and parenting styles. Iron status (i.e., hemoglobin, soluble transferrin receptors, and serum ferritin concentrations) was assessed from blood samples. Significant interactions were found between iron status and depressive symptomatology in relation to authoritarian parenting style (low warmth, high punishment and directiveness). For those women with hemoglobin below 14.00 g/dL, depressive symptomatology was positively related to authoritarian parenting style (p parenting. Dietary interventions may help to eliminate relations between depressive symptoms and problematic parenting.
2. Nutrition
Science.gov (United States)
... for staff development or offered staff development on nutrition and dietary behavior to those who teach health education increased ... for staff development or offered staff development on nutrition and dietary behavior to those who teach health education increased ...
3. Theories of Knowledge and Ignorance
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Thijsse, E.; van der Hoek, W.; Jaspars, J.; Rahman, S.; Gabbay, G.; Symons, J.; Bendegem, J.P.
2004-01-01
What does it mean to say that an agent only knows a particular fact,i.e., knowing that fact and not more than that? The problem of describing so-called minimal knowledge has been discussed in the literature since 1985, when Halpern and Moses published a paper on Knowledge and Ignorance.The present c
4. Popular Nutrition-Related Mobile Apps: A Feature Assessment
Science.gov (United States)
Fallaize, Rosalind; Lovegrove, Julie A; Hwang, Faustina
2016-01-01
Background A key challenge in human nutrition is the assessment of usual food intake. This is of particular interest given recent proposals of eHealth personalized interventions. The adoption of mobile phones has created an opportunity for assessing and improving nutrient intake as they can be used for digitalizing dietary assessments and providing feedback. In the last few years, hundreds of nutrition-related mobile apps have been launched and installed by millions of users. Objective This study aims to analyze the main features of the most popular nutrition apps and to compare their strategies and technologies for dietary assessment and user feedback. Methods Apps were selected from the two largest online stores of the most popular mobile operating systems—the Google Play Store for Android and the iTunes App Store for iOS—based on popularity as measured by the number of installs and reviews. The keywords used in the search were as follows: calorie(s), diet, diet tracker, dietician, dietitian, eating, fit, fitness, food, food diary, food tracker, health, lose weight, nutrition, nutritionist, weight, weight loss, weight management, weight watcher, and ww calculator. The inclusion criteria were as follows: English language, minimum number of installs (1 million for Google Play Store) or reviews (7500 for iTunes App Store), relation to nutrition (ie, diet monitoring or recommendation), and independence from any device (eg, wearable) or subscription. Results A total of 13 apps were classified as popular for inclusion in the analysis. Nine apps offered prospective recording of food intake using a food diary feature. Food selection was available via text search or barcode scanner technologies. Portion size selection was only textual (ie, without images or icons). All nine of these apps were also capable of collecting physical activity (PA) information using self-report, the global positioning system (GPS), or wearable integrations. Their outputs focused
5. Nutrition in Relation to Diseases and Heat stress in Poultry
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
S Das
Full Text Available Different diseases conditions and stress factors are responsible for high morbidity and mortality of present day poultry. Nutritional strategy and proper feed formulation with specific dietary regimen can combat this up to a certain extent. The incidence of various infectious diseases, nervous disorders and metabolic disorders can be minimized through proper feed regimen. There is a stiff competition and restrictions in the global market of poultry products which can be addressed with proper management of emerging and important diseases with economic productions and quality poultry products free of elements detrimental to human health. Researchers have made efforts to prevent such damage to poultry and poultry product through dietary manipulations. Heat stress can lead to a reduction in the defense mechanisms of birds or to a relative state of immunosuppression. The health status of the poultry is facing new challenges today which can be suitably addressed by the right scientific and advanced nutritional manoeuvres and make the poultry farming more profitable and presentable in the global market. [Vet. World 2011; 4(9.000: 429-432
6. Mineral absorption in relation to nutritional ecology of reindeer
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
H. Staaland
1986-06-01
Full Text Available This paper addresses the way which absorption of minerals relate to nutritional ecology and mineral conservation processes. A latin square designed experiment was used to assess the effects of diet on mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Na absorption processes in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.. Three male calves were fed 3 different diets: concentrate with 25% grass meal (RF-71, lichens, and a mixed diet of lichens and RF-71. Two other male calves were fed the lichen or mixed diet, supplemented with 4 g Ca/day. Ca supplementation significantly increased fecal Ca excretion, reduced the excretion of K and Mg, but had no significant effect on Na excretion. Rates of intake and fecal exretion of Ca, Mg and K were highly correlated (P<0.001, while no correlations were found for Na. Negative digestibilities of Ca, Mg and K, and a positive Na digestibility were noted for the lichen diet. For the other diets, all minerals were in positive digestibility, and Ca supplements increased the digestibility of all minerals. Digesta from different sections of the alimentary tract were collected after termination of the experiment. Alimentary pools of Ca and K were equal for animals fed lichen or RF-71, whereas the Na pool was largest on the lichen diet and the Mg pool largest on the RF-71 diet. Rumen turnover time (rumen mineral pool size/daily mineral intake was consistently less than 3 days for Ca and Mg, but was 22 and 82 days for Na on the RF-71 and lichen diets respectively. Estimates of mineral exchange in various parts of the tract showed that the intestines play and important role in scavanging endogenously secreted minerals. Results are discussed with respect to mineral binding by lichens and the possible role of natural mineral supplements in the nutritional ecology of reindeer.
7. Iron deficiency and overload in relation to nutrition
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Spanjersberg MQI; Jansen EHJM; LEO
2000-01-01
Nutritional iron intake in the Netherlands has been reviewed with respect to both iron deficiency and iron overload. In general, iron intake and iron status in the Netherlands are adequate and therefore no change in nutrition policy is required. The following aspects and developments, however, need
8. Nutritional supplements use in high-performance athletes is related with lower nutritional inadequacy from food
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mónica Sousa
2016-09-01
Conclusion: Athletes using NS reported a higher nutritional intake from food, and a lower PMI for several nutrients. Perhaps, those who were taking NS were probably the ones who would least benefit from it.
9. A survey on cancer-related nutritional information in Iranian popular magazines
OpenAIRE
Hovsepyan, Ourfa; Zare-Farashbandi, Firoozeh; Askari, Gholamreza
2015-01-01
Background: Due to the wide influence of public media, they become important communication channels for changing health beliefs and behaviors. One of the areas that have gained increased attention in public media is nutritional information. Cancer is one among the diseases related to nutrition. The goal of this study is to do a content analysis of the popular magazines in Iran for nutritional information related to cancer in year 2012–2013. Materials and Methods: This is an applied survey per...
10. A survey on cancer-related nutritional information in Iranian popular magazines
OpenAIRE
2015-01-01
Background: Due to the wide influence of public media, they become important communication channels for changing health beliefs and behaviors. One of the areas that have gained increased attention in public media is nutritional information. Cancer is one among the diseases related to nutrition. The goal of this study is to do a content analysis of the popular magazines in Iran for nutritional information related to cancer in year 2012–2013. Materials and Methods: This is an applied survey per...
11. Related Factors with Nutritional Habits and Nutrition Knowledge of University Students
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Serhat Vancelik
2007-08-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study was to find the level of the nutrition knowledge and nutritional habits of the students of Ataturk University and to determine the influential factors. The study was carried out during May-June 2005 and the universe of the study consisted of seventeen thousands students attending their formal education in Ataturk University Campus. The sampling was done via simple randomization method and the sample size was 1120 students. A single class from all grades of each faculty was included in the sample and all of the students in each class were invited to participate to the study. Mean age and body mass index of the students were 21.6 ± 1.9 year and 21.9 ± 2.7 kg/m2, respectively. Sixty six percent of the students were male and 96.6% of them were single. It was determined that smoking, regular alcohol drinking and performing regular sport were found to effect nutritional habit score, significantly. It was found out that 87.4% of the students passed one meal a day, and the breakfast was the most often passed meal. Mean score of nutritional habit and nutrition knowledge was significantly high in males and females, respectively. Mean nutrition knowledge scores of student who were living in cities were higher, significantly. It was found that marital status, type of family, the residential place didnt significantly affect nutrition knowledge score. There was a significant and positive correlation between body mass index, nutritional habit scores and monthly personal income. [TAF Prev Med Bull. 2007; 6(4: 242-248
12. Related Factors with Nutritional Habits and Nutrition Knowledge of University Students
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Serhat Vancelik
2007-08-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study was to find the level of the nutrition knowledge and nutritional habits of the students of Ataturk University and to determine the influential factors. The study was carried out during May-June 2005 and the universe of the study consisted of seventeen thousands students attending their formal education in Ataturk University Campus. The sampling was done via simple randomization method and the sample size was 1120 students. A single class from all grades of each faculty was included in the sample and all of the students in each class were invited to participate to the study. Mean age and body mass index of the students were 21.6 ± 1.9 year and 21.9 ± 2.7 kg/m2, respectively. Sixty six percent of the students were male and 96.6% of them were single. It was determined that smoking, regular alcohol drinking and performing regular sport were found to effect nutritional habit score, significantly. It was found out that 87.4% of the students passed one meal a day, and the breakfast was the most often passed meal. Mean score of nutritional habit and nutrition knowledge was significantly high in males and females, respectively. Mean nutrition knowledge scores of student who were living in cities were higher, significantly. It was found that marital status, type of family, the residential place didnt significantly affect nutrition knowledge score. There was a significant and positive correlation between body mass index, nutritional habit scores and monthly personal income. [TAF Prev Med Bull 2007; 6(4.000: 242-248
13. Knowledge, responsibility, decision making and ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Huniche, Lotte
2001-01-01
a closer look at genetic knowledge, responsibility and decision making, because these seem to be important issues in my field of study. I have added ignorance to the list in order to discuss a further aspect of dealing with hereditary disease. Interestingly, ignorance (understood both as being ignorant...
14. Nutritional status and its health-related factors among older adults in rural and urban areas.
Science.gov (United States)
Chen, Su-Hui; Cheng, Hsin-Yi; Chuang, Yeu-Hui; Shao, Jung-Hua
2015-01-01
15. Values at stake: autonomy, responsibility, and trustworthiness in relation to genetic testing and personalized nutrition advice
OpenAIRE
Nordström, Karin; Juth, Niklas; Kjellström, Sofia; Meijboom, Franck L. B.; Görman, Ulf
2013-01-01
Personalized nutrition has the potential to enhance individual health control. It could be seen as a means to strengthen people’s autonomy as they learn more about their personal health risks, and receive dietary advice accordingly. We examine in what sense personalized nutrition strengthens or weakens individual autonomy. The impact of personalized nutrition on autonomy is analyzed in relation to responsibility and trustworthiness. On a societal level, individualization of health promotion m...
16. Prevalence and risk factors associated with nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region
OpenAIRE
Musaiger AO; Al-Hazzaa HM
2012-01-01
Abdulrahman O Musaiger1, Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa21Nutrition and Health Studies Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Bahrain, Bahrain, and Arab Center for Nutrition, Bahrain; 2Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Movement Science, College of Education, and Scientific Board, Obesity Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaAbstract: This paper reviews the current situation concerning nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (N-NCDs) ...
17. Dangerous nutrition? Calcium, vitamin D, and shark cartilage nutritional supplements and cancer-related hypercalcemia.
Science.gov (United States)
Lagman, Ruth; Walsh, Declan
2003-04-01
The use of nutritional supplements in the general population and in cancer patients has become very popular. These supplements are not perceived as medications and are presumed to be safe by cancer patients, who may however be at risk for hypercalcemia. We note that many of our patients who have developed symptomatic hypercalcemia were taking vitamin D, calcium, or shark cartilage supplements. We report eight cases of hypercalcemia in cancer patients seen at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in whom these nutritional supplements may have contributed to the prevalence or severity of hypercalcemia.
18. Nutritional supplements use in high-performance athletes is related with lower nutritional inadequacy from food
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Mónica Sousa; Maria J. Fernandes; Pedro Carvalho; José Soares; Pedro Moreira; Vitor Hugo Teixeira
2016-01-01
Background: The use of nutritional supplements (NS) among athletes is widespread. However, little is known about the relationship between nutritional adequacy and NS usage. The aims of this study were to evaluate the NS usage and to compare the nutritional intake from food and prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy (PMI) between NS users and non-users. Methods: Portuguese athletes from 13 sports completed an NS usage questionnaire and a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire assessing information over the previous 12 months. The estimated average requirement cut-point method was used to calculate PMI. General linear models were used to compare nutritional intake and NS usage. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression were performed to study, respectively, relationships and associations between PMI and NS usage. Results: From the 244 athletes (66%males, 13–37 years), 64%reported NS usage. After adjustment, NS users showed a higher intake from food (p<0.05), for at least 1 gender, for energy, and for 7 of the 17 studied nutrients. The highest PMI were seen for vitamins D and E, calcium, folate, and magnesium. After adjustment, NS users, irrespective of gender, reported lower PMI for calcium (OR=0.28, 95%CI:0.12–0.65), and female users for magnesium (OR=0.06, 95%CI:0.00–0.98). Conclusion: Athletes using NS reported a higher nutritional intake from food, and a lower PMI for several nutrients. Perhaps, those who were taking NS were probably the ones who would least benefit from it.
19. THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE NUTRITION TRANSITION AND ITS RELATION TO QUALITY OF LIFE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ana María Dueñas Romero
2016-09-01
Full Text Available Education is a powerful tool to improve individuals quality of life; its role is evident by providing the necessary knowledge so that through autonomy, responsibility and a critical attitude, appropriate food choices are taken in order to provide welfare and health. In this paper, some factors affecting human nutrition will be discussed, the nutrition situation in Colombia, the importance of nutrition education and its relation to quality of life. It supports the idea that Colombia is currently experiencing a nutrition transition process and the problems it generates can be solved through education, affecting individuals quality of life.
20. Nutrition and aging : a consensus statement
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Bates, C.J.; Benton, D.; Biesalski, H.K.; Staehelin, H.B.; Staveren, van W.; Stehle, P.; Suter, P.M.; Wolfram, G.
2002-01-01
OBJECTIVE: To consider the relationship between nutrition and aging. To summarize existing knowledge and identify areas of ignorance. DESIGN: Experts from a range of relevant disciplines received and considered a series of questions related to aspects of the topic. SETTING: University of Hohenheim,
1. Nutritional status and related factors of patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Liyan; Lu, Yuhan; Fang, Yu
2014-04-14
The scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) is considered to be the most appropriate tool for detecting malnutrition in cancer patients. In particular, malignant tumours derived from the gastrointestinal tract may impair nutrient intake and absorption and cause malnutrition. We carried out a cross-sectional study to assess the nutritional status and related factors of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Nutritional status was determined using the scored PG-SGA in patients (n 498) with advanced gastrointestinal cancer admitted to the Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Unit at Beijing Cancer Hospital between 1 August 2012 and 28 February 2013. The possible related factors including age, sex, hospitalisation frequency and pathology were explored. We found that 98% of the patients required nutrition intervention and 54% of the patients required improved nutrition-related symptom management and/or urgent nutritional support (PG-SGA score ≥9). Factors related to malnutrition were age (r 0.103, Pcancer had a lower risk of malnutrition than patients with other types of gastrointestinal cancer (F=35.895, Pnutritional status of gastrointestinal patients, especially those at a higher risk of malnutrition, such as elderly patients, those hospitalised for the first time, male patients and those with other types of gastrointestinal cancer except rectal cancer. The nutritional status of these patients should be evaluated and they should be given proper nutrition education and nutritional support in a timely manner.
2. Complications relating to enteral and parenteral nutrition in trauma ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
2014-11-01
Nov 1, 2014 ... referred to as nutritional therapy.4,5 Critically ill trauma patients endure a catabolic ... patients.13 At least 50-65% of the patient's caloric goal has to be ... The patients were placed on a standardised intravenous insulin infusion ...
3. Nutritional Considerations for Healthy Aging and Reduction in Age-Related Chronic Disease.
Science.gov (United States)
Shlisky, Julie; Bloom, David E; Beaudreault, Amy R; Tucker, Katherine L; Keller, Heather H; Freund-Levi, Yvonne; Fielding, Roger A; Cheng, Feon W; Jensen, Gordon L; Wu, Dayong; Meydani, Simin N
2017-01-01
A projected doubling in the global population of people aged ≥60 y by the year 2050 has major health and economic implications, especially in developing regions. Burdens of unhealthy aging associated with chronic noncommunicable and other age-related diseases may be largely preventable with lifestyle modification, including diet. However, as adults age they become at risk of "nutritional frailty," which can compromise their ability to meet nutritional requirements at a time when specific nutrient needs may be high. This review highlights the role of nutrition science in promoting healthy aging and in improving the prognosis in cases of age-related diseases. It serves to identify key knowledge gaps and implementation challenges to support adequate nutrition for healthy aging, including applicability of metrics used in body-composition and diet adequacy for older adults and mechanisms to reduce nutritional frailty and to promote diet resilience. This review also discusses management recommendations for several leading chronic conditions common in aging populations, including cognitive decline and dementia, sarcopenia, and compromised immunity to infectious disease. The role of health systems in incorporating nutrition care routinely for those aged ≥60 y and living independently and current actions to address nutritional status before hospitalization and the development of disease are discussed. © 2017 American Society for Nutrition.
4. Relation between oral health and nutritional condition in the elderly
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Humberto Lauro Rodrigues Junior
2012-02-01
Full Text Available Oral health is a prerequisite for a good chewing function, which may have an impact on food choices and nutritional well-being. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between oral health status and nutritional status in the elderly. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 33 elderly people from the Group for the Elderly Interdisciplinary Geriatrics and Gerontology Program, at Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil, completed a questionnaire to collect information on socioeconomic status, eating habits, physical activity and health habits, undertook a clinical oral examination, blood test, and anthropometric measurements, and were allocated into groups according to age. The oral health status was assessed using the index for decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT. The nutritional status was assessed using hemoglobin, hematocrit and albumin concentrations in blood, anthropometric values and the body mass index. RESULTS: Tooth loss was the biggest nuisance to the elderly subjects (57.6%, followed by the use of dentures (30.3% and ill-fitting dentures (33.3%. 66.6% of patients had difficulty in chewing, and 54.5% reported this to be due to prostheses and 13.6% to the absence of teeth. A significant correlation was found between DMFT and the value of suprailiac skinfold thickness (rho=0.380, p=0.029. CONCLUSION: The results support the temporal association between tooth loss and detrimental changes in anthropometry, which could contribute to increased risk of developing chronic diseases.
5. Relation between oral health and nutritional condition in the elderly
Science.gov (United States)
RODRIGUES JUNIOR, Humberto Lauro; SCELZA, Miriam F. Zaccaro; BOAVENTURA, Gilson Teles; CUSTÓDIO, Silvia Maria; MOREIRA, Emília Addison Machado; OLIVEIRA, Diane de Lima
2012-01-01
Oral health is a prerequisite for a good chewing function, which may have an impact on food choices and nutritional well-being. Objective This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between oral health status and nutritional status in the elderly. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 33 elderly people from the Group for the Elderly Interdisciplinary Geriatrics and Gerontology Program, at Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil, completed a questionnaire to collect information on socioeconomic status, eating habits, physical activity and health habits, undertook a clinical oral examination, blood test, and anthropometric measurements, and were allocated into groups according to age. The oral health status was assessed using the index for decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT). The nutritional status was assessed using hemoglobin, hematocrit and albumin concentrations in blood, anthropometric values and the body mass index. Results Tooth loss was the biggest nuisance to the elderly subjects (57.6%), followed by the use of dentures (30.3%) and ill-fitting dentures (33.3%). 66.6% of patients had difficulty in chewing, and 54.5% reported this to be due to prostheses and 13.6% to the absence of teeth. A significant correlation was found between DMFT and the value of suprailiac skinfold thickness (rho=0.380, p=0.029). Conclusion The results support the temporal association between tooth loss and detrimental changes in anthropometry, which could contribute to increased risk of developing chronic diseases. PMID:22437676
6. Ignorability in Statistical and Probabilistic Inference
CERN Document Server
Jaeger, M
2011-01-01
When dealing with incomplete data in statistical learning, or incomplete observations in probabilistic inference, one needs to distinguish the fact that a certain event is observed from the fact that the observed event has happened. Since the modeling and computational complexities entailed by maintaining this proper distinction are often prohibitive, one asks for conditions under which it can be safely ignored. Such conditions are given by the missing at random (mar) and coarsened at random (car) assumptions. In this paper we provide an in-depth analysis of several questions relating to mar/car assumptions. Main purpose of our study is to provide criteria by which one may evaluate whether a car assumption is reasonable for a particular data collecting or observational process. This question is complicated by the fact that several distinct versions of mar/car assumptions exist. We therefore first provide an overview over these different versions, in which we highlight the distinction between distributional an...
7. 中心静脉置管易被忽略的感染因素分析与对策%Easily ignored factors of central venous catheter-related infection and countermeasures
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
张黎明; 王黎梅; 步惠琴; 张美琪
2011-01-01
OBJECTIVE To analyze the easily ignored factors for central venous catheter-related infection (CVC-RI)and to seek certain strategy.METHODS The easily ignored factors of CVC-RI of 63 cases in ICU and geriatric wards of the two hospitals were analyzed with retrospective analysis method and prospective intervention method.Certain solutions were proposed.RESULTS The CVC-RI incidence of 279 cases who got central venous catheter from Jan to Jul in 2009 was 10.39 ％, and the CVC-RI incidence of 264 cases who got central venous catheter from Jan to Jul in 2008 was 23.86 ％, the difference of CVC-RI incidence in the two groups was statistically significant.CONCLUSION Paying close attention and strengthening the catheter puncture operation and daily care for puncture site can significantly reduce the incidence of CVC-RI.%目的 分析中心静脉置管相关性感染(CVC-RI)易被忽略的危险因素及进行环节上的改进.方法 采用回顾性调查分析和前瞻性干预的方法,对2所医院ICU、老年病区2008年63例CVC-RI患者进行原因分析,查找易被忽略的危险因素,提出对策,并与2009年1月起加强了环节管理后的CVC-RI结果进行统计分析.结果 2009年1-7月实施中心静脉穿刺279例患者发生CVC-RI29例,发生率10.39%,2008年同期置管的264例患者发生CVC-RI63例,发生率23.86%,两组感染率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 关注并加强置管操作和穿刺部位日常护理中的环节管理,能有效降低CVC-RI的发生率.
8. Personal and professional nutrition-related practices of US female physicians
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Frank, Erica; Wright, Elsa H; Serdula, Mary K; Elon, Lisa K; Baldwin, Grant
2002-01-01
.... We aimed to identify US female physicians' personal and professional nutrition- and weight-related habits and to identify which, if any, of their personal habits predicted their clinical practices...
9. Children's perceptions of weight, obesity, nutrition, physical activity and related health and socio-behavioural factors
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Economos, Christina D; Bakun, Peter J; Herzog, Julia Bloom; Dolan, Peter R; Lynskey, Vanessa M; Markow, Dana; Sharma, Shanti; Nelson, Miriam E
.... An online survey was conducted with children to capture their perceptions of weight, overweight, nutrition, physical activity and related socio-behavioural factors. Within the USA. US children (n 1224) aged 8-18 years...
10. Angular cheilitis, part 2: nutritional, systemic, and drug-related causes and treatment.
Science.gov (United States)
Park, Kelly K; Brodell, Robert T; Helms, Stephen E
2011-07-01
Angular cheilitis (AC) is associated with a variety of nutritional, systemic, and drug-related factors that may act exclusively or in combination with local factors. Establishing the underlying etiology of AC is required to appropriately focus treatment efforts.
11. The Paradox of Nutrition-Related Diseases in the Arab Countries: The Need for Action
OpenAIRE
Omar Obeid; Musaiger, Abdulrahman O.; Hassan, Abdelmonem S.
2011-01-01
The aim of this review was to highlight the current situation of nutrition-related diseases in the Arab countries, and factors associated with prevalence of these diseases. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for data relating to such nutrition-related diseases published between January 1990 and May 2011. The picture of nutritional status in the Arab countries has changed drastically over the past 30 years as a result of changes in the social and economic situation. Two contrasting nutrit...
12. Values at stake: autonomy, responsibility, and trustworthiness in relation to genetic testing and personalized nutrition advice.
Science.gov (United States)
Nordström, Karin; Juth, Niklas; Kjellström, Sofia; Meijboom, Franck L B; Görman, Ulf
2013-07-01
Personalized nutrition has the potential to enhance individual health control. It could be seen as a means to strengthen people's autonomy as they learn more about their personal health risks, and receive dietary advice accordingly. We examine in what sense personalized nutrition strengthens or weakens individual autonomy. The impact of personalized nutrition on autonomy is analyzed in relation to responsibility and trustworthiness. On a societal level, individualization of health promotion may be accompanied by the attribution of extended individual responsibility for one's health. This constitutes a dilemma of individualization, caused by a conflict between the right to individual freedom and societal interests. The extent to which personalized nutrition strengthens autonomy is consequently influenced by how responsibility for health is allocated to individuals. Ethically adequate allocation of responsibility should focus on prospective responsibility and be differentiated with regard to individual differences concerning the capacity of adults to take responsibility. The impact of personalized nutrition on autonomy also depends on its methodological design. Owing to the complexity of information received, personalized nutrition through genetic testing (PNTGT) is open to misinterpretation and may not facilitate informed choices and autonomy. As new technologies, personalized nutrition and PNTGT are subject to issues of trust. To strengthen autonomy, trust should be approached in terms of trustworthiness. Trustworthiness implies that an organization that develops or introduces personalized nutrition can show that it is competent to deal with both the technical and moral dimensions at stake and that its decisions are motivated by the interests and expectations of the truster.
13. From dissecting ignorance to solving algebraic problems
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Ayyub, Bilal M
2004-09-01
Engineers and scientists are increasingly required to design, test, and validate new complex systems in simulation environments and/or with limited experimental results due to international and/or budgetary restrictions. Dealing with complex systems requires assessing knowledge and information by critically evaluating them in terms relevance, completeness, non-distortion, coherence, and other key measures. Using the concepts and definitions from evolutionary knowledge and epistemology, ignorance is examined and classified in the paper. Two ignorance states for a knowledge agent are identified: (1) non-reflective (or blind) state, i.e. the person does not know of self-ignorance, a case of ignorance of ignorance; and (2) reflective state, i.e. the person knows and recognizes self-ignorance. Ignorance can be viewed to have a hierarchal classification based on its sources and nature as provided in the paper. The paper also explores limits on knowledge construction, closed and open world assumptions, and fundamentals of evidential reasoning using belief revision and diagnostics within the framework of ignorance analysis for knowledge construction. The paper also examines an algebraic problem set as identified by Sandia National Laboratories to be a basic building block for uncertainty propagation in computational mechanics. Solution algorithms are provided for the problem set for various assumptions about the state of knowledge about its parameters.
14. Disagreement behind the veil of ignorance
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Muldoon, Ryan; Lisciandra, Chiara; Colyvan, Mark; Martini, Carlo; Sillari, Giacomo; Sprenger, Jan
2014-01-01
In this paper we argue that there is a kind of moral disagreement that survives the Rawlsian veil of ignorance. While a veil of ignorance eliminates sources of disagreement stemming from self-interest, it does not do anything to eliminate deeper sources of disagreement. These disagreements not only
15. On the Rationality of Pluralistic Ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bjerring, Jens Christian Krarup; Hansen, Jens Ulrik; Pedersen, Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding
2014-01-01
Pluralistic ignorance is a socio-psychological phenomenon that involves a systematic discrepancy between people’s private beliefs and public behavior in cer- tain social contexts. Recently, pluralistic ignorance has gained increased attention in formal and social epistemology. But to get clear...... on what precisely a formal and social epistemological account of pluralistic ignorance should look like, we need answers to at least the following two questions: What exactly is the phenomenon of pluralistic ignorance? And can the phenomenon arise among perfectly rational agents? In this paper, we propose...... and social interactive aspects of the phenomenon. Second, given our characterization of pluralistic ignorance, we argue that the phenomenon can indeed arise in groups of perfectly rational agents. This, in turn, ensures that the tools of formal epistemology can be fully utilized to reason about pluralistic...
16. Nutritional Status and Related Factors in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
OpenAIRE
Zahra Bostani Khalesi; Mahshid Bokaie
2015-01-01
Introduction: A challenge for health care providers is that there will be a distinct rise globally in the number of elderly people aged 80 years and over. Malnutrition is a well-known problem among elderly people. The aim of this study was to determine nutritional status and its associated risk factors in elderly nursing home residents in Tehran, Iran. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out among 385 elderly people aged 60 years or elder in 2014. All subjects who were attending to...
17. Nutrition and related claims used on packaged Australian foods--implications for regulation.
Science.gov (United States)
Williams, Peter; Yeatman, Heather; Zakrzewski, Sally; Aboozaid, Brooke; Henshaw, Simon; Ingram, Kendall; Rankine, Alex; Walcott, Sara; Ghani, Fatima
2003-01-01
The aim of this study was to describe the use of nutrition and related claims on packaged food for sale in Australia and measure the compliance of such claims with regulations governing their use. A survey was conducted of the labelling of 6662 products in 40 different food categories on sale in New South Wales in 2001. Levels of compliance were assessed by comparing the claims on the label and data in the nutrition information panel with requirements of the Foods Standards Code and the Code of Practice on Nutrient Claims. Half of the products (51.3%) carried some type of nutrition related claim and 36.2% made at least one nutrient claim, with an average of 1.2 nutrition related claims on every food product. The foods with the highest use of nutrient claims were sports drinks, breakfast cereals, meat substitutes, pretzels and rice cakes, muesli bars and yoghurt. The most common nutrient claims were for fat, cholesterol, vitamins, minerals, and sugar. More than 20% of products carried claims related to additives. Many nutrient claims (12.9%) did not comply with current regulations, especially those in the voluntary Code of Practice. Adoption of mandatory requirements for all claims within the Food Standards Code may improve the levels of compliance. Implications for the regulation of nutrition and related claims are discussed. The impact of nutrition claims on consumer purchasing and consumption behaviour deserves further study.
18. Nutrition of preterm infants in relation to bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tschirch Edda
2011-02-01
Full Text Available Background The pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD is multifactorial. In addition to prenatal inflammation, postnatal malnutrition also affects lung development. Methods A retrospective study was performed to analyse during the first two weeks of life the total, enteral and parenteral nutrition of premature infants ( Results Ninety-five premature infants were analysed: 26 with BPD (27 ± 1 weeks and 69 without BPD (28 ± 1 weeks. There was no statistical significant difference in the total intake of fluids, calories, glucose or protein and weight gain per day in both groups. The risk of developing BPD was slightly increased in infants with cumulative caloric intake below the minimal requirement of 1230 kcal/kg and a cumulative protein intake below 43.5 g/kg. Furthermore, the risk of developing BPD was significantly higher when infants had a cumulative fluid intake above the recommended 1840 ml/kg. In infants who developed BPD, the enteral nutrition was significantly lower than in non-BPD infants [456 ml/kg (IQR 744, 235 vs. 685 (IQR 987, 511]. Infants who did not develop BPD reached 50% of total enteral feeding significantly faster [9.6 days vs. 11.5]. Conclusions Preterm infants developing BPD received less enteral feeding, even though it was well compensated by the parenteral nutrient supply. Data suggest that a critical minimal amount of enteral feeding is required to prevent development of BPD; however, a large prospective clinical study is needed to prove this assumption.
19. Tongue thickness relates to nutritional status in the elderly.
Science.gov (United States)
Tamura, Fumiyo; Kikutani, Takeshi; Tohara, Takashi; Yoshida, Mitsuyoshi; Yaegaki, Ken
2012-12-01
Many elderly people under long-term care suffer from malnutrition caused by dysphagia, frequently leading to sarcopenia. Our hypothesis is that sarcopenia may compromise oral function, resulting in dysphagia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate sarcopenia of the lingual muscles by measuring the tongue thickness, and elucidate its relationship with nutritional status. We examined 104 elderly subjects (mean age = 80.3 ± 7.9 years). Anthropometric data, such as triceps skinfold thickness and midarm muscle area (AMA), were obtained. The tongue thickness of the central part was determined using ultrasonography. Measurement was performed twice and the mean value was obtained. The relationship between tongue thickness and nutritional status was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. AMA and age were identified by multiple-regression analysis as factors influencing tongue thickness. The results of this study suggest that malnutrition may induce sarcopenia not only in the skeletal muscles but also in the tongue.
20. Constructing and Reconstructing Scientific Ignorance: Ignorance Claims in Science and Journalism.
Science.gov (United States)
Stocking, S. Holly; Holstein, Lisa W.
1993-01-01
Describes distinctions between ignorance and knowledge and examines scientists' use of ignorance claims in the construction of science and in science for public policy based on an interdisciplinary approach. Ignorance claims in journalism are also examined, including journalists' coverage of the claims of formal scientific discourse and of public…
1. Systematic review: The relation between nutrition and nosocomial pneumonia: randomized trials in critically ill patients
OpenAIRE
Cook, Deborah; De Jonghe, Bernard; Heyland, Daren
1997-01-01
Objective To review the effect of enteral nutrition on nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients as summarized in randomized clinical trials. Study identification and selection Studies were identified through MEDLINE, SCISEARCH, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, bibliographies of primary and review articles, and personal files. Through duplicate independent review, we selected randomized trials evaluating approaches to nutrition and their relation to nosocomial pneumonia. Data abstraction I...
2. Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review
OpenAIRE
2017-01-01
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. In this narrative review, we will summarize the nutritional interventions evaluated in numerous observational studies and a few randomized clinical trials. The AREDS and AREDS2 studies demonstrated that supplements including vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and zinc may reduce the progression to advanced AMD, in some patients, by 25% in five years. This is one of the few nutritional supplements kn...
3. Aspiring to Spectral Ignorance in Earth Observation
Science.gov (United States)
Oliver, S. A.
2016-12-01
Enabling robust, defensible and integrated decision making in the Era of Big Earth Data requires the fusion of data from multiple and diverse sensor platforms and networks. While the application of standardised global grid systems provides a common spatial analytics framework that facilitates the computationally efficient and statistically valid integration and analysis of these various data sources across multiple scales, there remains the challenge of sensor equivalency; particularly when combining data from different earth observation satellite sensors (e.g. combining Landsat and Sentinel-2 observations). To realise the vision of a sensor ignorant analytics platform for earth observation we require automation of spectral matching across the available sensors. Ultimately, the aim is to remove the requirement for the user to possess any sensor knowledge in order to undertake analysis. This paper introduces the concept of spectral equivalence and proposes a methodology through which equivalent bands may be sourced from a set of potential target sensors through application of equivalence metrics and thresholds. A number of parameters can be used to determine whether a pair of spectra are equivalent for the purposes of analysis. A baseline set of thresholds for these parameters and how to apply them systematically to enable relation of spectral bands amongst numerous different sensors is proposed. The base unit for comparison in this work is the relative spectral response. From this input, determination of a what may constitute equivalence can be related by a user, based on their own conceptualisation of equivalence.
4. A Holistic School-Based Nutrition Program Fails to Improve Teachers' Nutrition-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour in Rural China
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Dongxu; Stewart, Donald; Chang, Chun
2016-01-01
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of a holistic school-based nutrition programme using the health-promoting school (HPS) approach, on teachers' knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in relation to nutrition in rural China. Design/methodology/approach: A cluster-randomised intervention trial design was employed. Two…
5. Is total lymphocyte count related to nutritional markers in hospitalized older adults?
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Vânia Aparecida LEANDRO-MERHI
Full Text Available ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Older patients are commonly malnourished during hospital stay, and a high prevalence of malnutrition is found in hospitalized patients aged more than 65 years. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether total lymphocyte count is related to other nutritional markers in hospitalized older adults. METHODS Hospitalized older adults (N=131 were recruited for a cross-sectional study. Their nutritional status was assessed by the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS, anthropometry, and total lymphocyte count. The statistical analyses included the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. Spearman's linear correlation coefficient determined whether total lymphocyte count was correlated with the nutritional markers. Multiple linear regression determined the parameters associated with lymphocyte count. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS According to the NRS, 41.2% of the patients were at nutritional risk, and 36% had mild or moderate depletion according to total lymphocyte count. Total lymphocyte count was weakly correlated with mid-upper arm circumference (r=0.20507; triceps skinfold thickness (r=0.29036, and length of hospital stay (r= -0.21518. Total lymphocyte count in different NRS categories differed significantly: older adults who were not at nutritional risk had higher mean and median total lymphocyte count ( P =0.0245. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher lymphocyte counts were associated with higher triceps skinfold thicknesses and no nutritional risk according to the NRS. CONCLUSION Total lymphocyte count was correlated with mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and nutritional risk according to the NRS. In multiple regression the combined factors that remained associated with lymphocyte count were NRS and triceps skinfold thickness. Therefore, total lymphocyte count may be considered a nutritional marker. Other studies should confirm these findings.
6. Many College Women Ignore Indoor Tanning's Risks
Science.gov (United States)
Skip navigation U.S. National Library of Medicine Menu ... Ignore Indoor Tanning's Risks 7 out of 10 surveyed overlook connection to skin cancer To use the sharing features on this page, please enable ...
7. Does Employee Ignorance Undermine Shared Capitalism?
OpenAIRE
John W. Budd
2008-01-01
The potential of shared capitalism to improve individual and organizational performance through financial incentives depends on employees knowing about and participating in compensation plans that link rewards to performance. This paper therefore analyzes a survey of employees from multiple companies to assess the extent to which employees are ignorant about company, group, and individual-based incentive pay plans and ESOPs. The findings reveal significant amounts of employee ignorance in bot...
Science.gov (United States)
Overgaard, Jens
2007-09-10
Since observations from the beginning of the last century, it has become well established that solid tumors may contain oxygen-deficient hypoxic areas and that cells in such areas may cause tumors to become radioresistant. Identifying hypoxic cells in human tumors has improved by the help of new imaging and physiologic techniques, and a substantial amount of data indicates the presence of hypoxia in many types of human tumors, although with a considerable heterogeneity among individual tumors. Controlled clinical trials during the last 40 years have indicated that this source of radiation resistance can be eliminated or modified by normobaric or hyperbaric oxygen or by the use of nitroimidazoles as hypoxic radiation sensitizers. More recently, attention has been given to hypoxic cytotoxins, a group of drugs that selectively or preferably destroys cells in a hypoxic environment. An updated systematic review identified 10,108 patients in 86 randomized trials designed to modify tumor hypoxia in patients treated with curative attempted primary radiation therapy alone. Overall modification of tumor hypoxia significantly improved the effect of radiotherapy, with an odds ratio of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.86) for the outcome of locoregional control and with an associated significant overall survival benefit (odds ratio = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.95). No significant influence was found on the incidence of distant metastases or on the risk of radiation-related complications. Ample data exist to support a high level of evidence for the benefit of hypoxic modification. However, hypoxic modification still has no impact on general clinical practice.
9. Is Ignorance of Climate Change Culpable?
Science.gov (United States)
Robichaud, Philip
2016-11-28
Sometimes ignorance is an excuse. If an agent did not know and could not have known that her action would realize some bad outcome, then it is plausible to maintain that she is not to blame for realizing that outcome, even when the act that leads to this outcome is wrong. This general thought can be brought to bear in the context of climate change insofar as we think (a) that the actions of individual agents play some role in realizing climate harms and (b) that these actions are apt targets for being considered right or wrong. Are agents who are ignorant about climate change and the way their actions contribute to it excused because of their ignorance, or is their ignorance culpable? In this paper I examine these questions from the perspective of recent developments in the theories of responsibility for ignorant action and characterize their verdicts. After developing some objections to existing attempts to explore these questions, I characterize two influential theories of moral responsibility and discuss their implications for three different types of ignorance about climate change. I conclude with some recommendations for how we should react to the face of the theories' conflicting verdicts. The answer to the question posed in the title, then, is: "Well, it's complicated."
10. NUTRITION-RELATED PREDICTORS OF SLEEP DURATION IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jerrilynn Burrowes
2012-06-01
At baseline, mean SD was 7.8±2.4 hrs; 33%, 43% and 24% of subjects were in the short, medium and long sleep groups, respectively. In univariate analysis, dietary protein intake, serum albumin, appetite, and QOL measures (mental component score [MCS] and physical component score [PCS] were significant predictors of SD. In multivariate analysis, age (P=0.008, race (White vs. Black (P=0.001, appetite on dialysis days (DD (P=0.0001, MCS and PCS (P<0.0001, respectively were also significant predictors of SD. Younger patients and those with good appetite on DD were more likely to sleep less, whereas Blacks and those with higher MCS and PCS were more likely to sleep more. Of the nutrition variables, higher protein intake and better appetite were associated with long vs. short SD in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, appetite on DD was the only variable predictive of SD. The odds ratio (95% CI of having a good appetite for those in the short SD group compared to the medium and long SD groups was 0.81 (0.72, 0.92 and 0.86 (0.78, 0.95, respectively. Further research on SD and appetite and the potential effects of short sleep on inflammation needs to be done in MHD patients.
11. Nutrition-related information seeking behaviours before and throughout the course of pregnancy: consequences for nutrition communication
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Szwajcer, E.M.; Hiddink, G.J.; Koelen, M.A.; Woerkum, van C.M.J.
2005-01-01
Background: Research has shown that especially pregnant women, and also women with a wish for a child, have increased nutrition awareness. Seeking nutrition information seemed to be an important determinant for nutrition awareness. However, little research has been carried out about
12. The relative nutritive value of lucerne leaf protein concentrate (LPC ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
measure of response to dietary protein and lactalbumin was .... fed ad libitum from 28 to 49 days of age whereafter the rats ... protein was related to protein intake according to the same .... composition of young obese and lean Zucker rats.
13. Knowledge, responsibility, decision making and ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Huniche, Lotte
2001-01-01
14. Pharmacogenetics and nutritional supplementation in age-related macular degeneration
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hampton BM
2015-05-01
Full Text Available Blake M Hampton, Jaclyn L Kovach, Stephen G Schwartz Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Abstract: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS recommended treatment with antioxidants plus zinc in patients with intermediate or advanced age-related macular degeneration in order to reduce progression risks. Recent pharmacogenetic studies have reported differences in treatment outcomes with respect to variants in genes for CFH and ARMS2, although the treatment recommendations based on these differences are controversial. Different retrospective analyses of subsets of patients from the same AREDS trial have drawn different conclusions. The practicing clinician, who is not an expert on genetics, clinical trial design, or statistical analysis, may be uncertain how to interpret these results. Based on the balance of the available literature, we suggest not changing established practice recommendations until additional evidence from clinical trials becomes available. Keywords: Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS, age-related macular degeneration, age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2, complement factor H (CFH, pharmacogenetics, randomized clinical trial (RCT
15. Work- related Stress, over-nutrition and cognitive disability.
Science.gov (United States)
Ippoliti, F; Corbosiero, P; Canitano, N; Massoni, F; Ricciardi, M R; Ricci, L; Archer, T; Ricci, S
2017-01-01
Work-related stress may exert a negative impact on a variety of physical and psychological attributes relating to the health of employees and work organizations. Several studies conducted in Italy have shown that workers and employees who express less satisfaction show increased symptoms of obesity and cognitive disability. The latest evidence underlines the pathogenic relationship between stress and neurological disease through inflammatory neuro- immune activation. The aim of this review was to describe the relationship between workplace stress and adverse changes in lifestyle that develop into obesity, neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms involved and guidelines for the prevention of these trends are discussed briefly.
16. Food taboos and nutrition-related pregnancy concerns among Ethiopian women.
Science.gov (United States)
Vasilevski, Vidanka; Carolan-Olah, Mary
2016-10-01
To discuss Ethiopian food taboos during pregnancy and their relation to maternal nutritional status and pregnancy outcomes. Recent waves of migration have seen large groups of Ethiopian refugees moving to countries around the globe. This is of concern as Ethiopian women are at risk of a number of medical and pregnancy complications. Health is further compromised by poor diet and adherence to cultural food beliefs and taboos. In refugee women, many of these factors correspond with significantly higher rates of pregnancy complications and poor birth outcomes. This is a discussion paper informed by a literature review. A search of the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Academic Search Premier databases for the keywords Ethiopian, pregnancy, food and taboos was conducted in the research literature published from 1998-2015. This time is contingent with Ethiopian migration trends. Ethiopian migrant women are at risk of inadequate nutrition during pregnancy. Risks include cultural factors associated with food taboos as well as issues associated with low socioeconomic status. Consequently, Ethiopian women are more likely to have nutritional deficiencies such as anaemia which have been associated with a range of pregnancy complications. There are many serious consequences of poor diet during pregnancy; however, most of these can be avoided by greater awareness about the role of nutrition during pregnancy and by adopting a balanced diet. There is an urgent unmet need for nutrition education among Ethiopian women. Research indicates that Ethiopian women are receptive to nutritional advice during pregnancy and also that pregnant women are generally motivated to act in the baby's interest. These factors suggest that this high-risk group would be amenable to culturally appropriate nutrition education, which would provide much-needed meaningful support in pregnancy. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
17. Nutrition-Related Cancer Prevention Cognitions and Behavioral Intentions: Testing the Risk Perception Attitude Framework
Science.gov (United States)
Sullivan, Helen W.; Beckjord, Ellen Burke; Finney Rutten, Lila J.; Hesse, Bradford W.
2008-01-01
This study tested whether the risk perception attitude framework predicted nutrition-related cancer prevention cognitions and behavioral intentions. Data from the 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey were analyzed to assess respondents' reported likelihood of developing cancer (risk) and perceptions of whether they could lower their…
18. Potentially Deceptive Health Nutrition-Related Advertising Claims: The Role of Inoculation in Conferring Resistance
Science.gov (United States)
Mason, Alicia M.; Miller, Claude H.
2016-01-01
Objective: This study sought to examine the efficacy of inoculation message treatments to facilitate resistance to health nutrition-related (HNR) commercial food advertising claims. Design: Data were collected across three phases extending across a 5-week period conducted over two semesters at a Midwest US university. A 2 × 3 between-subjects…
19. Potentially Deceptive Health Nutrition-Related Advertising Claims: The Role of Inoculation in Conferring Resistance
Science.gov (United States)
Mason, Alicia M.; Miller, Claude H.
2016-01-01
Objective: This study sought to examine the efficacy of inoculation message treatments to facilitate resistance to health nutrition-related (HNR) commercial food advertising claims. Design: Data were collected across three phases extending across a 5-week period conducted over two semesters at a Midwest US university. A 2 × 3 between-subjects…
20. Nutrition-Related Cancer Prevention Cognitions and Behavioral Intentions: Testing the Risk Perception Attitude Framework
Science.gov (United States)
Sullivan, Helen W.; Beckjord, Ellen Burke; Finney Rutten, Lila J.; Hesse, Bradford W.
2008-01-01
This study tested whether the risk perception attitude framework predicted nutrition-related cancer prevention cognitions and behavioral intentions. Data from the 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey were analyzed to assess respondents' reported likelihood of developing cancer (risk) and perceptions of whether they could lower their…
1. Nutritional Modulation of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
OpenAIRE
Weikel, Karen A; Taylor, Allen
2012-01-01
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly worldwide. It affects 30–50 million individuals and clinical hallmarks of AMD are observed in at least one third of persons over the age of 75 in industrialized countries (Gehrs et al., 2006). Costs associated with AMD are in excess of $340 billion US (American-Health-Assistance-Foundation, 2012). The majority of AMD patients in the United States are not eligible for clinical treatments (Biarnes et al., 20... 2. Mexico, A Neighbor not to be Ignored. Science.gov (United States) 1988-04-01 election fraud in Puebla , Mexico’s fourth largest city, resulted in an editor being fired. (5:27) A similar case in Mazatlan was totally ignored and a...president, Lazaro Cardenas (1934- 1940 ), and an experienced, well respected PAN candidate, Senor Clouthier, could prove to be important. The elder Cardenas 3. Nutritional modulation of age-related macular degeneration. Science.gov (United States) Weikel, Karen A; Chiu, Chung-Jung; Taylor, Allen 2012-08-01 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly worldwide. It affects 30-50 million individuals and clinical hallmarks of AMD are observed in at least one third of persons over the age of 75 in industrialized countries (Gehrs et al., 2006). Costs associated with AMD are in excess of$340 billion US (American-Health-Assistance-Foundation, 2012). The majority of AMD patients in the United States are not eligible for clinical treatments (Biarnes et al., 2011; Klein et al., 2011). Preventive interventions through dietary modulation are attractive strategies because many studies suggest a benefit of micro- and macronutrients with respect to AMD, as well as other age-related debilities, and with few, if any, adverse effects (Chiu, 2011). Preservation of vision would enhance quality of life for millions of elderly people, and alleviate the personal and public health financial burden of AMD (Frick et al., 2007; Wood et al., 2011). Observational studies indicate that maintaining adequate levels of omega-3 fatty acids (i.e. with 2 servings/week of fish) or a low glycemic index diet may be particularly beneficial for early AMD and that higher levels of carotenoids may be protective, most probably, against neovascular AMD. Intervention trials are needed to better understand the full effect of these nutrients and/or combinations of nutrients on retinal health. Analyses that describe effects of a nutrient on onset and/or progress of AMD are valuable because they indicate the value of a nutrient to arrest AMD at the early stages. This comprehensive summary provides essential information about the value of nutrients with regard to diminishing risk for onset or progress of AMD and can serve as a guide until data from ongoing intervention trials are available.
4. Nutrition-related practices and attitudes of Kansas skipped-generation(s) caregivers and their grandchildren.
Science.gov (United States)
Higgins, Mary Meck; Murray, Bethany J
2010-12-01
Despite growing numbers, the nutrition practices and attitudes of skipped-generation(s) kinship caregivers regarding feeding the dependent children in their care have not been examined. In this qualitative study, transcriptions of semi-structured interviews with 19 female and four male skipped-generation(s) Kansas caregivers (ages 47 to 80, 92% non-Hispanic whites, 83% female, 78% grandparents and 22% great-aunt or great-grandparent caregivers; caring for a range of one to four children, ages three to 18, for an average of nine years) were content analyzed for how their nutrition-related practices and attitudes had changed since parenting the first time. Sub-themes regarding practices included: being more nutrition and food safety conscious now, and shifting their child feeding style. The children seemed to be adversely affected by an on-the-go lifestyle and the use of more electronics. Caregivers described their sources for child feeding advice as being based mostly on information from their mothers, physicians, and their past parenting experiences. Sub-themes for attitudes included opinions that nutrition and safe food handling are important and that nutritious food is expensive. They preferred printed or video nutrition education materials and wanted to receive information through organizations they trusted. This population could benefit from education on: infant, child, adolescent, and sports nutrition; feeding "picky eaters"; healthful recipes, "fast foods" and packaged foods; quick, inexpensive meals and snacks low in fat, sugar, and salt; limiting sedentary time; family meals; using food thermometers; and intergenerational gardening and cooking.
5. Prevalence and risk factors associated with nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Musaiger AO
2012-02-01
Full Text Available Abdulrahman O Musaiger1, Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa21Nutrition and Health Studies Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Bahrain, Bahrain, and Arab Center for Nutrition, Bahrain; 2Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Movement Science, College of Education, and Scientific Board, Obesity Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaAbstract: This paper reviews the current situation concerning nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (N-NCDs and the risk factors associated with these diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR. A systematic literature review of studies and reports published between January 1, 1990 and September 15, 2011 was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, and osteoporosis have become the main causes of morbidity and mortality, especially with progressive aging of the population. The estimated mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease and diabetes ranged from 179.8 to 765.2 per 100,000 population, with the highest rates in poor countries. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was very high, ranging from 19% to 45%. The prevalence of overweight and obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 has reached an alarming level in most countries of the region, ranging from 25% to 82%, with a higher prevalence among women. The estimated mortality rate for cancer ranged from 61.9 to 151 per 100,000 population. Osteoporosis has become a critical problem, particularly among women. Several risk factors may be contributing to the high prevalence of N-NCDs in EMR, including nutrition transition, low intake of fruit and vegetables, demographic transition, urbanization, physical inactivity, hypertension, tobacco smoking, stunting of growth of preschool children, and lack of nutrition and health awareness. Intervention programs to prevent and control N-NCDs are urgently needed, with special focus
6. Nutrition-Related Practices and Attitudes of Kansas Skipped-Generation(s Caregivers and Their Grandchildren
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mary Meck Higgins
2010-11-01
Full Text Available Despite growing numbers, the nutrition practices and attitudes of skipped‑generation(s kinship caregivers regarding feeding the dependent children in their care have not been examined. In this qualitative study, transcriptions of semi-structured interviews with 19 female and four male skipped-generation(s Kansas caregivers (ages 47 to 80, 92% non-Hispanic whites, 83% female, 78% grandparents and 22% great-aunt or great‑grandparent caregivers; caring for a range of one to four children, ages three to 18, for an average of nine years were content analyzed for how their nutrition-related practices and attitudes had changed since parenting the first time. Sub-themes regarding practices included: being more nutrition and food safety conscious now, and shifting their child feeding style. The children seemed to be adversely affected by an on-the-go lifestyle and the use of more electronics. Caregivers described their sources for child feeding advice as being based mostly on information from their mothers, physicians, and their past parenting experiences. Sub-themes for attitudes included opinions that nutrition and safe food handling are important and that nutritious food is expensive. They preferred printed or video nutrition education materials and wanted to receive information through organizations they trusted. This population could benefit from education on: infant, child, adolescent, and sports nutrition; feeding “picky eaters”; healthful recipes, “fast foods” and packaged foods; quick, inexpensive meals and snacks low in fat, sugar, and salt; limiting sedentary time; family meals; using food thermometers; and intergenerational gardening and cooking.
7. Effects of Physical Exercise Combined with Nutritional Supplements on Aging Brain Related Structures and Functions: A Systematic Review.
Science.gov (United States)
Schättin, Alexandra; Baur, Kilian; Stutz, Jan; Wolf, Peter; de Bruin, Eling D
2016-01-01
Age-related decline in gray and white brain matter goes together with cognitive depletion. To influence cognitive functioning in elderly, several types of physical exercise and nutritional intervention have been performed. This paper systematically reviews the potential additive and complementary effects of nutrition/nutritional supplements and physical exercise on cognition. The search strategy was developed for EMBASE, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases and focused on the research question: "Is the combination of physical exercise with nutrition/nutritional supplementation more effective than nutrition/nutritional supplementation or physical exercise alone in effecting on brain structure, metabolism, and/or function?" Both mammalian and human studies were included. In humans, randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of nutrition/nutritional supplements and physical exercise on cognitive functioning and associated parameters in healthy elderly (>65 years) were included. The systematic search included English and German language literature without any limitation of publication date. The search strategy yielded a total of 3129 references of which 67 studies met the inclusion criteria; 43 human and 24 mammalian, mainly rodent, studies. Three out of 43 human studies investigated a nutrition/physical exercise combination and reported no additive effects. In rodent studies, additive effects were found for docosahexaenoic acid supplementation when combined with physical exercise. Although feasible combinations of physical exercise/nutritional supplements are available for influencing the brain, only a few studies evaluated which possible combinations of nutrition/nutritional supplementation and physical exercise might have an effect on brain structure, metabolism and/or function. The reason for no clear effects of combinatory approaches in humans might be explained by the misfit between the combinations of nutritional methods with
8. Word-identification priming for ignored and attended words
Science.gov (United States)
Stone, M.; Ladd, S. L.; Vaidya, C. J.; Gabrieli, J. D.
1998-01-01
Three experiments examined contributions of study phase awareness of word identity to subsequent word-identification priming by manipulating visual attention to words at study. In Experiment 1, word-identification priming was reduced for ignored relative to attended words, even though ignored words were identified sufficiently to produce negative priming in the study phase. Word-identification priming was also reduced after color naming relative to emotional valence rating (Experiment 2) or word reading (Experiment 3), even though an effect of emotional valence upon color naming (Experiment 2) indicated that words were identified at study. Thus, word-identification priming was reduced even when word identification occurred at study. Word-identification priming may depend on awareness of word identity at the time of study.
9. Mismatch negativity during attend and ignore conditions in Alzheimer's disease.
Science.gov (United States)
Kazmerski, V A; Friedman, D; Ritter, W
1997-09-01
Mismatch negativities (MMNs) of the event-related potential to deviant tones and environmental sounds were recorded during active and ignore oddball sequences in young and elderly controls and patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (PAD). MMNs were smaller in the PAD waveforms compared to those of the controls, suggesting a degraded sensory memory trace in these subjects; however, under ignore conditions, environmental sounds elicited robust MMNs in the PAD group along with N2b and novelty P3 components in similar fashion to controls. As N2b and P3 are usually elicited by attended stimuli, these data suggest that in the PAD subjects, the highly deviant events involuntarily captured attention, perhaps reflecting the activation of an attentional switching mechanism. Because this passive switching is thought to reflect activation of a mechanism located in the frontal lobes, the data suggest that this putative frontal lobe mechanism is relatively intact in the early stages of the disease.
10. Word-identification priming for ignored and attended words
Science.gov (United States)
Stone, M.; Ladd, S. L.; Vaidya, C. J.; Gabrieli, J. D.
1998-01-01
Three experiments examined contributions of study phase awareness of word identity to subsequent word-identification priming by manipulating visual attention to words at study. In Experiment 1, word-identification priming was reduced for ignored relative to attended words, even though ignored words were identified sufficiently to produce negative priming in the study phase. Word-identification priming was also reduced after color naming relative to emotional valence rating (Experiment 2) or word reading (Experiment 3), even though an effect of emotional valence upon color naming (Experiment 2) indicated that words were identified at study. Thus, word-identification priming was reduced even when word identification occurred at study. Word-identification priming may depend on awareness of word identity at the time of study.
11. Older Age and Worse Nutritional State Were Related with Impaired Inflammatory Response in Elderly Patients
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
R.A. Tuty Kuswardhani
2016-07-01
Full Text Available Background: Ageing process is related with multisystem disorders. One of them is immune response impairment. It is imperative to evaluate the association between age and related nutritional status with inflammatory response in elderly patient. Methods: A cross sectional study to evaluate inflammatory response among elderly patients (≥60 years at Geriatric Out-patient Clinic, Sanglah Hospital was conducted. Seventy-two patients were enrolled in the study. Age, nutritional states (body mass index and mini nutritional assessment, and inflammatory markers (interleukin-2 [IL-2] and C-reactive protein [CRP] and other anthropometric as well as laboratory parameters were measured in the study. Results: In the study it was revealed that age has a moderately negative correlation with both of plasma IL-2 and serum CRP levels (R= -0.305, p=0.009; and R= -0.413, p=0.005, respectively. Plasma IL-2 levels were positively correlated with several variables like body mass index (R=0.282, p=0.016, mini nutritional assessment (R=0.237, p=0.045, biceps skin fold (R=0.291, p=0.013, and triceps skin fold (R=0.258, p=0.028. While serum CRP levels has positive correlation with lying diastolic blood pressure (R=0.345, p=0.020 and negative correlation with calf circumference (R=-0.312, p=0.037. No significant associations were found between diabetes and hypertension with inflammatory markers. Conclusion: This study concluded that older age and worse nutritional state were related to worse inflammatory response in the elderly patients.
12. Marketing nutrition & health-related benefits of food & beverage products: enforcement, litigation & liability issues.
Science.gov (United States)
Roller, Sarah; Pippins, Raqiyyah
2010-01-01
Over the past decade, the liability risks associated with food and beverage product marketing have increased significantly, particularly with respect to nutrition and health-related product benefit claims. FDA and FTC enforcement priorities appear to have contributed to the increasing liability trends that are associated with these nutrition and health-related claims. This article examines key enforcement and litigation developments involving conventional food and beverage product marketing claims during the first 18 months of President Obama's administration: Part I considers FDA enforcement priorities and recent warning letters; Part II considers FTC enforcement priorities, warning letters, and consent orders; and Part III considers the relationship between FDA and FTC enforcement priorities and recent false advertising cases brought by private parties challenging nutrition and health-related marketing claims for food and beverage products. The article makes recommendations concerning ways in which food and beverage companies can help minimize liability risks associated with health-related marketing claims. In addition, the article suggests that federal policy reforms may be required to counter the perverse chilling effects current food liability trends appear to be having on health-related marketing claims for food and beverage products, and proposes a number of specific reforms that would help encourage the responsible use of well-substantiated marketing claims that can help foster healthy dietary practices. In view of the obesity prevention and other diet-related public health priorities of the Obama administration, the article suggests that this is an opportune time to address the apparent chilling effects increasing food liability risks are having on nutrition and health-related marketing claims for healthy food and beverage products, and potential adverse consequences for public health.
13. Nutrition-related risk indexes and long-term mortality in noncritically ill inpatients who receive total parenteral nutrition (prospective multicenter study).
Science.gov (United States)
Tapia, María José; Ocón, Julia; Cabrejas-Gómez, Carmen; Ballesteros-Pomar, María D; Vidal-Casariego, Alfonso; Arraiza-Irigoyen, Carmen; Olivares, Josefina; Conde-García, Ma Carmen; García-Manzanares, Álvaro; Botella-Romero, Francisco; Quílez-Toboso, Rosa P; Cabrerizo, Lucio; Rubio, Miguel A; Chicharro, Luisa; Burgos, Rosa; Pujante, Pedro; Ferrer, Mercedes; Zugasti, Ana; Petrina, Estrella; Manjón, Laura; Diéguez, Marta; Carrera, Ma José; Vila-Bundo, Anna; Urgelés, Juan Ramón; Aragón-Valera, Carmen; Sánchez-Vilar, Olga; Bretón, Irene; García-Peris, Pilar; Muñoz-Garach, Araceli; Márquez, Efren; del Olmo, Dolores; Pereira, José Luis; Tous, María C; Olveira, Gabriel
2015-10-01
Malnutrition in hospitalized patients is associated with an increased risk of death, in both the short and the long term. The purpose of this study was to determine which nutrition-related risk index predicts long-term mortality better (three years) in patients who receive total parenteral nutrition (TPN). This prospective, multicenter study involved noncritically ill patients who were prescribed TPN during hospitalization. Data were collected on Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Nutritional Risk Index (NRI), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), body mass index, albumin and prealbumin, as well as long-term mortality. Over the 1- and 3-year follow-up periods, 174 and 244 study subjects (28.8% and 40.3%) respectively, died. Based on the Cox proportional hazards survival model, the nutrition-related risk indexes most strongly associated with mortality were SGA and albumin (<2.5 g/dL) (after adjustment for age, gender, C-reactive protein levels, prior comorbidity, mean capillary blood glucose during TPN infusion, diabetes status prior to TPN, diagnosis, and infectious complications during hospitalization). The SGA and very low albumin levels are simple tools that predict the risk of long-term mortality better than other tools in noncritically ill patients who receive TPN during hospitalization. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
14. Genetic ignorance, moral obligations and social duties.
Science.gov (United States)
Takala, T; Häyry, M
2000-02-01
In a contribution to The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Professor Rosamond Rhodes argues that individuals sometimes have an obligation to know about their genetic disorders, because this is required by their status as autonomous persons. Her analysis, which is based on Kant's concept of autonomy and Aristotle's notion of friendship, is extended here to consequentialist concerns. These are of paramount importance if, as we believe and Professor Rhodes herself implies, the Kantian and Aristotelian doctrines can be helpful only in the sphere of private morality, not in the public realm. Better tools for assessing the right to genetic ignorance as an issue of public policy can, we contend, be found in Mill's ideas concerning liberty and the prevention of harm. Our own conclusion, based on the Millian way of thinking, is that individuals probably do have the right to remain in ignorance in the cases Professor Rhodes presents as examples of a duty to know.
15. Nutritional supplements
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Petersen, Gry Bjerg; Andersen, Jens Rikardt
2015-01-01
Background: Several studies have indicated that cancer patients have significantly altered taste sensitivity without specifying the preferences. One of the related problems is low compliance to nutritional therapy with oral nutritional supplements (ONS) in patients suffering severe weight loss...
16. The veil of ignorance can favour biological cooperation.
Science.gov (United States)
Queller, David C; Strassmann, Joan E
2013-01-01
Lack of information is a constraint but ignorance can sometimes assist the evolution of cooperation by constraining selfishness. We discuss examples involving both ignorance of role or pay-off and ignorance of relatedness. Ignorance can favour cooperative traits like grouping and warning coloration and reduce conflicts from meiotic drive, imprinting, greenbeards and various forms of nepotism.
17. Evaluation of Online and In-Person Nutrition Education Related to Salt Knowledge and Behaviors among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Participants.
Science.gov (United States)
Au, Lauren E; Whaley, Shannon E; Gurzo, Klara; Meza, Martha; Rosen, Nila J; Ritchie, Lorrene D
2017-09-01
18. Changes in nutrition-related behaviors in alcohol-dependent patients after outpatient detoxification
OpenAIRE
Rohdemann, Maren E. H.
2016-01-01
Background: Previous studies have reported changes in nutrition-related behaviors in alcohol-dependent patients after alcohol detoxification, but prospective studies assessing the effects of these changes on maintaining abstinence are lacking. Aim: To assess changes in craving and consumption of coffee, cigarettes, chocolate and other sweets over time up to six months after outpatient alcohol detoxification treatment and to detect differences in abstinent versus non-abstinent patients. ...
19. Review of the nutritional benefits and risks related to intense sweeteners
OpenAIRE
Bruyère, Olivier; Ahmed, Serge H.; Atlan, Catherine; Belegaud, Jacques; Bortolotti, Murielle; Canivenc-Lavier, Marie-Chantal; Charrière, Sybil; Girardet, Jean-Philippe; Houdart, Sabine; Kalonji, Esther; Nadaud, Perrine; Rajas, Fabienne; Slama, Gérard; Margaritis, Irène
2015-01-01
International audience; Background : The intense sweeteners currently authorised in Europe comprise ten compounds of various chemical natures. Their overall use has sharply risen in the last 20 years. These compounds are mainly used to formulate reduced-calorie products while maintaining sweetness.Methods : This extensive analysis of the literature reviews the data currently available on the potential nutritional benefits and risks related to the consumption of products containing intense swe...
20. Feeding tube-related complications and problems in patients receiving long-term home enteral nutrition
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Vasileios Alivizatos
2015-04-01
Full Text Available Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term complications and problems related to gastrostomy and jejunostomy feeding tubes used for home enteral nutrition support and the effect these have on health care use. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 31 patients having gastrostomy (27 patients and jejunostomy (4 feeding tubes inserted in our Department were retrospectively studied. All were discharged on long-term (>3 months enteral nutrition and followed up at regular intervals by a dedicated nurse. Any problem or complication associated with tube feeding as well as the intervention, if any, that occurred, was recorded. Data were collected and analyzed. Results: All the patients were followed up for a mean of 17.5 months (4-78. The most frequent tube-related complications included inadvertent removal of the tube (broken tube, plugged tube; 45.1%, tube leakage (6.4%, dermatitis of the stoma (6.4%, and diarrhea (6.4%. There were 92 unscheduled health care contacts, with an average rate of such 2.9 contacts over the mean follow-up time of 17.5 months. Conclusion: In patients receiving long-term home enteral nutrition, feeding tube-related complications and problems are frequent and result in significant health care use. Further studies are needed to address their optimal prevention modalities and management.
1. Determinants of adherence to nutrition-related cancer prevention guidelines among African American breast cancer survivors.
Science.gov (United States)
Ramirez, Lindsey A; Chung, Yunmi; Wonsuk, Yoo; Fontenot, Brittney; Ansa, Benjamin E; Whitehead, Mary S; Smith, Selina A
2016-01-01
Mortality rate for breast cancer is higher among African American (AA) women than for women of other racial/ethnic groups. Obesity, also higher among AA women, may increase the risk of breast cancer development and recurrence. Lifestyle factors such as healthy nutrition can reduce the rate of obesity and breast cancer. This study examined the determinants of adherence to nutrition-related cancer prevention guidelines among AA breast cancer survivors. AA breast cancer survivors (n=240) were recruited from a breast cancer support group to complete a lifestyle assessment tool for this cross-sectional study. Chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between adherence to nutrition-related cancer prevention guidelines and potential predictors of adherence. Majority of the survivors met the guideline for red and processed meat (n=191, 83.4%), but did not meet the guideline for fruits and vegetables (n=189, 80.4%). For survivors with annual household incomes $50,000 (OR= 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.80). Poor physical functioning (OR= 38.48, 95% CI: 2.26, 656.58), sleep disturbances (OR= 60.84, 95% CI: 1.61, 2296.02), and income >$50,000 (OR= 51.02, 95% CI: 1.13, 2311.70) were associated with meeting the guideline for red and processed meat. Many AA breast cancer survivors are not meeting the nutrition-related cancer prevention guidelines. For this population, more interventions that enhance access to and consumption of healthy diets are needed.
2. The view of European experts regarding health economics for medical nutrition in disease-related malnutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Freijer, K; Lenoir-Wijnkoop, I; Russell, C A; Koopmanschap, M A; Kruizenga, H M; Lhachimi, S K; Norman, K; Nuijten, M J C; Schols, J M G A
2015-05-01
Health-care systems are currently facing tremendous budget constraints resulting in growing pressure on decision makers and health-care providers to obtain the maximum possible health benefits of the resources available. Choices have to be made, and health economics can help in allocating limited health-care resources among unlimited wants and needs. Attempts to achieve cost reductions often focus on severe pathologies and chronic diseases as they commonly represent high health-care expenditures. In this context, awareness of the considerable financial burden caused by disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is lacking. Possibilities of reducing costs by optimising the management of DRM through medical nutrition will mostly not even be taken into account. During a European expert meeting, the total evaluation of medical nutrition was viewed and discussed. The aim of this meeting was to gain an experts' outline of the key issues relating to the health economic assessment of the use of medical nutrition. This article provides a summary of the observations per discussed item and describes the next steps suggested.
3. [Association between stages of behavior change related to physical activity and nutritional status in university students].
Science.gov (United States)
Madureira, Alberto Saturno; Corseuil, Herton Xavier; Pelegrini, Andreia; Petroski, Edio Luiz
2009-10-01
This study aimed to verify the association between stages of behavior change related to physical activity and nutritional status among 862 university students. Body mass index cut-off values were used to classify nutritional status. Stages of behavior change were analyzed individually and classified into active (action, maintenance) and inactive (pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation). The most prevalent stages of behavior change were contemplation (32%) and preparation (29.5%). Among the entire sample of students, 68.4% were inactive. Prevalence rates for underweight, overweight, and obesity were 9.5%, 12.4%, and 1.7%, respectively. Students classified in the pre-contemplation stage were 5.99 times (CI95%: 2.29-15.68) and 7.98 times (CI95%: 1.41-45.32) more likely to be underweight and overweight, respectively. The university plays a fundamental role in adopting plans and actions targeting the academic community, promoting lifestyle changes through physical activity programs.
4. Importance of taste, nutrition, cost and convenience in relation to diet quality: Evidence of nutrition resilience among US adults using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010.
Science.gov (United States)
Aggarwal, Anju; Rehm, Colin D; Monsivais, Pablo; Drewnowski, Adam
2016-09-01
Concerns with taste, nutrition, cost, and convenience are said to be key influences on food choices. This study examined the importance of food-related attitudes in relation to diet quality using US national level data. Interactions by socioeconomic status (SES), gender and race/ethnicity were tested. Analyses of 8957 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2007-2010) were conducted in 2014-15. Perceived importance of taste, nutrition, cost, and convenience in dietary choices were assessed using 4-point Likert scales. Education and family income-to-poverty ratio (FIPR) were SES indicators. Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010), a measure of adherence to 2010 dietary guidelines, was the diet quality measure. Survey-weighted regressions examined associations between attitudes and HEI, and tested for interactions. Taste was rated as "very important" by 77.0% of the US adults, followed by nutrition (59.9%), cost (39.9%), and convenience (29.8%). However, it was the perceived importance of nutrition that most strongly predicted HEI (β: +8.0 HEI scores among "very important" vs. "not at all important"). By contrast, greater importance for taste and convenience had a weak inverse relation with HEI (β: -5.1 and -1.5 respectively), adjusting for SES. Significant interactions were observed by race/ethnicity, but not SES and gender. Those who prioritized nutrition during food shopping had higher-quality diets regardless of gender, education and income in the US. Certain racial/ethnic groups managed to eat healthy despite attaching importance to cost and convenience. This is the first evidence of nutrition resilience among US adults using national data, which has huge implications for nutrition interventions. Published by Elsevier Inc.
5. Moderation of the Relation of County-Level Cost of Living to Nutrition by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
Science.gov (United States)
Wimer, Christopher; Seligman, Hilary
2016-01-01
Objectives. To examine the association of county-level cost of living with nutrition among low-income Americans. Methods. We used the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (2012–2013; n = 14 313; including 5414 persons in households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program [SNAP]) to examine associations between county-level cost-of-living metrics and both food acquisitions and the Healthy Eating Index, with control for individual-, household-, and county-level covariates and accounting for unmeasured confounders influencing both area of living and food acquisition. Results. Living in a higher-cost county—particularly one with high rent costs—was associated with significantly lower volume of acquired vegetables, fruits, and whole grains; greater volume of acquired refined grains, fats and oils, and added sugars; and an 11% lower Healthy Eating Index score. Participation in SNAP was associated with nutritional improvements among persons living in higher-cost counties. Conclusions. Living in a higher-cost county (particularly with high rent costs) is associated with poorer nutrition among low-income Americans, and SNAP may mitigate the negative nutritional impact of high cost of living. PMID:27631742
6. Ignored Aspects of Islamic Banking and Finance
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2014-06-01
Full Text Available Purpose: In the past several decades of Islamic banking and fi nance (IBF activity in many countries, notable literature on this topic has been produced all over the world. By analyzing this IBF literature, this study investigates and highlights some ignored aspects of IBF activities. Methodology: Academic IBF literature includes defending the plausibility of IBF as a part of Islamic economics; theoretical analysis regarding some advantages of IBF compared with conventional systems, suggesting some methods for performing IBF; and concentration on introducing fi nancial instruments and innovations in Islamic financial markets. After reviewing them, they are classifi ed as high ranking journal papers and graduate dissertations that were written on Islamic economics in I.R. Iran during the past three decades. Then they are analyzed via analytical methods and descriptive statistics to investigate the ignored aspects of IBF. Findings: Through this systemic study of Islamic banking, real and not skeletal adaptation of Islamic contracts, Islamic goals of Islamic economy, Islamic and ethical values, and justice and poverty reduction are some of the more important neglected aspects in IBF activities. Research Implications: Focusing on these areas in future research could improve the performance of IBF as part of the Islamic economic system and guide IBF activities to the real nature of Islam (Islamicity. Originality: Besides reviewing and classifying the academic literature on IBF, the study is unique in focusing on the neglected aspects of IBF because it is very important and infl uential to distinguish IBF from non-IBF activities.
7. The concept of ignorance in a risk assessment and risk management context
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Aven, T., E-mail: terje.aven@uis.n [University of Stavanger (Norway); Steen, R. [University of Stavanger (Norway)
2010-11-15
There are many definitions of ignorance in the context of risk assessment and risk management. Most refer to situations in which there are lack of knowledge, poor basis for probability assignments and possible outcomes not (fully) known. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the ignorance concept in this setting. Based on a set of risk and uncertainty features, we establish conceptual structures characterising the level of ignorance. These features include the definition of chances (relative frequency-interpreted probabilities) and the existence of scientific uncertainties. Based on these structures, we suggest a definition of ignorance linked to scientific uncertainties, i.e. the lack of understanding of how consequences of the activity are influenced by the underlying factors. In this way, ignorance can be viewed as a condition for applying the precautionary principle. The discussion is also linked to the use and boundaries of risk assessments in the case of large uncertainties, and the methods for classifying risk and uncertainty problems.
8. The energy intake through regular nontherapeutic meals provision in long-term care: impact on nutritional status and related Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index.
Science.gov (United States)
Sturtzel, Baerbel; Elmadfa, Ibrahim; Ohrenberger, Gerald
2016-01-01
To investigate how the energy intake of institutionalized long-term-care patients through the regular nontherapeutic meals provision is associated with the nutritional status and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI). A 9 month longitudinal, observational study. Long-term-care Hospital. 66 long-term-care patients with multiple medical conditions and solely oral food-intake. 47 (71 %) patients, predominantly women (n = 39/47), with a mean age of 83.04 (±9.58) years completed study time and 19 (29 %) deceased. At week 1 and week 36 of observation time energy intake was measured by means of three-days-weighing-records. Body composition was assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Serum albumin, body weight and body height were taken from the medical report. Albumin content, body weight and height were used to calculate the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index: GNRI = [1.489 × albumin (g/L)] + [41.7 × (weight/ideal body weight)]. Energy intake was significantly below 24 kcal/kg body weight per day. The GNRI of the deceased patients was significantly (p = 0.002) lower than the GNRI of the completers. During observation time energy-intake p nutritional status and likewise the GNRI. The malnourishment and the nutrition related clinical risk of the geriatric patients aggrevated during observation time.
9. Measured adiposity in relation to head and neck cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Ward, Heather A; Wark, Petra A; Muller, David C
2017-01-01
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC) with measured anthropometry, there were 837 incident cases of HNC. HNC risk was examined in relation to body mass index (BMI) [lean: 30 kg/m2], waist circumference...
10. [Relation between food habits and nutritional status of preschool children in a rural community].
Science.gov (United States)
Coello, M P; Pérez-Gil, S E; Batrouni Kerkebe, L
1986-12-01
Food habits in regard to the nutritional status of preschool children and their socioeconomic situation were analyzed in this research. The study was carried out in Cuetzalan, State of Puebla; all families were studied and, besides the presence of a preschool child in the home, both father and mother should also be living in the same house. Forty children considered as well nourished and 40 malnourished in the opposite case, were selected, taking the limits of the Gómez classification. In order to define socioeconomic differences between the two groups, the sample population was divided into different levels, with the following results. The socioeconomic level of the well-nourished children did correlate with a good living standard of their families; in the other case, families with a low socioeconomic status, presented more nutritional problems. A questionnaire was applied to every mother selected. This included two items: a) In the first case, we tried to assess the mother's attitude towards food habits and children's illnesses. b) In the second case, the mother's knowledge concerning pregnancy, breast feeding, feeding of the child during the first year of life, taboos, beliefs and other aspects which could be related to nutrition. On the whole, the main objective of this study was attained, because significant differences were found between these two groups. Firstly, a good relationship between food habits and good nutritional status of the children was found. Secondly, mother with well-nourished children had better food habits and better socioeconomic status than mothers having children with poor health status, and therefore, of a lower socioeconomic status.
11. The relative influence of maternal nutritional status before and during pregnancy on birth outcomes in Vietnam.
Science.gov (United States)
Young, Melissa F; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Addo, O Yaw; Hao, Wei; Nguyen, Hieu; Pham, Hoa; Martorell, Reynaldo; Ramakrishnan, Usha
2015-11-01
This study aimed to: (1) examine the role of multiple measures of prepregnancy nutritional status (weight, height, body composition) on birth outcomes (low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), preterm, birth weight, birth length, infant head circumference and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)); (2) assess relative influence of maternal nutritional status before and during (gestational weight gain) pregnancy on birth outcomes. We used prospective data on maternal body size and composition collected from women who participated in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of preconceptional micronutrient supplements (PRECONCEPT) on birth outcomes in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam (n=1436). Anthropometric measurements were obtained before conception through delivery by trained health workers. The relationship between prepregnancy nutritional status indicators, gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth outcomes were examined using generalized linear models, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Maternal prepregnancy weight (PPW) was the strongest anthropometric indicator predicting infant birth size. A 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in PPW (5.4kg) was associated with a 283g (95%CI: 279-286) increase in birthweight. A similar and independent association was observed with birthweight for an increase of 1 SD in gestational weight gain (4kg) (250g; 95% CI: 245-255). Women with a PPW pregnancy were more likely to give birth to a SGA (OR 2.9: 95%CI 1.9-4.5, OR 3.3: 95%CI 2.2-5.1) or LBW infant (OR 3.1: 95%CI 1.5-6.2, OR 3.4: 95%CI 1.6-7.2), respectively. These findings indicate that clinical care and programs aimed at improving birth outcomes will have the greatest impact if they address maternal nutrition both before and during pregnancy. Women with a PPW pregnancy along with routine obstetric care on gestational weight gain is critical to improve birth outcomes. NCT01665378 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01665378). Copyright © 2015
12. Why epidemiologists cannot afford to ignore poverty.
Science.gov (United States)
Krieger, Nancy
2007-11-01
Epidemiologists cannot afford to ignore poverty. To do so would, first, wrongly obscure the devastating impact of poverty on population health, and, second, undercut our commitment to scientific rigor. At issue is doing correct science, not "politically correct" science. Blot poverty and inequity from view, and not only will we contribute to making suffering invisible but our understanding of disease etiology and distribution will be marred. To make this case, I address current debates about the causal relationships between poverty and health, and provide examples of how failing to consider the impact of socioeconomic position has biased epidemiologic knowledge and harmed the public's health. By definition, the people we study are simultaneously social beings and biologic organisms-and we cannot study the latter without taking into account the former. It is the responsibility of all epidemiologists, and not only social epidemiologists, to keep in mind the connections between poverty and health.
13. A survey on cancer-related nutritional information in Iranian popular magazines.
Science.gov (United States)
Hovsepyan, Ourfa; Zare-Farashbandi, Firoozeh; Askari, Gholamreza
2015-01-01
Due to the wide influence of public media, they become important communication channels for changing health beliefs and behaviors. One of the areas that have gained increased attention in public media is nutritional information. Cancer is one among the diseases related to nutrition. The goal of this study is to do a content analysis of the popular magazines in Iran for nutritional information related to cancer in year 2012-2013. This is an applied survey performed using content analysis method. The data gathering tool is a checklist designed by the researcher. The statistical population consisted of all of the messages printed in 173 volumes of eight most popular magazines which were selected based on their characteristics by searching the Iranian publication database using certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample size calculated using non-probability - purposive sampling was 295 messages from 96 magazine volumes. Findings showed that prevention trends had the highest (86.8%) and treatment had the lowest (4.7%) frequency in the messages. Pomegranate was the most commonly mentioned preventive food, while mayonnaises were the most commonly mentioned carcinogen and tangerine was the most commonly mentioned food used for cancer treatment. Among the different types of cancer, more than half of the messages (51.2%) mentioned "cancer" as a general term. After that, breast cancer (13.2%) and prostate cancer (10.51%) were the most commonly motioned cancers and messages regarding pancreatic cancer and hormone-related cancers were the least frequent (0.3%). The findings of this study show that the main goal of these messages was to increase the information provided to the readers, although some doubts regarding the scientific credibility of the claims made in these messages still remain.
14. Lifestyle modification, nutritional and vitamins supplements for age-related macular degeneration.
Science.gov (United States)
Sin, Helena P Y; Liu, David T L; Lam, Dennis S C
2013-02-01
To provide a systematic review of the published studies pertaining to the lifestyle modification, dietary, nutritional and vitamins supplements for preventing occurrence or halting deterioration of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The literature searches from 1990 to December 2010 with following keywords, 'age related macular degeneration', 'nutrition', 'antioxidant', 'diet' and 'vitamins supplements' using search engines Pubmed, Google Scholar, Medline and the Cochrane Library. Meta-analyses, population-based cohort studies and case-controlled trials were reviewed, whereas small cases series, case reports, commentaries, abstracts in proceedings or personal observations were excluded. Smoking and obesity are identified risk factors for AMD. High dietary intakes of omega-3 fatty acids, and macular xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin have been associated with a lower risk of prevalence and incidence in AMD. Vitamin B and extracts from wolfberry, Gingko biloba and berry anthocyanins were also subjects of intense research interests, but there has been no concluding scientific evidence yet. The Age-Related Eye Disease study (AREDS) is the only large-scale randomized controlled clinical trial to show beneficial effect of AREDS formulation of vitamins C, E, beta-carotene and zinc with copper in reducing the risk progression to advanced AMD in patients with intermediate AMD or with advanced AMD in one eye. Quit smoking is an important advice to patients to prevent or slow the progress of AMD. There is no recommendation for routine nutritional or vitamins supplementation for primary prevention. However, patients with documented intermediate risk of AMD or advanced AMD in one eye are recommended to take AREDS-type vitamin supplements. © 2012 The Authors. Acta Ophthalmologica © 2012 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation.
15. A survey on cancer-related nutritional information in Iranian popular magazines
Science.gov (United States)
Hovsepyan, Ourfa; Zare-Farashbandi, Firoozeh; Askari, Gholamreza
2015-01-01
Background: Due to the wide influence of public media, they become important communication channels for changing health beliefs and behaviors. One of the areas that have gained increased attention in public media is nutritional information. Cancer is one among the diseases related to nutrition. The goal of this study is to do a content analysis of the popular magazines in Iran for nutritional information related to cancer in year 2012–2013. Materials and Methods: This is an applied survey performed using content analysis method. The data gathering tool is a checklist designed by the researcher. The statistical population consisted of all of the messages printed in 173 volumes of eight most popular magazines which were selected based on their characteristics by searching the Iranian publication database using certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample size calculated using non-probability – purposive sampling was 295 messages from 96 magazine volumes. Results: Findings showed that prevention trends had the highest (86.8%) and treatment had the lowest (4.7%) frequency in the messages. Pomegranate was the most commonly mentioned preventive food, while mayonnaises were the most commonly mentioned carcinogen and tangerine was the most commonly mentioned food used for cancer treatment. Among the different types of cancer, more than half of the messages (51.2%) mentioned “cancer” as a general term. After that, breast cancer (13.2%) and prostate cancer (10.51%) were the most commonly motioned cancers and messages regarding pancreatic cancer and hormone-related cancers were the least frequent (0.3%). Conclusions: The findings of this study show that the main goal of these messages was to increase the information provided to the readers, although some doubts regarding the scientific credibility of the claims made in these messages still remain. PMID:27462644
16. Public opinion on nutrition-related policies to combat child obesity, Los Angeles County, 2011.
Science.gov (United States)
Simon, Paul A; Chiang, Choiyuk; Lightstone, Amy S; Shih, Margaret
2014-06-05
We assessed public opinion on nutrition-related policies to address child obesity: a soda tax, restrictions on advertising unhealthy foods and beverages to children, and restrictions on siting fast food restaurants and convenience stores near schools. We analyzed data from 998 adults (aged ≥18 years) in the 2011 Los Angeles County Health Survey. Support was highest for advertising restrictions (74%), intermediate for a soda tax (60%), and lowest for siting restrictions on fast food restaurants and convenience stores (44% and 37%, respectively). Support for food and beverage advertising restrictions and soda taxation is promising for future policy efforts to address child obesity.
17. On strategic ignorance of environmental harm and social norms
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Thunström, Linda; van 't Veld, Klaas; Shogren, Jason
Are people strategically ignorant of the negative externalities their activities cause the environment? Herein we examine if people avoid costless information on those externalities and use ignorance as an excuse to reduce pro-environmental behavior. We develop a theoretical framework in which pe...... norm, namely the share of air travelers who buy carbon offsets. We find evidence that some people use ignorance as an excuse to reduce pro-environmental behavior—ignorance significantly decreases the probability of buying carbon offsets....
18. Nutritional modulation of IGF-1 in relation to growth and body condition in Sceloporus lizards.
Science.gov (United States)
Duncan, Christine A; Jetzt, Amanda E; Cohick, Wendie S; John-Alder, Henry B
2015-05-15
Nutrition and energy balance are important regulators of growth and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. However, our understanding of these functions does not extend uniformly to all classes of vertebrates and is mainly limited to controlled laboratory conditions. Lizards can be useful models to improve our understanding of the nutritional regulation of the GH/IGF-1 axis because many species are relatively easy to observe and manipulate both in the laboratory and in the field. In the present study, the effects of variation in food intake on growth, body condition, and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA levels were measured in (1) juveniles of Sceloporus jarrovii maintained on a full or 1/3 ration and (2) hatchlings of Sceloporus undulatus subjected to full or zero ration with or without re-feeding. These parameters plus plasma IGF-1 were measured in a third experiment using adults of S. undulatus subjected to full or zero ration with or without re-feeding. In all experiments, plasma corticosterone was measured as an anticipated indicator of nutritional stress. In S. jarrovii, growth and body condition were reduced but lizards remained in positive energy balance on 1/3 ration, and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA and plasma corticosterone were not affected in comparison to full ration. In S. undulatus, growth, body condition, hepatic IGF-1 mRNA, and plasma IGF-1 were all reduced by zero ration and restored by refeeding. Plasma corticosterone was increased in response to zero ration and restored by full ration in hatchlings but not adults of S. undulatus. These data indicate that lizards conform to the broader vertebrate model in which severe food deprivation and negative energy balance is required to attenuate systemic IGF-1 expression. However, when animals remain in positive energy balance, reduced food intake does not appear to affect systemic IGF-1. Consistent with other studies on lizards, the corticosterone response to reduced food intake is an unreliable indicator
19. Nutritional status of the potted chrysanthemum relative to electrical conductivity and salt leaching
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Márkilla Zunete Beckmann-Cavalcante
Full Text Available The quality of ornamental plants grown in pots is highly dependent on fertilization and substrate management. To this effect, we carried out an experiment in a protected environment to evaluate the nutritional status of the chrysanthemum cv. Miramar grown in pots, relative to the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and the leaching of salts. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with four replications and the treatments arranged in a 5 x 2 factorial, relating to the levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution (ECs = 2.1; 2.8; 3.5; 4.2 and 4.9 dS m-1 in substrates without (SNL and with (SWL washing for the leaching of salts. The nutritional status of the plants was evaluated by leaf analysis of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S and micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The increase in ECs inhibited the accumulation of micronutrients and of nitrogen, but stimulated the levels of P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the leaf dry mass of the chrysanthemum. The leaching of salts increased the concentration Cu, Fe and Mn in the plant leaves. Among the macronutrients, with the except of calcium and sulphur, no significant difference was observed for N, P, K and Mg relative to the leaching of salts.
20. Relation between physical capacity, nutritional status and systemic inflammation in COPD.
Science.gov (United States)
Hallin, Runa; Janson, Christer; Arnardottir, Ragnheiður Harpa; Olsson, Roger; Emtner, Margareta; Branth, Stefan; Boman, Gunnar; Slinde, Frode
2011-07-01
Decreased physical capacity, weight loss, fat-free mass depletion and systemic inflammation are frequently observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our aim was to examine relations between physical capacity, nutritional status, systemic inflammation and disease severity in COPD. Forty nine patients with moderate to severe COPD were included in the study. Spirometry was preformed. Physical capacity was determined by a progressive symptom limited cycle ergo meter test, incremental shuttle walking test, 12-minute walk distance and hand grip strength test. Nutritional status was investigated by anthropometric measurements, (weight, height, arm and leg circumferences and skinfold thickness) and bioelectrical impedance assessment was performed. Blood samples were analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. Working capacity was positively related to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1) ) (p chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is related to lung function, body composition and systemic inflammation. A depiction of all three aspects of the disease might be important when targeting interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
1. [Nutritional status in university students: its relation to the number of daily intakes and macronutrients consumption].
Science.gov (United States)
Pi, Romina Antonella; Vidal, Paula Daniela; Brassesco, Bárbara Romina; Viola, Lorena; Aballay, Laura Rosana
2015-04-01
There is increasing scientific evidence that nutrition influence positive and negative on health along life. Many studies have reported that the student population is a particularly vulnerable group from the nutritional point of view, due to it is characterized by meal skipping frequently and nibble between eating occasions. to establish the relationship between the number of daily dietary intakes and nutritional status in male students aged 23 to 33 years of the National Technological University, in the city of Córdoba, in 2013. in order to achieve this aim, a prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive correlational design was used. Descriptive and inferential analysis were applied by using multiple logistic regression models. Almost 50% of the sample analyzed presented overweight (OW) and 40% high body fat (BF). In relation to the intakes numbers, the students that take less than 4 and more than 6 had 2 times more chance of presenting overweight and high body fat. It was found that as age increases it also does the Body Fat Storage, whereas diminished physical activity increases the chance of having high Body Mass Index and Body Fat. Moreover, high ingestion of carbohydrates increases the chance of high Body Fat and Overweight, and a high intake of protein and lipids increases the risk of high Body Fat. it is recognized that high or low number of daily intakes than recommended, low level of physical activity, high consumption of carbohydrates and having more than 29 years is related to high overweight and body fat. Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.
2. Vitamin supplementation and related nutritional status in Thai children, aged 1-5 years.
Science.gov (United States)
Ratanachu-ek, Suntaree
2014-06-01
To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin supplementation in Thai children aged 1-5 years at Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (QSNICH), parental knowledge of vitamins, practices, and related factors such as nutritional status in vitamin supplementation. A cross-sectional study was performed at the Well Child Clinic, QSNICH, from 1-31 May 2005. Five hundred parents of young children, aged 1-5 years were interviewed by using the questionnaire to obtain information regarding knowledge and practices of vitamin supplementation. Weight and length/height were measured and nutritional status was assessed using the Thai growth reference. The relationships among vitamin supplement, nutritional status, and other related factors were analyzed using Chi-square test. The p-value vitamin supplementation was 76%, including vitamin C 62%, multi-vitamin (MTV) 35%, and cod-liver oil 20%. Regarding parental knowledge of vitamins, 57% of them knew the health benefits but 74% did not know the toxic effects of vitamins. The reasons for vitamin supplementation were poor feeding 63%, under-weight 23% and unhealthy status 14%. Vitamins were obtained from over-the-counter 59%, health services 40%, and friends 1%. Vitamin supplementation was significantly higher in children over 2 years of age, whose parents knew the benefits of vitamins, and in those children with malnutrition. The prevalence of vitamin supplementation was high in malnourished children, over 2 years of age whose parents had knowledge about benefits of vitamins. Parents should be warned about the dangers of high dose of vitamin consumption.
3. Poor nutrition and alcohol consumption are related to high serum homocysteine level at post-stroke.
Science.gov (United States)
Choi, Seung-Hye; Choi-Kwon, Smi; Kim, Min-Sun; Kim, Jong-Sung
2015-10-01
Increased serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been reported to be related to the occurrence of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. High serum Hcy levels are also related to the development of secondary stroke and all-cause mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of high serum homocysteine level and relating factors, and the change over the 10 month period post-stroke. Consecutive stroke patients who were admitted to the Asan Medical Center were enrolled. Ten months after the onset of stroke, an interview with a structured questionnaire was performed and blood samples were obtained for the biochemical parameters. Nutritional status was determined using the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) score and dietary nutrient intakes were also obtained using a 24 hour recall method. Out of 203 patients, 84% were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, and 26% had high homocysteine levels at 10 months post-stroke. Using logistic regression, the factors related with high homocysteine levels at 10 months post-stroke included heavy alcohol consumption (P = 0.020), low MNA scores (P = 0.026), low serum vitamin B12 (P = 0.021) and low serum folate levels (P = 0.003). Of the 156 patients who had normal homocysteine levels at admission, 36 patients developed hyperhomocysteinemia 10 months post-stroke, which was related to heavy alcohol consumption (P = 0.013). Persistent hyperhomocysteinemia, observed in 22 patients (11%), was related to male sex (P = 0.031), old age (P = 0.042), low vitamin B6 intake (P = 0.029), and heavy alcohol consumption (P = 0.013). Hyperhomocysteinemia is common in post-stroke, and is related to malnutrition, heavy alcohol drinking and low serum level of folate and vitamin B12. Strategies to prevent or manage high homocysteine levels should consider these factors.
4. Green Brand Development in Sports Nutrition Food
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zhe Ren
2015-07-01
Full Text Available This study is to research the current situation and the effect which is brought by the nutrition food of the green band development in sports nutrition food. Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is concerned with the type and quantity of fluid and food taken by an athlete and deals with nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, supplements and organic substances such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Although an important part of many sports training regimens, it is most commonly considered in strength sports and endurance sports. From the view of meeting the demand for health of athletes, this study discussed the green brand development in sports nutrition food. Taking sustainable development theory as principle, we analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of green brand in sports nutrition food. In the fierce competitive environment, some companies blindly pursue the number of products, but ignore the quality of products. However, with the environmental protection consciousness and self-protection awareness, pure natural food, high-quality green food and healthy food have become people's preference. As for athletes, they also choose the green sports nutrition food. Therefore, developing the green brand for sports nutrition food will be a sustainable road for all food companies. In past 2 years, the developments of sports nutritive products, the formulation of trade standard, spread of sports nutrition knowledge, international and domestic scientific exchanges and training of sports dietitian had been done. These excellent situations predicted a good future of green brand development in sports nutrition food.
5. Assessment of Food and Nutrition Related Descriptors in Agricultural and Biomedical Thesauri
Science.gov (United States)
Bartol, Tomaz
Food- and human nutrition-related subject headings or descriptors of the following thesauri-databases are assessed: NAL Thesaurus/Agricola, Agrovoc/Agris, CAB Thesaurus, FSTA Thesaurus, MeSH/Medline. Food concepts can be represented by thousands of different terms but subject scope of a particular term is sometimes vague. There exist important differences among thesauri regarding same or similar concept. A term that represents narrower or broader concept in one thesaurus can in another stand for a related concept or be non-existent. Sometimes there is no clear implication of differences between scientific (Latin) and common (English) names. Too many related terms can confuse end-users. Thesauri were initially employed mostly by information professionals but can now be used directly by users who may be unaware of differences. Thesauri are assuming new roles in classification of information as metadata. Further development towards ontologies must pay constant attention to taxonomic problems of representation of knowledge.
6. Relationships between nutritional condition of adult females and relative carrying capacity for rocky mountain Elk
Science.gov (United States)
Piasecke, J.R.; Bender, L.C.
2009-01-01
Lactation can have significant costs to individual and population-level productivity because of the high energetic demands it places on dams. Because the difference in condition between lactating and dry Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) cows tends to disappear as nutritional quality rises, the magnitude of that difference could be used to relate condition to habitat quality or the capability of habitats to support elk. We therefore compared nutritional condition of ???2.5-yr-old lactating and dry cows from six free-ranging RockyMountain elk populations throughout the United States.Our goal was to quantify differential accrual of body fat (BF) reserves to determine whether the condition of dry and lactating cows could be used to define relevant management thresholds of habitat quality (i.e., relative carrying capacity) and consequently potential performance of elk populations. Levels of BF that lactating cows were able to accrue in autumn and the proportional difference in BF between dry and lactating cows in autumn were related (F 1-2,10???16.2, Pnutritionally stressed condition, which may be limiting population performance. Using the logistic model to predict relative proximity to ecological carrying capacity (ECC), our population-years ranged from3-97%ofECCand proportion of the population lactating (an index of calf survival) was negatively related to proportion of ECC. Results indicate that the proportional difference in accrual of BF between lactating and dry cows can provide a sensitive index to where elk populations reside relative to the quality of their range.
7. A computational study of intervertebral disc degeneration in relation to changes in regional tissue composition and disc nutrition
OpenAIRE
2015-01-01
Up to 85% of the world population suffers from low back pain, a clinical condition often related to the intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (DD). Altered disc cell nutrition affects cell viability and can generate catabolic cascades that degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). Also, a major degenerative biochemical change in the disc is the proteoglycan (PG) loss, which affects the osmotic pressure and hydration that is critical for cell nutrition. However, the relationship between biochem...
8. Bias and ignorance in demographic perception.
Science.gov (United States)
Landy, D; Guay, B; Marghetis, T
2017-08-31
When it comes to knowledge of demographic facts, misinformation appears to be the norm. Americans massively overestimate the proportions of their fellow citizens who are immigrants, Muslim, LGBTQ, and Latino, but underestimate those who are White or Christian. Previous explanations of these estimation errors have invoked topic-specific mechanisms such as xenophobia or media bias. We reconsidered this pattern of errors in the light of more than 30 years of research on the psychological processes involved in proportion estimation and decision-making under uncertainty. In two publicly available datasets featuring demographic estimates from 14 countries, we found that proportion estimates of national demographics correspond closely to what is found in laboratory studies of quantitative estimates more generally. Biases in demographic estimation, therefore, are part of a very general pattern of human psychology-independent of the particular topic or demographic under consideration-that explains most of the error in estimates of the size of politically salient populations. By situating demographic estimates within a broader understanding of general quantity estimation, these results demand reevaluation of both topic-specific misinformation about demographic facts and topic-specific explanations of demographic ignorance, such as media bias and xenophobia.
9. Beyond risk and ambiguity: deciding under ignorance.
Science.gov (United States)
Pushkarskaya, Helen; Liu, Xun; Smithson, Michael; Joseph, Jane E
2010-09-01
In this study, we examined the neural basis of decision making under different types of uncertainty that involve missing information: ambiguity (vague probabilities) and sample space ignorance (SSI; unknown outcomes). fMRI revealed that these two different types of uncertainty recruit distinct neural substrates: Ambiguity recruits the left insula, whereas SSI recruits the anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. The finding of unique activations for different types of uncertainty may not necessarily be predicted within the reductive approach of modern theories of decision making under uncertainty, because these theories purport that humans reduce more complicated uncertain environments to subjectively formed less complicated ones (i.e., SSI to ambiguity). The predictions of the reductive view held only for ambiguity-averse individuals and not for ambiguity-tolerant individuals. Consequently, theories of decision making under uncertainty should include individual tolerance for missing information and how these individual differences modulate the neural systems engaged during decision making. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
10. Nutritional Status and Related Factors in Children, Bandar Turkmen District, Iran
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2014-08-01
Full Text Available Background: Prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM is one of the important problems of third-world countries including Iran. This study assessed nutritional status and some related factors among children aged 0-5 years in Bandar Turkmen district. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 616 children aged less than 5 years were selected with stratified random sampling. Malnutrition was defined as +2 SD NCHS reference. Data were collected by interview with mothers and were analyzed with SPSS-11.5 software. Results: In this study, prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting and obesity were 3.7, 3.9, 7 and 6% respectively. Exclusively breastfeeding, mother’s BMI, mother’s weight and parental educational and economic status had significant correlation with children’s PEM (p4000 g (p=0.031, breast feeding duration 30 years (p=0.043 and formula or cow’s milk plus breast feeding up to 6 months old (p=0.018 had significant correlation with children’s obesity. In multivariate analysis on logistic regression, mother’s nutritional knowledge (OR=11.22, p=0.001 was most important risk factor for PEM. Exclusively breast feeding up to 6 months of age rather than formula or cow’s milk plus breast feeding, reduced 2.45 times obesity risk (p=0.019. Conclusion: We conclude that breast feeding at first 6 months of age, longer breast feeding duration and pregnancy in lower than 30 years of age reduce risk of child nutritional status.
11. Rhizosphere microbial community structure in relation to root location and plant iron nutritional status.
Science.gov (United States)
Yang, C H; Crowley, D E
2000-01-01
Root exudate composition and quantity vary in relation to plant nutritional status, but the impact of the differences on rhizosphere microbial communities is not known. To examine this question, we performed an experiment with barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants under iron-limiting and iron-sufficient growth conditions. Plants were grown in an iron-limiting soil in root box microcosms. One-half of the plants were treated with foliar iron every day to inhibit phytosiderophore production and to alter root exudate composition. After 30 days, the bacterial communities associated with different root zones, including the primary root tips, nonelongating secondary root tips, sites of lateral root emergence, and older roots distal from the tip, were characterized by using 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) fingerprints generated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Our results showed that the microbial communities associated with the different root locations produced many common 16S rDNA bands but that the communities could be distinguished by using correspondence analysis. Approximately 40% of the variation between communities could be attributed to plant iron nutritional status. A sequence analysis of clones generated from a single 16S rDNA band obtained at all of the root locations revealed that there were taxonomically different species in the same band, suggesting that the resolving power of DGGE for characterization of community structure at the species level is limited. Our results suggest that the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere are substantially different in different root zones and that a rhizosphere community may be altered by changes in root exudate composition caused by changes in plant iron nutritional status.
12. Teacher Attitudes, Perceived Influences, and Self-Reported Classroom Behaviors Related to School Nutrition Environments
Science.gov (United States)
Girard, Beverly Lawler
2010-01-01
This study determined attitudes of kindergarten through fifth grade teachers about school nutrition environments, their perceived influence on school nutrition environments, and self-reported classroom behaviors. Specific objectives were to: (a) identify perceived factors that influence the school nutrition environment, according to teachers…
13. Nutritional Education Needs in Relation to Ramadan Fasting and Its Complications in Tehran, Iran
Science.gov (United States)
Shadman, Zhaleh; Akhoundan, Mahdieh; Poorsoltan, Nooshin; Khoshniat Nikoo, Mohsen; Larijani, Bagher; Akhgar Zhand, Camelia; Soleymanzadeh, Mozhdeh; Alsadat Seyed Rohani, Zahra; Jamshidi, Zahra
2016-01-01
14. Children's perceptions of weight, obesity, nutrition, physical activity and related health and socio-behavioural factors.
Science.gov (United States)
Economos, Christina D; Bakun, Peter J; Herzog, Julia Bloom; Dolan, Peter R; Lynskey, Vanessa M; Markow, Dana; Sharma, Shanti; Nelson, Miriam E
2014-01-01
Approximately one-third of children in the USA are either overweight or obese. Understanding the perceptions of children is an important factor in reversing this trend. An online survey was conducted with children to capture their perceptions of weight, overweight, nutrition, physical activity and related socio-behavioural factors. Within the USA. US children (n 1224) aged 8-18 years. Twenty-seven per cent of children reported being overweight; 47·1% of children overestimated the rate of overweight/obesity among US children. A higher percentage of self-classified overweight children (81·9%) worried about weight than did self-classified under/normal weight children (31·1%). Most children (91·1%) felt that it was important to not be overweight, for both health-related and social-related reasons. The majority of children believed that if someone their age is overweight they will likely be overweight in adulthood (93·1%); get an illness such as diabetes or heart disease in adulthood (90·2%); not be able to play sports well (84·5%); and be teased or made fun of in school (87·8%). Children focused more on food/drink than physical activity as reasons for overweight at their age. Self-classified overweight children were more likely to have spoken with someone about their weight over the last year than self-classified under/normal weight children. Children demonstrated good understanding of issues regarding weight, overweight, nutrition, physical activity and related socio-behavioural factors. Their perceptions are important and can be helpful in crafting solutions that will resonate with children.
15. Maternal Eating and Physical Activity Strategies and their Relation with Children's Nutritional Status
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yolanda Flores-Peña
2014-04-01
Full Text Available OBJECTIVES: to describe the maternal eating and physical activity strategies (monitoring, discipline, control, limits and reinforcement [MEES]; to determine the relation between MEES and the child's nutritional status [body mass index (BMI and body fat percentage (BFP]; to verify whether the MEES differ according to the child's nutritional status.METHOD: participants were 558 mothers and children (3 to 11 years of age who studied at public schools. The Parental Strategies for Eating and Activity Scale (PEAS was applied and the child's weight, height and BFP were measured. For analysis purposes, descriptive statistics were obtained, using multiple linear regression and the Kruskal-Wallis test.RESULTS: the highest mean score was found for reinforcement (62.72 and the lowest for control (50.07. Discipline, control and limits explained 12% of the BMI, while discipline and control explained 6% of the BFP. Greater control is found for obese children (χ2=38.36, p=0.001 and greater reinforcement for underweight children (χ2=7.19, p<0.05.CONCLUSIONS: the mothers exert greater control (pressure to eat over obese children and greater recognition (congratulating due to healthy eating in underweight children. Modifications in parental strategies are recommended with a view to strengthening healthy eating and physical activity habits.
16. Influence of Physical Activity and Nutrition on Obesity-Related Immune Function
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Chun-Jung Huang
2013-01-01
Full Text Available Research examining immune function during obesity suggests that excessive adiposity is linked to impaired immune responses leading to pathology. The deleterious effects of obesity on immunity have been associated with the systemic proinflammatory profile generated by the secretory molecules derived from adipose cells. These include inflammatory peptides, such as TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6. Consequently, obesity is now characterized as a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, a condition considerably linked to the development of comorbidity. Given the critical role of adipose tissue in the inflammatory process, especially in obese individuals, it becomes an important clinical objective to identify lifestyle factors that may affect the obesity-immune system relationship. For instance, stress, physical activity, and nutrition have each shown to be a significant lifestyle factor influencing the inflammatory profile associated with the state of obesity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to comprehensively evaluate the impact of lifestyle factors, in particular psychological stress, physical activity, and nutrition, on obesity-related immune function with specific focus on inflammation.
17. Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review
Science.gov (United States)
Carneiro, Ângela
2017-01-01
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. In this narrative review, we will summarize the nutritional interventions evaluated in numerous observational studies and a few randomized clinical trials. The AREDS and AREDS2 studies demonstrated that supplements including vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and zinc may reduce the progression to advanced AMD, in some patients, by 25% in five years. This is one of the few nutritional supplements known to have beneficial effects in any eye disease. Lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation may have beneficial effects in some individuals whereas omega-3 fatty acids supplementation needs to be further investigated and supported by more evidence. Genetic factors may explain the different patterns of response and explain differences found among individuals. More importantly, a combination of lifestyle behaviors such as the avoidance of smoking, physical activity, and the adoption of a healthy dietary pattern like the Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower prevalence of AMD. The adoption of these lifestyles may reduce the prevalence of the early stages of AMD and decrease the number of individuals who develop advanced AMD and consequently the onerous and climbing costs associated with the treatment of this disease.
18. Selected biomarkers of age-related diseases in older subjects with different nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Krajcovicova-Kudlackova, M; Babinska, K; Blazicek, P; Valachovicova, M; Spustova, V; Mislanova, C; Paukova, V
2011-01-01
The nutritionists introduce on the base of epidemiological and clinical studies that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Aging belongs to the main risks of cardiovascular disease. Markers of age-related diseases (cardiovascular, metabolic syndrome, diabetes) were assessed in two nutritional groups of older apparently healthy non-obese non-smoking women aged 60-70 years, 45 vegetarians (lacto-ovo-vegetarians and semi-vegetarians) and 38 non-vegetarians (control group on a traditional mixed diet, general population). Vegetarian values of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance are significantly reduced. Non-vegetarian average values of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and C-reactive protein are risk. Vegetarians have a better antioxidative status (significantly increased vitamin C, lipid-standardized vitamine E and beta-carotene plasma concentrations). Favourable values of cardiovascular risk markers in older vegetarian women document a beneficial effect of vegetarian nutrition in prevention of this disease as well as the vegetarian diet can be an additional factor in therapy. Vegetarians suffer from mild hyperhomocysteinemia; it is due to the lower vitamin B12 concentration. Vitamin B12 supplements are inevitable for the hyperhomocysteinemia prevention (Tab. 2, Ref. 26).
19. Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ângela Carneiro
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Age-related macular degeneration (AMD is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. In this narrative review, we will summarize the nutritional interventions evaluated in numerous observational studies and a few randomized clinical trials. The AREDS and AREDS2 studies demonstrated that supplements including vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and zinc may reduce the progression to advanced AMD, in some patients, by 25% in five years. This is one of the few nutritional supplements known to have beneficial effects in any eye disease. Lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation may have beneficial effects in some individuals whereas omega-3 fatty acids supplementation needs to be further investigated and supported by more evidence. Genetic factors may explain the different patterns of response and explain differences found among individuals. More importantly, a combination of lifestyle behaviors such as the avoidance of smoking, physical activity, and the adoption of a healthy dietary pattern like the Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower prevalence of AMD. The adoption of these lifestyles may reduce the prevalence of the early stages of AMD and decrease the number of individuals who develop advanced AMD and consequently the onerous and climbing costs associated with the treatment of this disease.
20. Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review.
Science.gov (United States)
2017-01-01
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. In this narrative review, we will summarize the nutritional interventions evaluated in numerous observational studies and a few randomized clinical trials. The AREDS and AREDS2 studies demonstrated that supplements including vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and zinc may reduce the progression to advanced AMD, in some patients, by 25% in five years. This is one of the few nutritional supplements known to have beneficial effects in any eye disease. Lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation may have beneficial effects in some individuals whereas omega-3 fatty acids supplementation needs to be further investigated and supported by more evidence. Genetic factors may explain the different patterns of response and explain differences found among individuals. More importantly, a combination of lifestyle behaviors such as the avoidance of smoking, physical activity, and the adoption of a healthy dietary pattern like the Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower prevalence of AMD. The adoption of these lifestyles may reduce the prevalence of the early stages of AMD and decrease the number of individuals who develop advanced AMD and consequently the onerous and climbing costs associated with the treatment of this disease.
1. Nutritional approaches and health-related properties of plant foods processed by high pressure and pulsed electric fields.
Science.gov (United States)
Sánchez-Moreno, Concepción; de Ancos, Begoña; Plaza, Lucía; Elez-Martínez, Pedro; Cano, M Pilar
2009-06-01
Consumers are more and more concerned about the nutritional and health-related characteristics of fruits and vegetables, as well as the safety of the food they eat. The processing of foods is becoming more sophisticated and diverse in response to the growing demand for quality foods. Consumers today expect food products to provide fresh-like appearance, convenience, variety, appropriate shelf-life and caloric content, reasonable cost, environmental soundness, high nutritional and functional quality. Nonthermal processing of fruit and vegetable has been revealed as a useful tool to extend their shelf-life and quality as well as to preserve their nutritional and functional characteristics. In the last ten years, there has been an increasing interest in nonthermal technologies as high pressure processing (HPP) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) to preserve fruit and vegetable products without the quality and nutritional damage caused by heat treatments. This review will contribute to inform many of the studies conducted to obtain a better understanding on the effects of some of these nonthermal processing technologies (high hydrostatic pressure and pulsed electric fields) applied to vegetable foods on their nutritional value and bioactive compounds related to health, including the results on micronutrient bioavailability studies and oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers. These studies could contribute to select the most appropriate processing parameters to obtain safe, high-quality, nutritional, and functional vegetable food.
2. Forgotten biliary stents: ignorance is not bliss.
Science.gov (United States)
Kumar, Saket; Chandra, Abhijit; Kulkarni, Rugved; Maurya, Ajeet Pratap; Gupta, Vishal
2017-06-22
Endoscopic biliary stenting is a common procedure in routine gastroenterology practice. Plastic stents are the most common type of stents used and are indicated mainly for short-term biliary drainage. Prolonged indwelling plastic stents can result in disastrous complications. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who presented with complications of forgotten biliary stents in a tertiary care hospital during January 2010 to October 2016. All patients were managed either by endoscopic or surgical means. Details of these patients were obtained from departmental patient database, endoscopy records, and surgical register. A total of 21 cases of retained biliary stents were managed in the study period and their outcome was analyzed. The median age was 47 years (range 17-70 years) and 17 (80.9%) patients were female. Primary indication of biliary stenting was stone disease in 76.2% (n = 16), while benign biliary stricture accounted for 19% of cases (n = 4). Mean duration at presentation to hospital after ERCP stenting was 3.53 years (range 1-14 years), with cholangitis being the most common presentation (66.67%). Definitive endoscopic treatment for forgotten stent and its associated complication was possible only in five patients (23.8%); in remaining 16 (76.2%) cases, surgical exploration was required. Despite life-threatening complications and major surgical interventions, no mortality was recorded. Instances of forgotten biliary stents presenting with serious complications are not uncommon in Indian setup. Patients either ignore advice for timely stent removal or are unaware of the presence of endoprosthesis or need for removal. Adequate patient counseling, information, and proper documentation are essential to avoid this condition.
3. The Marley hypothesis: denial of racism reflects ignorance of history.
Science.gov (United States)
Nelson, Jessica C; Adams, Glenn; Salter, Phia S
2013-02-01
This study used a signal detection paradigm to explore the Marley hypothesis--that group differences in perception of racism reflect dominant-group denial of and ignorance about the extent of past racism. White American students from a midwestern university and Black American students from two historically Black universities completed surveys about their historical knowledge and perception of racism. Relative to Black participants, White participants perceived less racism in both isolated incidents and systemic manifestations of racism. They also performed worse on a measure of historical knowledge (i.e., they did not discriminate historical fact from fiction), and this group difference in historical knowledge mediated the differences in perception of racism. Racial identity relevance moderated group differences in perception of systemic manifestations of racism (but not isolated incidents), such that group differences were stronger among participants who scored higher on a measure of racial identity relevance. The results help illuminate the importance of epistemologies of ignorance: cultural-psychological tools that afford denial of and inaction about injustice.
4. Nutritional screening of patients at a memory clinic--association between patients' and their relatives' self-reports.
Science.gov (United States)
Lyngroth, Anne Liv; Hernes, Susanne Miriam Sørensen; Madsen, Bengt-Ove; Söderhamn, Ulrika; Grov, Ellen Karine
2016-03-01
To compare individual reports by patients and relatives (proxy) of the Nutritional Form For the Elderly and relate the Nutritional Form For the Elderly scores to Mini Mental Status Examination scores, weight loss, Body Mass Index, five-point Clock Drawing Test and background variables. Undernutrition or risk of undernutrition is a significant problem among people with dementia. A poor nutritional state increases the risk of infections, delayed convalescence after acute illness and reduced quality of life. A cross-sectional study. Application of the Nutritional Form For the Elderly in addition to clinical nutrition parameters and cognitive tests in a memory clinic among 213 persons referred for assessment due to possible cognitive impairment or dementia. Patients' and proxy Nutritional Form For the Elderly scores yielded comparative results. Nutritional Form For the Elderly scores ≥6 (medium to high risk of undernutrition) were found in 32% of the patients vs. 43% of proxy. Mean Mini Mental Status Examination score was 23·2 (SD 4·5) and 50% failed the Clock Drawing Test. Involuntary weight loss was reported by 42% of the patients, and in 26% of the patients, Body Mass Index values were below 22 kg/m(2) , indicating undernutrition. By regression analysis, Clock Drawing Test (p = 0·019) and Mini Mental Status Examination (p = 0·04) might predict the risk of reduced nutritional status. The study demonstrates that a significant proportion of patients at our memory clinic were at nutritional risk. Corresponding results exist between patients' and proxy Nutritional Form For the Elderly scores; however, the patients assessed themselves more well-nourished as compared to proxy assessment. The discrepancies seem to increase with more severe cognitive impairment. Females and single-dwelling individuals were at higher risk of undernutrition compared to males and cohabitants. Self-reporting and proxy-rating seem both applicable for nutritional screening among moderate
5. Early Childhood Nutritional Status in CARICOM Countries: An Overview with respect to Five Nutrition Related Millennium Development Goals
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Previous reviews of nutritional status in children under 5 years describe the Caribbean grouped with Latin America. This paper focuses specifically on the Caribbean and the goals and targets of the Millennium Declaration that have bearing on childhood development. The results indicate that CARICOM countries have made progress in terms of child health as assessed by gross health indicators. Yet, the millennium generation experiences coexistence of undernutrition and overweight in early childhood. The associations of GNI with markers such as poverty indices are somewhat inconsistent with traditional findings and highlight a need to reassess the causes of infant mortality and low birth weight. However, a lack of systematic local data has hampered progress on an individual country basis. Interventions that deal more pointedly with country specific needs are required including those targeting obesity if the MDGs are to be attained by all member states.
6. Early childhood nutritional status in CARICOM countries: an overview with respect to five nutrition related millennium development goals.
Science.gov (United States)
2014-01-01
Previous reviews of nutritional status in children under 5 years describe the Caribbean grouped with Latin America. This paper focuses specifically on the Caribbean and the goals and targets of the Millennium Declaration that have bearing on childhood development. The results indicate that CARICOM countries have made progress in terms of child health as assessed by gross health indicators. Yet, the millennium generation experiences coexistence of undernutrition and overweight in early childhood. The associations of GNI with markers such as poverty indices are somewhat inconsistent with traditional findings and highlight a need to reassess the causes of infant mortality and low birth weight. However, a lack of systematic local data has hampered progress on an individual country basis. Interventions that deal more pointedly with country specific needs are required including those targeting obesity if the MDGs are to be attained by all member states.
7. Psychosocial complaints are associated with venous access-device related complications in patients on home parenteral nutrition
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Huisman-de Waal, G.J.; Versleijen, M.W.J.; Achterberg, T. van; Jansen, J.B.M.J.; Sauerwein, H.P.; Schoonhoven, L.; Wanten, G.J.A.
2011-01-01
BACKGROUND: Complications related to venous access devices (VADs) remain the major drawback of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) support. In addition to technical issues, patients also experience psychosocial problems. The aim of this study is to present an overview of VAD-related complications in pat
8. Aspectos nutricionais relacionados ao ciclo menstrual Nutritional aspects related to menstrual cycle
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Helena Alves de Carvalho SAMPAIO
2002-09-01
Full Text Available O objetivo da presente revisão é apresentar os principais tópicos discutidos na literatura quanto à associação da nutrição com o ciclo menstrual, contribuindo para a implementação do atendimento nutricional de mulheres. São revisados aspectos referentes à fisiologia da menstruação, alterações metabólicas durante o ciclo menstrual e comportamentos alimentares associados a ele. Considerando-se o ciclo menstrual dividido em duas fases, a folicular e a lútea, é nesta última que são descritas mais alterações, como retenção de água, elevação de peso, aumento de demanda energética, modificações no perfil lipídico e no metabolismo de vitamina D, cálcio, magnésio e ferro, hipersensibilidade emocional, dores generalizadas e mudança do comportamento alimentar. Em relação a este último item, podem ocorrer maior ingestão energética e o desenvolvimento de compulsões alimentares, principalmente por chocolate, doces e alimentos muito salgados. É fundamental que todos os aspectos citados sejam investigados durante a consulta nutricional, a fim de serem adotadas condutas mais específicas.The aim of the present review is to show the most important topics discussed in literature about the association between nutrition and menstrual cycle, contributing to improve the nutritional care for women. Aspects related to physiology of the menstruation, metabolic changes and feeding behavior during the menstrual cycle are reviewed. Considering the menstrual cycle divided in two phases, follicular and luteal, it is in this last one that more alterations are described, like fluid retention, weight gain, increase in caloric needs, modifications in the lipid profile and in the metabolism of vitamin D, calcium, magnesium and iron, emotional hypersensitivity, aches and changes in feeding behavior. In relation to this last item, it can occur a higher caloric intake and the development of food cravings, mainly for chocolate, candies and
9. Nutrition transition and its relationship to the development of obesity and related chronic diseases
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Astrup, Arne; Dyerberg, Jørn; Selleck, Matthew
2008-01-01
of industrially produced trans fatty acids that have powerful biological effects, and contribute to type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. New evidence also suggests that a high intake of trans fat may produce abdominal obesity, an important factor in the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes...... and cardiovascular disease. The optimal diet for the prevention of weight gain, obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes is fat-reduced, without any industrially produced trans fatty acids, fibre-rich, high in low energy density carbohydrates (fruit, vegetables and whole grain products) and with a restricted......The prevalence of overweight and obesity has also increased substantially in the nutritional transition countries, and the health burden of obesity-related complications is growing. The introduction of fast-food chains and Westernized dietary habits providing meals with fast-food characteristics...
10. Scale Dependence of Female Ungulate Reproductive Success in Relation to Nutritional Condition, Resource Selection and Multi-Predator Avoidance.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jared F Duquette
Full Text Available Female ungulate reproductive success is dependent on the survival of their young, and affected by maternal resource selection, predator avoidance, and nutritional condition. However, potential hierarchical effects of these factors on reproductive success are largely unknown, especially in multi-predator landscapes. We expanded on previous research of neonatal white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus daily survival within home ranges to assess if resource use, integrated risk of 4 mammalian predators, maternal nutrition, winter severity, hiding cover, or interactions among these variables best explained landscape scale variation in daily or seasonal survival during the post-partum period. We hypothesized that reproductive success would be limited greater by predation risk at coarser spatiotemporal scales, but habitat use at finer scales. An additive model of daily non-ideal resource use and maternal nutrition explained the most (69% variation in survival; though 65% of this variation was related to maternal nutrition. Strong support of maternal nutrition across spatiotemporal scales did not fully support our hypothesis, but suggested reproductive success was related to dam behaviors directed at increasing nutritional condition. These behaviors were especially important following severe winters, when dams produced smaller fawns with less probability of survival. To increase nutritional condition and decrease wolf (Canis lupus predation risk, dams appeared to place fawns in isolated deciduous forest patches near roads. However, this resource selection represented non-ideal resources for fawns, which had greater predation risk that led to additive mortalities beyond those related to resources alone. Although the reproductive strategy of dams resulted in greater predation of fawns from alternative predators, it likely improved the life-long reproductive success of dams, as many were late-aged (>10 years old and could have produced multiple litters
11. Development of tuberous roots and sugar accumulation as related to invertase activity and mineral nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Ricardo, C P; Sovia, D
1974-03-01
Sucrose storage in tuberous roots was not observed when the tissues had very high activities of acid invertase. High activities of the enzyme were always present in the roots at early stages of their development. In species where the activity of the enzyme decreased during root development, sucrose was stored. Thus, acid invertase was undetectable in mature roots of carrots (Daucus carota L.) where sucrose formed almost 80% of the dry matter. Conversely, radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) roots, in which the activity of the enzyme remained high until maturity, did not store appreciable amounts of sucrose (2% and 9%, respectively, of the dry matter in the mature roots), reducing sugars being the main reserve (more than 80% of the dry matter in mature turnips). The correlation between sucrose content and acid invertase activity was furthermore evident in both sucrose- and hexose-storing roots when the activity of this enzyme was affected by changes in the mineral nutrition. Deficiencies of nitrogen and sulphur reduced the activity of acid and alkaline invertases and led to increase in sucrose content and decrease in reducing sugars. However, the decline of alkaline invertase activity in tissues low in acid invertase had no clear effect on sugar content. Sodium chloride (10(-1)M) affected acid invertase and sugars in a manner similar to that of the two deficiencies, but had practically no effect on alkaline invertase. The changes in sugar content produced by the variations in mineral nutrition were small in hexose-storing roots in relation to those of sucrose-storing roots. It is possible that this result is related to the different levels of acid invertase in the two types of roots.
12. On strategic ignorance of environmental harm and social norms
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Thunström, Linda; van’t Veld, Klaas; Shogren, Jason. F.
2014-01-01
Are people strategically ignorant of the negative externalities their activities cause the environment? Herein we examine if people avoid costless information on those externalities and use ignorance as an excuse to reduce pro-environmental behavior. We develop a theoretical framework in which...... on their harm to the environment, and that they use ignorance as an excuse to engage in less pro-environmental behavior. It also predicts that the cost of ignorance increases if people can learn about the social norm from the information. We test the model predictions empirically using an experiment combined...
13. On strategic ignorance of environmental harm and social norms
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Thunström, Linda; van 't Veld, Klaas; Shogren, Jason
and an option to buy offsets for the flight’s carbon footprint. More than half (53 percent) of the subjects choose to ignore information on the carbon footprint alone before deciding their offset purchase, but ignorance significantly decreases (to 29 percent) when the information additionally reveals the social...... norm, namely the share of air travelers who buy carbon offsets. We find evidence that some people use ignorance as an excuse to reduce pro-environmental behavior—ignorance significantly decreases the probability of buying carbon offsets....
14. The relationship between relative deprivation and adult nutritional status in rural Zambia.
Science.gov (United States)
Cole, Steven M
2012-01-01
To explore statistically the relationship between adult short-run nutritional status [body mass index (BMI)] and a measure of relative deprivation [subjective socioeconomic status (SES)] using panel data collected in a developing country where there is a high degree of poverty and a very uneven distribution of income. Study participants included men and women from a random sample of households located in a rural setting in Zambia. The data were collected during two waves of survey interviews in 2009. A multilevel model was used to estimate the relationship between subjective SES and adult BMI and controlled for individual absolute income as well as other correlates of adult health. The sample size included 254 observations. A positive relationship was established between individual absolute income and adult BMI at the 1% level. A negative and statistically significant association was found at the 1% level between lower subjective SES and adult BMI. Lower perception of place within the socioeconomic hierarchy was on average associated with a 0.44 decrease in adult BMI. This study found that, independent of individual absolute income, lower subjective SES was negatively related with adult BMI in rural Zambia. The result provides evidence that lower perception of place within the local socioeconomic hierarchy matters to health. Future studies should continue exploring the relationship between subjective and objective measures of relative deprivation and health in developing countries, where the bulk of the research focuses on material not relative deprivation as a key determinant of individual health. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
15. Health Scenario of Major Tribals of Northern Orissa in Relation to Human Growth, Development and Nutrition and the Role of Genetic Factors in Smell and Tasting Abilities in Children
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Balgir RS
2011-01-01
16. Poor knowledge and practices related to iodine nutrition during pregnancy and lactation in Australian women: pre- and post-iodine fortification
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Charlton, Karen; Yeatman, Heather; Lucas, Catherine; Axford, Samantha; Gemming, Luke; Houweling, Fiona; Goodfellow, Alison; Ma, Gary
2012-01-01
A before-after review was undertaken to assess whether knowledge and practices related to iodine nutrition, supplementation and fortification has improved in Australian women since the introduction...
17. Serum leptin levels in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) are related to nutritional status and not to acute phase reaction.
Science.gov (United States)
Díez, María-Luisa; Santolaria, Francisco; Tejera, Alicia; Alemán, María-Remedios; González-Reimers, Emilio; Milena, Antonio; de la Vega, María-José; Martínez-Riera, Antonio
2008-05-01
To determine whether leptin in patients with CAP acts as a nutritional or as an inflammatory marker and whether leptin plays any role regarding survival, we included 222 patients diagnosed of CAP, 142 men and 80 women, median age 74 years. We did not find significant differences in serum leptin levels between CAP patients and healthy controls, even after adjusting by BMI. Serum leptin levels were directly related with BMI, body fat and muscle mass and inversely related with inflammatory markers, including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Patients with positive blood cultures showed lower serum leptin and raised inflammatory markers. Although patients who died showed lower values of serum leptin, multivariate analysis showed that the prognostic value of low serum leptin levels depends on impaired nutritional status. In conclusion, we suggest that in CAP patients, leptin does not act as an inflammatory reactant but as a nutritional marker.
18. Association of nutritional status-related indices and chemotherapy-induced adverse events in gastric cancer patients.
Science.gov (United States)
Seo, Seung Hee; Kim, Sung-Eun; Kang, Yoon-Koo; Ryoo, Baek-Yeol; Ryu, Min-Hee; Jeong, Jae Ho; Kang, Shin Sook; Yang, Mihi; Lee, Jung Eun; Sung, Mi-Kyung
2016-11-18
Malnutrition in gastrectomized patients receiving chemotherapy is associated with the susceptibility to chemotherapy-related adverse events. This study evaluated pre-operative nutritional status-related indices associated with adverse events in post-operation gastric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Medical records of 234 gastrectomized patients under adjuvant tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil chemotherapy with extended lymph node dissection were analyzed. Nutritional status assessment included Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), body weight, body mass index, serum albumin concentration, and Nutrition Risk Index (NRI). Chemotherapy-originated adverse events were determined using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. PG-SGA indicated 59% of the patients were malnourished, and 27.8% of the patients revealed serious malnutrition with PG-SGA score of ≥9. Fifteen % of patients lost ≥10% of the initial body weight, 14.5% of the patients had hypoalbuminemia (cancer patients.
19. Nutritional status and health-related quality of life of breast cancer patients on chemotherapy.
Science.gov (United States)
Lua, P L; Salihah, N Z; Mazlan, N
2012-08-01
Nutritional decline is typically accepted as a consequent of the course of treatment for cancer. This study aimed to (1) assess body weight status and dietary intake of breast cancer patients on chemotherapy and (2) to correlate Body Mass Index (BMI), energy and protein intake with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) profile. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two government hospitals in the East coast of Peninsular Malaysia using convenience sampling. Women aged > or =18 years, who were diagnosed with breast cancer and receiving chemotherapy were invited to participate. The following aspects were evaluated: body weight status, usual dietary intake (diet history) and HRQoL (EORTC QLQ-C30). Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were employed (SPSS 16). Of the respondents, 41 were 49 +/- 9.6 years of age; 92.7% were Malay; 97.6% (response rate = 91%) were on moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Over half of the patients were overweight or obese (mean BMI = 25.3 +/- 1.1 kg/m2). The majority self-reported weight reduction (46.3%) but positive energy balance was detected with the current energy and protein intakes recorded at 1792.6 +/- 304.9 kcal/day (range= 1200-2500) and 74.5 g/day (IqR= 37.7) respectively. Dietary intakes were, however, not correlated with HRQoL, but greater BMI was associated with better emotional and cognitive functioning and less fatigue. Although most patients declared losing weight, obesity and excess dietary intake were noted. Additionally, body weight status has been shown to be important in HRQoL profile, underlining the necessity for effective nutritional assessments and support to the cancer population.
20. Giant ameloblastoma mortality; a consequence of ignorance, poverty and fear.
Science.gov (United States)
Etetafia, Mabel Okiemute; Arisi, Andrew Arotuah; Omoregie, Osawe F
2014-05-22
Ameloblastoma is a benign tumour of odontogenic origin. Although locally invasive, delay in treatment can lead to severe disfiguring of the facial region. In this report, we present two cases, a man and a woman, of a large ameloblastoma that presented with the typical radiographic features of variably sized radiolucent loculations. Patients presented initially with relatively small tumours but due to fear of surgery, ignorance and possibly poverty, tumour growth became enormous. The female patient died while awaiting consent for surgery and the male patient died at home due to complications closely associated with fear and growth of tumour. Literatures on mortality of ameloblastoma are reviewed. The need for more public enlightenment on the nature and treatment of facial tumours is highlighted. 2014 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
1. Relating nutritional and physiological characteristics to growth of Pinus radiata clones planted on a range of sites in New Zealand.
Science.gov (United States)
Hawkins, Barbara J; Xue, Jianming; Bown, Horacio E; Clinton, Peter W
2010-09-01
Six clones of radiata pine with known differences in growth rate were examined for clonal nutritional characteristics and for physiological determinants of clonal growth rate. We compared growth, foliar characteristics and nutrient, ¹³C and ¹⁵N concentration data for the six clones in 4- to 6-year-old field trials planted over a range of nutritionally contrasting sites. These data were also compared with growth, nutrient uptake and remobilization, foliar characteristic and gas exchange data from intensive physiological glasshouse experiments using 1- and 2-year-old plants of the same clones. Significant genotype x environment interactions in our field experiments conducted over strong nutritional gradients allowed us to identify radiata pine clones with consistent, superior growth and nutritional characteristics and clones that may be suited to particular site conditions. Our results suggest that the opportunity exists to exploit clone x site variation for site-specific clonal deployment and planting of fast-growing clones could be accompanied by planting of clones able to take relative advantage of site nutritional characteristics. Faster tree growth was not strongly related to any physiological characteristic, and the factors influencing growth rate differed among clones. The fastest-growing clone had consistent, high uptake of all nutrients, high fascicle weights and high water-use efficiency.
2. Extension Professionals' Strengths and Needs Related to Nutrition and Health Programs
Science.gov (United States)
Peña-Purcell, Ninfa; Bowen, Elaine; Zoumenou, Virginie; Schuster, Ellen R.; Boggess, May; Manore, Melinda M.; Gerrior, Shirley A.
2012-01-01
We report results of a Web-based nationwide survey of nutrition and health Extension specialists representing 42 states. Survey items (n = 36) assessed five areas: curriculum review, nutrition and physical activity, professional training, communication, and evaluation. An internal curriculum review was common, but few states shared their criteria…
3. Relations between nutritional condition and survival of North American elk Cervus elaphus
Science.gov (United States)
Bender, L.C.; Cook, J.G.; Cook, R.C.; Hall, P.B.
2008-01-01
We related annual and seasonal survival of four populations of elk Cervus elaphus in the Pacific Northwest, USA, to measures and indices of individual nutritional condition. Among populations, for all mortality (human and non-human causes) sources inclusive, annual survival of adult females was correlated with a rump body condition score (rs = 0.627, P = 0.071), and survival over spring-summer-autumn (SSA) was correlated with mean ingesta-free body fat (IFBF; rs = 0.567, P = 0.088) and rump body condition score (rBCS; rs = 0.615, P = 0.050). For non-human mortality sources only, survival through SSA was correlated with IFBF (rs = 0.567, P = 0.088) and rBCS (rs = 0.615, P = 0.050), and survival over winter was correlated with withers body condition score (rs = 0.677, P = 0.045). For human-caused mortality sources only, survival over SSA was correlated with rBCS (rs = 0.696, P = 0.036) and IFBF (rs = 0.696, P = 0.036). For individuals, logistic analysis found that individual likelihood of dying from all mortality sources inclusive was best predicted (??2 = 8.3, P = 0.004, ?? = -1.24) by longissimus dorsi (loin) muscle thickness, a measure of protein catabolism. For only non-human mortality sources, a model (??2 = 16.1, P = 0.0003) containing both loin muscle thickness (??2 = 5.7, P = 0.017, ??= -1.02) and percent ingesta-free body fat (??2 = 4.9, P = 0.027, ?? = -0.35) best predicted individual susceptibility to mortality. Odds ratios indicated that odds of dying increased approximately 3X for each centimeter of loin muscle catabolized and 1.4X for each percent less body fat. No condition indices at the individual level were related to survival from human-caused mortality sources. Our study populations were characterized by low-marginal condition (i.e. mean ingesta-free body fat levels of 5.9-12.3% for lactating cows in late autumn); this likely increased the prominence of measures of muscle catabolism relative to fat accretion in influencing individual elk survival
4. On strategic ignorance of environmental harm and social norms
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Thunström, Linda; van’t Veld, Klaas; Shogren, Jason. F.
2014-01-01
decreases (to 29 percent) when the information additionally reveals the share of air travelers who buy carbon offsets. We find evidence that some people use ignorance as an excuse to reduce pro-environmental behavior—ignorance significantly decreases the probability of buying carbon offsets....
5. Hearing or Ignoring Audience: the Dilemma of the Freshman Writer.
Science.gov (United States)
Wenner, Barbara
Students work most productively when they feel free to move back and forth from ignoring audience to addressing it. Students should consider audience as they begin a writing task. Then they should get away from it all and simply write. If they find an audience inhibiting, they should feel free to ignore the idea of audience altogether or alter…
6. Controlling Your "App"etite: How Diet and Nutrition-Related Mobile Apps Lead to Behavior Change.
Science.gov (United States)
West, Joshua H; Belvedere, Lindsay M; Andreasen, Rebecca; Frandsen, Christine; Hall, P Cougar; Crookston, Benjamin T
2017-07-10
In recent years, obesity has become a serious public health crisis in the United States. Although the problem of obesity is being addressed through a variety of strategies, the use of mobile apps is a relatively new development that could prove useful in helping people to develop healthy dietary habits. Though such apps might lead to health behavior change, especially when relevant behavior change theory constructs are integrated into them, the mechanisms by which these apps facilitate behavior change are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify which behavior change mechanisms are associated with the use of diet- and nutrition-related health apps and whether the use of diet- and nutrition-related apps is associated with health behavior change. A cross-sectional survey was administered to a total of 217 participants. Participants responded to questions on demographics, use of diet and nutrition apps in the past 6 months, engagement and likability of apps, and changes in the participant's dietary behaviors. Regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with reported changes in theory and separately for reported changes in actual behavior, after controlling for potential confounding variables. The majority of study participants agreed or strongly agreed with statements regarding app use increasing their motivation to eat a healthy diet, improving their self-efficacy, and increasing their desire to set and achieve health diet goals. Additionally, majority of participants strongly agreed that using diet/nutrition apps led to changes in their behavior, namely increases in actual goal setting to eat a healthy diet (58.5%, 127/217), increases in their frequency of eating healthy foods (57.6%, 125/217), and increases in their consistency of eating healthy foods (54.4%, 118/217). Participants also responded favorably to questions related to engagement and likability of diet/nutrition apps. A number of predictors were also positively
7. Ignorance, Environmental Education Research and Design Education
Science.gov (United States)
Barron, Deirdre; Jackson, Simon; Anderson, Lyndon
2005-01-01
In the relatively new discipline of design education we have the opportunity to frame the way that design education is formulated. The relative lack of theorists in the field of design education studies leaves unquestioned the relevance of conventional practices of design education that are premised on only tangentially relevant Art, Science and…
8. The process of setting micronutrient recommendations: a cross-European comparison of nutrition-related scientific advisory bodies
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Timotijevic, L.; Barnett, J.; Brown, K.; Shepherd, R.; Fernandez-Celemin, L.; Domolki, L.; Ruprich, J.; Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A.M.; Sonne, A.M.; Hermoso, M.; Koletzko, B.; Frost-Andersen, L.; Timmer, A.; Raats, M.M.
2011-01-01
Objective - To examine the workings of the nutrition-related scientific advisory bodies in Europe, paying particular attention to the internal and external contexts within which they operate. Design - Desk research based on two data collection strategies: a questionnaire completed by key informants
9. The process of setting micronutrient recommendations: a cross-European comparison of nutrition-related scientific advisory bodies
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Timotijevic, L.; Barnett, J.; Brown, K.; Shepherd, R.; Fernandez-Celemin, L.; Domolki, L.; Ruprich, J.; Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A.M.; Sonne, A.M.; Hermoso, M.; Koletzko, B.; Frost-Andersen, L.; Timmer, A.; Raats, M.M.
2011-01-01
Objective - To examine the workings of the nutrition-related scientific advisory bodies in Europe, paying particular attention to the internal and external contexts within which they operate. Design - Desk research based on two data collection strategies: a questionnaire completed by key informants
10. Food Safety Programs Based on HACCP Principles in School Nutrition Programs: Implementation Status and Factors Related to Implementation
Science.gov (United States)
Stinson, Wendy Bounds; Carr, Deborah; Nettles, Mary Frances; Johnson, James T.
2011-01-01
Purpose/Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the extent to which school nutrition (SN) programs have implemented food safety programs based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles, as well as factors, barriers, and practices related to implementation of these programs. Methods: An online survey was…
11. Food Safety Programs Based on HACCP Principles in School Nutrition Programs: Implementation Status and Factors Related to Implementation
Science.gov (United States)
Stinson, Wendy Bounds; Carr, Deborah; Nettles, Mary Frances; Johnson, James T.
2011-01-01
Purpose/Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the extent to which school nutrition (SN) programs have implemented food safety programs based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles, as well as factors, barriers, and practices related to implementation of these programs. Methods: An online survey was…
12. [Nutritional status and related factors of Tujia and Miao minority primary school students in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture].
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Fulan; Zhang, Tiancheng; Zhang, Tianwei
2014-01-01
To understand the nutritional status and related factors of Tujia and Miao minority primary school students in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture and to provide refrence for the improvement of minority students' nutritional status. By the method of layered and random sampling, physique test and questionnaire survey were taken to 682 Tujia students and 420 Miao students, the nutritional level of students were estimated by the method of height with standard weight. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of nutritional status. The moderate malnutrition rate was 4.54% and the obesity rate was 11.43%. Logistic regression analysis showed that monthly income per capita (OR = 1.368, 95% CI 1.135-1.648) and culture level of fathers (OR = 1.332, 95% CI 1.108-1.602) were independent risk factors of malnutrition, children with family obesity history (OR =7.688, 95% C15. 134-11.513), monthly income per capita (OR = 1.516, 95% CI 1.204-1.910) and culture level of fathers (OR = 1.466, 95% CI 1.164-1.846 ) were independent risk factors of overnutrition. Malnutrition and overnutrition exist in Tujia and Miao students at the same time, family obesity history, monthly income per capita and culture level of fathers are factors of malnutrition and overnutrition. Nutritional education should be taken universal to students and their guardians.
13. Prevalence of self-reported hypercholesterolaemia and its relation to dietary habits, in Greek adults; a national nutrition & health survey
Science.gov (United States)
Milias, George A; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B; Pitsavos, Christos; Xenaki, Dimitra; Panagopoulos, George; Stefanadis, Christodoulos
2006-01-01
Background The strong causal role of hypercholesterolaemia on the progression of atherosclerosis and subsequently on the development of cardiovascular disease is well described. Main aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported hypercholesterolaemia and its relation to nutritional habits, in a representative nationwide sample of adult Greek population. Methods Cross sectional survey. Based on a multistage sampling, 5003 adults (18 – 74 yr) were enrolled (men: 48.8%, women: 51.2%). All participants were interviewed by trained personnel who used a standard questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, medical history, lifestyle habits and nutritional assessment. Results The prevalence of self-reported hypercholesterolaemia was 16.4% in men and 21.8% in women (P Hypercholesterolaemia seems to affect a large part of Greek population. It is hopeful that hypercholesterolaemics may have started adopting some more healthy nutritional behaviour compared to normocholesterolaemic ones. PMID:16529663
14. Prevalence of self-reported hypercholesterolaemia and its relation to dietary habits, in Greek adults; a national nutrition & health survey
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Panagopoulos George
2006-03-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background The strong causal role of hypercholesterolaemia on the progression of atherosclerosis and subsequently on the development of cardiovascular disease is well described. Main aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported hypercholesterolaemia and its relation to nutritional habits, in a representative nationwide sample of adult Greek population. Methods Cross sectional survey. Based on a multistage sampling, 5003 adults (18 – 74 yr were enrolled (men: 48.8%, women: 51.2%. All participants were interviewed by trained personnel who used a standard questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, medical history, lifestyle habits and nutritional assessment. Results The prevalence of self-reported hypercholesterolaemia was 16.4% in men and 21.8% in women (P Conclusion Hypercholesterolaemia seems to affect a large part of Greek population. It is hopeful that hypercholesterolaemics may have started adopting some more healthy nutritional behaviour compared to normocholesterolaemic ones.
15. An exploration of nutrition and eating disabilities in relation to quality of life at 6 months post-stroke.
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Perry, Lin; McLaren, Susan
2004-07-01
Quality of life (QoL) is increasingly recognised as an important healthcare outcome, especially for those living with enduring disability. Stroke is a major source of long-term disablement and many aspects of life after stroke have been explored. Little attention has been paid to nutritional issues despite the cultural and hedonistic importance of food and eating, and the deleterious effects of malnutrition. The present study employed an epidemiological survey to investigate the contribution of dietary and nutritional factors in relation to QoL after stroke. The participants were 206 survivors of a cohort of acute stroke patients consecutively admitted to a National Health Service trust hospital in South London, UK, between March 1998 and April 1999. They were interviewed in their homes at 6 months post-stroke. Cognitively or communication-impaired patients were precluded from interview except where a live-in carer participated as a proxy (n = 10). The participation rate for those who were eligible and could be contacted was 206 out of 218 (94%). Participants were assessed using standardised, validated tools for functional abilities in activities of daily living and eating, cognition and mood state, social support and economic indices, nutritional status, dietary intake, and QoL. Overall group scores demonstrated relatively minor degrees of physical disablement; exclusion of those with limited cognition and communication precluded assessment of a small subgroup with greater disablement at hospital discharge. Nonetheless, the overall assessment results were not dissimilar to other reported groups. Indices of poor nutritional status and substantial dietary inadequacy were revealed, linked with reduced appetite and depression. Multiple regression analyses revealed the dominant impact of mood state in relation to QoL scores; additional significant effects were identified for social support, eating-related disabilities and age. The effects of mood and social support are
16. Interactions Between Nutrition and Infections With Haemonchus contortus and Related Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Small Ruminants.
Science.gov (United States)
Hoste, H; Torres-Acosta, J F J; Quijada, J; Chan-Perez, I; Dakheel, M M; Kommuru, D S; Mueller-Harvey, I; Terrill, T H
2016-01-01
Interactions between host nutrition and feeding behaviour are central to understanding the pathophysiological consequences of infections of the digestive tract with parasitic nematodes. The manipulation of host nutrition provides useful options to control gastrointestinal nematodes as a component of an integrated strategy. Focussed mainly on the Haemonchus contortus infection model in small ruminants, this chapter (1) illustrates the relationship between quantitative (macro- and micro-nutrients) and qualitative (plant secondary metabolites) aspects of host nutrition and nematode infection, and (2) shows how basic studies aimed at addressing some generic questions can help to provide solutions, despite the considerable diversity of epidemiological situations and breeding systems.
17. Disentangling the relative effects of bushmeat availability on human nutrition in central Africa
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Fa, John E.; Olivero, Jesús; Real, Raimundo; Farfán, Miguel A.; Márquez, Ana L.; Vargas, J. Mario; Ziegler, Stefan; Wegmann, Martin; Brown, David; Margetts, Barrie; Nasi, Robert
2015-02-01
We studied links between human malnutrition and wild meat availability within the Rainforest Biotic Zone in central Africa. We distinguished two distinct hunted mammalian diversity distributions, one in the rainforest areas (Deep Rainforest Diversity, DRD) containing taxa of lower hunting sustainability, the other in the northern rainforest-savanna mosaic, with species of greater hunting potential (Marginal Rainforest Diversity, MRD). Wild meat availability, assessed by standing crop mammalian biomass, was greater in MRD than in DRD areas. Predicted bushmeat extraction was also higher in MRD areas. Despite this, stunting of children, a measure of human malnutrition, was greater in MRD areas. Structural equation modeling identified that, in MRD areas, mammal diversity fell away from urban areas, but proximity to these positively influenced higher stunting incidence. In DRD areas, remoteness and distance from dense human settlements and infrastructures explained lower stunting levels. Moreover, stunting was higher away from protected areas. Our results suggest that in MRD areas, forest wildlife rational use for better human nutrition is possible. By contrast, the relatively low human populations in DRD areas currently offer abundant opportunities for the continued protection of more vulnerable mammals and allow dietary needs of local populations to be met.
18. Food selection in relation to nutritional chemistry of Cao Vit gibbons in Jingxi, China.
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Ma, Changyong; Liao, Jiancun; Fan, Pengfei
2017-01-01
The Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) has only one population with about 110 individuals living in a degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border. Investigation of food choice in relation to chemical nutrition will offer important insights into its conservation. We studied the food choice of two groups of Cao Vit gibbons using instantaneous scan sampling in Bangliang National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China, over 4 years, and analyzed the chemical components (total nitrogen, TN; water-soluble sugar, WSS; crude fat, CF; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF; acid detergent lignin, ADL; condensed tannin, CT; and ash) of 48 food plant parts and 22 non-food plant parts. Fruits and figs that are rich in sugar are important food resources for gibbons. For other food types, flowers are a good source of total nitrogen and carbohydrates, and leaves and buds provide sources of protein and minerals. Cao Vit gibbons selected fruits that contain less total nitrogen, less acid detergent fiber and more water-soluble sugar than non-food fruits. Several food species that were heavily consumed by Cao Vit gibbons are suggested as potential tree species for ongoing habitat restoration.
19. Nutritional status in university students: its relation to the number of daily intakes and macronutrients consumption
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Pi, Romina Antonella; Vidal, Paula Daniela; Brassesco, Bárbara Romina; Viola, Lorena; Aballay, Laura Rosana
2015-01-01
.... to establish the relationship between the number of daily dietary intakes and nutritional status in male students aged 23 to 33 years of the National Technological University, in the city of Córdoba, in 2013...
20. Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality.
Science.gov (United States)
Khan, Nazir A; Yu, Peiqiang; Ali, Mubarak; Cone, John W; Hendriks, Wouter H
2015-01-01
Maize silage has become the major forage component in the ration of dairy cows over the last few decades. This review provides information on the mean content and variability in chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) profile and ensiling quality of maize silages, and discusses the major factors which cause these variations. In addition, the effect of the broad range in chemical composition of maize silages on the total tract digestibility of dietary nutrients, milk production and milk composition of dairy cows is quantified and discussed. Finally, the optimum inclusion level of maize silage in the ration of dairy cows for milk production and composition is reviewed. The data showed that the nutritive value of maize silages is highly variable and that most of this variation is caused by large differences in maturity at harvest. Maize silages ensiled at a very early stage (dry matter (DM) maize silages ensiled at DM contents of 300-350 g kg(-1), and then declined slightly at further maturity beyond 350 g kg(-1). The increases in milk (R(2) = 0.599) and protein (R(2) = 0.605) yields with maturity of maize silages were positively related to the increase in starch/NDF ratio of the maize silages. On average, the inclusion of maize silage in grass silage-based diets improved the forage DMI by 2 kg d(-1), milk yield by 1.9 kg d(-1) and milk protein content by 1.2 g kg(-1). Further comparisons showed that, in terms of milk and milk constituent yields, the optimum grass/maize silage ratio depends on the quality of both the grass and maize silages. Replacement of grass silage with maize silage in the ration, as well as an increasing maturity of the maize silages, altered the milk FA profile of the dairy cows, notably, the concentration of the cis-unsaturated FAs, C18:3n-3 and n-3/n-6 ratio decreased in milk fat. Despite variation in nutritive value, maize silage is rich in metabolizable energy and supports higher DMI and milk yield. Harvesting maize silages at a DM content
1. Cognitive function in relation with bone mass and nutrition: cross-sectional association in postmenopausal women
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Brownbill Rhonda A
2004-05-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background It has been suggested that bone loss and cognitive decline are co-occurring conditions, possibly due to their relationship with estrogen. Cognitive decline has been associated with various nutritional deficiencies as well. The purpose of this study was to determine if cognitive function is related to bone mineral density of various skeletal sites as well as to various dietary components. Methods Cross-sectional study with 97 healthy, Caucasian, postmenopausal women (59.4–85.0 years enrolled in a larger longitudinal study, investigating the effects of sodium on bone mass. The subjects were divided into two groups based on cognition scores. Group 1 represented lower and Group 2 higher scores on cognitive function. Bone mineral density from the whole body, lumbar spine, femur and forearm were measured with the Lunar DPX-MD instrument. Anthropometry was measured by standard methods. Cognition was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination. Cumulative (over 2 years dietary intake from 3-day records was analyzed by Food Processor® (ESHA Research, Salem, OR and cumulative physical activity was assessed using Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey for older adults. Results Subjects' cognition scores ranged from 22–30 (normal, 27–30, indicating all subjects had either mild or no cognitive impairment. Multiple Analysis of Covariance adjusted for age, height, weight, physical activity, alcohol, calcium, sodium and energy intake, showed a statistically significant association between cognition and bone mineral density of all measurable sites (η2 = 0.21, P 2 = 0.07, P = 0.050. Group 2 did have a significantly higher potassium intake (P = 0.023. In multiple regression, saturated fat had a significant negative relationship with cognitive function. Conclusions It appears mild degree of cognitive impairment may be a marker for lower bone mineral density as well as for a diet lower in carbohydrate and potassium intake, and higher
2. Improved nutritional status is related to improved quality of life in Parkinson’s disease
OpenAIRE
Sheard, Jamie M.; Ash, Susan; Mellick, George D.; Silburn, Peter A.; Kerr, Graham K.
2014-01-01
Background Quality of life is poorer in Parkinson’s disease than in other conditions and in the general population without Parkinson’s disease. Malnutrition also results in poorer quality of life. This study aimed at determining the relationship between quality of life and nutritional status. Methods Community-dwelling people with Parkinson’s disease >18 years old were recruited. The Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) assessed nutritional status. The Parkinson’s Disease Q...
3. [Community Nutrition].
Science.gov (United States)
Aranceta, Javier
2004-06-01
In the last 20 years, Public Health Nutrition focused mainly on the qualitative aspects which may influence the onset of chronic diseases, quality of life, physical and mental performance and life expectancy. This applied knowledge organised as part of preventive and health promotion programs led to the development of Community Nutrition. The aim of Community Nutrition actions is to adequate lifestyles related to food consumption patterns in order to improve the quality of life and contribute to health promotion of the population in the community where programs and services are delivered. Key functions to develop in a Community Nutrition Unit consist in the identification and assessment of nutrition problems in the community as well as the design, implementation and evaluation of intervention programs by means of appropriate strategies. These should aim at different populations groups and settings, such as work places, schools, high risk groups or the general public. Nowadays, Community Nutrition work efforts should focus on three main aspects: nutrition education in schools and in the community; food safety and food security and the development and reinforcement of food preparation skills across all age groups. Social catering services, either in schools, the work place or at the community level, need to ensure adequate nutritional supply, provide foods contributing to healthy eating practices as well as to enhance culinary traditions and social learning. Food safety and food security have become a top priority in Public Health. The concepts referes to the availability of food safe and adequate as well as in sufficient amount in order to satisfy nutrition requirements of all individuals in the community. Social changes along new scientific developments will introduce new demands in Community Nutrition work and individual dietary counselling will become a key strategy. In order to face new challenges, community nutrition pactitioners require a high quality
4. FDA Consumer Nutrition Knowledge Survey. Report II, 1975. A Nationwide Study of Food Shopper's Knowledge, Beliefs, Attitudes and Reported Behavior Regarding Food and Nutrition. Factors Related to Nutrition Labeling.
Science.gov (United States)
Abelson, Herbert; And Others
During 1973, a nationwide study for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was conducted which provided information on nutrition knowledge, beliefs about nutrition, and first reactions to nutrition labeling among food shoppers. This initial research provided a baseline measurement of nutrition knowledge and attitudes among consumers, and in 1975…
5. The impact of chemotherapy-related nausea on patients' nutritional status, psychological distress and quality of life.
Science.gov (United States)
Farrell, Carole; Brearley, Sarah G; Pilling, Mark; Molassiotis, Alex
2013-01-01
Nausea is a troublesome and distressing symptom for patients receiving chemotherapy. While vomiting is well controlled with current antiemetics, nausea is a more difficult symptom to manage. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of nausea on nutritional status, quality of life and psychological distress. This was a prospective observational study over two cycles of chemotherapy. Patients completed the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer Antiemesis Tool, a measure of nutritional status (Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment), the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) quality of life scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at the end of each chemotherapy cycle (around day 10 post-chemotherapy). The sample consisted of 104 patients, primarily female, receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy. While vomiting was minimal (5.2-14.6 % of the patients), high levels of nausea were observed (55.2-72.9 %), and severe nausea (>6 on a 0-10 scale) was reported by 20.5-29.2 % of the participants. Severe nausea had a borderline significant impact in relation to physical functioning (p = 0.025) and a significant impact on nutritional status (severe acute nausea, p = 0.003; severe delayed nausea, p = 0.017). Clinically meaningful changes were observed in relation to the FACT-G total score. Chemotherapy-induced nausea does have an impact on nutritional status and physical functioning and can impair anxiety and quality of life. As a key symptom associated with other symptoms, it is imperative that greater attention is given to managing treatment-related nausea through innovative non-pharmacological and nutritional interventions.
6. Rethinking the "Diseases of Affluence" Paradigm: Global Patterns of Nutritional Risks in Relation to Economic Development
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ezzati Majid
2005-01-01
Full Text Available Background Cardiovascular diseases and their nutritional risk factors-including overweight and obesity, elevated blood pressure, and cholesterol-are among the leading causes of global mortality and morbidity, and have been predicted to rise with economic development. Methods and Findings We examined age-standardized mean population levels of body mass index (BMI, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol in relation to national income, food share of household expenditure, and urbanization in a cross-country analysis. Data were from a total of over 100 countries and were obtained from systematic reviews of published literature, and from national and international health agencies. BMI and cholesterol increased rapidly in relation to national income, then flattened, and eventually declined. BMI increased most rapidly until an income of about I$5,000 (international dollars and peaked at about I$12,500 for females and I$17,000 for males. Cholesterol's point of inflection and peak were at higher income levels than those of BMI (about I$8,000 and I18,000, respectively. There was an inverse relationship between BMI/cholesterol and the food share of household expenditure, and a positive relationship with proportion of population in urban areas. Mean population blood pressure was not correlated or only weakly correlated with the economic factors considered, or with cholesterol and BMI. Conclusions When considered together with evidence on shifts in income-risk relationships within developed countries, the results indicate that cardiovascular disease risks are expected to systematically shift to low-income and middle-income countries and, together with the persistent burden of infectious diseases, further increase global health inequalities. Preventing obesity should be a priority from early stages of economic development, accompanied by population-level and personal interventions for blood pressure and cholesterol. 7. Relative validation of a food frequency questionnaire for national health and nutrition monitoring Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Haftenberger Marjolein 2010-09-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Validation of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ is important as incorrect information may lead to biased associations. Therefore the relative validity of an FFQ developed for use in the German Health Examination Survey for Adults 2008-2011 (DEGS was examined. Methods Cross-sectional comparisons of food consumption data from the FFQ and from two 24-hour recalls were made in a sample of 161 participants (aged 18 to 80 years of an ongoing nationwide survey, the German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT. The data collection took place from November 2008 to April 2009. Results Spearman rank correlations between the FFQ and the 24-hour dietary recalls ranged from 0.15 for pizza to 0.80 for tea, with two third of the correlation coefficients exceeding 0.30. All correlation coefficients were statistically significant except those for pizza and cooked vegetables. The proportion of participants classified into the same or adjacent quartile of intake assessed by both methods varied between 68% for cooked vegetables and 94% for coffee. There were no statistically significant differences in food consumption estimates between both methods for 38% of the food groups. For the other food groups, the estimates of food consumption by the FFQ were not generally higher or lower than estimates from the 24-hour dietary recalls. Conclusions The FFQ appears to be reasonably valid in the assessment of food consumption of German adults. For some food groups, such as raw and cooked vegetables, relative risks estimates should be interpreted with caution because of the poor ranking agreement. 8. Assessing the nutritional stress hypothesis: Relative influence of diet quantity and quality on seabird productivity Science.gov (United States) Jodice, P.G.R.; Roby, D.D.; Turco, K.R.; Suryan, R.M.; Irons, D.B.; Piatt, J.F.; Shultz, M.T.; Roseneau, D.G.; Kettle, A.B.; Anthony, J.A. 2006-01-01 Food availability comprises a complex interaction of factors that integrates abundance, taxonomic composition, accessibility, and quality of the prey base. The relationship between food availability and reproductive performance can be assessed via the nutritional stress (NSH) and junkfood (JFH) hypotheses. With respect to reproductive success, NSH posits that a deficiency in any of the aforementioned metrics can have a deleterious effect on a population via poor reproductive success. JFH, a component of NSH, posits specifically that it is a decline in the quality of food (i.e. energy density and lipid content) that leads to poor reproductive success. We assessed each in relation to reproductive success in a piscivorous seabird, the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla. We measured productivity, taxonomic composition, frequency, size, and quality of meals delivered to nestlings from 1996 to 1999 at 6 colonies in Alaska, USA, 3 each in Prince William Sound and Lower Cook Inlet. Productivity varied widely among colony-years. Pacific herring Clupea pallasi, sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus, and capelin Mallotus villosus comprised ca. 80% of the diet among colony-years, and each was characterized by relatively high energy density. Diet quality for kittiwakes in this region therefore remained uniformly high during this study. Meal delivery rate and meal size were quite variable among colony-years, however, and best explained the variability in productivity. Parent kittiwakes appeared to select prey that were energy dense and that maximized the biomass provisioned to broods. While these results fail to support JFH, they do provide substantial support for NSH. ?? Inter-Research 2006. 9. [Evaluation of dietary habits of a population of university students in relation with their nutritional knowledge]. Science.gov (United States) Montero Bravo, A; Ubeda Martín, N; García González, A 2006-01-01 Food behaviour is acquired in childhood and is very defficult to be changed latterly in adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate if food behaviour and other health habits were in accordance with the nutrition knowledge of a sample of University students from different Health Sciences Careers. We studied 105 students (aged 21 +/- 2 years) from San Pablo-CEU University (Madrid); 21 where studying Nursing (N), 32 Pharmacy (Ph); 34 Nutrition and dietetics (ND) and 18 were students of Podology (P), all of them had been studying Nutrition as subject during 2003-2004 academic year. All the students filled a questionnaire about health habits and some body image perceptions, diet was evaluated by a 3 day diet record and nutrition knowledge by a 20 questions test. Height and weight were measured using standard procedures. ND students believed they had a medium-high level of nutrition knowledge while Pharmacy and nursing students believed they had a medium-low level and the podology ones had the perception to have a low level of knowledge in the subject. Results of test were in accordance with those perceptions as highest records were obtained by the Nutrition students. Nevertheless very few differences were found in the diet of the four populations. Mean energy intake was similar in the four groups, deficiencies (alcohol and physical activity) in the four populations. Even if N students believed and showed to have a better nutrition knowledge, no changes in food behaviour or other health habits were found. Improving knowledge does not necessary imply change in food habits. 10. DMPD: TLR ignores methylated RNA? [Dynamic Macrophage Pathway CSML Database Lifescience Database Archive (English) Full Text Available 16111629 TLR ignores methylated RNA? Ishii KJ, Akira S. Immunity. 2005 Aug;23(2):111-3. (.png) (.svg) (.html... SVG File (.svg) HTML File (.html) CSML File (.csml) Open .csml file with CIOPlay 11. Malassezia-Can it be ignored? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ambujavalli Balakrishnan Thayikkannu 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Genus Malassezia comprises of 14 species of "yeast like fungi," 13 of which are lipophilic and 1 is nonlipophilic. They are known commensals and in predisposed individuals they commonly cause a spectrum of chronic recurrent infections. They rarely also cause serious illnesses like catheter-related blood stream infections, CAPD associated peritonitis etc., Though these fungi have been known to man for over 150 years, their fastidious nature and cumbersome culture and speciation techniques have restricted research. Since the last taxonomic revision, seven new species have been added to this genus. Their ability to evade the host immune system and virulence has increased the spectrum of the diseases caused by them. These agents have been implicated as causal agents in common diseases like atopic dermatitis recently. Though culture-based research is difficult, the new molecular analysis techniques and facilities have increased research in this field such that we can devote more attention to this genus to study in detail, their characteristics and their growing implications implications in the clinical scenario. 12. Malassezia—Can it be Ignored? Science.gov (United States) Thayikkannu, Ambujavalli Balakrishnan; Kindo, Anupma Jyoti; Veeraraghavan, Mahalakshmi 2015-01-01 Genus Malassezia comprises of 14 species of “yeast like fungi,” 13 of which are lipophilic and 1 is nonlipophilic. They are known commensals and in predisposed individuals they commonly cause a spectrum of chronic recurrent infections. They rarely also cause serious illnesses like catheter-related blood stream infections, CAPD associated peritonitis etc., Though these fungi have been known to man for over 150 years, their fastidious nature and cumbersome culture and speciation techniques have restricted research. Since the last taxonomic revision, seven new species have been added to this genus. Their ability to evade the host immune system and virulence has increased the spectrum of the diseases caused by them. These agents have been implicated as causal agents in common diseases like atopic dermatitis recently. Though culture-based research is difficult, the new molecular analysis techniques and facilities have increased research in this field such that we can devote more attention to this genus to study in detail, their characteristics and their growing implications implications in the clinical scenario. PMID:26288399 13. Elemental concentrations in scalp hair, nutritional status and health-related quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Science.gov (United States) Ochi, Akinobu; Ishimura, Eiji; Tsujimoto, Yoshihiro; Kakiya, Ryusuke; Tabata, Tsutomu; Mori, Katsuhito; Tahara, Hideki; Shoji, Tetsuo; Yasuda, Hiroshi; Nishizawa, Yoshiki; Inaba, Masaaki 2012-04-01 Elemental concentrations in hair from hemodialysis (HD) patients have not been well investigated. We examined the relationships between the elemental concentrations in scalp hair and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and nutritional status in HD patients. Twenty six elemental concentrations were measured in scalp hair samples from 60 male HD patients using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To evaluate HRQOL, the Short Form 36 item health survey (SF36) was used. As indices of nutritional status, body mass index, serum parameters, and geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) were used. Phosphorus correlated positively with serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), GNRI and the physical domains of the SF36. Zinc correlated positively with serum creatinine, BUN and the physical domains of the SF36. Mercury and arsenic correlated positively with BUN. Cadmium correlated negatively with serum albumin, BUN and GNRI. Copper correlated positively with the physical domains of the SF36. Iodine correlated negatively with the physical domains of the SF36. Selenium correlated negatively with the mental domains of the SF36. In conclusion, phosphorus and zinc concentrations in scalp hair can be additional biomarkers of HRQOL and/or nutritional status in HD patients. Cadmium accumulation correlated with malnutrition. Iodine and selenium accumulation may adversely affect HRQOL. Further investigation is necessary to determine precisely how these elements affect these measures. 14. Diet, nutritional status and food related traditions of Oraon tribes of New Mal (West Bengal), India. Science.gov (United States) Mittal, Poonam C; Srivastava, Sapna 2006-01-01 According to the 2001 census conducted by the Government of India, India has more than 84 million tribals who constitute 8.2% of India's population. The Oraons are an agricultural tribe found mainly in Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The present study was undertaken on a group of Oraon tribals working in a tea gardens of New Mal in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. The children attended the local primary school. The Oraons are covered by the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) of the Government of India, which is concerned with the health, nutrition and development of children and their mothers. To evaluate the effect of ICDS, the practices of adults towards hygiene, medication, addictive substances and diet were also recorded. 500 Oraon tribals, including 200 men and 150 women aged 20-45 years, and 150 children aged 6-12 years, were surveyed for their dietary intake by 24-hour recall and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire methodology and anthropometry, and a description of food-related traditions. The diet of all Oraon groups was deficient in all food groups. Cereal intake was least deficient, while the intake of milk and fruit was almost negligible. Their diet was supplemented by a locally grown green leafy vegetable dheki saag, and fermented leftover rice. The energy available from the diet for all age groups was only 52-53% of the recommended dietary allowances of the Indian Council of Medical Research. Children were enrolled in a midday meal program at the local primary school; however, their energy intake was severely deficient, and of the same order as their parents. The mean basal mass index (BMI) of adult Oraons was not low, but children were severely undernourished. Men were less undernourished than were women. Some potentially useful traditions practiced included wiping washed utensils with leaves of a local plant mirchaiya, preparing herbal tablets called ranoodava to make an alcoholic and a medicinal drink called hadiya 15. Empirical likelihood method for non-ignorable missing data problems. Science.gov (United States) Guan, Zhong; Qin, Jing 2017-01-01 Missing response problem is ubiquitous in survey sampling, medical, social science and epidemiology studies. It is well known that non-ignorable missing is the most difficult missing data problem where the missing of a response depends on its own value. In statistical literature, unlike the ignorable missing data problem, not many papers on non-ignorable missing data are available except for the full parametric model based approach. In this paper we study a semiparametric model for non-ignorable missing data in which the missing probability is known up to some parameters, but the underlying distributions are not specified. By employing Owen (1988)'s empirical likelihood method we can obtain the constrained maximum empirical likelihood estimators of the parameters in the missing probability and the mean response which are shown to be asymptotically normal. Moreover the likelihood ratio statistic can be used to test whether the missing of the responses is non-ignorable or completely at random. The theoretical results are confirmed by a simulation study. As an illustration, the analysis of a real AIDS trial data shows that the missing of CD4 counts around two years are non-ignorable and the sample mean based on observed data only is biased. 16. Associations between maternal employment and time spent in nutrition-related behaviours among German children and mothers. Science.gov (United States) Möser, Anke; Chen, Susan E; Jilcott, Stephanie B; Nayga, Rodolfo M 2012-07-01 To examine associations between maternal employment and time spent engaging in nutrition-related behaviours among mothers and children using a nationally representative sample of households in West and East Germany. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using time-use data for a sample of mother-child dyads. Associations between maternal employment and time spent in nutrition-related activities such as eating at home, eating away from home and food preparation were estimated using a double-hurdle model. German Time Budget Survey 2001/02. The overall sample included 1071 households with a child between 10 and 17 years of age. The time-use data were collected for a 3 d period of observation (two weekdays and one weekend day). Maternal employment was associated with the time children spent on nutrition-related behaviours. In households with employed mothers, children spent more time eating alone at home and less time eating meals with their mothers. Moreover, employed mothers spent less time on meal preparation compared with non-employed mothers. There were regional differences in time spent on nutrition-related behaviours, such that East German children were more likely to eat at home alone than West German children. Maternal employment was associated with less time spent eating with children and preparing food, which may be related to the increasing childhood obesity rates in Germany. Future national surveys that collect both time-use data and health outcomes could yield further insight into mechanisms by which maternal time use might be associated with health outcomes among children. 17. 6-Gingerol Protects against Nutritional Steatohepatitis by Regulating Key Genes Related to Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Thing-Fong Tzeng 2015-02-01 Full Text Available Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, appears to be increasingly common worldwide. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of 6-gingerol ((S-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-3-decanone, a bioactive ingredient of plants belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, on experimental models of NASH. In HepG2 cells, 6-gingerol (100 μmol/L treatment inhibited free fatty acids mixture (0.33 mmol/L palmitate and 0.66 mmol/L oleate-induced triglyceride and inflammatory marker accumulations. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD diet to induce steatohepatitis. After four weeks of MCD diet feeding, the mice were dosed orally with 6-gingerol (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day once daily for another four weeks. 6-Gingerol (100 mg/kg/day attenuated liver steatosis and necro-inflammation in MCD diet-fed mice. The expressions of inflammatory cytokine genes, including those for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6, and nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB, which were increased in the livers of MCD diet-fed mice, were attenuated by 6-gingerol. 6-Gingerol possesses a repressive property on hepatic steatosis, which is associated with induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Our study demonstrated the protective role of 6-gingerol in ameliorating nutritional steatohepatitis. The effect was mediated through regulating key genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammation. 18. The process of setting micronutrient recommendations: a cross-European comparison of nutrition-related scientific advisory bodies OpenAIRE Timotijevic, L.; Barnett, J; Brown, K.; Shepherd, R.; Fernandez-Celemin, L.; Domolki, L.; Ruprich, J.; Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A. M.; Sonne, A.M.; M. Hermoso; Koletzko, B.; Frost-Andersen, L.; Timmer, A; Raats, M.M. 2011-01-01 Copyright @ The Authors 2010 Objective: To examine the workings of the nutrition-related scientific advisory bodies in Europe, paying particular attention to the internal and external contexts within which they operate. Design: Desk research based on two data collection strategies: a questionnaire completed by key informants in the field of micronutrient recommendations and a case study that focused on mandatory folic acid (FA) fortification. Setting: Questionnaire-based data were collecte... 19. Association of sarcopenia with swallowing problems, related to nutrition and activities of daily living of elderly individuals OpenAIRE Shiozu, Hiroyasu; Higashijima, Misako; Koga, Tomoshige 2015-01-01 [Purpose] The purpose of the current study was to clarify problems associated with swallowing, related to nutrition and activities of daily living (ADL), in elderly individuals with sarcopenia. [Subjects and Methods] Seventy-seven subjects were assigned to a sarcopenia or a non-sarcopenia group according to a definition used by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Analyses were conducted including and excluding subjects with a central nervous system disorders in order to ... 20. Meal skipping relates to food choice, understanding of nutrition labeling, and prevalence of obesity in Korean fifth grade children. Science.gov (United States) Kim, Hye-Young; Lee, Na-Rae; Lee, Jung-Sug; Choi, Young-Sun; Kwak, Tong-Kyung; Chung, Hae Rang; Kwon, Sehyug; Choi, Youn-Ju; Lee, Soon-Kyu; Kang, Myung-Hee 2012-08-01 This study was performed to investigate the differences in food choice, nutrition labeling perceptions, and prevalence of obesity due to meal skipping in Korean elementary school children. A national survey was performed in 2010 to collect data on food intake frequency, understanding of nutrition labeling, and body mass index from 2,335 fifth grade students in 118 elementary schools selected from 16 metropolitan local governments by stratified cluster sampling. The data were analyzed using the SAS 9.1 and SUDAAN 10.0 packages. Students who consumed three meals for 6-7 days during the past week were classified into the regular meal eating (RM) group (n = 1,476) and those who did not were placed into the meal skipping (MS) group (n = 859). The daily intake frequency of fruits, vegetables, kimchi, and milk was significantly lower in the MS group compared to that in the RM group (P instant noodles (ramyeon) was significantly higher in the MS group than that in the RM group (P < 0.05). The MS group demonstrated a significantly lower degree of understanding with regard to nutrition labeling and high calorie foods containing low nutritional value than that in the RM group. The distribution of obesity based on the percentile criteria using the Korean growth chart was different between the MS and RM groups. The MS group (8.97%) had a higher percentage of obese subjects than that in the RM group (5.38%). In conclusion, meal skipping was related to poor food choice, low perception of nutrition labeling, and a high prevalence of obesity in Korean fifth grade children. 1. Changes in Nutrition-Related Behaviors in Alcohol-Dependent Patients After Outpatient Detoxification: The Role of Chocolate. Science.gov (United States) Stickel, Anna; Rohdemann, Maren; Landes, Tom; Engel, Katharina; Banas, Roman; Heinz, Andreas; Müller, Christian A 2016-01-01 Previous studies have reported changes in nutrition-related behaviors in alcohol-dependent patients after alcohol detoxification, but prospective studies assessing the effects of these changes on maintaining abstinence are lacking. To assess changes in craving and consumption of chocolate and other sweets over time up to six months after outpatient alcohol detoxification treatment and to detect differences in abstinent versus nonabstinent patients. One hundred and fifty alcohol-dependent patients were included in this prospective observational study. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on nutrition-related behaviors and craving before detoxification treatment (baseline, t1), one week (t2), one month (t3), and six months later (t4). Significant changes in craving for and consumption of chocolate as well as in craving for other sweets were observed over time. Increases were most prominent within the first month. Patients who remained abstinent until t3 consumed three times more chocolate than nonabstainers. One quarter of the patients switched from being rare (t1) to frequent (t3) chocolate eaters, and 84% of these remained abstinent until t3. No significant correlations were found between craving for alcohol and craving for or consumption of chocolate or other sweets. In the first month after outpatient alcohol detoxification treatment, significant changes in nutrition-related behaviors were observed. These changes were not associated with alcohol craving. For a subgroup, increasing the frequency of chocolate consumption might be a temporary protective factor with respect to alcohol relapse. 2. Dietary intake and nutritional status of micronutrients in adults with cystic fibrosis in relation to current recommendations. Science.gov (United States) Li, Li; Somerset, Shawn 2016-08-01 An increased prevalence of cystic fibrosis (CF) related complications such as impaired bone health and diabetes has accompanied increased survival of patients with CF. This review was conducted to determine the extent to which adults with CF are meeting current nutrition recommendations for micronutrients in association with CF-related complications management. Although dietary intake and nutritional status in CF has improved significantly in recent decades, micronutrient status seems to have diverged. While vitamin A and E intakes appear adequate, frequent vitamin D and K deficiency/insufficiency and compromised bone health in CF, occurs despite supplementation. Although deficiency of water-soluble vitamins and minerals is uncommon, ongoing surveillance will enhance overall health outcomes, particularly in cases of CF-related liver disease and deteriorated lung function and bone health. Salt and fluid status in CF may also need attention due to diminished thirst sensation and voluntary rehydration. Further investigation in micronutrient status optimisation in CF will inform the development of more effective and targeted nutrition therapies to enable integration of more refined recommendations for micronutrient intakes in CF based on individual needs and disease progression. 3. Relation of Root Growth of Rice Seedling with Nutrition and Water Use Efficiency Under Different Water Supply Conditions Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) ZHENG Bing-song; JIANG De-an; WU Ping; WENG Xiao-yan; LU Qing; WANG Ni-yan 2006-01-01 Water deficiency is one of the primary yield-limiting factors in rice. In plants, the nutrition and water use efficiency depend on root growth efficiency under different water supply conditions (WSC). Three rice genotypes, Azucena (an upland japonica),IR1552 (a lowland indica) and Jia 9522 (a lowland japonica), were grown under different WSC with 0 cm (submerged), 40 cm and 80cm groundwater levels below the soil surface to investigate the root parameters, water use efficiency, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of the rice plant. The relative parameters were defined as the ratio of the parameters under submerged conditions (0 cm groundwater level below soil surface) to these under upland conditions (40 cm and 80 cm groundwater levels below soil surface). The results indicated that different genotypes showed different relative root parameters and relative nutrition content and water use efficiency under different WSC. The length and number of adventitious root are more important than seminal root length in water and nutrition uptake, and maintaining the grain yield and increasing dry matter,but the adventitious root number could not be served as an index for screening drought-resistant genotypes. Furthermore, different drought-resistant genotypes have been also found, and Azucena was resistant to drought, IR1552 sensitive to drought and Jia 9522neither sensitive nor resistant to drought. 4. The ignoring paradox: cueing distractor features leads first to selection, then to inhibition of to-be-ignored items. Science.gov (United States) Moher, Jeff; Egeth, Howard E 2012-11-01 Observers find a target item more quickly when they have foreknowledge of target-defining attributes, such as identity, color, or location. However, it is less clear whether foreknowledge of nontarget attributes can also speed search. Munneke, Van der Stigchel, and Theeuwes Acta Psychologica 129:101-107, (2008) found that observers found the target more quickly when they were cued to ignore a region of space where a target would not appear. Using a similar paradigm, we explored the effects of cueing nontarget features on search. We found that when we cued observers to ignore nontarget features, search was slowed. The results from a probe-dot detection task revealed that this slowing occurred because, paradoxically, observers initially selected an item appearing in the to-be-ignored color. Finally, we found that cueing nontarget features sped search when placeholders matching the location of the to-be-ignored color preceded presentation of the search display by at least 800 ms; thus, it appears that some limited inhibition of to-be-ignored items occurs following selection. Taken together, these results suggest that observers are unable to explicitly avoid selection of items matching known nontarget features. Instead, when nontarget features are cued, observers select the to-be-ignored feature or the locations of objects matching that feature early in search, and only inhibit them after this selection process. 5. Bee Abundance and Nutritional Status in Relation to Grassland Management Practices in an Agricultural Landscape. Science.gov (United States) Smith, Griffin W; Debinski, Diane M; Scavo, Nicole A; Lange, Corey J; Delaney, John T; Moranz, Raymond A; Miller, James R; Engle, David M; Toth, Amy L 2016-04-01 Grasslands provide important resources for pollinators in agricultural landscapes. Managing grasslands with fire and grazing has the potential to benefit plant and pollinator communities, though there is uncertainty about the ideal approach. We examined the relationships among burning and grazing regimes, plant communities, and Bombus species and Apis mellifera L. abundance and nutritional indicators at the Grand River Grasslands in southern Iowa and northern Missouri. Treatment regimes included burn-only, grazed-and-burned, and patch-burn graze (pastures subdivided into three temporally distinct fire patches with free access by cattle). The premise of the experimental design was that patch-burn grazing would increase habitat heterogeneity, thereby providing more diverse and abundant floral resources for pollinators. We predicted that both bee abundance and individual bee nutritional indicators (bee size and lipid content) would be positively correlated with floral resource abundance. There were no significant differences among treatments with respect to bee abundance. However, some of the specific characteristics of the plant community showed significant relationships with bee response variables. Pastures with greater abundance of floral resources had greater bee abundance but lower bee nutritional indicators. Bee nutritional variables were positively correlated with vegetation height, but, in some cases, negatively correlated with stocking rate. These results suggest grassland site characteristics such as floral resource abundance and stocking rate are of potential importance to bee pollinators and suggest avenues for further research to untangle the complex interactions between grassland management, plant responses, and bee health. 6. Nutritional Habits of Female University Students in Relation to Self-Perception of Body Science.gov (United States) Suliga, Edyta; Wronka, Iwona; Pawlinska-Chmara, Romana 2012-01-01 Study aim: To determine whether the self-assessment of body mass has an impact on the nutritional behaviour of young women. Material and methods: The material was gathered in cross-sectional research of 1129 female university students. The measurements of body height, body mass, and waist and hip circumference were taken. Each person completed a… 7. Growth and nutrition of Douglas fir, Scots pine and pedunculate oak in relation to soil acidification. NARCIS (Netherlands) Visser, de P.H.B. 1994-01-01 In a Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and in a Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) stand on sandy soil in the Netherlands, inputs of water, nutrients and acid loads were changed for four years. Effects of soil changes on growth and nutrition were compared with similar foreign experi 8. 78 FR 13443 - Child Nutrition Programs: Nondiscretionary Amendments Related to the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids... Science.gov (United States) 2013-02-28 ...), Public Law 111- 296, makes important improvements to the Child Nutrition Programs that serve the nation's...)-1, and be exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of that Code, 26 U.S.C. 1.501(a)-1. Section 441...) principles for safe food handling be applied to any facility, or part of a facility in which food for any... 9. [Evaluation of the cost of home enteral nutrition in relation to different access routes]. Science.gov (United States) Castillo Rabaneda, R M; Gómez Candela, C; de Cos Blanco, A I; González Fernández, B; Iglesias Rosado, C 1998-01-01 When home enteral nutrition is needed, there is still, despite the undisputed increase in the quality of life that can be achieved with a Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG), a reservation in its use because this technique and its maintenance is considered to be very costly. We aim to assess the true cost of home enteral nutrition using the oral route, a nasogastric tube, and PEG. The data of 65 patients who required home enteral nutrition during 1996, were analyzed retrospectively. The access route was a nasogastric tube in 20 cases, 18 patients had PEG, and 27 candidates used an oral route. The average age was 56 years. 50% were men and 50% were women. The most common diagnoses that led to the indication were oropharyngeal-maxillofacial neoplasms and neurological disorders. In all cases the material and formula used was assessed, as were the associated complications and the cost of the at home enteral nutrition. The average duration of the treatment was 175 +/- 128 days, and this was similar in all three groups. The average formula/day cost was slightly higher in the patients using the oral access route. The average total day cost and the average material/day cost was slightly higher in patients with a PEG. Patients with a PEG presented fewer complications than those with a nasogastric tube. The cost derived from possible complications must be higher in the nasogastric tube group, especially considering the repeated tube changes due to obstruction or loss. The cost of home enteral nutrition is slightly lower if one uses a nasogastric tube. The greater incidence of complications that were mild but required a tube change, in this case a nasogastric tube, suggests higher indirect costs. The oral route is associated with the need for special formulae that are more expensive. 10. Neural tracking of attended versus ignored speech is differentially affected by hearing loss. Science.gov (United States) Petersen, Eline Borch; Wöstmann, Malte; Obleser, Jonas; Lunner, Thomas 2017-01-01 Hearing loss manifests as a reduced ability to understand speech, particularly in multitalker situations. In these situations, younger normal-hearing listeners' brains are known to track attended speech through phase-locking of neural activity to the slow-varying envelope of the speech. This study investigates how hearing loss, compensated by hearing aids, affects the neural tracking of the speech-onset envelope in elderly participants with varying degree of hearing loss (n = 27, 62-86 yr; hearing thresholds 11-73 dB hearing level). In an active listening task, a to-be-attended audiobook (signal) was presented either in quiet or against a competing to-be-ignored audiobook (noise) presented at three individualized signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The neural tracking of the to-be-attended and to-be-ignored speech was quantified through the cross-correlation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the temporal envelope of speech. We primarily investigated the effects of hearing loss and SNR on the neural envelope tracking. First, we found that elderly hearing-impaired listeners' neural responses reliably track the envelope of to-be-attended speech more than to-be-ignored speech. Second, hearing loss relates to the neural tracking of to-be-ignored speech, resulting in a weaker differential neural tracking of to-be-attended vs. to-be-ignored speech in listeners with worse hearing. Third, neural tracking of to-be-attended speech increased with decreasing background noise. Critically, the beneficial effect of reduced noise on neural speech tracking decreased with stronger hearing loss. In sum, our results show that a common sensorineural processing deficit, i.e., hearing loss, interacts with central attention mechanisms and reduces the differential tracking of attended and ignored speech. 11. Sugar maple growth in relation to nutrition and stress in the northeastern United States. Science.gov (United States) Long, Robert P; Horsley, Stephen B; Hallett, Richard A; Bailey, Scott W 2009-09-01 Sugar maple, Acer saccharum, decline disease is incited by multiple disturbance factors when imbalanced calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) act as predisposing stressors. Our objective in this study was to determine whether factors affecting sugar maple health also affect growth as estimated by basal area increment (BAI). We used 76 northern hardwood stands in northern Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire, USA, and found that sugar maple growth was positively related to foliar concentrations of Ca and Mg and stand level estimates of sugar maple crown health during a high stress period from 1987 to 1996. Foliar nutrient threshold values for Ca, Mg, and Mn were used to analyze long-term BAI trends from 1937 to 1996. Significant (P maples sampled in the 1990s had decreased growth in the 1970s, 10-20 years in advance of the 1980s and 1990s decline episode in Pennsylvania. Even apparently healthy stands that had no defoliation, but had below-threshold amounts of Ca or Mg and above-threshold Mn (from foliage samples taken in the mid 1990s), had decreasing growth by the 1970s. Co-occurring black cherry, Prunus serotina, in a subset of the Pennsylvania and New York stands, showed opposite growth responses with greater growth in stands with below-threshold Ca and Mg compared with above-threshold stands. Sugar maple growing on sites with the highest concentrations of foliar Ca and Mg show a general increase in growth from 1937 to 1996 while other stands with lower Ca and Mg concentrations show a stable or decreasing growth trend. We conclude that acid deposition induced changes in soil nutrient status that crossed a threshold necessary to sustain sugar maple growth during the 1970s on some sites. While nutrition of these elements has not been considered in forest management decisions, our research shows species specific responses to Ca and Mg that may reduce health and growth of sugar maple or change species composition, if not addressed. 12. Rules, praise, and ignoring: elements of elementary classroom control. Science.gov (United States) Madsen, C H; Becker, W C; Thomas, D R 1968-01-01 An attempt was made to vary systematically the behavior of two elementary school teachers to determine the effects on classroom behavior of Rules, Ignoring Inappropriate Behaviors, and showing Approval for Appropriate Behavior. Behaviors of two children in one class and one child in the other class were recorded by observers, as were samples of the teachers' behavior. Following baseline recordings, Rules, Ignoring, and Approval conditions were introduced one at a time. In one class a reversal of conditions was carried out. The main conclusions were that: (a) Rules alone exerted little effect on classroom behavior, (b) Ignoring Inappropriate Behavior and showing Approval for Appropriate Behavior (in combination) were very effective in achieving better classroom behavior, and (c) showing Approval for Appropriate Behaviors is probably the key to effective classroom management. 13. The veil of ignorance and health resource allocation. Science.gov (United States) Soto, Carlos 2012-08-01 Some authors view the veil of ignorance as a preferred method for allocating resources because it imposes impartiality by stripping deliberators of knowledge of their personal identity. Using some prominent examples of such reasoning in the health care sector, I will argue for the following claims. First, choice behind a veil of ignorance often fails to provide clear guidance regarding resource allocation. Second, regardless of whether definite results could be derived from the veil, these results do not in themselves have important moral standing. This is partly because the veil does not determine which features are morally relevant for a given distributive problem. Third, even when we have settled the question of what features to count, choice behind a veil of ignorance arguably fails to take persons seriously. Ultimately, we do not need the veil to solve distributive problems, and we have good reason to appeal to some other distributive model. 14. A qualitative study of beliefs about food relating to child nutrition in the Lower Jimi Valley. Science.gov (United States) Keeble, Jessica; Keeble, Richard 2006-01-01 A previous study that we carried out confirmed that malnutrition is a problem amongst the young child population in the Lower Jimi Valley. This study begins to explore the cultural and traditional food beliefs in order to target the interventions of health services in reducing childhood malnutrition. The study was undertaken during maternal and child health clinics conducted on a foot patrol from Koinambe Health Centre in the villages of Kompiai, Komengwai, Kupeng, Injim and Kwiama. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with small groups of women to uncover beliefs regarding nutrition and feeding during pregnancy, infancy and childhood. This study has highlighted practices that nutritionally disadvantage young children. The four most significant are late weaning, restriction of foods, infrequency of feeding and the low priority given to children during meal times. It is suggested that it is the use, control and distribution of food, rather than its shortage, that contribute most significantly to the problem of childhood malnutrition in this area. 15. Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors. Science.gov (United States) Molinero, O; Márquez, S 2009-01-01 A large number of recreational and elite athletes use nutritional supplements in hopes of improving performance. These aids can be costly and potentially harmful, and the advertised ergogenic gains are often based on little or no scientific evidence. Due to the lack of regulation of the dietary supplement industry, an abundance of supplement products of dubious value, content, and quality are now available around the world. Many supplement products contain substances that are prohibited in sport or that have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. For athletes, lack of knowledge or misinformation has been established despite numerous sources of information being available, and the reasons for, and implications of, unsupervised and unrestricted supplement use require further attention. In addition to the necessity of an appropriate regulation of dietary supplements, nutritional education and scientifically sound guidance for athletes is required. Intervention and prevention efforts should be particularly targeted to adolescents. 16. Management issues related to effectively implementing a nutrition education program using peer educators. Science.gov (United States) Taylor, T; Serrano, E; Anderson, J 2001-01-01 To explore the influence of administrative aspects of a nutrition education program with peer educators delivering the program. Telephone interviews with peer educators trained to deliver La Cocina Saludable, a nutrition education program for Hispanics. Open- and closed-ended questions. Abuelas (grandmothers) recruited and trained as peer educators for the program. The sample included peer educators no longer teaching (22%), currently teaching (30%), and who never taught after training. Motives and incentives for becoming peer educators, challenges for peer educators, and reasons peer educators withdrew from the program. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data from the closed-ended questions. Qualitative analysis was applied to data from open-ended questions. Working with community and learning about nutrition were prime motivators. Recruiting participants and coordination of classes appeared to be major challenges. Personal issues and traveling in a large geographic area were cited as the main reasons for quitting. The effectiveness of using peer educators for La Cocina Saludable may be improved through empowerment, additional training, a structured and equitable reimbursement system, and assistance to carry out administrative tasks. 17. [The relation between maternal breast feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits]. Science.gov (United States) Moimaz, Suzely Adas Saliba; Rocha, Najara Barbosa; Garbin, Artênio José Isper; Saliba, Orlando 2011-05-01 This study sought to identify the type and duration of breastfeeding received by children and establish the association with non-nutritive suction habits. A retrospective, transversal study was conducted using a questionnaire given to 330 mothers or persons responsible for 3 to 6-year-old children registered in kindergartens in Araçatuba, State of São Paulo, after obtaining their free and informed consent. It was revealed that 86.4% of mothers breastfed their children. With respect to duration, only 33.4% of these mothers breastfed exclusively after 6 months. The average time of exclusive breastfeeding received by children was 3.84 months and complementary breastfeeding was 11.68 months. Of this total, 53.3% reported that their infants manifested non-nutritive suction habits and of these children, 70.45% were not exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, there being a significant association between both (phabit (44.4%), showing a statistically significant association with breastfeeding time (pbreastfeeding was practiced, albeit for a lesser duration than considered indispensable for the baby's development, there being an association between duration and type of breastfeeding and non-nutritive suction habits. 18. Nutritional Supplementation Inhibits the Increase in Serum Malondialdehyde in Patients with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Science.gov (United States) Matsuura, Toshiyuki; Takayama, Kei; Kaneko, Hiroki; Ye, Fuxiang; Fukukita, Hiroshi; Tsunekawa, Taichi; Kataoka, Keiko; Hwang, Shiang-Jyi; Nagasaka, Yosuke; Ito, Yasuki; Terasaki, Hiroko 2017-01-01 Purpose. To compare serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), patients with dry AMD (dAMD), and patients without AMD and to evaluate the efficacy of nutritional supplementation for treating elevated serum MDA in patients with wAMD. Methods. MDA levels were measured in sera from 20 patients with wAMD, 20 with dAMD, and 24 without AMD. Patients with wAMD were randomized to receive or not receive nutritional supplementation (10 patients in each group), and MDA levels were measured after 3 months of treatment. Results. MDA levels in patients with wAMD were significantly greater compared with patients without AMD. In eyes with wAMD, there was a significant correlation between MDA levels and choroidal neovascularization lesion area. Serum MDA levels decreased in most patients that received supplementation and significantly increased in those who did not. Conclusion. Baseline serum MDA levels were elevated in patients with wAMD, and MDA levels were directly correlated with choroidal neovascularization lesion area. In addition, nutritional supplementation appeared to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress in patients with wAMD. 19. Nutritional Supplementation Inhibits the Increase in Serum Malondialdehyde in Patients with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Toshiyuki Matsuura 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Purpose. To compare serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD, patients with dry AMD (dAMD, and patients without AMD and to evaluate the efficacy of nutritional supplementation for treating elevated serum MDA in patients with wAMD. Methods. MDA levels were measured in sera from 20 patients with wAMD, 20 with dAMD, and 24 without AMD. Patients with wAMD were randomized to receive or not receive nutritional supplementation (10 patients in each group, and MDA levels were measured after 3 months of treatment. Results. MDA levels in patients with wAMD were significantly greater compared with patients without AMD. In eyes with wAMD, there was a significant correlation between MDA levels and choroidal neovascularization lesion area. Serum MDA levels decreased in most patients that received supplementation and significantly increased in those who did not. Conclusion. Baseline serum MDA levels were elevated in patients with wAMD, and MDA levels were directly correlated with choroidal neovascularization lesion area. In addition, nutritional supplementation appeared to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress in patients with wAMD. 20. Nutritional Supplementation Inhibits the Increase in Serum Malondialdehyde in Patients with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Science.gov (United States) Fukukita, Hiroshi; Tsunekawa, Taichi; Kataoka, Keiko; Hwang, Shiang-Jyi; Nagasaka, Yosuke; Ito, Yasuki; Terasaki, Hiroko 2017-01-01 Purpose. To compare serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), patients with dry AMD (dAMD), and patients without AMD and to evaluate the efficacy of nutritional supplementation for treating elevated serum MDA in patients with wAMD. Methods. MDA levels were measured in sera from 20 patients with wAMD, 20 with dAMD, and 24 without AMD. Patients with wAMD were randomized to receive or not receive nutritional supplementation (10 patients in each group), and MDA levels were measured after 3 months of treatment. Results. MDA levels in patients with wAMD were significantly greater compared with patients without AMD. In eyes with wAMD, there was a significant correlation between MDA levels and choroidal neovascularization lesion area. Serum MDA levels decreased in most patients that received supplementation and significantly increased in those who did not. Conclusion. Baseline serum MDA levels were elevated in patients with wAMD, and MDA levels were directly correlated with choroidal neovascularization lesion area. In addition, nutritional supplementation appeared to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress in patients with wAMD. PMID:28243361 1. Nutritional status of iron in children from 6 to 59 months of age and its relation to vitamin A deficiency Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marcia Cristina Sales 2013-06-01 Full Text Available Objective: To evaluate the iron nutritional status of children from 6 to 59 months of age and its relation to vitamin A deficiency. Method: Cross-sectional study involving 100 children, living in nine cities in the state of Paraiba, which were selected for convenience to form two study groups: children with vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol 0.70 μmol/L; n = 50. The iron nutritional status was evaluated by biochemical, hematological and hematimetric indices. The cases of subclinical infection (C-Reactive Protein > 6 mg/L were excluded. Results: Children with vitamin A deficiency had serum iron values statistically lower than the corresponding values in children without deficiency. The other iron nutritional status indices showed no statistical difference according to presence/absence of vitamin A deficiency. Conclusion: The interaction between iron and vitamin A deficiencies was evidenced in the case of circulating iron deficiency (serum iron, suggesting failure in the transport mechanisms of the mineral in children with vitamin A deficiency. 2. RELATION BETWEEN NUTRITION AND HEALTH IN DAIRY HERDS RELACIÓN ENTRE NUTRICIÓN Y SALUD EN HATOS LECHEROS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Carulla Juan 2009-05-01 Full Text Available Incidence of health and production problems related to feeding, nutrition and/or metabolism have being growing in dairy herds. Early diagnosis allows their reduction and consequently reduces economic losses. Monitoring nutritional status periodically allows to identify possible causes of nutritional unbalances and/or mistakes in feeding practices and establish corrective measurements.La incidencia de problemas alimenticios, nutricionales y metabólicos es cada vez mayor en hatos lecheros, así como la aparición de problemas sanitarios, productivos y reproductivos asociados a los mismos. La detección oportuna y correcta de éstos permite reducir su incidencia y, por tanto, las pérdidas económicas de los hatos. El monitoreo nutricional periódico hace posible establecer el estado nutricional de una población animal, e identificar las posibles causas de desbalances nutricionales y errores en la alimentación, así como orientar en la toma de decisiones acerca de los correctivos que se deben establecer cuando se detectan problemas. El análisis de las posibles relaciones existentes entre la información aportada por cada uno de los aspectos evaluados en el monitoreo nutricional permite una evaluación más adecuada que su análisis independiente y aislado. 3. Prevalence of self-reported hypertension and its relation to dietary habits, in adults; a nutrition & health survey in Greece Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Xenaki Dimitra 2006-08-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Hypertension leads to many degenerative diseases, the most common being cardiovascular in origin. This study has been designed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported hypertension in a random nationwide sample of adult Greek population, while focus was set to the assessment of participants' nutritional habits in relation to their hypertension status. Methods A random-digit dialed telephone survey. Based on a multistage, stratified sampling, 5003 adults (18 – 74 yr participated (men: 48.8%, women: 51.2%. All participants were interviewed via telephone by trained personnel who used a standard questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, medical history, lifestyle habits and nutritional assessment. Results The prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 13.3% in men and 17.7% in women (P Conclusion Hypertension seems to be a serious public health problem in Greece. It is encouraging that hypertensives may have started adopting some more healthy nutritional behaviour compared to normotensive ones. However, they can gain significant benefits regarding to blood pressure control, if they increase the level of compliance with dietary recommendations. 4. Height, weight and BMI percentiles and nutritional status relative to the international growth references among Pakistani school-aged children Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mushtaq Muhammad Umair 2012-03-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Child growth is internationally recognized as an important indicator of nutritional status and health in populations. This study was aimed to compare age- and gender-specific height, weight and BMI percentiles and nutritional status relative to the international growth references among Pakistani school-aged children. Methods A population-based study was conducted with a multistage cluster sample of 1860 children aged five to twelve years in Lahore, Pakistan. Smoothed height, weight and BMI percentile curves were obtained and comparison was made with the World Health Organization 2007 (WHO and United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 (USCDC references. Over- and under-nutrition were defined according to the WHO and USCDC references, and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF cut-offs. Simple descriptive statistics were used and statistical significance was considered at P Results Height, weight and BMI percentiles increased with age among both boys and girls, and both had approximately the same height and a lower weight and BMI as compared to the WHO and USCDC references. Mean differences from zero for height-, weight- and BMI-for-age z score values relative to the WHO and USCDC references were significant (P Conclusion Pakistani school-aged children significantly differed from the WHO and USCDC references. However, z score means relative to the WHO reference were closer to zero and the present study as compared to the USCDC reference. Overweight and obesity were significantly higher while underweight and thinness/wasting were significantly lower relative to the WHO reference as compared to the USCDC reference and the IOTF cut-offs. New growth charts for Pakistani children based on a nationally representative sample should be developed. Nevertheless, shifting to use of the 2007 WHO child growth reference might have important implications for child health programs and primary care pediatric clinics. 5. Association of oral health-related quality of life and nutritional status among elderly population of Satara district, Western Maharashtra, India Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Parth Patel 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Introduction: The major proportion of the population suffering from nutritional deficiency and continues to grow worldwide, especially in developing countries like India, and it is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality. Aim: To evaluate the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL and nutrition status and association between nutritional status, and OHRQOL in the elderly. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the elderly of Karad city. The elderly were subjected to type 3 oral examination. Data regarding the nutritional status and OHRQOL were obtained using Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI and mini nutritional assessment (MNA index. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data using SPSS version 21. Results: The sample included 200 elderly, of which 59% consisted of males, and 41% are females. The majority of study subjects (46% were between age group 61 and 70 years. Among the assessed subjects, nearly 95% of them had total scores of GOHAI between 12 and 57 which require "needed dental care." As per MNA, 3.5% had adequate nutrition, 60% were at risk of malnutrition, and remaining 36.5% of subjects were malnourished. There was a significant correlation between GOHAI and MNA scores. Conclusion: Nutritional status was associated with the poor OHRQOL among the elderly. A strong association was found between mean GOHAI and MNA scores and nutrition status and OHRQOL. 6. Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Vieira Karen F 2010-10-01 scale, had adverse premenstrual symptoms or were peri-menopausal, reported anxiety and insomnia, or had one month or more of elevated generalized anxiety. Heterogeneity and the small number of studies for each supplement or combination therapy prevented a formal meta-analysis. Of the randomized controlled trials reviewed, 71% (15 out of 21 showed a positive direction of evidence. Any reported side effects were mild to moderate. Conclusions Based on the available evidence, it appears that nutritional and herbal supplementation is an effective method for treating anxiety and anxiety-related conditions without the risk of serious side effects. There is the possibility that any positive effects seen could be due to a placebo effect, which may have a significant psychological impact on participants with mental disorders. However, based on this systematic review, strong evidence exists for the use of herbal supplements containing extracts of passionflower or kava and combinations of L-lysine and L-arginine as treatments for anxiety symptoms and disorders. Magnesium-containing supplements and other herbal combinations may hold promise, but more research is needed before these products can be recommended to patients. St. John's wort monotherapy has insufficient evidence for use as an effective anxiolytic treatment. 7. Variational symmetries as the existence of ignorable coordinates CERN Document Server del Castillo, G F Torres 2016-01-01 It is shown that given a Lagrangian for a system with a finite number of degrees of freedom, the existence of a variational symmetry is equivalent to the existence of coordinates in the extended configuration space such that one of the coordinates is ignorable. 8. Gamma-tocopherol as a possible marker for nutrition-related risk: results from four National Diet and Nutrition Surveys in Britain. Science.gov (United States) Bates, C J; Mishra, G D; Prentice, A 2004-07-01 Relationships between vitamin E status (alpha and gamma-tocopherol and their ratio in plasma), anthropometric and biochemical indices, and food and nutrient intakes, were studied in four British National Diet and Nutrition Surveys: children aged 1.5-4.5 years, young people aged 4.0-18.0 years, adults 19.0-64.0 years and adults aged > or = 65.0 years. gamma-Tocopherol:alpha-tocopherol ratio declined with age. In older women gamma-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol:alpha-tocopherol ratios were directly related to indices of obesity. In young men alpha- and gamma-tocopherols were directly correlated with obesity, but gamma-tocopherol:alpha-tocopherol ratio was not. For young people and toddlers, fewer obesity indices were available and relationships were weaker. Other fat- and water-soluble vitamin indices correlated directly with alpha-tocopherol and inversely with gamma-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol:alpha-tocopherol ratio. Whereas alpha-tocopherol correlated directly with 'healthy' nutrient choices (such as intrinsic sugars, dietary fibre, vitamins and potassium) and inversely with 'unhealthy' choices (extrinsic sugars and monounsaturated fats, i.e. avoidance of polyunsaturated fat), gamma-tocopherol and the gamma-tocopherol:alpha-tocopherol ratio related inversely with 'healthy' choices. Food groups had analogous relationships; thus, alpha-tocopherol related directly to use of polyunsaturated fats, fresh fruits and fruit juices, and inversely to non-polyunsaturated fats and extrinsic sugar. The reverse was true for gamma-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol:alpha-tocopherol ratio. Although the mechanisms underlying these relationships are obscure, the gamma-tocopherol:alpha-tocopherol ratio may reveal poor dietary choices, status predictors and a propensity for obesity in later life, especially in women. 9. Investigating age-related changes in taste and affects on sensory perceptions of oral nutritional supplements. Science.gov (United States) Kennedy, Orla; Law, Clara; Methven, Lisa; Mottram, Donald; Gosney, Margot 2010-11-01 sip feeds are oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) that are commonly prescribed to malnourished patients to improve their nutritional and clinical status. However, ONSs are poorly consumed and frequently wasted, with sweetness being identified as one of the factors leading to patients' dislike of ONSs. to investigate if age affects sweetness thresholds and if this impacts upon perceived sweetness intensity, hedonic (sweetness and overall) and ranked preference of ONS products. prospective, observational. thirty-six young adults (18-33 years) and 48 healthy older adults (63-85 years). Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and the Clinical Health Sciences at the University of Reading. detection and recognition threshold levels, basic taste identification and 'just about right' level of sweetness were examined. Three ONSs (chocolate, vanilla, strawberry) and sucrose solutions were evaluated for hedonic sweetness, overall hedonic liking, sweetness intensity and rank preference. significant differences were found in both sweetness detection and recognition thresholds (P = 0.0001) between young and older adults, with older adults more likely to incorrectly identify the taste (P = 0.0001). Despite the deterioration in sweetness sensitivity among the older adults, there were no significant differences found in sweetness intensity perceived for the ONS products presented (P > 0.05) when compared with the young adults. However, across both groups sweetness intensity was found to be correlated with overall product dislike across all flavour variants tested (R = 0.398, P = 0.0001). sweetness appears to be one of many factors contributing to the dislike of ONSs. Manufacturers are encouraged to reconsider the formulations of these products so that beneficial effects of ONSs can be delivered in a more palatable and acceptable form and wastage reduced. 10. Socio-economic divergence in public opinions about preventive obesity regulations: Is the purpose to 'make some things cheaper, more affordable' or to 'help them get over their own ignorance'? Science.gov (United States) Farrell, Lucy C; Warin, Megan J; Moore, Vivienne M; Street, Jackie M 2016-04-01 The potential for regulatory measures to address escalating rates of obesity is widely acknowledged in public health circles. Many advocates support regulations for their potential to reduce health inequalities, in light of the well-documented social gradient in obesity. This paper examines how different social groups understand the role of regulations and other public health interventions in addressing obesity. Drawing upon focus group data from a metropolitan city in southern Australia, we argue that implementing obesity regulations without attention to the ways in which disadvantaged communities problematise obesity may lead to further stigmatisation of this key target population. Tuana's work on the politics of ignorance, and broader literature on classed asymmetries of power, provides a theoretical framework to demonstrate how middle class understandings of obesity align with dominant 'obesity epidemic' discourses. These position obese people as lacking knowledge; underpinning support for food labelling and mandatory nutrition education for welfare recipients as well as food taxes. In contrast, disadvantaged groups emphasised the potential for a different set of interventions to improve material circumstances that constrain their ability to act upon existing health promotion messages, while also describing priorities of everyday living that are not oriented to improving health status. Findings demonstrate how ignorance is produced as an explanation for obesity, widely replicated in political settings and mainstream public health agendas. This politics of ignorance and its logical reparation serve to reproduce power relations in which particular groups are constructed as lacking capacity to act on knowledge, whilst maintaining others in privileged positions of knowing. 11. Relation between body composition and bone mineral density in young undregraduate students with different nutritional status. Science.gov (United States) Rodrigues Filho, Edil de Albuquerque; Santos, Marcos André Moura Dos; Silva, Amanda Tabosa Pereira da; Farah, Breno Quintella; Costa, Manoel da Cunha; Campos, Florisbela de Arruda Camara E Siqueira; Falcão, Ana Patrícia Siqueira Tavares 2016-01-01 To investigate the relationship between total and segmental body fat, bone mineral density and bone mineral content in undergraduate students stratified according to nutritional status. The study included 45 male undergraduate students aged between 20 and 30 years. Total and segmental body composition, bone mineral density and bone mineral content assessments were performed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were allocated into three groups (eutrophic, overweight and obese). With the exception of upper limb bone mineral content, significantly higher (pstudents, particularly in overweight individuals. 12. Interactions between C-Reactive Protein Genotypes with Markers of Nutritional Status in Relation to Inflammation Science.gov (United States) Nienaber-Rousseau, Cornelie; Swanepoel, Bianca; Dolman, Robin C.; Pieters, Marlien; Conradie, Karin R.; Towers, G. Wayne 2014-01-01 Inflammation, as indicated by C-reactive protein concentrations (CRP), is a risk factor for chronic diseases. Both genetic and environmental factors affect susceptibility to inflammation. As dietary interventions can influence inflammatory status, we hypothesized that dietary effects could be influenced by interactions with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene. We determined 12 CRP SNPs, as well as various nutrition status markers in 2010 black South Africans and analyzed their effect on CRP. Interactions were observed for several genotypes with obesity in determining CRP. Lipid intake modulated the pro-inflammatory effects of some SNPs, i.e., an increase in both saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid intake in those homozygous for the polymorphic allele at rs2808630 was associated with a larger increase in CRP. Those harboring the minor alleles at rs3093058 and rs3093062 presented with significantly higher CRP in the presence of increased triglyceride or cholesterol intake. When harboring the minor allele of these SNPs, a high omega-6 to -3 ratio was, however, found to be anti-inflammatory. Carbohydrate intake also modulated CRP SNPs, as HbA1C and fasting glucose levels interacted with some SNPs to influence the CRP. This investigation highlights the impact that nutritional status can have on reducing the inherent genetic susceptibility to a heightened systemic inflammatory state. PMID:25393688 13. Health-related behaviors and nutritional status of adolescents who study asboarders and day-students. Science.gov (United States) Küçük, Emine Ela; Günay, Osman 2016-06-23 Boarders and day-students study together in regional boarding schools. This study was carried out to compare the health and nutritional status of boarders and day-students who study at regional boarding schools in Turkey. A total 634 boarders and 492 day-students in the 4th-8th years of nine boarding schools in Giresun Province of Turkey were included. A questionnaire including 49 questions about sociodemographic characteristics and health and nutritional status was completed by the students. Height and weight measurements of the students were also taken. The chi-square test was used for statistical analyses. The boarders evaluated their health status as worse than the day-students. The proportion of the students having three meals a day was higher among the boarders than the day-students. According to BMI values, 11% of the boarders were evaluated as underweight, 77% as normal, 9.5% as overweight, and 2.5% as obese. These proportions were respectively 15.5%, 67.3%, 12.8%. and 4.5% for the day-students. The boarders have more regular diets and the proportion of normal-weighed boarders was higher than that of the day-students. However, they perceived their health as worse than the day-tudents. 14. Interactions between C-reactive protein genotypes with markers of nutritional status in relation to inflammation. Science.gov (United States) Nienaber-Rousseau, Cornelie; Swanepoel, Bianca; Dolman, Robin C; Pieters, Marlien; Conradie, Karin R; Towers, G Wayne 2014-11-11 Inflammation, as indicated by C-reactive protein concentrations (CRP), is a risk factor for chronic diseases. Both genetic and environmental factors affect susceptibility to inflammation. As dietary interventions can influence inflammatory status, we hypothesized that dietary effects could be influenced by interactions with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene. We determined 12 CRP SNPs, as well as various nutrition status markers in 2010 black South Africans and analyzed their effect on CRP. Interactions were observed for several genotypes with obesity in determining CRP. Lipid intake modulated the pro-inflammatory effects of some SNPs, i.e., an increase in both saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid intake in those homozygous for the polymorphic allele at rs2808630 was associated with a larger increase in CRP. Those harboring the minor alleles at rs3093058 and rs3093062 presented with significantly higher CRP in the presence of increased triglyceride or cholesterol intake. When harboring the minor allele of these SNPs, a high omega-6 to -3 ratio was, however, found to be anti-inflammatory. Carbohydrate intake also modulated CRP SNPs, as HbA1C and fasting glucose levels interacted with some SNPs to influence the CRP. This investigation highlights the impact that nutritional status can have on reducing the inherent genetic susceptibility to a heightened systemic inflammatory state. 15. Adolescent Weight Status and Related Behavioural Factors: Web Survey of Physical Activity and Nutrition Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kate E. Storey 2012-01-01 Full Text Available Purpose. To identify whether non-overweight students were different from their overweight or obese peers with respect to diet, suboptimal meal behaviours, and physical activity using a self-administered web-based survey. Methods. 4097 adolescents living in Alberta, Canada completed Web-SPAN (Web Survey of Physical Activity and Nutrition. Students were classified as overweight or obese, and differences were described in terms of nutrient intakes, physical activity, and meal behaviours. Results. Non-overweight students consumed significantly more carbohydrate and fibre, and significantly less fat and high calorie beverages, and had a higher frequency of consuming breakfast and snacks compared to overweight or obese students. Both non-overweight and overweight students were significantly more active than obese students. Conclusions. This research supports the need to target suboptimal behaviours such as high calorie beverage consumption, fat intake, breakfast skipping, and physical inactivity. School nutrition policies and mandatory physical education for all students may help to improve weight status in adolescents. 16. TOTAL COST OF HOSPITALIZATION OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING ELECTIVE LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY RELATED TO NUTRITIONAL STATUS. Science.gov (United States) Menezes, Francisco Julimar Correia de; Menezes, Lara Gadelha Luna de; Silva, Guilherme Pinheiro Ferreira da; Melo-Filho, Antônio Aldo; Melo, Daniel Hardy; Silva, Carlos Antonio Bruno da 2016-01-01 In the Western world, the population developed an overweight profile. The morbidly obese generate higher cost to the health system. However, there is a gap in this approach with regard to individuals above the eutrofic pattern, who are not considered as morbidly obese. To correlate nutritional status according to BMI with the costs of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a public hospital. Data were collected from medical records about: nutritional risk assessment, nutricional state and hospital cost in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Were enrolled 814 procedures. Average age was 39.15 (±12.16) years; 47 subjects (78.3%) were women. The cost was on average R 6,167.32 (±1830.85) to 4.06 (±2.76) days of hospitalization; 41 (68.4%) presented some degree of overweight; mean BMI was 28.07 (±5.41) kg/m²; six (10%) individuals presented nutritional risk ≥3. There was a weak correlation (r=0.2) and not significant (p sobrepeso; o IMC médio foi 28,07 (±5,41) kg/m²; seis (10%) indivíduos apresentavam risco nutricional ≥3. Houve correlação fraca (r=0,2) e não significativa (pSobrepeso não demonstrou correlação entre custo e tempo de internação. Entretanto, os indivíduos com sobrepeso apresentaram custo maior de internação em relação aos que não tiveram intercorrência, mas sem correlação com o estado nutricional. Em relação aos com IMC normal, houve correlação forte e estatisticamente significante com o custo para tempo de internação, reforçando que há provável distribuição normal envolvendo estado nutricional adequado e sucesso do procedimento cirúrgico com consequente impacto no custo de internação.
17. Dietary education for university students : Effect of putting the poster related to diet or nutrition in the sign stand on university cafeteria dining tables
OpenAIRE
冨永, 美穂子; 濱端, 倫子
2015-01-01
We investigated the effectiveness of a university cafeteria as a place of dietary education by putting 10 kinds of poster related to diet or nutrition in the sign stand on the dining tables at a university cafeteria over a period of 10 weeks (1 week for each poster). We conducted a questionnaire survey among students using the cafeteria with respect to such items as requests to the cafeteria, awareness of nutritional balance, frequency of eating breakfast, and utility of the posters i...
18. A worksite vegan nutrition program is well-accepted and improves health-related quality of life and work productivity.
Science.gov (United States)
Katcher, Heather I; Ferdowsian, Hope R; Hoover, Valerie J; Cohen, Joshua L; Barnard, Neal D
2010-01-01
Vegetarian and vegan diets are effective in preventing and treating several chronic diseases. However, their acceptability outside a clinical trial setting has not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to determine the acceptability of a worksite vegan nutrition program and its effects on health-related quality of life and work productivity. Employees of a major insurance corporation with a body mass index > or =25 kg/m(2) and/or a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes received either weekly group instruction on a low-fat vegan diet (n = 68) or received no diet instruction (n = 45) for 22 weeks. The vegan group reported improvements in general health (p = 0.002), physical functioning (p = 0.001), mental health (p = 0.03), vitality (p = 0.004), and overall diet satisfaction (p vegan group also reported a decrease in food costs (p = 0.003), and increased difficulty finding foods when eating out (p = 0.04) compared with the control group. The vegan group reported a 40-46% decrease in health-related productivity impairments at work (p = 0.03) and in regular daily activities (p = 0.004). A worksite vegan nutrition program is well-accepted and can be implemented by employers to improve the health, quality of life, and work productivity of employees.
19. Enteral Nutrition Related Complications Relevant to Alteration of Formulas in Two Critically Ill Pediatric Patients
Science.gov (United States)
Akuzawa, Nobuhiro; Takeuchi, Aya Murata; Tsukagoshi, Jun; Kaneko, Ryoko; Naito, Hiroshi; Mizuno, Takahisa; Sunaga, Yasuo; Tashiro, Masahiko
2013-01-01
The early institution of enteral nutrition is associated with beneficial outcomes and intestinal growth in pediatric patients. However, the number, frequency, and types of unfavorable events occurring with particular formulas are undefined. We experienced unexpected complications in two cases following a change in formula. One case diagnosed with myotubular myopathy experienced highly-increased gastric residuals and watery diarrhea leading to decreased calorie intake and weight loss. The second case with campomelic dysplasia suffered liver dysfunction and fever. In both cases, symptoms developed soon after of the change in formula and improved after resumption of the previous formula. Both cases had undergone tracheostomy and artificial ventilation, and had a history of feeding the same formula for an extended period of time. In chronic care patients such as ours, a change in formula may cause unexpected adverse events; therefore, caution is warranted.
20. Traditional vs anchored instruction for diabetes-related nutritional knowledge, skills, and behavior.
Science.gov (United States)
Pichert, J W; Smeltzer, C; Snyder, G M; Gregory, R P; Smeltzer, R; Kinzer, C K
1994-01-01
This paper describes a nutrition education experiment in which traditional direct instruction was compared with a problem-solving method called anchored instruction (AI). Participants were 69 children ages 9 to 15 years, with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), who attended a diabetes camp. Following pretesting, campers were assigned to AI or direct instruction control classes. Posttests involved evaluating diabetes knowledge, personal meal plan knowledge, ability to choose an appropriate meal from a buffet line, and ability to pack appropriate meals for an overnight campout. AI and direct instruction both produced significant knowledge gains in this study. However, because the scores for the two groups did not differ, this study was unsuccessful in replicating results of other studies or extending the findings to selected measures of actual behavior.
1. Aging and Nutrition Education
Science.gov (United States)
Bazzarre, Terry L.
1978-01-01
Reviews nutrition education programs in relation to aging. A summary of nutritional information that constitutes different components of nutrition education programs for the elderly is discussed. A brief review of physiological changes affecting nutrient utilization and food selection and changes in dietary intake and requirements are presented.…
2. On uncertainty in information and ignorance in knowledge
Science.gov (United States)
Ayyub, Bilal M.
2010-05-01
This paper provides an overview of working definitions of knowledge, ignorance, information and uncertainty and summarises formalised philosophical and mathematical framework for their analyses. It provides a comparative examination of the generalised information theory and the generalised theory of uncertainty. It summarises foundational bases for assessing the reliability of knowledge constructed as a collective set of justified true beliefs. It discusses system complexity for ancestor simulation potentials. It offers value-driven communication means of knowledge and contrarian knowledge using memes and memetics.
3. What Do Schools Want? Assessing Elementary School Administrator and Teacher Preferences Related to Nutrition Education Program Scheduling
Science.gov (United States)
Hermann, Janice; Parker, Stephany; Phelps, Josh; Brown, Barbara
2011-01-01
Extension is positioned to provide school-based nutrition education programs as required by the 2004 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act. To enhance program acceptance and sustainability, it is important to consider school administrators' and teachers' interests and preferences regarding nutrition education programming. The project…
4. Non-institutionalized nonagenarians health-related quality of life and nutritional status: is there a link between them?
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
S. Jiménez-Redondo
Full Text Available Introduction: Nonagenarian population, clearly increasing, shows different characteristics from the rest of elderly people. Health-related quality of life is a way to study population health in physical, psychological and social dimensions. Objectives: To examine the relationship between nutritional status and health-related quality of life in a group of free-living nonagenarians. Differences with octogenarians were also studied. Methods: Within Villanueva Older Health Study, 20 non-institutionalised people (92.5±3.5 years; 80% women make the nonagenarian subsample. Nutritional risk was assessed by Mininutritional Assessment questionnaire, dietary intake by a 24-hour dietary recall and health-related quality of life by EuroQoL-5D questionnaire. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Results: 40% nonagenarians were at risk of malnutrition. Dietary assessment showed magnesium, zinc, potassium, folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin E deficiencies. Problems in mobility were more frequently reported (80%. EQ-5Dindex was associated with MNA (p<0.05. Self-care dimension was associated with calcium and niacin (p<0.05, retinol and cholesterol (p<0.01 intake. Usual activities dimension was associated with niacin (p<0.01 and cholesterol(p<0.05 intake. Pain/discomfort dimension was associated with protein (p<0.01, energy, selenium and niacin (p<0.05 intake. Anxiety/depression was associated with protein(p<0.01 and selenium (p<0.05 intake. Conclusions: Risk of malnutrition is a factor associated to health-related quality of life. Results suggest that energy and some nutrient intakes could be possibly associated to health-related quality of life but further research on this influence is required.
5. Acculturation, education, nutrition education, and household composition are related to dietary practices among Cambodian refugee women in Lowell, MA.
Science.gov (United States)
Peterman, Jerusha Nelson; Silka, Linda; Bermudez, Odilia I; Wilde, Parke E; Rogers, Beatrice Lorge
2011-09-01
Refugees in the United States have higher rates of some chronic diseases than US-born residents or other first-generation immigrants. This may be partially a result of dietary practices in the United States. There is limited information about which factors are related to dietary practices in refugee populations, particularly those who have been in the United States for 10 to 20 years. Research with Cambodian communities may be useful for examining the relationship between refugee characteristics and dietary practices. Two focus groups (n=11) and a survey (n=150) of Cambodian refugee women were conducted in Lowell, MA, from 2007 to 2008. χ(2) analyses, t tests, and analysis of variance tests were used to describe differences in dietary practices (24-hour recall and a targeted qualitative food assessment) by group characteristics. Higher acculturation was related to higher likelihood of eating brown rice/whole grains, and to lower likelihood of eating high-sodium Asian sauces. Higher education was related to higher likelihood of eating vegetables and fruits and to eating white rice fewer times. Nutrition education and receiving dietary advice from a health care provider were related to higher likelihood of eating whole grains/brown rice. Having a child at home was related to a higher likelihood of eating fast food. Among Cambodian refugees who have been in the United States for 10 to 20 years, dietary practices appear to have a relationship with acculturation (positive association), the interrupted education common to refugees (negative association), nutrition education from either programs or health care providers (positive association), and having a child at home (negative association).
6. Information Pluralism and Some Informative Modes of Ignorance
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Erkki Patokorpi
2011-01-01
Full Text Available In this paper information concepts will be roughly divided into two categories: The cybernetic and the semiotic-pragmatic. They are further divided into three and four subcategories, respectively. The cybernetic conception of information, which comprises both the mathematical-statistic and the logical-semantic approaches, misses some aspects of information and knowing, that are important in economics and technology studies, among others. The semiotic-pragmatic approach presumes the existence of several modes of being of information, as well as connects certainty and ambiguity to information in a different way from how the cybernetic approach does. These two general approaches to information and knowing are strikingly different, especially in their analysis of ignorance or incomplete knowledge. None of the cybernetic conceptions, and only some conceptions within the semiotic-pragmatic approach, can vindicate the elusive intuition of the potential positive role of ignorance. This comparative, philosophical discussion of the modes of ignorance may be taken as a challenge for cybernetics and computational philosophy to make better sense of incomplete knowledge.
7. Ramipril/amlodipine single pill - effectiveness, tolerance and patient satisfaction with antihypertensive therapy in relation to nutritional status.
Science.gov (United States)
Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, Magdalena; Smertka, Mike; Almgren-Rachtan, Agnieszka; Chudek, Jerzy
2014-12-01
Overweight and obesity decrease the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy despite the more frequent use of polytherapy. One method for improving therapy effectiveness is by decreasing non-compliance with the use of fixed-dose combinations (FDC). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness, tolerance, and satisfaction with ramipril/amlodipine FDC antihypertensive therapy in relation to nutritional status. The survey enrolled 24,240 hypertensive patients recently switched to ramipril/amlodipine FDC (EGIRAMLON) at the same doses as previously prescribed separate pills. The effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy increased during follow-up from 32.9% to 76.5%. Overweight and obesity were associated with the increased risk of not attaining the recommended BP values [adjusted for age OR=0.74 (95% CI 0.67-0.83) and 0.70 (0.61-0.81) for overweight; 0.54 (0.47-0.60) and 0.49 (0.42-0.57) for obese, at the first and the second examination, respectively]. "Very good" or "good" the FDP tolerance was reported by 98.8%, 97.6% and 96.4%, respectively. Adverse events (AE) were reported in 0.35% of patients regardless of nutritional status. High levels of satisfaction with the FDC were reported by 57.0% of patients with normal weight, 54.5% of overweight, and 50.6% with obesity. Effectiveness and convenience were the most important for patients. The effectiveness of therapy with ramipril/amlodipine FDC in the study population was high, but slightly lower in overweigh and obese. This FDC was well tolerated and a significant number of patients satisfied with the therapy regardless of nutritional status. Although the perceived tolerance and satisfaction with treatment were lower in obese and overweight than in normal weight patients; the incidence of AE and perceived benefit from the use of a single-pill, compared to multiple tablets, were comparable irrespective of nutritional status. Copyright © 2014 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Published by
8. Impact of group nutrition education and surplus value of Prochaska-based stage-matched information on health-related cognitions and on Mediterranean nutrition behavior
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Siero, F.W.; Broer, J.; Bemelmans, W.J.E.; Meyboom-de Jong, B.
2000-01-01
This study compares the effect of two interventions focussed on the promotion of Mediterranean nutrition behavior, The target groups are persons with three risk factors for development of cardiovascular disease, The study region is a socio-economically deprived area in the Netherlands, The first int
9. "Healthy," "diet," or "hedonic". How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake?
Science.gov (United States)
Gravel, Karine; Doucet, Éric; Herman, C Peter; Pomerleau, Sonia; Bourlaud, Anne-Sophie; Provencher, Véronique
2012-12-01
10. [The Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE) and its relation with healthcare authorities].
Science.gov (United States)
García de Lorenzo, A; Alvarez, J; Celaya, S; García Cofrades, M; García Luna, P P; García Peris, P; León-Sanz, M; Jiménez, C P; Olveira, G; Smeets, M
2011-01-01
It has been well documented in medical literature that hyponutrition is a common issue at all healthcare levels, from primary to specialized health care, as well as geriatric healthcare facilities. This problem is not limited to countries with scarce economic resources or limited social development; it is also a universal issue in Europe. Hyponutrition increases the rates of morbidity, mortality, hospital admissions, and hospital stay. These higher figures also represent a higher use of healthcare resources. In spite of this, hyponutrition may often go undetected and the patient may not receive the necessary treatment. This problem requires the cooperation of multiple agents such as the Governments, the healthcare professionals, and the citizens themselves. The VIII Discussion Forum concludes on the need to establish a clear-cut plant for action (similar to the European Alliance for Health Nutrition) and the creation of a platform (coalition) encompassing the voices of healthcare professionals associations, institutions, professional colleges, patients associations, the pharmaceutical companies, and insurance companies. The goals of this platform will be to inform about the extent of this issue, to identity and promote leaders that will convey the aims of this initiative to regional and national healthcare authorities, to present solutions and to collaborate in their implementation, and finally to assess/control the actions taken.
11. Nutrition and its relation to mealtime preparation, eating, fatigue and mood among stroke survivors after discharge from hospital - a pilot study.
Science.gov (United States)
Westergren, Albert
2008-01-01
Eating difficulties and nutritional deficits are common among persons with acute stroke and during rehabilitation. Little is known about such problems after discharge from hospital. In addition the relationship between fatigue and nutritional status among stroke survivors living in the community remains to be explored. The aim of this pilot study was to describe mealtime preparation, eating, fatigue, mood and nutritional status among persons with stroke six months after discharge from hospital and to explore associations between these factors. Patients were interviewed six months poststroke. Standardised questions and methods were used. The mean age of the 89 respondents was 77.2 (SD 6.6) years, 44 were women and 45 men. Difficulties with swallowing, ingestion and energy to eat occurred among 27%, 20% and 7% respectively. Difficulties with cooking and buying food occurred among 57% and 56% respectively and 41% were at nutritional risk. Feeling full of energy less than some of the time was experienced by 61% while 15% had felt gloomy and sad at least some of the time during the previous four weeks. Considering activities of daily living (ADL), having a less favourable nutritional status was significantly predicted by difficulties with buying food, difficulties with ingestion and being a woman. Considering psychological state (mood and energy), having a less favourable nutritional status was significantly predicted by a lack of energy and high age. This study supports the occurrence of a nutritionally related fatigue by means of "lack of energy". The associations between poor nutritional status and fatigue can work in both directions. Thus persons with fatigue are more prone to have poor nutritional status and those with poor nutritional status are at greater risk of fatigue. Besides fatigue also difficulties with buying food and ingestion are associated with nutritional risk. As nutritional deficits occur a long time after stroke onset it is important to assess
12. Prevalence of Nutrition and Health-Related Claims on Pre-Packaged Foods: A Five-Country Study in Europe
Science.gov (United States)
Hieke, Sophie; Kuljanic, Nera; Pravst, Igor; Miklavec, Krista; Kaur, Asha; Brown, Kerry A.; Egan, Bernadette M.; Pfeifer, Katja; Gracia, Azucena; Rayner, Mike
2016-01-01
This study is part of the research undertaken in the EU funded project CLYMBOL (“Role of health-related CLaims and sYMBOLs in consumer behaviour”). The first phase of this project consisted of mapping the prevalence of symbolic and non-symbolic nutrition and health-related claims (NHC) on foods and non-alcoholic beverages in five European countries. Pre-packaged foods and drinks were sampled based on a standardized sampling protocol, using store lists or a store floor plan. Data collection took place across five countries, in three types of stores. A total of 2034 foods and drinks were sampled and packaging information was analyzed. At least one claim was identified for 26% (95% CI (24.0%–27.9%)) of all foods and drinks sampled. Six percent of these claims were symbolic. The majority of the claims were nutrition claims (64%), followed by health claims (29%) and health-related ingredient claims (6%). The most common health claims were nutrient and other function claims (47% of all claims), followed by disease risk reduction claims (5%). Eight percent of the health claims were children’s development and health claims but these were only observed on less than 1% (0.4%–1.1%) of the foods. The category of foods for specific dietary use had the highest proportion of NHC (70% of foods carried a claim). The prevalence of symbolic and non-symbolic NHC varies across European countries and between different food categories. This study provides baseline data for policy makers and the food industry to monitor and evaluate the use of claims on food packaging. PMID:26950149
13. Prevalence of Nutrition and Health-Related Claims on Pre-Packaged Foods: A Five-Country Study in Europe.
Science.gov (United States)
Hieke, Sophie; Kuljanic, Nera; Pravst, Igor; Miklavec, Krista; Kaur, Asha; Brown, Kerry A; Egan, Bernadette M; Pfeifer, Katja; Gracia, Azucena; Rayner, Mike
2016-03-03
This study is part of the research undertaken in the EU funded project CLYMBOL ("Role of health-related CLaims and sYMBOLs in consumer behaviour"). The first phase of this project consisted of mapping the prevalence of symbolic and non-symbolic nutrition and health-related claims (NHC) on foods and non-alcoholic beverages in five European countries. Pre-packaged foods and drinks were sampled based on a standardized sampling protocol, using store lists or a store floor plan. Data collection took place across five countries, in three types of stores. A total of 2034 foods and drinks were sampled and packaging information was analyzed. At least one claim was identified for 26% (95% CI (24.0%-27.9%)) of all foods and drinks sampled. Six percent of these claims were symbolic. The majority of the claims were nutrition claims (64%), followed by health claims (29%) and health-related ingredient claims (6%). The most common health claims were nutrient and other function claims (47% of all claims), followed by disease risk reduction claims (5%). Eight percent of the health claims were children's development and health claims but these were only observed on less than 1% (0.4%-1.1%) of the foods. The category of foods for specific dietary use had the highest proportion of NHC (70% of foods carried a claim). The prevalence of symbolic and non-symbolic NHC varies across European countries and between different food categories. This study provides baseline data for policy makers and the food industry to monitor and evaluate the use of claims on food packaging.
14. Prevalence of Nutrition and Health-Related Claims on Pre-Packaged Foods: A Five-Country Study in Europe
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sophie Hieke
2016-03-01
Full Text Available This study is part of the research undertaken in the EU funded project CLYMBOL (“Role of health-related CLaims and sYMBOLs in consumer behaviour”. The first phase of this project consisted of mapping the prevalence of symbolic and non-symbolic nutrition and health-related claims (NHC on foods and non-alcoholic beverages in five European countries. Pre-packaged foods and drinks were sampled based on a standardized sampling protocol, using store lists or a store floor plan. Data collection took place across five countries, in three types of stores. A total of 2034 foods and drinks were sampled and packaging information was analyzed. At least one claim was identified for 26% (95% CI (24.0%–27.9% of all foods and drinks sampled. Six percent of these claims were symbolic. The majority of the claims were nutrition claims (64%, followed by health claims (29% and health-related ingredient claims (6%. The most common health claims were nutrient and other function claims (47% of all claims, followed by disease risk reduction claims (5%. Eight percent of the health claims were children’s development and health claims but these were only observed on less than 1% (0.4%–1.1% of the foods. The category of foods for specific dietary use had the highest proportion of NHC (70% of foods carried a claim. The prevalence of symbolic and non-symbolic NHC varies across European countries and between different food categories. This study provides baseline data for policy makers and the food industry to monitor and evaluate the use of claims on food packaging.
15. Nutrition function, health and related claims on packaged Australian food products--prevalence and compliance with regulations.
Science.gov (United States)
Williams, Peter; Yeatman, Heather; Ridges, Leisa; Houston, Annalie; Rafferty, Jillianan; Ridges, Anna; Roesler, Leisa; Sobierajski, Megan; Spratt, Bronwyn
2006-01-01
Australia and New Zealand are currently reviewing the regulations governing nutrition function, health and related claims on foods. Health claims currently are not permitted on food labels, with one exception. The aim of this study was to describe the use of such claims on packaged food for sale in Australia (excluding nutrient content claims) prior to any changes to the regulations, and measure compliance with existing regulations. A survey was conducted of the labelling of 7850 products (including multiple pack sizes of individual foods) in 47 different food categories on sale in New South Wales in 2003. A total of 2098 nutrition function, health or related claims and 12 therapeutic claims were recorded. Fourteen percent of products carried some sort of claim. If nutrient function and general health maintenance claims are excluded, 8.1% of products carried a health or related claim. Using the claims categorisation proposed by Food Standards Australia New Zealand for a new standard on claims, general-level claims were found on 9.8% of products and high-level and therapeutic claims (illegal at the time) on 1.2%. The food categories with the highest proportion of products carrying claims were sports drinks (92%), energy drinks (84%), sports bars (57%) and breakfast cereals (54%). 118 high-level and therapeutic claims did not conform to current food standards and there were many general-level claims for ingredient benefits that were unlikely to be able to be scientifically substantiated. The results of this survey suggest that more than 5% of claims were not complying with the current regulations and that the standards were not being fully enforced. To be effective, the new standard will need to be accompanied by clear guidelines for manufacturers on requirements for substantiating claims. Comprehensive education and enforcement frameworks also will be needed, to reduce the number of illegal or apparently unsubstantiated claims.
16. Assessment of nutritional status and meal-related situations among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Primary health care - obese patients; a challenge for the future.
Science.gov (United States)
Odencrants, Sigrid; Theander, Kersti
2013-04-01
To describe nutritional status, meal related situations, food habits and food preferences of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a Primary health care (PHC) setting. To date, guidelines have mainly focused on underweight patients with COPD, as a low body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for mortality. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of overweight patients with COPD, and therefore nutritional management must be developed to cover problems related to both under and overweight. Descriptive. One hundred and three patients from PHC centres representing COPD stages 2 and 3 were included. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was used to collect nutritional status data while semi-structured interviews provided information on food and meal related situations. Mean age was 69 (± 5)years and 45% were women. Among all patients mean BMI was 27 and 14% had a BMI ≤ 21 kg/m(2) . More women (31%) than men (26%) had a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) . According to the MNA screening score, 86% of the patients were assessed as normal or not at risk of malnutrition. The total MNA assessment score revealed that 10 patients were at risk of malnutrition or malnourishment. Problems with meal related situations were mostly associated with eating, and only a small number reported difficulties with shopping or preparing food. In PHC, more patients with COPD were obese than malnourished and their self-reported nutritional status was not always accurate. It is challenging to identify the patient's nutritional status, individualize nutritional care and educate obese patients with COPD at PHC centres. It is necessary to develop screening instruments to assess the risk of both obesity and malnutrition. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
17. Nutritional outcomes related to household food insecurity among mothers in rural Malaysia.
Science.gov (United States)
Ihabi, A N; Rohana, A J; Wan Manan, W M; Wan Suriati, W N; Zalilah, M S; Rusli, A Mohamed
2013-12-01
During the past two decades, the rates of food insecurity and obesity have risen. Although a relationship between these two seemingly-paradoxical states has not been repeatedly seen in men, research suggests that a correlation between them exists in women. This study examines nutritional outcomes of household food insecurity among mothers in rural Malaysia. A cross-sectional survey of low-income households was conducted, and 223 households with mothers aged 18-55 years, who were non-lactating, non-pregnant, and had at least one child aged 2-12 years, were purposively selected. A questionnaire was administered that included the Radimer/Cornell Scale, items about sociodemographic characteristics, and anthropometric measurements. Of the households, 16.1% were food-secure whereas 83.9% experienced some kind of food insecurity: 29.6% of households were food-insecure, 19.3% contained individuals who were food-insecure, and 35.0% fell into the 'child hunger' category. The result reported that household-size, total monthly income, income per capita, and food expenditure were significant risk factors of household food insecurity. Although there was a high prevalence of overweight and obese mothers (52%) and 47.1% had at-risk waist-circumference (> or = 80 cm), no significant association was found between food insecurity, body mass index, and waist-circumference. In conclusion, the rates of household food insecurity and overweight and obesity were high in the study population, although they are looking paradoxical. Longitudinal studies with larger sample-sizes are recommended to further examine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity.
18. Nutritional aspects of metabolic inflammation in relation to health-insights from transcriptomic biomarkers in PBMC of fatty acids and polyphenols
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Afman, L.A.; Milenkovic, D.; Roche, H.
2014-01-01
Recent research has highlighted potential important interaction between metabolism and inflammation, within the context of metabolic health and nutrition, with a view to preventing diet-related disease. In addition to this, there is a paucity of evidence in relation to accurate biomarkers that are c
19. Determining health care rights from behind a veil of ignorance.
Science.gov (United States)
Korobkin, R
1998-01-01
Should our society establish positive rights to health care that each citizen could claim, as many health policy analysts believe? Or should it provide only background rules of contract and property law and leave the provision of health care to the free market, as Richard Epstein advocates in Mortal Peril? In this article, Professor Korobkin argues that this question should be addressed from the Rawlsian "veil of ignorance" perspective. That is, the question should be answered by asking what kind of society would individuals agree to form if they had no knowledge of their individual skills or endowments; if they did not know whether they were rich or poor, healthy or sick, weak or strong. Professor Korobkin contends that individuals behind such a veil of ignorance would balance their inherent risk aversion (which favors a safety net of "rights") against the inefficient incentives created by rights regimes that would reduce net social wealth (which favors a free market). Whether they would choose to establish rights to health care or not is ultimately an empirical question that turns on how inefficient any particular right would be. The question thus requires a case-by-case analysis of proposed rights. The article then considers the policy issues of (1) community rating of private health insurance and (2) the mandated provision of emergency medical care. It concludes that in these cases the inefficient incentives created by establishing rights are probably smaller and/or controllable enough to lead individuals behind the veil of ignorance to favor a regime of positive rights.
20. Magnetic Fields are not ignorable in the dynamics of disks
CERN Document Server
Battaner, E; Guijarro, A
2000-01-01
Magnetic fields are considered to be dominant when $\\epsilon_{B}\\geq\\epsilon_{K}$, being $\\epsilon_{B}=B^{2}/8\\pi$ the magnetic energy density and $\\epsilon_{K}=1/2 \\rho\\theta^{2}$ the rotation energy density, for a conventional moderate B= 1 $\\mu$G. They are considered to be negligible when $\\epsilon_{B}<\\epsilon_{K}$ for $B\\sim 10 \\mu$G. With no assumption and no theoretical calculation, we show that magnetic fields cannot be ignored in the outer parts of a galaxy like the Milky Way and in the whole disk of a dwarf galaxy.
1. The ACA from behind the "Veil of Ignorance".
Science.gov (United States)
Dentzer, Susan
2017-01-01
John Rawls posited that we could determine the nature of justice if we imagined ourselves observing conditions in society from behind a hypothetical "veil of ignorance." Not knowing how or where we would end up-rich, poor, empowered, disabled-we would choose governing principles that did not leave one disadvantaged because of his or her circumstances. Rawls's concepts are implicitly embedded in the Affordable Care Act, which guarantees that vastly more Americans can obtain health insurance. The law effectively closed down the de facto lottery that awarded coverage to most but left out millions of others. © 2017 The Hastings Center.
2. Preferences for equity in health behind a veil of ignorance.
Science.gov (United States)
1999-08-01
Individual attitudes to distributions of life years between two groups in a society are explored by means of an experiment. Subjects are asked to place themselves behind a veil of ignorance which is specified in terms of risk (known probabilities) for some subjects and in terms of uncertainty (unknown probabilities) for some subjects. The latter is argued to be the appropriate interpretation of Rawls' notion. It is found that subjects exhibit convex preferences over life years for the two groups, and that preferences do not differ between the risk and the uncertainty specifications.
3. The retroverted uterus: ignored to date but core to prolapse.
Science.gov (United States)
Haylen, Bernard T
2006-11-01
The retroverted uterus has been largely ignored in urogynaecological research to date. The prevalence of the retroverted uterus is 79% more common in the urogynaecological patient population (34%) than in the general gynaecological population (19%). Its diagnosis requires the use of (a) transvaginal ultrasound with (b) an empty bladder. Recent data demonstrate that the prevalence of grade 2-4 uterine prolapse for a retroverted uterus is 4.5 times that for an anteverted uterus. Alternatively, 69% grade 2-4 uterine prolapse involves the retroverted uterus. The retroverted uterus, when diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound (bladder empty), is far more common in urogynecology patients due to their higher incidence of prolapse.
4. Ignorància i saber en Nicolau de Cusa
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jesús Mansilla Navarro
2004-01-01
5. Efficient Workload Classification based on Ignored Auditory Probes: A Proof of Concept
Science.gov (United States)
Roy, Raphaëlle N.; Bonnet, Stéphane; Charbonnier, Sylvie; Campagne, Aurélie
2016-01-01
6. Early humans' egalitarian politics: runaway synergistic competition under an adapted veil of ignorance.
Science.gov (United States)
Harvey, Marc
2014-09-01
this now-ill-adapted veil of ignorance, thus uncovering the tight functional relations between egalitarian team solidarity and the evolution of human uniqueness.
7. Efficient workload classification based on ignored auditory probes: A proof of concept
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Raphaëlle N. Roy
2016-10-01
8. Reach of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education (SNAP–Ed) Interventions and Nutrition and Physical Activity-Related Outcomes, California, 2011–2012
OpenAIRE
Molitor, Fred; Sugerman, Sharon; Yu, Hongjian; Biehl, Michael; Aydin, May; Levy, Melanie; Ponce, Ninez A.
2015-01-01
Introduction This study combined information on the interventions of the US Department of Agriculture’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education with 5,927 interview responses from the California Health Interview Survey to investigate associations between levels of intervention reach in low-income census tracts in California and self-reported physical activity and consumption of fruits and vegetables, fast food, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Methods We determined 4 levels of inter...
9. Public health nutrition and food policy.
Science.gov (United States)
Caraher, Martin; Coveney, John
2004-08-01
Food in its many manifestations allows us to explore the global control of health and to examine the ways in which food choice is moulded by many interests. The global food market is controlled by a small number of companies who operate a system that delivers 'cheap' food to the countries of the developed world. This 'cheap' food comes at a price, which externalises costs to the nation state in terms of health consequences (diabetes, coronary heart disease and other food-related diseases) and to the environment in terms of pollution and the associated clean-up strategies. Food policy has not to any great extent dealt with these issues, opting instead for an approach based on nutrition, food choice and biomedical health. Ignoring wider elements of the food system including issues of ecology and sustainability constrains a broader understanding within public health nutrition. Here we argue that public health nutrition, through the medium of health promotion, needs to address these wider issues of who controls the food supply, and thus the influences on the food chain and the food choices of the individual and communities. Such an upstream approach to food policy (one that has been learned from work on tobacco) is necessary if we are seriously to influence food choice.
10. Meat and haem iron intake in relation to glioma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.
Science.gov (United States)
Ward, Heather A; Gayle, Alicia; Jakszyn, Paula; Merritt, Melissa; Melin, Beatrice; Freisling, Heinz; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Tjonneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Dahm, Christina C; Overvad, Kim; Katzke, Verena; Kühn, Tilman; Boeing, Heiner; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Lagiou, Pagona; Kyrozis, Andreas; Palli, Domenico; Krogh, Vittorio; Tumino, Rosario; Ricceri, Fulvio; Mattiello, Amalia; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas; Peeters, Petra H; Quirós, José Ramón; Agudo, Antonio; Rodriguez-Barranco, Miguel; Larrañaga, Nerea; Huerta, José M; Barricarte, Aurelio; Sonestedt, Emily; Drake, Isabel; Sandström, Maria; Travis, Ruth C; Ferrari, Pietro; Riboli, Elio; Cross, Amanda J
2016-11-11
Diets high in red or processed meat have been associated positively with some cancers, and several possible underlying mechanisms have been proposed, including iron-related pathways. However, the role of meat intake in adult glioma risk has yielded conflicting findings because of small sample sizes and heterogeneous tumour classifications. The aim of this study was to examine red meat, processed meat and iron intake in relation to glioma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. In this prospective cohort study, 408 751 individuals from nine European countries completed demographic and dietary questionnaires at recruitment. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine intake of red meat, processed meat, total dietary iron and haem iron in relation to incident glioma. During an average follow-up of 14.1 years, 688 incident glioma cases were diagnosed. There was no evidence that any of the meat variables (red, processed meat or subtypes of meat) or iron (total or haem) were associated with glioma; results were unchanged when the first 2 years of follow-up were excluded. This study suggests that there is no association between meat or iron intake and adult glioma. This is the largest prospective analysis of meat and iron in relation to glioma and as such provides a substantial contribution to a limited and inconsistent literature.
11. The end of ignorance multiplying our human potential
CERN Document Server
Mighton, John
2008-01-01
A revolutionary call for a new understanding of how people learn. The End of Ignorance conceives of a world in which no child is left behind – a world based on the assumption that each child has the potential to be successful in every subject. John Mighton argues that by recognizing the barriers that we have experienced in our own educational development, by identifying the moment that we became disenchanted with a certain subject and forever closed ourselves off to it, we will be able to eliminate these same barriers from standing in the way of our children. A passionate examination of our present education system, The End of Ignorance shows how we all can work together to reinvent the way that we are taught. John Mighton, the author of The Myth of Ability, is the founder of JUMP Math, a system of learning based on the fostering of emergent intelligence. The program has proved so successful an entire class of Grade 3 students, including so-called slow learners, scored over 90% on a Grade 6 math test. A ...
12. Access to Difficult-to-reach Population Subgroups: A Family Midwife Based Home Visiting Service for Implementing Nutrition-related Preventive Activities - A Mixed Methods Explorative Study
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Helena Walz
2015-08-01
Full Text Available Health and social inequality are tightly linked and still pose an important public health problem. However, vulnerable and disadvantaged populations are difficult to reach for health-related interventions. Given the long-lasting effects of an adverse, particular nutrition-related, intrauterine and neonatal environment on health development (perinatal programming, an early and easy access is essential for sustainable interventions. The goal of this explorative study was therefore to elucidate whether an existing access of family midwives (FMs to families in need of support could be an option to implement effective public health and nutrition interventions. To that end three research objectives were formulated: (1 to determine whether a discernible impact of home visits by FMs can be described; (2 to identify subgroups among these families in need of more specific interventions; (3 to determine how relevant nutrition-related topics are for both FMs and the supported families. For addressing these objectives a mixed methods design was used: Routine documentation data from 295 families visited by a family midwife (FM were analyzed (secondary analysis, and structured expert interviews with FMs were conducted and analyzed. Study reporting followed the STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology statement. Based on the FMs reports, a significant improvement (p < 0.001 regarding psycho-social variables could be determined after the home visits. Single mothers, however, seemed to benefit less from the FMs service compared to their counterparts (p = 0.015. Nutritional counseling was demanded by 89% of the families during the home visits. In addition, nutrition-related topics were reported in the interviews to be of high interest to both families and the FMs. Based on the obtained results it is concluded that FMs home visits offer a promising access to vulnerable and disadvantaged families for implementing nutrition-related
13. A Historical Review of Changes in Nutrition Standards of USDA Child Meal Programs Relative to Research Findings on the Nutritional Adequacy of Program Meals and the Diet and Nutritional Health of Participants: Implications for Future Research and the Summer Food Service Program.
Science.gov (United States)
Hopkins, Laura C; Gunther, Carolyn
2015-12-04
The USDA child meal programs (CMPs) (National School Lunch Program (NSLP), School Breakfast Program (SBP), and Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) were established in 1946 (NSLP) and 1975 (SBP and SFSP) to improve the diet and nutritional health of US children. There is concern that participation in these programs may in fact be a contributor to the current childhood obesity epidemic. The purpose of this study was to determine if the CMPs are meeting their intended goal by reviewing the historical changes to nutrition standards of the CMPs in correspondence with the literature that examines the nutritional adequacy of meals served as part of these programs, as well as the dietary intakes and nutritional status of participants. Public Law and the Federal Register were reviewed and websites and online databases were systematically searched. NSLP and SBP first underwent updates to the nutrition standards in 1994 and subsequently 2010, whereas SFSP last underwent modifications in 2000. The majority of data, all collected prior to 2010, demonstrate that meals served as part of the NSLP and SBP are not meeting nutrition standards. In addition, the dietary intakes of NSLP and SBP participants are high in calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium, and low in fiber. Studies examining the weight status and other nutrition-related health outcomes of NSLP and SBP participants have produced mixed results. In contrast, no studies published in the peer-reviewed literature have been conducted examining the nutritional adequacy of SFSP meals or the dietary intakes or nutritional health of SFSP participants. There are public reports available on the nutritionally adequacy of SFSP meals, however, they are severely outdated (1988 and 2003). Due to this dearth of information, a case study on a sample SFSP menu from summer 2015 was conducted; results showed that the meals are high in carbohydrate and protein content and insufficient in vegetable servings. There is critical need for policy
14. A Historical Review of Changes in Nutrition Standards of USDA Child Meal Programs Relative to Research Findings on the Nutritional Adequacy of Program Meals and the Diet and Nutritional Health of Participants: Implications for Future Research and the Summer Food Service Program
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Laura C. Hopkins
2015-12-01
Full Text Available Background: The USDA child meal programs (CMPs (National School Lunch Program (NSLP, School Breakfast Program (SBP, and Summer Food Service Program (SFSP were established in 1946 (NSLP and 1975 (SBP and SFSP to improve the diet and nutritional health of US children. There is concern that participation in these programs may in fact be a contributor to the current childhood obesity epidemic. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if the CMPs are meeting their intended goal by reviewing the historical changes to nutrition standards of the CMPs in correspondence with the literature that examines the nutritional adequacy of meals served as part of these programs, as well as the dietary intakes and nutritional status of participants. Methods: Public Law and the Federal Register were reviewed and websites and online databases were systematically searched. Results: NSLP and SBP first underwent updates to the nutrition standards in 1994 and subsequently 2010, whereas SFSP last underwent modifications in 2000. The majority of data, all collected prior to 2010, demonstrate that meals served as part of the NSLP and SBP are not meeting nutrition standards. In addition, the dietary intakes of NSLP and SBP participants are high in calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium, and low in fiber. Studies examining the weight status and other nutrition-related health outcomes of NSLP and SBP participants have produced mixed results. In contrast, no studies published in the peer-reviewed literature have been conducted examining the nutritional adequacy of SFSP meals or the dietary intakes or nutritional health of SFSP participants. There are public reports available on the nutritionally adequacy of SFSP meals, however, they are severely outdated (1988 and 2003. Due to this dearth of information, a case study on a sample SFSP menu from summer 2015 was conducted; results showed that the meals are high in carbohydrate and protein content and insufficient in
15. [Catheter-related infection in home-based parenteral nutrition: outcomes from the NADYA group and presentation of a new protocol].
Science.gov (United States)
Cuerda, Compés C; Bretón, Lesmes I; Bonada Sanjaume, A; Planas Vila, M
2006-01-01
Hom parenteral nutrition (HPN) is a nutritional support modality that allows for the supply of parenteral nutrition bags to the patient's home. Since its first use in the late 60s, this therapy has allowed maintaining patients with intestinal failure alive that previously were doomed to death. In our country, this therapy is used by 2.15 patients pmp. According to the NADYA data, catheter-related infections account for 50% of all HPN-related complications. In larger series, infection rates are 0.5-2 infections/1000 days or 0.3-0.5 infections/patient/year. Most of them are produced by gram-positive organisms that migrate from the skin or from catheter connections to the tip. These infections are diagnosed by means of clinical data and with different microbiological cultures. When treating these infections, it is important to keep the catheter in place, and administering antibiotics through it, conventionally or with the antibioticolade technique.
16. Relations between anthropometric and motor variables of seven-year-old girls with the differentiated level of nutritional status
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ivanović Miroljub
2017-01-01
Full Text Available The objective of this paper is to examine the frequency of nutritional status and the relations between anthropometric characteristics and motor skills of the first-grade elementary schools girls from Valjevo. A battery of 16 anthropometric measurements and 9 motor tests was conducted on the pertinent sample (N = 332 of seven-year-old girls. Data were analyzed using common measures of central tendency, measures of variability and canonical correlation analysis. Based on the measured body mass index, 75% of participants have normal body mass, 21% has increased body mass, and 4% is overweight. The results showed that in the group of participants with normal body mass there is no significant connection between two systems of variables (morphological characteristics and motor skills. Data from the group of overweight participants show that the two statistically relevant correlations were extracted in the morpho-motoric space and were interpreted as canonical functions: (1 circular dimensionality of the skeleton and body mass, and explosive strength and (2 subcutaneous fatty tissue and segmented run and running speed. Canonical factors indicate that the greater the size of chest, thigh, shin and body mass, the lower are the results of the composite motor tests (plyometric jump, forward lean-backward lean-throw, long jump and standing jump, that is the girls who had higher values of back skinfold, stomach skinfold, thigh skinfold and shin skinfold, had worse result realization of motor tasks (hand-tapping, foot-tapping and running 5 x 10 m. Empirical data of the research on the isolated canonical structure are relevant from the theoretical point of view, but they also have relevant implications for identifying increased level of nutritional status and the advancement of physical education in elementary school education.
17. Nutritional and Health-Related Effects of a Diet Containing Apple Seed Meal in Rats: The Case of Amygdalin.
Science.gov (United States)
Opyd, Paulina M; Jurgoński, Adam; Juśkiewicz, Jerzy; Milala, Joanna; Zduńczyk, Zenon; Król, Bogusław
2017-10-02
Apple pomace includes seeds that are rich in protein, fiber, and oil, which can be extracted from them. However, they can also contain a significant amount of toxigenic amygdalin. We hypothesized that amygdalin is a compound that significantly reduces the nutritional and health quality of defatted apple seeds. An experiment was conducted on rats that were distributed into three groups and fed with high-fructose diets. In the control (C) and amygdalin (AMG) groups, cellulose and casein were the source of dietary fiber and protein, respectively; in the apple seed meal (ASM) group, dietary fiber and protein originated from the endosperm of apple seeds, which were previously defatted and ground. A diet fed to the ASM group also contained 0.24% of amygdalin from the meal, whereas the AMG diet was supplemented with the same amount of synthetic amygdalin. After 14 days of experimental feeding, the body weight of rats was decreased in the ASM group. When compared to the C group, apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen retention were increased in the AMG group, while both were decreased in the ASM group. In the small intestine, mucosal maltase activity was decreased in the AMG and ASM groups, whereas lactase activity was only decreased by dietary amygdalin. The caecal SCFA pool and butyrate concentration were significantly increased in the ASM group compared to the other groups. Moreover, the ASM diet increased plasma concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and plasma antioxidant capacity of water-soluble substances (ACW). It also decreased the liver content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). In contrast, dietary amygdalin did not affect these indices. Dietary supplementation with apple seed meal can exert beneficial effects on the intestinal tract, blood lipid profile and antioxidant status of rats. In most cases, these effects are not limited by the presence of amygdalin. However, the nutritional value of protein from apple seed
18. Nutritional and Health-Related Effects of a Diet Containing Apple Seed Meal in Rats: The Case of Amygdalin
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Paulina M. Opyd
2017-10-01
Full Text Available Apple pomace includes seeds that are rich in protein, fiber, and oil, which can be extracted from them. However, they can also contain a significant amount of toxigenic amygdalin. We hypothesized that amygdalin is a compound that significantly reduces the nutritional and health quality of defatted apple seeds. An experiment was conducted on rats that were distributed into three groups and fed with high-fructose diets. In the control (C and amygdalin (AMG groups, cellulose and casein were the source of dietary fiber and protein, respectively; in the apple seed meal (ASM group, dietary fiber and protein originated from the endosperm of apple seeds, which were previously defatted and ground. A diet fed to the ASM group also contained 0.24% of amygdalin from the meal, whereas the AMG diet was supplemented with the same amount of synthetic amygdalin. After 14 days of experimental feeding, the body weight of rats was decreased in the ASM group. When compared to the C group, apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen retention were increased in the AMG group, while both were decreased in the ASM group. In the small intestine, mucosal maltase activity was decreased in the AMG and ASM groups, whereas lactase activity was only decreased by dietary amygdalin. The caecal SCFA pool and butyrate concentration were significantly increased in the ASM group compared to the other groups. Moreover, the ASM diet increased plasma concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol and plasma antioxidant capacity of water-soluble substances (ACW. It also decreased the liver content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS. In contrast, dietary amygdalin did not affect these indices. Dietary supplementation with apple seed meal can exert beneficial effects on the intestinal tract, blood lipid profile and antioxidant status of rats. In most cases, these effects are not limited by the presence of amygdalin. However, the nutritional value of protein from
19. Nutritional status in relation to lifestyle in patients with compensated viral cirrhosis
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Fumikazu Hayashi; Chika Momoki; Miho Yuikawa; Yuko Simotani; Etsushi Kawamura; Atsushi Hagihara; Hideki Fujii
2012-01-01
AIM:To assess the nourishment status and lifestyle of non-hospitalized patients with compensated cirrhosis by using noninvasive methods.METHODS:The subjects for this study consisted of 27 healthy volunteers,59 patients with chronic viral hepatitis,and 74 patients with viral cirrhosis,from urban areas.We assessed the biochemical blood tests,anthropometric parameters,diet,lifestyle and physical activity of the patients.A homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value of ≥2.5 was considered to indicate insulin resistance.We measured height,weight,waist circumference,arm circumference,triceps skin-fold thickness,and handgrip strength,and calculated body mass index,arm muscle circumference (AMC),and arm muscle area (AMA).We interviewed the subjects about their dietary habits and lifestyle using health assessment computer software.We surveyed daily physical activity using a pedometer.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression modeling were used to identify the relevant factors for insulin resistance.RESULTS:The rate of patients with HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 (which was considered to indicate insulin resistance)was 14 (35.9％) in the chronic hepatitis and 17 (37.8％)in the cirrhotic patients.AMC (％) (control vs chronic hepatitis,111.9％ ± 10.5％ vs 104.9％ ± 10.7％,P =0.021; control vs cirrhosis,111.9％ ± 10.5％ vs 102.7％ ± 10.8％,P =0.001) and AMA (％) (control vs chronic hepatitis,128.2％ ± 25.1％ vs 112.2％ ±22.9％,P =0.013; control vs cirrhosis,128.2％ ±25.1％ vs 107.5％ ± 22.5％,P =0.001) in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis were significantly lower than in the control subjects.Handgrip strength (％) in the cirrhosis group was significantly lower than in the controls (control vs cirrhosis,92.1％± 16.2％ vs 66.9％ ± 17.6％,P ＜ 0.001).The results might reflect a decrease in muscle mass.The total nutrition intake and amounts of carbohydrates,protein and fat were not significantly different amongst
20. Cultivating nutrition
OpenAIRE
Levin, Carol E; Long, Jennifer; Simler, Kenneth R.; Johnson-Welch, Charlotte
2003-01-01
"Over the past decade, donor-funded policies and programs designed to address undernutrition in the Global South have shifted away from agriculture-based strategies toward nutrient supplementation and food fortification programs. Given the potential benefits resulting from agriculture-based nutrition interventions, this study uses Q methodology to explore the views of a range of stakeholders from both developed and developing countries on the value of—and constraints related to—gender-sensiti...
1. A review of the nutritional value of legumes and their effects on obesity and its related co-morbidities.
Science.gov (United States)
Rebello, C J; Greenway, F L; Finley, J W
2014-05-01
Since the 1970s, the proportion of overweight and obese people in the United States has grown at an alarming rate. An awareness of the consequences of obesity on the health and well-being of individuals is evident in the plethora of strategic plans at the local and national levels, most of which have largely fallen short of their goals. If interventions continue to be unsuccessful, it is estimated that approximately three of four Americans will be overweight or obese by 2020. Prevention of excess weight gain can be accomplished with relatively small changes in lifestyle behaviours to control body weight. Small sustainable changes are perhaps better than efforts to achieve larger changes that cannot be sustained. Legumes can be a valuable food by which the needs of the undernourished or under-served populations could be met. They can be incorporated into meat products, such as sausages and burgers, to lower the energy density of these foods while providing important nutrients. Replacing energy-dense foods with legumes has been shown to have beneficial effects on the prevention and management of obesity and related disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. This review explores the nutritional value and obesity-related health benefits of legume consumption while focusing on pulses.
2. Diet & Nutrition
Science.gov (United States)
3. Effect of personalized nutrition on health-related behavior change: evidence from the Food4Me randomized controlled trial
Science.gov (United States)
Background - Optimal nutritional choices are linked with better health but most current interventions to improve diet have limited effect. We tested the hypothesis that providing personalized nutrition (PN) advice based on collected information on individual diet and lifestyle, phenotype or genotype...
4. Enteral bile acid treatment improves parenteral nutrition-related liver disease and intestinal mucosal atrophy in neonatal pigs
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jain, Ajay Kumar; Stoll, Barbara; Burrin, Douglas G
2012-01-01
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is essential for patients with impaired gut function but leads to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). TPN disrupts the normal enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, and we hypothesized that it would decrease intestinal expression of the newly...
5. Enteral bile acid treatment improves parenteral nutrition-related liver disease and intestinal mucosal atrophy in neonatal pigs
Science.gov (United States)
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is essential for patients with impaired gut function but leads to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). TPN disrupts the normal enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, and we hypothesized that it would decrease intestinal expression of the newly des...
6. The health benefits of selective taxation as an economic instrument in relation to IHD and nutrition-related cancers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Holm, Astrid L; Laursen, Mai-Britt; Koch, Birgit Maria
2013-01-01
of disease, measured by disability-adjusted life years, from health outcomes affected by the changes in food intake. The change in burden of a disease was calculated as the change in incidence of the disease due to a modified exposure level, using the potential impact fraction. Estimates of relative risk...... of selective taxation were modelled for the adult Danish population. RESULTS: Halving the rate of value-added tax on fruit and vegetables and increasing the tax on fats would result in moderate reductions in the burden of disease from IHD, ischaemic stroke, and colorectal, lung and breast cancer (0...
7. Pediatric Nutrition Assessment.
Science.gov (United States)
Green Corkins, Kelly; Teague, Erin E
2017-02-01
Pediatric patients with chronic illnesses or diseases or who require long-term nutrition support are most vulnerable to nutrition-related issues. Malnutrition in a pediatric patient may negatively affect long-term growth and development. Children also become malnourished much more quickly than adults. A comprehensive nutrition assessment that includes food and nutrition-related history, anthropometric measurements, biochemical data, medical tests and procedures, nutrition-focused physical findings, and patient history should be completed on these patients as no one parameter is a comprehensive indicator of nutrition status. Anthropometric measurements provide important information on the growth and nutrition status of a child, yet many times it is difficult to get accurate and valid measurements due to physical limitations of the child or improper technique. Inaccurate measurements may result in a missed diagnosis of malnutrition or may lead to an incorrect diagnosis of a healthy child. Knowledge of appropriate anthropometric measurements and alternatives is crucial when assessing growth in all children and essential for those who are physically handicapped or critically ill. The purpose of this review is to present key components of a pediatric nutrition assessment so proper nutrition-related diagnosis, including malnutrition, can be accomplished, a nutrition care plan established, and expected outcomes documented.
8. Growth status related to brain responses, nutrition, home environment, and behavior in infants and toddlers
Science.gov (United States)
To investigate whether growth status in infants and toddlers affects processes involved in speech perception and discrimination, cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) to consonant-vowel syllables were recorded from 48 healthy babies: 26 low in growth status (LGS, <25th percentile in growth measur...
9. Exploit and ignore the consequences: A mother of planetary issues
Science.gov (United States)
Moustafa, K.
2016-07-01
Many environmental and planetary issues are due to an exploitation strategy based on exploit, consume and ignore the consequences. As many natural and environmental resources are limited in time and space, such exploitation approach causes important damages on earth, in the sea and maybe soon in the space. To sustain conditions under which humans and other living species can coexist in productive and dynamic harmony with their environments, terrestrial and space exploration programs may need to be based on 'scrutinize the consequences, prepare adequate solutions and then, only then, exploit'. Otherwise, the exploitation of planetary resources may put the environmental stability and sustainability at a higher risk than it is currently predicted. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
10. An ignored variable: solution preparation temperature in protein crystallization.
Science.gov (United States)
Chen, Rui-Qing; Lu, Qin-Qin; Cheng, Qing-Di; Ao, Liang-Bo; Zhang, Chen-Yan; Hou, Hai; Liu, Yong-Ming; Li, Da-Wei; Yin, Da-Chuan
2015-01-19
Protein crystallization is affected by many parameters, among which certain parameters have not been well controlled. The temperature at which the protein and precipitant solutions are mixed (i.e., the ambient temperature during mixing) is such a parameter that is typically not well controlled and is often ignored. In this paper, we show that this temperature can influence protein crystallization. The experimental results showed that both higher and lower mixing temperatures can enhance the success of crystallization, which follows a parabolic curve with an increasing ambient temperature. This work illustrates that the crystallization solution preparation temperature is also an important parameter for protein crystallization. Uncontrolled or poorly controlled room temperature may yield poor reproducibility in protein crystallization.
11. Period After The Role of Ignorant Companions Poetry
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Osman Nedim Yektar
2015-12-01
Full Text Available Companions changed the bad aspects in the poetry of ignorance era. Therefore, they are not totally opposed to the poetry. Poems were evaluated in accordance with the meaning of the words in them. They didn’t read the poems in which bad words were found and didn’t let them to be read. Companions who had engaged with poetry before being Muslims, used that for jihad or for different charities in Islam. During the allegiance to the Prophet in front of him, during the war, during the request for assistance and in sadness, did they read poems without saying any words which mean ‘sin’.
12. Diminishing risk for age-related macular degeneration with nutrition: a current view.
Science.gov (United States)
Schleicher, Molly; Weikel, Karen; Garber, Caren; Taylor, Allen
2013-07-02
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Clinical hallmarks of AMD are observed in one third of the elderly in industrialized countries. Preventative interventions through dietary modification are attractive strategies, because they are more affordable than clinical therapies, do not require specialists for administration and many studies suggest a benefit of micro- and macro-nutrients with respect to AMD with few, if any, adverse effects. The goal of this review is to provide information from recent literature on the value of various nutrients, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, lower glycemic index diets and, perhaps, some carotenoids, with regard to diminishing risk for onset or progression of AMD. Results from the upcoming Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) II intervention trial should be particularly informative.
13. Diminishing Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Nutrition: A Current View
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Allen Taylor
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Age-related macular degeneration (AMD is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Clinical hallmarks of AMD are observed in one third of the elderly in industrialized countries. Preventative interventions through dietary modification are attractive strategies, because they are more affordable than clinical therapies, do not require specialists for administration and many studies suggest a benefit of micro- and macro-nutrients with respect to AMD with few, if any, adverse effects. The goal of this review is to provide information from recent literature on the value of various nutrients, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, lower glycemic index diets and, perhaps, some carotenoids, with regard to diminishing risk for onset or progression of AMD. Results from the upcoming Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS II intervention trial should be particularly informative.
14. Taurolidine lock is highly effective in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients on home parenteral nutrition: a heparin-controlled prospective trial.
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Bisseling, T.M.; Willems, M.C.M.; Versleijen, M.W.J.; Hendriks, J.C.M.; Vissers, R.K.; Wanten, G.J.A.
2010-01-01
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Catheter-related bloodstream infections remain the major threat for Home Parenteral Nutrition programs. Taurolidine, a potent antimicrobial agent, holds promise as an effective catheter lock to prevent such infections. Aim of the present study was to compare taurolidine with hepar
15. Absence of microbial adaptation to taurolidine in patients on home parenteral nutrition who develop catheter related bloodstream infections and use taurolidine locks
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Olthof, E.D.; Rentenaar, R.J.; Rijs, A.J.M.M.; Wanten, G.J.A.
2013-01-01
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Some home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients develop catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) despite using an anti-microbial catheter lock solution taurolidine. The aim of this study was to assess whether long-term use of taurolidine leads to selective growth of microorga
16. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allerg ies (NDA) ; Guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to appetite ratings, weight management, and blood glucose concentrations
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tetens, Inge
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) to draft guidance on scientific requirements for health claims related to appetite ratings, weight management, and blood glucose concentrations. This guidance has been drawn from scientific...
17. Nutrition-related information-seeking behaviours of women trying to conceive and pregnant women: evidence for the life course perspective
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Szwajcer, E.M.; Hiddink, G.J.; Maas, L.C.; Koelen, M.A.; Woerkum, van C.M.J.
2008-01-01
Objectives. To examine whether preconception and pregnancy could be an occasion triggering women's interest, search and need for both general and pregnancy-specific nutrition-related information, in order to: (i) provide a greater understanding of the life course perspective (in this case on
18. Socioeconomic factors are associated with folate and vitamin B12 intakes and related biomarkers concentrations in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Iglesia, I.; Mouratidou, Th.; González, M.; Novakovic, R.N.; Breidenassel, C.; Jiménez-Pavón, D.; Huybrechts, I.; Geelen, A.; Veer, van 't P.; Cavelaars, A.J.E.M.
2014-01-01
Because socioeconomic factors (SEFs) may influence dietary quality and vitamin intakes, this study aimed to examine associations between socioeconomic factors and folate and vitamin B12 intakes as well as their related biomarkers in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study.
19. Meta-Analysis of the Related Nutritional Supplements Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Methylsulfonylmethane in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sarah Brien
2011-01-01
Full Text Available Dimethyl sulphoxide and methylsulfonylmethane are two related nutritional supplements used for symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis (OA. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate their efficacy in reducing pain associated with OA. Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials (RCTs, identified by systematic electronic searches, citation tracking and searches of clinical trial registries, assessing these supplements in osteoarthritis of any joint were considered for inclusion. Meta-analysis, based on difference in mean pain related outcomes between treatment and comparator groups, was carried out based on a random effect model. Seven potential trials were identified of which three RCTs, two DMSO and one MSM (total N=326 patients were eligible for inclusion. All three trials were considered high methodological quality. A significant degree of heterogeneity (χ2=6.28, P=.043 was revealed. Two studies demonstrated statistically significant (but not clinically relevant reduction in pain compared with controls; with one showing no group difference. The meta-analysis confirmed a non significant reduction of pain on visual analogue scale of 6.34 mm (SE = 3.49, 95% CI, −0.49, 13.17. The overall effect size of 1.82 was neither statistically nor clinically significant. Current evidence suggests DMSO and MSM are not clinically effective in the reduction of pain in the treatment of OA. No definitive conclusions can currently be drawn from the data due to the mixed findings and the use of inadequate dosing periods.
20. [Nutritional status in acute stage ischemic stroke and its relation to disease severity and prognosis of patients].
Science.gov (United States)
Hong, Qing; Zhang, Li-San; Chen, Yin; He, Xu-Dong; Hu, Xing-Yue
2015-01-01
To investigate the nutritional status in acute stage ischemic stroke and its relation to disease severity and prognosis of patients. Fifty patients with ischemic stroke were admitted in hospital within 48 h after onset. National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) was used to assess the severity of stroke. Physical index and laboratory index were measured on d1, d7 and d14 after admission. Physical index included body weight, body mass index, triceps skin folds, upper arm circumference and arm muscle circumference. Laboratory index included prealbumin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), complement C3 and cortisol. The severity of metabolic disturbance was expressed as the difference of biochemical indexes between the d7 and d1. All cases were followed up for 6 months. The prognosis of stroke was evaluated with modified Rankin (mRankin) scores. No significant changes of physical indexes were found between d7 and d1. The levels of prealbumin and complement C3 on d7 after admission were significantly decreased compared to d1 (198.8 mg/L±20.3 mg/L vs 286.7 mg/L±23.8 mg/L and 0.6 g/L±0.1 g/L vs 1.0 g/L±0.1 g/L, respectively, both Pnutrition metabolism disturbances (PNutrition metabolism disturbances in patients with acute ischemic stroke are related to the disease duration, the severity and prognosis of stroke.
1. NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS AGED 9–19 YEARS
Science.gov (United States)
Shoff, Suzanne M.; Tluczek, Audrey; Laxova, Anita; Farrell, Philip M.; Lai, HuiChuan J.
2013-01-01
Background The impact of improved nutritional status on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is unknown for children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods Associations between nutritional status and HRQOL were examined over 2 years in 95 children, aged 9–19 years, who were followed in the Wisconsin Newborn Screening Project. HRQOL was assessed using the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire (CFQ). Associations between height z-score (HtZ), BMI z-score (BMIZ) and seven CFQ dimensions were evaluated. Results Mean values of at least 80 were observed for all CFQ dimensions except respiratory symptoms and treatment burden. Treatment burden was significantly worse in patients with meconium ileus (57) compared to pancreatic insufficient (65) and sufficient (78) subjects, pnutritional status was associated with increased HRQOL scores. Early diagnosis through newborn screening and improved nutrition provides an opportunity to enhance quality of life and body image perception. PMID:23410621
2. Nutritional status is associated with health-related quality of life in children with cystic fibrosis aged 9-19 years.
Science.gov (United States)
Shoff, Suzanne M; Tluczek, Audrey; Laxova, Anita; Farrell, Philip M; Lai, HuiChuan J
2013-12-01
The impact of improved nutritional status on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is unknown for children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Associations between nutritional status and HRQOL were examined over 2 years in 95 children, aged 9-19 years, who were followed in the Wisconsin Newborn Screening Project. HRQOL was assessed using the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire (CFQ). Associations between height z-score (HtZ), BMI z-score (BMIZ) and seven CFQ dimensions were evaluated. Mean values of at least 80 were observed for all CFQ dimensions except respiratory symptoms and treatment burden. Treatment burden was significantly worse in patients with meconium ileus (57) compared to pancreatic insufficient (65) and sufficient (78) subjects, pnutritional status was associated with increased HRQOL scores. Early diagnosis through newborn screening and improved nutrition provides an opportunity to enhance quality of life and body image perception. Copyright © 2013 European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
3. Sex-related effects of nutritional supplementation of Escherichia coli: relevance to eating disorders.
Science.gov (United States)
Tennoune, Naouel; Legrand, Romain; Ouelaa, Wassila; Breton, Jonathan; Lucas, Nicolas; Bole-Feysot, Christine; do Rego, Jean-Claude; Déchelotte, Pierre; Fetissov, Sergueï O
2015-03-01
The biological background of sex-related differences in the development of eating disorders (EDs) is unknown. Recent data showed that gut bacteria Escherichia coli induce autoantibodies against anorexigenic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) associated with psychopathology in ED. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of E. coli on feeding and autoantibodies against α-MSH and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), between female and male rats. Commensal E. coli K12 were given in a culture medium daily to adult Wistar rats by intragastric gavage over a 3-wk period; control rats received culture medium only. Before gavage, E. coli K12 DNA was detected in feces of female but not male rats. E. coli provision was accompanied by an increase in body weight gain in females, but a decrease in body weight gain and food intake in males. Independent of E. coli treatment, plasma levels of anti-α-MSH and ACTH immunoglobulin (Ig)G were higher in female than male rats. Females responded to E. coli by increasing α-MSH IgG levels and affinity, but males by increasing α-MSH IgM levels. Affinity of IgG for ACTH was increased in both E. coli-treated females and males, although with different kinetics. IgG from females stimulated more efficiently α-MSH-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate production by melanocortin 4 receptor-expressing cells compared with IgG from males. Sex-related response to how E. coli affects feeding and anti-melanocortin hormone antibody production may depend on the presence of these bacteria in the gut before E. coli supplementation. These data suggest that sex-related presence of certain gut bacteria may represent a risk factor for ED development. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4. Nutritional supplements
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Petersen, Gry Bjerg; Andersen, Jens Rikardt
2015-01-01
, metal, gritty, consistence and ability to drink 150 ml (one glass), and the patients arranged the drinks in order of preference. Results: The sensory qualities differed significantly concerning sweet (p...Background: Several studies have indicated that cancer patients have significantly altered taste sensitivity without specifying the preferences. One of the related problems is low compliance to nutritional therapy with oral nutritional supplements (ONS) in patients suffering severe weight loss....... Objective: We wanted to investigate taste preferences and sensoric characteristics among three usually used ONS in patients with malignant haematological disease during cytotoxic treatment. Design: Tested drinks were: Protin® (protein-enriched-milk, ARLA), Nutridrink® (NUTRICIA) and hospital-produced drink...
5. Nutritional status and dietary intake among pregnant women in relation to pre-pregnancy body mass index in Japan.
Science.gov (United States)
Uno, Kaoru; Takemi, Yukari; Hayashi, Fumi; Hosokawa, Momo
2016-01-01
Objective The present study examined nutritional status and dietary intake of pregnant women in Japan in relation to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI).Methods Participants included 141 Japanese women with singleton pregnancies, from the outpatient department of the S hospital, Gunma prefecture, Japan. Two-day food records, dietary assessment questionnaires, and clinical records were obtained at 20 weeks gestation. Nine patients were excluded from the study due to morning sickness. The remaining 132 participants were divided into 3 groups according to pre-pregnancy BMI: underweight, normal weight, and overweight. Nutritional status and dietary intake were analyzed in relation to BMI using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance with adjustment for age, employment status, and total energy intake.Results Women who were underweight before pregnancy were more frequently working full-time than normal weight and overweight women. Underweight women were also more frequently anemic (P=0.038, underweight 39.3%, normal weight 24.7%, overweight 0%) and had lower mean hemoglobin (Hb) (P=0.021, underweight 11.3 g/dL, normal weight 11.6 g/dL, overweight 12.1 g/dL) and hematocrit (Hct) levels (P=0.025, underweight 33.7%, normal weight 34.3%, overweight 36.0%). Their dietary intake of protein, iron, magnesium, and folic acid was lower than that of normal weight and overweight women. Their meals tended to include fewer meat, fish, egg, and soybean dishes (underweight, mean of 4.7 servings per day; normal weight, 6.1 servings; overweight, 6.1 servings).Conclusion Pregnant women who were underweight before pregnancy had increased risk of anemia as well as reduced Hb and Hct levels. They had lower dietary intake of protein, iron and folic acid compared to women in the other BMI categories. Anemia and these nutrient deficiencies are known risk factors for low birth weight. Our findings suggest
6. Effect of Exericse and Nutrition upon Lifestyle-Related Disease and Cognitive Function.
Science.gov (United States)
Moritani, Toshio; Akamatsu, Yasunori
2015-01-01
Bray has proposed the "MONA LISA" hypothesis, an acronym for Most Obesities kNown Are Low In Sympathetic Activity indicating that obesity is associated with a relative or absolute reduction in the activity of the thermogenic component of the sympathetic nervous system. Our series of studies have suggested a potential reversibility in ANS activity regulating fat metabolism and appetite control by regular exercise training in middle aged individuals and obese children with depressed ANS activity. In other words habitual exercise plays a vital role in enhancing not only fat and glucose metabolism, but also ANS activities in the prevention of obesity and appetite control. There are growing expectations that too much sitting is a real and substantial risk to health. One of the intriguing findings from these accelerometer measurement studies is that breaks in sedentary time were shown to have beneficial associations with metabolic biomarkers, due possibly to challenging and enhancing autonomic nervous system that regulates body weight and appetite. Recent findings of brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) seem to have shed some light upon age-related neurodegenerative diseases and appear to influence energy metabolism, appetite and aspects of neuro-cognitive function. These data strongly suggest that a lack of exercise as characterized by a sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet may lead to accelerated ageing, diseases of the body and brain, and an overall decline in the quality of life.
7. The role of inflammation, iron, and nutritional status in cancer-related anemia: results of a large, prospective, observational study.
Science.gov (United States)
Macciò, Antonio; Madeddu, Clelia; Gramignano, Giulia; Mulas, Carlo; Tanca, Luciana; Cherchi, Maria Cristina; Floris, Carlo; Omoto, Itaru; Barracca, Antonio; Ganz, Tomas
2015-01-01
Anemia in oncology patients is often considered a side effect of cancer therapy; however, it may occur before any antineoplastic treatment (cancer-related anemia). This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cancer-related anemia in a large cohort of oncology patients and whether inflammation and malnutrition were predictive of its development and severity. The present study included 888 patients with cancer at different sites between May 2011 and January 2014. Patients were assessed at diagnosis before any cancer treatment. The prevalence of anemia according to the main clinical factors (tumor site, stage and performance status) was analyzed. In each patient markers of inflammation, iron metabolism, malnutrition and oxidative stress as well as the modified Glasgow prognostic score, a combined index of malnutrition and inflammation, were assessed and their role in predicting hemoglobin level was evaluated. The percentage of anemic patients was 63% with the lowest hemoglobin levels being found in the patients with most advanced cancer and compromised performance status. Hemoglobin concentration differed by tumor site and was lowest in patients with ovarian cancer. Hemoglobin concentration was inversely correlated with inflammatory markers, hepcidin, ferritin, erythropoietin and reactive oxygen species, and positively correlated with leptin, albumin, cholesterol and antioxidant enzymes. In multivariate analysis, stage, interleukin-6 and leptin were independent predictors of hemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, hemoglobin was inversely dependent on modified Glasgow Prognostic Score. In conclusion, cancer-related anemia is a multifactorial problem with immune, nutritional and metabolic components that affect its severity. Only a detailed assessment of the pathogenesis of cancer-related anemia may enable clinicians to provide safe and effective individualized treatment.
8. Physiological and health-related adaptations to low-volume interval training: influences of nutrition and sex.
Science.gov (United States)
Gibala, Martin J; Gillen, Jenna B; Percival, Michael E
2014-11-01
Interval training refers to the basic concept of alternating periods of relatively intense exercise with periods of lower-intensity effort or complete rest for recovery. Low-volume interval training refers to sessions that involve a relatively small total amount of exercise (i.e. ≤10 min of intense exercise), compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols that are generally reflected in public health guidelines. In an effort to standardize terminology, a classification scheme was recently proposed in which the term 'high-intensity interval training' (HIIT) be used to describe protocols in which the training stimulus is 'near maximal' or the target intensity is between 80 and 100 % of maximal heart rate, and 'sprint interval training' (SIT) be used for protocols that involve 'all out' or 'supramaximal' efforts, in which target intensities correspond to workloads greater than what is required to elicit 100 % of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Both low-volume SIT and HIIT constitute relatively time-efficient training strategies to rapidly enhance the capacity for aerobic energy metabolism and elicit physiological remodeling that resembles changes normally associated with high-volume MICT. Short-term SIT and HIIT protocols have also been shown to improve health-related indices, including cardiorespiratory fitness and markers of glycemic control in both healthy individuals and those at risk for, or afflicted by, cardiometabolic diseases. Recent evidence from a limited number of studies has highlighted potential sex-based differences in the adaptive response to SIT in particular. It has also been suggested that specific nutritional interventions, in particular those that can augment muscle buffering capacity, such as sodium bicarbonate, may enhance the adaptive response to low-volume interval training.
9. Whole Blood RNA as a Source of Transcript-Based Nutrition- and Metabolic Health-Related Biomarkers
Science.gov (United States)
Petrov, Petar D.; Bonet, M. Luisa; Reynés, Bárbara; Oliver, Paula; Palou, Andreu; Ribot, Joan
2016-01-01
Blood cells are receiving an increasing attention as an easily accessible source of transcript-based biomarkers. We studied the feasibility of using mouse whole blood RNA in this context. Several paradigms were studied: (i) metabolism-related transcripts known to be affected in rat tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by fasting and upon the development of high fat diet (HFD)-induced overweight were assessed in whole blood RNA of fasted rats and mice and of HFD-fed mice; (ii) retinoic acid (RA)-responsive genes in tissues were assessed in whole blood RNA of control and RA-treated mice; (iii) lipid metabolism-related transcripts previously identified in PBMC as potential biomarkers of metabolic health in a rat model were assessed in whole blood in an independent model, namely retinoblastoma haploinsufficient (Rb+/-) mice. Blood was collected and stored in RNAlater® at -80°C until analysis of selected transcripts by real-time RT-PCR. Comparable changes with fasting were detected in the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes when RNA from either PBMC or whole blood of rats or mice was used. HFD-induced excess body weight and fat mass associated with expected changes in the expression of metabolism-related genes in whole blood of mice. Changes in gene expression in whole blood of RA-treated mice reproduced known transcriptional actions of RA in hepatocytes and adipocytes. Reduced expression of Fasn, Lrp1, Rxrb and Sorl1 could be validated as early biomarkers of metabolic health in young Rb+/- mice using whole blood RNA. Altogether, these results support the use of whole blood RNA in studies aimed at identifying blood transcript-based biomarkers of nutritional/metabolic status or metabolic health. Results also support reduced expression of Fasn, Lrp1, Rxrb and Sorl1 in blood cells at young age as potential biomarkers of metabolic robustness. PMID:27163124
10. Etude des relations entre photosynthese respiration, transpiration et nutrition minerale chez le ble
Science.gov (United States)
André, M.; Ducloux, H.; Richaud, C.; Massimino, D.; Daguenet, A.; Massimino, J.; Gerbaud, A.
La croissance du Blé Triticum aestivum a été étudiée en environnement contrôlé et fermé pendant une période de 70 jours. Les échanges gazeux (Photosynthèse, Respiration) hydriques (Transpiration) et la consommation en éléments minéraux (Azote, Phosphore, Potassium) ont été mesurés en continu. On présentera les relations dynamiques observées entre les différentes fonctions physiologiques, d'une part sous l'influence de la croissance et d'autre part en réponse à des modifications de l'environnement. L'influence de la teneur en CO2 pendant la croissance (teneur normale ou doublée) sera mise en évidence.
11. Nutritional and nutraceutical quality of strawberries in relation to harvest time and crop conditions.
Science.gov (United States)
Akhatou, Ikram; Fernández-Recamales, Angeles
2014-06-25
Three strawberry varieties cultivated in soilless systems were studied for their content of primary and secondary metabolites in relation to harvest time and crop conditions. The three varieties were chosen based on their sensitivity level to environmental stress: Palomar (very sensitive), Festival (sensitive), and Camarosa (resistant). Throughout the campaign, three samplings were performed: December (extra-early production), January, and March (early production). Differences among cultivars and harvest times were observed based on the contents of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. The higher levels for total anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols were found in Camarosa and Festival strawberries, both in the January harvest. The Palomar variety showed higher total sugar/total organic acids ratio in the March harvest. The influence of cultivation practices and environmental conditions was assessed by nested ANOVA and PLS-DA. Differences in the sugar and phenolic content were observed depending upon variety and coverage type. TEAC was most influenced by the substrate type.
12. Handling Uncertainty and Ignorance in Databases: A Rule to Combine Dependent Data
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Choenni, R.S.; Blok, H.E.; Leertouwer, Erik; Lee, Mong Li; Tan, Kian-Lee; Wuwongse, Vilas
In many applications, uncertainty and ignorance go hand in hand. Therefore, to deliver database support for effective decision making, an integrated view of uncertainty and ignorance should be taken. So far, most of the efforts attempted to capture uncertainty and ignorance with probability theory.
13. What Is Hospitality in the Academy? Epistemic Ignorance and the (Im)possible Gift
Science.gov (United States)
Kuokkanen, Rauna
2008-01-01
The academy is considered by many as the major Western institution of knowledge. This article, however, argues that the academy is characterized by prevalent "epistemic ignorance"--a concept informed by Spivak's discussion of "sanctioned ignorance." Epistemic ignorance refers to academic practices and discourses that enable the continued exclusion…
Science.gov (United States)
Bowker, Julie C.; Adams, Ryan E.; Fredstrom, Bridget K.; Gilman, Rich
2014-01-01
In this study on being ignored by peers, 934 twelfth-grade students reported on their experiences of being ignored, victimized, and socially withdrawn, and completed measures of friendship and psychological adjustment (depression, self-esteem, and global satisfaction). Peer nominations of being ignored, victimized, and accepted by peers were also…
15. What Is Hospitality in the Academy? Epistemic Ignorance and the (Im)possible Gift
Science.gov (United States)
Kuokkanen, Rauna
2008-01-01
The academy is considered by many as the major Western institution of knowledge. This article, however, argues that the academy is characterized by prevalent "epistemic ignorance"--a concept informed by Spivak's discussion of "sanctioned ignorance." Epistemic ignorance refers to academic practices and discourses that enable the continued exclusion…
16. The effect of nutrition pattern alteration on Chlorella pyrenoidosa growth, lipid biosynthesis-related gene transcription.
Science.gov (United States)
Fan, Jianhua; Cui, Yanbin; Zhou, Yang; Wan, Minxi; Wang, Weiliang; Xie, Jingli; Li, Yuanguang
2014-07-01
Heterotrophy to photoautotrophy transition leads to the accumulation of lipids in Chlorella, which has potential to produce both healthy food and biofuels. Therefore, it is of key interest to study the metabolism shift and gene expression changes that influenced by the transition. Both total and neutral lipids contents were increased rapidly within 48 h after the switch to light environment, from 24.5% and 18.0% to 35.3% and 27.4%, respectively, along with the sharp decline of starch from 42.3% to 10.4% during 24h photoinduction phase. By analyzing the correlation between lipid content and gene expression, results revealed several genes viz. me g3137, me g6562, pepc g6833, dgat g3280 and dgat g7566, which encode corresponding enzymes in the de novo lipid biosynthesis pathway, are highly related to lipid accumulation and might be exploited as target genes for genetic modification. These results represented the feasibility of lipid production through trophic converting cultivation.
17. Maternal Activity in Relation to Birth Size in Rural India The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study
Science.gov (United States)
Rao, Shobha; Kanade, Asawari; Margetts, Barrie M; Yajnik, Chittaranjan S; Lubree, Himangi; Rege, Sonali; Desai, Bhavana; Jackson, Alan; Fall, Caroline HD
2017-01-01
Objective To describe the relationship of the mother's physical activity to the birth size of her baby in a rural Indian population. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Six villages near Pune, Maharashtra, India. Subjects 797 women were studied after excluding abortions and termination of pregnancies (112), fetal anomalies (8), multiple pregnancies (3), incomplete pre-pregnancy anthropometry (14) and pregnancies detected later than 21 weeks of gestation (168). Method An activity questionnaire was developed after focus group discussions and incorporated community-specific activities. It was validated against an observer-maintained diary. Activity scores were derived using published data on energy costs to weight the contributions of various activities. It was then administered to assess physical activity at 18 (± 2) and 28 (±2) weeks of gestation. Outcome measures Birth outcome, maternal weight gain and neonatal anthropometry. Results The activity questionnaire was used to classify women into light, moderate and heavy activity categories. Maternal activity did not influence the incidence of prematurity or stillbirth, or the duration of gestation. It was inversely related to maternal weight gain up to 28 weeks of gestation (p=0.002). Higher maternal activity in early, as well as mid gestation, was associated with lower mean birth weight (p=0.05 and 0.02 respectively), and smaller neonatal head circumference (p=0.005 and 0.009) and mid-arm circumference (p=0.03 and 0.01) after adjusting for the effect of major confounding factors. Conclusions The findings suggest that excessive maternal activity during pregnancy is associated with smaller fetal size in rural India. The approach described for developing an activity questionnaire has potential for adoption in other settings. Sponsorship Wellcome Trust, London, UK, and the Medical Research Council, UK. PMID:12700614
18. Intestinal parasite infections in immigrant children in the city of Rome, related risk factors and possible impact on nutritional status
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Manganelli Laura
2012-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Parasitic diseases can represent a social and economic problem among disadvantaged people - even in developed countries. Due to the limited data available concerning Europe, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the presence of parasites in immigrant children and the risk factors favouring the spread of parasites. Subsequently, the possible correlation between nutritional status and parasitic infections was also investigated. Findings A convenience sample of two hundred and forty seven immigrant children (aged 0–15 attending the Poliambulatorio della Medicina Solidale in Rome was examined. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and parasitological and anthropometric tests were applied. Chi-squared test and binary logistic multiple-regression models were used for statistical analysis. Thirty-seven children (15% tested positive to parasites of the following species: Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba coli, Giardia duodenalis, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Strongyloides stercoralis. A monospecific infection was detected in 30 (81% out of 37 parasitized children, while the others (19% presented a polyparasitism. The major risk factors were housing, i.e. living in shacks, and cohabitation with other families (p Conclusions This study shows that parasite infection in children is still quite common, even in a developed country and that children’s growth and parasitism may be related. Extensive improvements in the living, social and economic conditions of immigrants are urgently needed in order to overcome these problems.
19. Profile of non-nutritive sucking habits in relation to nursing behavior in pre-school children.
Science.gov (United States)
Vadiakas, G; Oulis, C; Berdouses, E
1998-01-01
Although a number of investigators have studied the prevalence and etiology of non-nutritive sucking habits in children, no consensus exists among dental and medical experts in respect to the contributing factors and preventing behaviors. Furthermore, changes in the rearing practices of children make management of such habits even more complicated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate finger and pacifier sucking habits among pre-school children, and its possible relationship to nursing behavior. Parental attitudes towards sucking habits were also registered. Questionnaires were sent to parents of 600 children, three to five years old, following an oral examination in a private office. Children attended kindergartens that were randomly selected from the area of Athens, Greece. Questions regarding the nursing patterns-breast or bottle feeding-characteristics of finger and pacifier sucking habits, parental attitudes towards sucking habits, as well as recommendations of the pediatricians were included. Three hundred and sixteen questionnaires were returned by parents. Results indicated that pre-school children discontinued a pacifier sucking habit earlier compared to a finger habit. Pacifiers showed a preventive effect against finger sucking, since only 2% of the sample examined practiced both habits. Breast feeding was not clearly associated with sucking habits; however, long bottle feeding periods were related with decreased finger sucking and high figures of pacifier sucking. The majority of pediatricians were not in favor of an intervention in breaking a finger sucking habit of the child.
20. Diet and Nutrition With Lupus
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... on Twitter Facebook Pinterest Email Print Diet and nutrition with lupus Lupus Foundation of America March 16, ... Recipes Get email updates Related Resources ABCs of nutrition U.S. English español Medically reviewed on May 28, ...
1. Population, nutrition and health.
Science.gov (United States)
1982-06-01
The World Health Organization defines health as not only the absence of disease but as a more positive state of physical, mental, and social well-being. 1 of the most important influences on health is nutrition. Millions of people throughout the world either do not get enough to eat or do not get enough of the right kinds of food. Malnutrition is the biggest single contributor to child mortality in developing countries; malnourished children have an impaired ability to fight infection and disease. Children suffering protein-energy or protein-calorie malnutrition may develop nutritional deficiency diseases such as marasmus or kwashiorkor. Some estimates indicate that 2/3 of children in developing countries suffer from protein-calorie malnutrition. Some deficiency diseases caused by a lack of 1 or more nutrients are very widespread, such as anemia, endemic goiter, and xerophthalmia. Contributing factors for malnutrition may include low purchasing power of poor families, poor harvests due to crop failure, bad weather, food spoilage, pests, or a poor distribution system, or cultural practices that prevent the full utilization of available food resources. The decline in the incidence of breastfeeding in recent decades is a major factor in the malnutrition and ill health of children. The quality of nutrition affects the development of human beings in many ways that are sometimes overlooked, such as physical growth and intellectual development. In the long run, only economic development will eliminate malnutrition by eliminating its basic causes of food availability, poverty, ignorance, and overpopulation. Breastfeeding is an important nutritional source for infants and has a contraceptive value for mothers. Improved nutrition should have beneficial effects on the costs of providing education, health services, and housing. Improving the nutritional status of small children may increase their ability to withstand disease, resulting in the survival of greater numbers of
2. Early auditory change detection implicitly facilitated by ignored concurrent visual change during a Braille reading task.
Science.gov (United States)
Aoyama, Atsushi; Haruyama, Tomohiro; Kuriki, Shinya
2013-09-01
Unconscious monitoring of multimodal stimulus changes enables humans to effectively sense the external environment. Such automatic change detection is thought to be reflected in auditory and visual mismatch negativity (MMN) and mismatch negativity fields (MMFs). These are event-related potentials and magnetic fields, respectively, evoked by deviant stimuli within a sequence of standard stimuli, and both are typically studied during irrelevant visual tasks that cause the stimuli to be ignored. Due to the sensitivity of MMN/MMF to potential effects of explicit attention to vision, however, it is unclear whether multisensory co-occurring changes can purely facilitate early sensory change detection reciprocally across modalities. We adopted a tactile task involving the reading of Braille patterns as a neutral ignore condition, while measuring magnetoencephalographic responses to concurrent audiovisual stimuli that were infrequently deviated either in auditory, visual, or audiovisual dimensions; 1000-Hz standard tones were switched to 1050-Hz deviant tones and/or two-by-two standard check patterns displayed on both sides of visual fields were switched to deviant reversed patterns. The check patterns were set to be faint enough so that the reversals could be easily ignored even during Braille reading. While visual MMFs were virtually undetectable even for visual and audiovisual deviants, significant auditory MMFs were observed for auditory and audiovisual deviants, originating from bilateral supratemporal auditory areas. Notably, auditory MMFs were significantly enhanced for audiovisual deviants from about 100 ms post-stimulus, as compared with the summation responses for auditory and visual deviants or for each of the unisensory deviants recorded in separate sessions. Evidenced by high tactile task performance with unawareness of visual changes, we conclude that Braille reading can successfully suppress explicit attention and that simultaneous multisensory changes can
3. Methotrexate Hepatotoxicity; the Danger Not to Be Ignored
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M Baghbanian
2013-06-01
Full Text Available Introduction: Methotrexate is used increasingly for treatment of some diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and Crohn. Bone marrow suppression, mucocutaneous lesions, pneumonitis, and hepatotoxicity are major side effects of this drug. Since methotrexate toxicity is dose dependent and is usually administered with low dose via a weekly regimen, its side effects are not commonly seen. But due to long term prescription of this drug over the recent years especially for rheumatoid arthritis, growing cases of methotrexate hepatotoxicity are referred to Gastroenterologist. High dose of drug, high age, alcohol consumption, renal failure and preexisting liver disease are main risk factors for this toxicity. In this study, in addition to presenting two cases with cirrhosis and two cases with hepatitis linked to methotrexate, the clinical aspects on this field are discussed. Conclusions: Methotrexate hepatotoxicity is not a theoretical issue that can be ignored because it can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. We can prevent the onset of this growing side effect with appropriate patient selection and investigating the patients’ liver function before and during Methotrexate therapy. Periodic testing the liver enzymes is used for monitoring the liver condition, but because interpretation of these tests is sometimes difficult, liver biopsy is needed in particular cases.
4. Jets launched at magnetar birth cannot be ignored
CERN Document Server
Soker, Noam
2016-01-01
I question models for powering super energetic supernovae (SESNe) with a magnetar central engine that do not include jets that are expected to be launched by the magnetar progenitor. I show that under reasonable assumptions the outflow that is expected during the formation of a magnetar can carry an amount of energy that does not fall much below, and even surpasses, the energy that is stored in the newly born spinning neutron star (NS). The rapidly spinning NS and the strong magnetic fields attributed to magnetars require that the accreted mass onto the newly born NS possesses high specific angular momentum and strong magnetic fields. These ingredients are expected, as in many other astrophysical objects, to form collimated oputflows/jets. I argue that the bipolar outflow in the pre-magnetar phase transfers a substantial amount of energy to the supernova (SN) ejecta, and it cannot be ignored in models that attribute SESNe to magnetars. I conclude that jets launched by accretion disks and accretion belts are m...
5. Should we ignore U-235 series contribution to dose?
Science.gov (United States)
Beaugelin-Seiller, Karine; Goulet, Richard; Mihok, Steve; Beresford, Nicholas A
2016-01-01
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) methodology for radioactive substances is an important regulatory tool for assessing the safety of licensed nuclear facilities for wildlife, and the environment as a whole. ERAs are therefore expected to be both fit for purpose and conservative. When uranium isotopes are assessed, there are many radioactive decay products which could be considered. However, risk assessors usually assume (235)U and its daughters contribute negligibly to radiological dose. The validity of this assumption has not been tested: what might the (235)U family contribution be and how does the estimate depend on the assumptions applied? In this paper we address this question by considering aquatic wildlife in Canadian lakes exposed to historic uranium mining practices. A full theoretical approach was used, in parallel to a more realistic assessment based on measurements of several elements of the U decay chains. The (235)U family contribution varied between about 4% and 75% of the total dose rate depending on the assumptions of the equilibrium state of the decay chains. Hence, ignoring the (235)U series will not result in conservative dose assessments for wildlife. These arguments provide a strong case for more in situ measurements of the important members of the (235)U chain and for its consideration in dose assessments.
6. Jets launched at magnetar birth cannot be ignored
Science.gov (United States)
Soker, Noam
2016-08-01
I question models for powering super energetic supernovae (SESNe) with a magnetar central engine that do not include jets that are expected to be launched by the magnetar progenitor. I show that under reasonable assumptions the outflow that is expected during the formation of a magnetar can carry an amount of energy that does not fall much below, and even surpasses, the energy that is stored in the newly born spinning neutron star (NS). The rapidly spinning NS and the strong magnetic fields attributed to magnetars require that the accreted mass onto the newly born NS possesses high specific angular momentum and strong magnetic fields. These ingredients are expected, as in many other astrophysical objects, to form collimated outflows/jets. I argue that the bipolar outflow in the pre-magnetar phase transfers a substantial amount of energy to the supernova (SN) ejecta, and it cannot be ignored in models that attribute SESNe to magnetars. I conclude that jets launched by accretion disks and accretion belts are more likely to power SESNe than magnetars are. This conclusion is compatible with the notion that jets might power all core collapse SNe (CCSNe).
7. Measuring the health of populations: the veil of ignorance approach.
Science.gov (United States)
2005-01-01
We report the results from two surveys designed to explore whether an application of Harsanyi's principle of choice form behind a veil of ignorance (VEI) can be used in order to measure the health of populations. This approach was tentatively recommended by Murray et al. (Bull. World Health Organ 2000; 78: 981-994; Summary Measures of population health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications, WHO, 2002.) as an appropriate way of constructing summary measures of population health (SMPH) for comparative purposes. The operationalization of the VEI approach used in this paper was suggested by Nord (Summary Measures of Population Health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications, WHO, 2002.). We test if VEI and person trade-off (PTO) methods generate similar quality-of-life weights. In addition, we compare VEI and PTO weights with individual utilities estimated by means of the conventional standard gamble (SG) and a variation of it we call double gamble. Finally, psychometric properties like feasibility, reliability, and consistency are examined. Our main findings are next: (1) VEI and PTO approaches generate very different weights; (2) it seems that differences between PTO and VEI are not due to the 'rule of rescue'; (3) the VEI resembled more a DG than a classical SG; (4) PTO, VEI, and DG exhibited good feasibility, reliability and consistency.
8. Deficit irrigation and rootstock: their effects on water relations, vegetative development, yield, fruit quality and mineral nutrition of Clemenules mandarin.
Science.gov (United States)
Romero, P; Navarro, J M; Pérez-Pérez, J; García-Sánchez, F; Gómez-Gómez, A; Porras, I; Martinez, V; Botía, P
2006-12-01
Differences between rootstocks, 'Cleopatra' mandarin and 'Carrizo' citrange, in soil-plant water relations and the influence of these factors on vigor, crop yield, fruit quality and mineral nutrition were evaluated in field-grown Clemenules mandarin trees irrigated at 100% of potential seasonal evaporation (ET(c)) (control treatment), or irrigated at 100% ET(c), except during Phases I and III of fruit growth and post-harvest when no irrigation was applied (deficit irrigation (DI) treatment), for 3 years. Differences between rootstocks in plant-soil water relations were the primary cause of differences among trees in vegetative development and fruit yield. After 3 years of DI treatment, trees on 'Cleopatra' showed more efficient soil water extraction than trees on 'Carrizo', and maintained a higher plant water status, a higher gas exchange rate during periods of water stress and achieved faster recovery in gas exchange following irrigation after water stress. The DI treatment reduced vegetative development more in trees on 'Carrizo' than in trees on 'Cleopatra'. Cumulative fruit yield decreased more in DI trees on 'Carrizo' (40%) than on 'Cleopatra' (27%). The yield component most affected by DI in 'Cleopatra' was the number of fruit, whereas in 'Carrizo' it depended on the severity of water stress reached in each phase (severe water stress in Phase I affected mainly the number of fruit, whereas it affected fruit size the most in Phase III). In the third year of DI treatment, water-use efficiency decreased sharply in trees on 'Carrizo' (70%) compared to trees on 'Cleopatra' (30%). Thus, trees on 'Cleopatra' were able to tolerate moderate water stress, whereas trees on 'Carrizo' were more sensitive to changes in soil water content.
9. Cuestionario de calidad de vida relacionado con el estado nutricional (CaVEN Quality of life questionnaire related to nutritional status
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
C. Wanden-Berghe
2012-12-01
dimensions showed an accumulative variance of 77.670. It was observed a direct relationship in the Subjective Global Valuation and CaVEN (p < 0.01 and with the "Mini Nutritional Assessment Short" (p = 0.02, which was interpreted as the greater affectation of the nutritional status, the lower the quality of life detected by the CaVEN. Conclusions: The CaVEN questionnaire has proved a useful tool for assessing the quality of life related to nutritional status, even in groups with little nutritional alterations.
10. [Nutrition and oropharyngeal cancer
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Kampman, E.
2008-01-01
The conclusion of a recent systematic review of the literature on the relation between nutrition, physical activity and cancer is that more than 30% of all cases of cancer can be prevented by improving nutrition and increasing physical activity. In The Netherlands, 1 out of 100 men and 1 out of 160
11. Pregnancy nutrition surveillance system.
Science.gov (United States)
2003-01-01
The Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System is a useful tool in monitoring Healthy People 2010 objectives and is intended to provide a framework for analyzing data on the nutritional status and behavioral risk factors of pregnant women and the association to birth outcome. The data are useful to health professionals in providing prenatal care and developing programs to reduce pregnancy-related health risks.
12. Mendelian Randomization: How It Can—and Cannot—Help Confirm Causal Relations between Nutrition and Cancer
Science.gov (United States)
Schatzkin, Arthur; Abnet, Christian C.; Cross, Amanda J.; Gunter, Marc; Pfeiffer, Ruth; Gail, Mitchell; Lim, Unhee; Davey-Smith, George
2011-01-01
Observational epidemiologic studies of nutrition and cancer have faced formidable methodologic obstacles, including dietary measurement error and confounding. We consider whether Mendelian randomization can help surmount these obstacles. The Mendelian randomization strategy, building on both the accuracy of genotyping and the random assortment of alleles at meiosis, involves searching for an association between a nutritional exposure-mimicking gene variant (a type of “instrumental variable”) and cancer outcome. Necessary assumptions are that the gene is independent of cancer, given the exposure, and also independent of potential confounders. An allelic variant can serve as a proxy for diet and other nutritional factors through its effects on either metabolic processes or consumption behavior. Such a genetic proxy is measured with little error and usually is not confounded by nongenetic characteristics. Examples of potentially informative genes include LCT (lactase), ALDH2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase), and HFE (hemochromatosis), proxies, respectively, for dairy product intake, alcoholic beverage drinking, and serum iron levels. We show that use of these and other genes in Mendelian randomization studies of nutrition and cancer may be more complicated than previously recognized and discuss factors that can invalidate the instrumental variable assumptions or cloud the interpretation of these studies. Sample size requirements for Mendelian randomization studies of nutrition and cancer are shown to be potentially daunting; strong genetic proxies for exposure are necessary to make such studies feasible. We conclude that Mendelian randomization is not universally applicable, but, under the right conditions, can complement evidence for causal associations from conventional epidemiologic studies. PMID:19174578
13. A cross sectional study of nutritional status among a group of school children in relation with gingivitis and dental caries severity
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2016-12-01
Full Text Available To determine nutritional status among a school children of Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in relation with gingivitis and dental caries severity. Cross-sectional study. A total of 127 school children in the age range of 9-12 years from Barru Regency were included in this study as a sample of simple random sampling. Nutritional status of children (BMI index, degree of gingival inflammation (using chi-square test statistic, and missing teeth (DMF-T index were recorded. Additional information was collected using a questionnaire survey regarding knowledge about dental health, dietary habits, and oral health behaviors. The data were processed using the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS. A group of who severe underweight (102 children, had higher odds for mild gingivitis (GI 79.4% than others group of who has an ideal weight (16 children, had mild gingivitis (GI 62.5%. Children, who severe underweight, had higher odds for moderate caries (38.2% than others group of who has an ideal weight, had moderate caries (18.8%. Based on chi-square test, there are correlation of nutritional status and dental caries severity (p=0.000nutritional status with gingivitis and dental caries severity among a school children.
14. High Nutritional-Related Risk on Admission Predicts Less Improvement of Functional Independence Measure in Geriatric Stroke Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Science.gov (United States)
Kokura, Yoji; Maeda, Keisuke; Wakabayashi, Hidetaka; Nishioka, Shinta; Higashi, Sotaro
2016-06-01
15. Double jeopardy and the veil of ignorance--a reply.
Science.gov (United States)
Harris, J
1995-06-01
This paper discusses the attempt in this issue of the journal by Peter Singer, John McKie, Helga Kuhse and Jeff Richardson, to defend QALYs against the argument from double jeopardy which I first outlined in 1987. In showing how the QALY and other similar measures which combine life expectancy and quality of life and use these to justify particular allocations of health care resource, remain vulnerable to the charge of double jeopardy I am able to clarify some of the central issues concerning the value of life. In particular, the idea that the value of a life varies with its life expectancy and with its quality, understood in terms of its richness, variety, success etc, is subjected to special examination. It is shown how defenders of QALYs are committed to the view that so far from all lives being of equal value, all lives are necessarily of subtly different value. The paper then analyses the use to which the notorious 'veil of ignorance' has been put both by Singer et al and by others and shows how this device of John Rawls's cannot do the work so often assigned to it. The paper then considers the issue of hypothetical consent and the role that it can play in justifying disposing of the lives of people who have not in fact consented to their lives being disposed of in particular ways. Finally, the paper makes some points about the comprehensive nature of the data collection and storage which would be required by QALY advocates and points out the independent problems attaching to licensing such comprehensive collection and use of personal data.
16. Nutritional aspects of metabolic inflammation in relation to health--insights from transcriptomic biomarkers in PBMC of fatty acids and polyphenols.
Science.gov (United States)
Afman, Lydia; Milenkovic, Dragan; Roche, Helen M
2014-08-01
Recent research has highlighted potential important interaction between metabolism and inflammation, within the context of metabolic health and nutrition, with a view to preventing diet-related disease. In addition to this, there is a paucity of evidence in relation to accurate biomarkers that are capable of reflecting this important biological interplay or relationship between metabolism and inflammation, particularly in relation to diet and health. Therefore the objective of this review is to highlight the potential role of transcriptomic approaches as a tool to capture the mechanistic basis of metabolic inflammation. Within this context, this review has focused on the potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells transcriptomic biomarkers, because they are an accessible tissue that may reflect metabolism and subacute chronic inflammation. Also these pathways are often dysregulated in the common diet-related diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, thus may be used as markers of systemic health. The review focuses on fatty acids and polyphenols, two classes of nutrients/nonnutrient food components that modulate metabolism/inflammation, which we have used as an example of a proof-of-concept with a view to understanding the extent to which transcriptomic biomarkers are related to nutritional status and/or sensitive to dietary interventions. We show that both nutritional components modulate inflammatory markers at the transcriptomic level with the capability of profiling pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in a bidirectional fashion; to this end transcriptomic biomarkers may have potential within the context of metabolic inflammation. This transcriptomic biomarker approach may be a sensitive indicator of nutritional status and metabolic health.
17. Allocating health care: cost-utility analysis, informed democratic decision making, or the veil of ignorance?
Science.gov (United States)
Goold, S D
1996-01-01
Assuming that rationing health care is unavoidable, and that it requires moral reasoning, how should we allocate limited health care resources? This question is difficult because our pluralistic, liberal society has no consensus on a conception of distributive justice. In this article I focus on an alternative: Who shall decide how to ration health care, and how shall this be done to respect autonomy, pluralism, liberalism, and fairness? I explore three processes for making rationing decisions: cost-utility analysis, informed democratic decision making, and applications of the veil of ignorance. I evaluate these processes as examples of procedural justice, assuming that there is no outcome considered the most just. I use consent as a criterion to judge competing processes so that rationing decisions are, to some extent, self-imposed. I also examine the processes' feasibility in our current health care system. Cost-utility analysis does not meet criteria for actual or presumed consent, even if costs and health-related utility could be measured perfectly. Existing structures of government cannot creditably assimilate the information required for sound rationing decisions, and grassroots efforts are not representative. Applications of the veil of ignorance are more useful for identifying principles relevant to health care rationing than for making concrete rationing decisions. I outline a process of decision making, specifically for health care, that relies on substantive, selected representation, respects pluralism, liberalism, and deliberative democracy, and could be implemented at the community or organizational level.
18. Ignoring the matching variables in cohort studies - when is it valid and why?
Science.gov (United States)
Sjölander, Arvid; Greenland, Sander
2013-11-30
In observational studies of the effect of an exposure on an outcome, the exposure-outcome association is usually confounded by other causes of the outcome (potential confounders). One common method to increase efficiency is to match the study on potential confounders. Matched case-control studies are relatively common and well covered by the literature. Matched cohort studies are less common but do sometimes occur. It is often argued that it is valid to ignore the matching variables, in the analysis of matched cohort data. In this paper, we provide analyses delineating the scope and limits of this argument. We discuss why the argument does not carry over to effect estimation in matched case-control studies, although it does carry over to null-hypothesis testing. We also show how the argument does not extend to matched cohort studies when one adjusts for additional confounders in the analysis. Ignoring the matching variables can sometimes reduce variance, even though this is not guaranteed. We investigate the trade-off between bias and variance in deciding whether adjustment for matching factors is advisable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
19. Relation of nutritional status to physiological outcomes after cardiac surgery in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: a preliminary study.
Science.gov (United States)
Izawa, Kazuhiro P; Watanabe, Satoshi
2016-12-01
To determine differences in physiological outcome (PO) based on the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and cut-off values for PO according to the GNRI in elderly post-cardiac surgery patients complicated by diabetes mellitus (DM). Thirty-five patients (72.9 years) were enrolled and divided by GNRI. Patient characteristics and PO of handgrip strength (HG), knee extensor muscle strength (KEMS), maximum gait speed (GS), and one-leg standing time (OLST) were compared between the groups, and cut-off values for PO were determined. These POs were significantly lower in the low-GNRI group (Nutritional status might influence PO following cardiac surgery. The cut-off values of PO reported here might be indicative of the need to improve patient nutritional status.
20. Reference values of lead in blood and related factors among Korean adolescents: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2013
OpenAIRE
Choi, Min-Gyu; Park, Mi-Jung; Kim, Shin-Hye
2016-01-01
Purpose This study aimed to assess the reference values and factors influencing blood lead levels among Korean adolescents. Methods The study population consisted of 1,585 adolescents (801 males, 784 females; aged 10-19 years) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2013. We analyzed blood lead concentrations in relation to demographic/lifestyle characteristics for all participants. "Reference values" of blood lead levels were calculated as the uppe...
1. Pre-school manager training: a cost-effective tool to promote nutrition- and health-related practice improvements in the Irish full-day-care pre-school setting.
LENUS (Irish Health Repository)
Johnston Molloy, Charlotte
2013-10-18
To evaluate the impact on nutrition- and health-related practice of two methods of delivery of a nutrition and health intervention in Irish full-day-care pre-schools: training of pre-school managers only or training of managers and their staff.
2. The cost of ignoring gender in conflict and post-conflict situations: A feminist perspective
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2012-02-01
Full Text Available
This article focuses on the cost of ignoring gender when analyzing conflict and post-conflict environments. It explains how a feminist perspective allows us to uncover hidden gender power relations and deconstruct the so-called gender-neutral approach in international relations. By highlighting the differential impact of war on women and men as regards security issues, we understand why the cessation of hostility is not always synonymous with peace for women. We also understand how patriarchy resurfaces after a war and marginalizes women who are mainly seen as powerless victims and sidelined in peace talks that promote a conservative return to the status quo ante bellum.
3. Nutritional Support
Science.gov (United States)
Nutritional support is therapy for people who cannot get enough nourishment by eating or drinking. You may ... absorb nutrients through your digestive system You receive nutritional support through a needle or catheter placed in ...
4. A Survey of the Nutritional Status of School Children : Relation Between Nutrient Intake and Socio-Economic Factors
Science.gov (United States)
Cook, Judith; And Others
1973-01-01
Survey focused on school children 8-11 and 13-15 years in Kent (England) between September 1968 and March 1970. Sex, age, and weight were found independently associated with highly significant differences in nutritional intake. Social class, number of siblings, and mother's work status were not generally associated with significant differences in…
5. Breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking patterns related to the prevalence of anterior open bite in primary dentition
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Camila Campos Romero
2011-04-01
Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: Nutritional, immunological and psychological benefts of exclusive breastfeeding for the frst 6 months of life are unequivocally recognized. However, mothers should also be aware of the importance of breastfeeding for promoting adequate oral development. This study evaluated the association between breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking patterns and the prevalence of anterior open bite in primary dentition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Infant feeding and non-nutritive sucking were investigated in a 3-6 year-old sample of 1,377 children, from São Paulo city, Brazil. Children were grouped according to breastfeeding duration: G1 - non-breastfed, G2 - shorter than 6 months, G3 - interruption between 6 and 12 months, and G4 - longer than 12 months. Three calibrated dentists performed clinical examinations and classifed overbite into 3 categories: normal, anterior open bite and deep bite. Chi-square tests (p<0.05 with odds ratio (OR calculation were used for intergroup comparisons. The impact of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking on the prevalence of anterior open bite was analyzed using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence estimates of anterior open bite were: 31.9% (G1, 26.1% (G2, 22.1% (G3, and 6.2% (G4. G1 would have signifcantly more chances of having anterior open bite compared with G4; in the total sample (OR=7.1 and in the subgroup without history of non-nutritive sucking (OR=9.3. Prolonging breastfeeding for 12 months was associated with a 3.7 times lower chance of having anterior open bite. In each year of persistence with non-nutritive sucking habits, the chance of developing this malocclusion increased in 2.38 times. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking durations demonstrated opposite effects on the prediction of anterior open bite. Non-breastfed children presented signifcantly greater chances of having anterior open bite compared with those who were breastfed for periods longer than 12 months
6. Advantages of enteral nutrition over parenteral nutrition
OpenAIRE
Seres, David S.; Valcarcel, Monika; Guillaume, Alexandra
2013-01-01
It is a strong and commonly held belief among nutrition clinicians that enteral nutrition is preferable to parenteral nutrition. We provide a narrative review of more recent studies and technical reviews comparing enteral nutrition with parenteral nutrition. Despite significant weaknesses in the existing data, current literature continues to support the use of enteral nutrition in patients requiring nutrition support, over parenteral nutrition.
7. Depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in relation to nutritional status and outcome in severe anorexia nervosa.
Science.gov (United States)
Mattar, Lama; Thiébaud, Marie-Raphaele; Huas, Caroline; Cebula, Christelle; Godart, Nathalie
2012-12-30
8. Taurolidine locks significantly reduce the incidence of catheter-related blood stream infections in high-risk patients on home parenteral nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Saunders, J; Naghibi, M; Leach, Z; Parsons, C; King, A; Smith, T; Stroud, M
2015-02-01
Emerging evidence suggests taurolidine reduces the risk of repeated episodes of catheter related blood stream infections (CRBSI) in a subgroup of patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN). We defined 3 indications where taurolidine could be considered and retrospectively analysed data from patients who were treated over a 10 year period to examine the validity of these criteria. Twenty-two patients were identified from a total HPN population of 81, representing 33.2 years of experience. The overall CRBSI rate pre- and post-taurolidine usage was reduced from 5.71 to 0.99 infections per 1000 patient parenteral nutrition days (P-value taurolidine is used as secondary prophylaxis and providing initial data suggesting the benefit of its use as primary prophylaxis.
9. Report of an EU-US symposium on understanding nutrition-related consumer behavior: strategies to promote a lifetime of healthy food choices.
Science.gov (United States)
Friedl, Karl E; Rowe, Sylvia; Bellows, Laura L; Johnson, Susan L; Hetherington, Marion M; de Froidmont-Görtz, Isabelle; Lammens, Veerle; Hubbard, Van S
2014-01-01
This report summarizes an EU-US Task Force on Biotechnology Research symposium on healthy food choices and nutrition-related purchasing behaviors. This meeting was unique in its transdisciplinary approach to obesity and in bringing together scientists from academia, government, and industry. Discussion relevant to funders and researchers centered on (1) increased use of public-private partnerships, (2) the complexity of food behaviors and obesity risk and multilevel aspects that must be considered, and (3) the importance of transatlantic cooperation and collaboration that could accelerate advances in this field. A call to action stressed these points along with a commitment to enhanced communication strategies. Copyright © 2014 Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior. All rights reserved.
10. Effects of nutritional level of concentrate-based diets on meat quality and expression levels of genes related to meat quality in Hainan black goats.
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Dingfa; Zhou, Luli; Zhou, Hanlin; Hou, Guanyu; Shi, Liguang; Li, Mao; Huang, Xianzhou; Guan, Song
2015-02-01
The present study investigated the effects of the nutritional levels of diets on meat quality and related gene expression in Hainan black goat. Twenty-four goats were divided into six dietary treatments and were fed a concentrate-based diet with two levels of crude protein (CP) (15% or 17%) and three levels of digestive energy (DE) (11.72, 12.55 or 13.39 MJ/kg DM) for 90 days. Goats fed the concentrate-based diet with 17% CP had significantly (P nutritional levels of diets affect meat quality and expression levels of genes associated with meat quality in Hainan black goats. © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science.
11. Hypocarnitinemic hypoglycemia and heart failure in an infant with a constant parenteral elementary nutrition during measles vaccination-related febrile illness.
Science.gov (United States)
Okanari, K; Takahashi, M; Maeda, T; Sato, K; Suenobu, S; Izumi, T
2007-12-01
A 1-year and 11-month-old female infant with bilateral lesions of the thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellar and brainstem disease died from heart failure 9 days after being administered a measles vaccination. She had a high fever, hypocarnitinemic and non-ketotic hypoglycemia, serum levels of total carnitine 7.4 micromol/L, free carnitine 5.6 micromol/L, acylcarnitine 1.8 micromol/L and glucose 13 mg/dL. Due to feeding difficulty, the patient, however, had been administered parenteral elementary nutrition through a feeding tube since early infancy. The commercially available parenteral nutrition solutions do not contain carnitine. A secondary carnitine deficiency followed by non-ketotic hypoglycemia-related heart failure may readily develop even in a patient without valproic acid, during high fever.
12. Cystic fibrosis - nutrition
Science.gov (United States)
... in recipes. Add marshmallows to fruit or hot chocolate. Add raisins, dates, or chopped nuts and brown ... AP, Quinton H. Evidence-based practice recommendations for nutrition-related management of children and adults with cystic ...
13. Personalized nutrition and obesity.
Science.gov (United States)
Qi, Lu
2014-08-01
The past few decades have witnessed a rapid rise in nutrition-related disorders such as obesity in the United States and over the world. Traditional nutrition research has associated various foods and nutrients with obesity. Recent advances in genomics have led to identification of the genetic variants determining body weight and related dietary factors such as intakes of energy and macronutrients. In addition, compelling evidence has lent support to interactions between genetic variations and dietary factors in relation to obesity and weight change. Moreover, recently emerging data from other 'omics' studies such as epigenomics and metabolomics suggest that more complex interplays between the global features of human body and dietary factors may exist at multiple tiers in affecting individuals' susceptibility to obesity; and a concept of 'personalized nutrition' has been proposed to integrate this novel knowledge with traditional nutrition research, with the hope ultimately to endorse person-centric diet intervention to mitigate obesity and related disorders.
14. Good maternal nutrition
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Breda, Joao; Robertson, Aileen
This publication has three parts: •a summary of the results of a systematic review of the most recent evidence on maternal nutrition, the prevention of obesity and noncommunicable diseases; •a review of existing recommendations for nutrition, physical activity and weight gain during pregnancy...... in European countries; and •lists of possible opportunities for action in European countries. The overview and exploration of the national recommendations for nutrition, physical activity and weight gain during pregnancy are based on the results of a survey in which 51 of the 53 Member States in the WHO....... These are opportunities to promote nutrition and health throughout the life-course, ensure optimal diet-related fetal development and reduce the impact of morbidity and risk factors for noncommunicable diseases by improving maternal nutrition....
15. Good maternal nutrition
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Breda, Joao; Robertson, Aileen
This publication has three parts: •a summary of the results of a systematic review of the most recent evidence on maternal nutrition, the prevention of obesity and noncommunicable diseases; •a review of existing recommendations for nutrition, physical activity and weight gain during pregnancy...... in European countries; and •lists of possible opportunities for action in European countries. The overview and exploration of the national recommendations for nutrition, physical activity and weight gain during pregnancy are based on the results of a survey in which 51 of the 53 Member States in the WHO....... These are opportunities to promote nutrition and health throughout the life-course, ensure optimal diet-related fetal development and reduce the impact of morbidity and risk factors for noncommunicable diseases by improving maternal nutrition....
16. Nutrition Labeling
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Grunert, Klaus G
2013-01-01
because consumers will avoid products that the label shows to be nutritionally deficient, but also because food producers will try to avoid marketing products that appear, according to the label, as nutritionally problematic, for example, because of a high content of saturated fat or salt. Nutrition......Nutrition labeling refers to the provision of information on a food product’s nutritional content on the package label. It can serve both public health and commercial purposes. From a public health perspective, the aim of nutrition labeling is to provide information that can enable consumers...... to make healthier choices when choosing food products. Nutrition labeling is thus closely linked to the notion of the informed consumer, that chooses products according to their aims, on the basis of the information at their disposal. Because many consumers are assumed to be interested in making healthy...
17. Nutrition Labeling
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Grunert, Klaus G
2013-01-01
because consumers will avoid products that the label shows to be nutritionally deficient, but also because food producers will try to avoid marketing products that appear, according to the label, as nutritionally problematic, for example, because of a high content of saturated fat or salt. Nutrition......Nutrition labeling refers to the provision of information on a food product’s nutritional content on the package label. It can serve both public health and commercial purposes. From a public health perspective, the aim of nutrition labeling is to provide information that can enable consumers...... to make healthier choices when choosing food products. Nutrition labeling is thus closely linked to the notion of the informed consumer, that chooses products according to their aims, on the basis of the information at their disposal. Because many consumers are assumed to be interested in making healthy...
18. Nutritional deficiencies in German middle-class male alcohol consumers: relation to dietary intake and severity of liver disease
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bergheim, I.; Parlesak, Alexandr; Dierks, C.
2003-01-01
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to compare the nutrient intake and the nutritional status between German middle-class alcohol consumers and non-drinkers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using patients with different stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and healthy volunteers....... SETTING: Southern Germany. SUBJECTS: Seventy-six hospitalized German middle-class alcohol consumers with different stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and 22 healthy control subjects. METHODS: Subjects and controls were nutritionally assessed and mineral and vitamin content was measured in blood...... than those of non-drinkers. CONCLUSION: From the results of this study it is concluded that in German middle-class male alcohol consumers the status of several micronutrients is disturbed, although dietary intake hardly differs from that in non-alcoholic controls....
19. Nutritional deficiencies in German middle-class male alcohol consumers: relation to dietary intake and severity of liver disease
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bergheim, I.; Parlesak, Alexandr; Dierks, C.;
2003-01-01
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to compare the nutrient intake and the nutritional status between German middle-class alcohol consumers and non-drinkers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using patients with different stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and healthy volunteers....... SETTING: Southern Germany. SUBJECTS: Seventy-six hospitalized German middle-class alcohol consumers with different stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and 22 healthy control subjects. METHODS: Subjects and controls were nutritionally assessed and mineral and vitamin content was measured in blood...... and urine. RESULTS: When compared with controls, alcohol consumers had significantly higher intakes of total calories, but intake of non-alcoholic calories did not differ between groups (P
20. Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Feinberg, Joshua; Nielsen, Emil Eik; Korang, Steven Kwasi
2017-01-01
for one-third of all included participants. The included participants were heterogenous with regard to disease (20 different medical specialties). The experimental interventions were parenteral nutrition (86 trials); enteral nutrition (tube-feeding) (80 trials); oral nutrition support (55 trials); mixed...... with different diseases. We could find no beneficial effect of oral nutrition support or parenteral nutrition support on all-cause mortality and serious adverse events in any subgroup.Only 16 trials assessed health-related quality of life. We performed a meta-analysis of two trials reporting EuroQoL utility......BACKGROUND: The prevalence of disease-related malnutrition in Western European hospitals is estimated to be about 30%. There is no consensus whether poor nutritional status causes poorer clinical outcome or if it is merely associated with it. The intention with all forms of nutrition support...
1. Stages of changes for fruit and vegetable intake and their relation to the nutritional status of undergraduate students.
Science.gov (United States)
Reis, Lígia Cardoso dos; Correia, Ingrid Chaves; Mizutani, Edna Shibuya
2014-01-01
To assess the nutritional and dietetic profile of freshman Nutrition undergraduate students, and its association with stages of changes (Transtheoretical Model) for fruit and vegetable intake. Demographic (age and gender), anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference) and nutritional (pattern of fruit and vegetable intake) data were obtained. The Transtheoretical Model was used to identify the stages of change for fruit and vegetable intake. Food consumption was assessed with a questionnaire developed by the Ministry of Health. The significance level considered for all statistical tests was 0.05 (pstudents, anthropometric measurements were taken from 219 (50.6%), and 299 (69%) underwent food intake evaluation. The sample included undergraduate students with a low frequency of adequate fruit and vegetables intake (29.8%), being the majority (64.9%) of them classified as at the preparation stage to increase the intake of these food groups. Prevalence of adequate fruit and vegetables intake was higher among students at the action/maintenance stages (83.3%) compared to those at the precontemplation/contemplation (18.3%) and at the preparation stages (32.0%). Students at the preparation stage presented the highest medians for body mass index (p=0.004) and waist circumference (p=0.039) compared to those at the precontemplation/contemplation stages. There was no association between fruit and vegetables intake and the presence of overweight or abdominal obesity (p=0.373). This instrument is effective to predict the food intake and, even among aware individuals and ready to change their food behavior, the prevalence of nutritional risk is high.
2. [Features of serum lipid spectrum in female newcomers of Far Northern city, relation of nutritional characteristics to that spectrum].
Science.gov (United States)
Ionova, I E; Buganov, A A; Agbalian, E V
2003-01-01
Nutrition of non-natives in the Far North is of European character but also has the features of native population national cuisine. Because of these factors, there are some peculiarities in formation of blood lipid spectrum in non-natives. In particular, in population of non-native women of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the fat component of 24-hour diet influenced most, carbohydrate component had less importance.
3. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE DIETARY HABITS AND CHOICES, THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY REGIME IN ROMANIAN ADOLESCENTS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Iconaru Elena Ioana
2009-10-01
Full Text Available Although adolescents are more active from a physical point of view than adults (the physical activitybeing considered a characteristic of this age stage, the reduction of their fitness level (especially in the conditionsof an inadequate diet represents a reduction of the protection against metabolic and cardio-vascular diseases offuture adults. The aim of this study was to determine the correlations between the alimentation type, the nutritionalstatus and the physical activity regime in Romanian adolescents. We realized a transversal correlational study byusing questionnaires for the physical activity regime (Physical Activity Index, PAI and the attitude towardsnutrition (Eating Attitude Test, EAT-26. We also evaluated anthropometrical data: weight, height and body massindex on 200 Romanian adolescents (average age 16.1 years, sex ratio 1/1. We ascertained that gender inducesmodifications at the nutritional status level in the context of a certain type of attitude towards alimentation andphysical activity regime (p≤0.05. The differences induced by gender among Romanian adolescents are basedespecially on the physical activity regime and less on the alimentation type and on the nutritional status. Wedetermined reduced correlations between the nutritional status, the attitude towards alimentation and the physicalactivity regime for both sexes.
4. Distinctive modulation of inflammatory and metabolic parameters in relation to zinc nutritional status in adult overweight/obese subjects.
Science.gov (United States)
Costarelli, Laura; Muti, Elisa; Malavolta, Marco; Cipriano, Catia; Giacconi, Robertina; Tesei, Silvia; Piacenza, Francesco; Pierpaoli, Sara; Gasparini, Nazzarena; Faloia, Emanuela; Tirabassi, Giacomo; Boscaro, Marco; Polito, Angela; Mauro, Beatrice; Maiani, Francesca; Raguzzini, Anna; Marcellini, Fiorella; Giuli, Cinzia; Papa, Roberta; Emanuelli, Monica; Lattanzio, Fabrizia; Mocchegiani, Eugenio
2010-05-01
Overweight and obesity are associated with low grade of inflammation and chronic inflammatory response characterized by abnormal production and activation of some pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. Taking into account that obesity is the direct result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, the nutritional factors in the diet, with particular focus on zinc, may play a pivotal role in the development of obesity-associated comorbidities. Considering the potential interactions among zinc nutritional status, inflammation, overweight/obesity and insulin secretion, the aim of the present work was to clarify the influence of zinc dietary intake on some metabolic, inflammatory and zinc status parameters in adult overweight/obese subjects. We found a close interrelationship between nutritional zinc and obesity. In particular, subjects with a lower zinc dietary intake display a deeper inflammatory status, general impairment of the zinc status, an altered lipid profile and increased insulin production with respect to obese subjects with normal zinc dietary intake. Moreover, in the presence of low dietary zinc intake, the obese subjects are less capable to respond to oxidative stress and to inflammation leading to the development of obesity or to a worsening of already preexisting obesity status. In conclusion, a possible zinc supplementation in obese subjects with a deeper inflammatory status and more altered zinc profile may be suggested in order to limit or reduce the inflammation, taking also into account that zinc supplementation normalizes "inflammaging" as well as zinc profile leading to a correct intra- and extracellular zinc homeostasis.
5. Can the world afford to ignore biotechnology solutions that address food insecurity?
Science.gov (United States)
Berman, Judit; Zhu, Changfu; Pérez-Massot, Eduard; Arjó, Gemma; Zorrilla-López, Uxue; Masip, Gemma; Banakar, Raviraj; Sanahuja, Georgina; Farré, Gemma; Miralpeix, Bruna; Bai, Chao; Vamvaka, Evangelia; Sabalza, Maite; Twyman, Richard M; Bassié, Ludovic; Capell, Teresa; Christou, Paul
2013-09-01
Genetically engineered (GE) crops can be used as part of a combined strategy to address food insecurity, which is defined as a lack of sustainable access to safe and nutritious food. In this article, we discuss the causes and consequences of food insecurity in the developing world, and the indirect economic impact on industrialized countries. We dissect the healthcare costs and lost productivity caused by food insecurity, and evaluate the relative merits of different intervention programs including supplementation, fortification and the deployment of GE crops with higher yields and enhanced nutritional properties. We provide clear evidence for the numerous potential benefits of GE crops, particularly for small-scale and subsistence farmers. GE crops with enhanced yields and nutritional properties constitute a vital component of any comprehensive strategy to tackle poverty, hunger and malnutrition in developing countries and thus reduce the global negative economic effects of food insecurity.
6. Gynecologic and obstetric findings related to nutritional status and adherence to a gluten-free diet in Brazilian patients with celiac disease.
Science.gov (United States)
Kotze, L M S
2004-08-01
This study shows a broad analysis of gynaecological and obstetrical disturbances in patients with celiac disease in relation to their nutritional status and adherence to a gluten-free diet. Seventy-six adult celiac patients were analyzed according to nutritional status and 18 children/adolescents to gluten-free diet adherence. As controls, 84 adults and 22 adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome were used The significant findings were observed as follow: adult celiac patients, irrespective of the nutritional status, were younger than controls, presented delayed menarche, secondary amenorrhea, a higher percentage of spontaneous abortions, anemia and hypoalbuminemia. No differences were observed regarding the number of pregnancies, age at menopause and duration of the reproductive period. After treatment, patients presented with normal pregnancies and one patient presented spontaneous abortion. The adolescents who were not adherent to gluten-free diet presented delayed menarche and secondary amenorrhea. In conclusion, gluten per se could explain the disturbances and malnutrition would worsen the disease in a consequent vicious cycle. Therefore, celiac disease should be included in the screening of reproductive disorders.
7. Can the sustainable development goals reduce the burden of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases without truly addressing major food system reforms?
Science.gov (United States)
Hawkes, Corinna; Popkin, Barry M
2015-06-16
While the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs; 2000-2015) focused primarily on poverty reduction, hunger and infectious diseases, the proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets pay more attention to nutrition and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). One of the 169 proposed targets of the SDGs is to reduce premature deaths from NCDs by one third; another is to end malnutrition in all its forms. Nutrition-related NCDs (NR-NCDs) stand at the intersection between malnutrition and NCDs. Driven in large part by remarkable transformations of food systems, they are rapidly increasing in most low and middle income countries (LMICs). The transformation to modern food systems began in the period following World War II with policies designed to meet a very different set of nutritional and food needs, and continued with globalization in the 1990s onwards. Another type of food systems transformation will be needed to shift towards a healthier and more sustainable diet--as will meeting many of the other SDGs. The process will be complex but is necessary. Communities concerned with NCDs and with malnutrition need to work more closely together to demand food systems change.
8. The Consequences of Ignoring Multilevel Data Structures in Nonhierarchical Covariance Modeling.
Science.gov (United States)
Julian, Marc W.
2001-01-01
Examined the effects of ignoring multilevel data structures in nonhierarchical covariance modeling using a Monte Carlo simulation. Results suggest that when the magnitudes of intraclass correlations are less than 0.05 and the group size is small, the consequences of ignoring the data dependence within the multilevel data structures seem to be…
9. Modelling non-ignorable missing-data mechanisms with item response theory models
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Holman, Rebecca; Glas, Cees A.W.
2005-01-01
A model-based procedure for assessing the extent to which missing data can be ignored and handling non-ignorable missing data is presented. The procedure is based on item response theory modelling. As an example, the approach is worked out in detail in conjunction with item response data modelled us
10. The Mathematical Miseducation of America's Youth: Ignoring Research and Scientific Study in Education.
Science.gov (United States)
Battista, Michael T.
1999-01-01
Because traditional instruction ignores students' personal construction of mathematical meaning, mathematical thought development is not properly nurtured. Several issues must be addressed, including adults' ignorance of math- and student-learning processes, identification of math-education research specialists, the myth of coverage, testing…
11. Nutrition: ethical issues and challenges.
Science.gov (United States)
Rucker, Robert B; Rucker, Michael R
2016-11-01
For nutrition and its associated disciplines, ethical considerations related to research are often complicated by factors that range from the use of experimental research designs that are overly holistic to inextricable links between nutrition research and marketing. As a consequence, there is the need for constant vigilance to assess and deal with apparent conflicts of interest. Also, there are few scientific disciplines that are defined by cultural, religious, or political codifications as is nutrition. Accordingly, examples of historical, cultural, and political events are described that have influenced ethical approaches related to nutrition research. Furthermore, nutrition research questions are often multifaceted and require dealing with complex variables. In this regard, ethical principles and perspectives that have relevance to data acquisition, the publication and translation of nutrition research, and the marketing of nutritional products and concepts are highlighted.
12. Nutrition support in surgical oncology.
Science.gov (United States)
Huhmann, Maureen B; August, David A
2009-01-01
This review article, the second in a series of articles to examine the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Guidelines for the Use of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition in Adult and Pediatric Patients, evaluates the evidence related to the use of nutrition support in surgical oncology patients. Cancer patients develop complex nutrition issues. Nutrition support may be indicated in malnourished cancer patients undergoing surgery, depending on individual patient characteristics. As with the first article in this series, this article provides background concerning nutrition issues in cancer patients, as well as discusses the role of nutrition support in the care of surgical cancer patients. The goal of this review is to enrich the discussion contained in the clinical guidelines as they relate to recommendations made for surgical patients, cite the primary literature more completely, and suggest updates to the guideline statements in light of subsequently published studies.
13. Nutritional Metabolomics
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Gürdeniz, Gözde
and alignment algorithms, such that each has pros and cons. Thus, the use of more than one software tool and/or the use of several parameter settings during data preprocessing are likely to decrease the risk of failing to detect features (potential marker candidates) in untargeted metabolomics. On the other...... handling, this thesis also deals with biological interpretation of postprandial metabolism and trans fatty acid (TFA) intake. Two nutritional issues were objects of investigation: 1) metabolic states as a function of time since the last meal and 2) markers related to intakes of cis- and trans-fat. Plasma...... to TFA intake (16 weeks) and its depletion (12 weeks) were examined in order to identify metabolic patterns affected by this potentially toxic fat using a parallel intervention study. In addition, the impact of cis- vs. trans-fat intake on a glucose challenge was investigated (PAPER II). The postprandial...
14. State of nutrition support teams.
Science.gov (United States)
DeLegge, Mark Henry; Kelly, Andrea True; Kelley, Andrea True
2013-12-01
The incidence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients is relatively high (up to 55%) despite breakthroughs in nutrition support therapies. These patients have increased morbidity and mortality, extended hospital stays, and care that is associated with higher costs. These patients are often poorly managed due to inadequate nutrition assessment and poor medical knowledge and practice in the field of nutrition. Nutrition support teams (NSTs) are interdisciplinary support teams with specialty training in nutrition that are often comprised of physicians, dietitians, nurses, and pharmacists. Their role includes nutrition assessment, determination of nutrition needs, recommendations for appropriate nutrition therapy, and management of nutrition support therapy. Studies have demonstrated significant improvements in patient nutrition status and improved clinical outcomes as well as reductions in costs when patients were appropriately managed by a multispecialty NST vs individual caregivers. Despite this, there has been steady decline in the number of formal NST in recent years (65% of hospitals in 1995 to 42% in 2008) as hospitals and other healthcare organizations look for ways to cut costs. Given the importance of nutrition status on clinical outcomes and overall healthcare costs, a number of institutions have introduced and sustained strong nutrition training and support programs and teams, demonstrating both clinical and economic benefit. The benefits of NST, training and implementation strategies, and tips for justifying these clinically and economically beneficial groups to healthcare organizations and governing bodies are discussed in this review.
15. Iatrogenic nutritional deficiencies.
Science.gov (United States)
Young, R C; Blass, J P
1982-01-01
This article catalogs the nutritional deficiencies inadvertently introduced by certain treatment regimens. Specifically, the iatrogenic effects on nutrition of surgery, hemodialysis, irradiation, and drugs are reviewed. Nutritional problems are particularly frequent consequences of surgery on the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric surgery can lead to deficiencies of vitamin B12, folate, iron, and thiamine, as well as to metabolic bone disease. The benefits of small bowel bypass are limited by the potentially severe nutritional consequences of this procedure. Following bypass surgery, patients should be monitored for signs of possible nutritional probems such as weight loss, neuropathy, cardiac arrhythmias, loss of stamina, or changes in mental status. Minimal laboratory tests should include hematologic evaluation, B12, folate, iron, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases, sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide levels. Roentgenologic examination of the bone should also be obtained. Loss of bone substance is a major consequence of many forms of treatment, and dietary supplementation with calcium is warranted. Patients undergoing hemodialysis have shown carnitine and choline deficiencies, potassium depletion, and hypovitaminosis, as well as osteomalacia. Chronic drug use may alter intake, synthesis, absorption, transport, storage, metabolism, or excretion of nutrients. Patients vary markedly in the metabolic effects of drugs, and recommendations for nutrition must be related to age, sex, reproductive status, and genetic endowment. Moreover, the illness being treated can itself alter nutritional requirements and the effect of the treatment on nutrient status. The changes in nutritional levels induced by use of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives (OCs) are obscure; however, the effects on folate matabolism appear to be of less clinical import than previously suggested. Reduction in pyridoxine and serum vitamin B12 levels has been
16. What is Nutrition & Metabolism?
Science.gov (United States)
Feinman, Richard D; Hussain, M Mahmood
2004-08-17
A new Open Access journal, Nutrition & Metabolism (N&M) will publish articles that integrate nutrition with biochemistry and molecular biology. The open access process is chosen to provide rapid and accessible dissemination of new results and perspectives in a field that is of great current interest. Manuscripts in all areas of nutritional biochemistry will be considered but three areas of particular interest are lipoprotein metabolism, amino acids as metabolic signals, and the effect of macronutrient composition of diet on health. The need for the journal is identified in the epidemic of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemias and related diseases, and a sudden increase in popular diets, as well as renewed interest in intermediary metabolism.
17. Associations between diet-related diseases and impaired physiological mechanisms: a holistic approach based on meta-analyses to identify targets for preventive nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Fardet, Anthony; Boirie, Yves
2013-10-01
In nutrition research, analyzing the relationship between a diet-related chronic disease and impaired metabolism is a common reductionist approach. Meta-analyses have enabled quantification of these relationships. There is, however, a need for more holistic approaches to determine the sequence of connections between diseases and associated physiological mechanisms. The objective of this exhaustive review was to collect scientific evidence – with priority given to quantitative reviews – published between 1950 and 2011 to assess the relationships between major diet-related chronic diseases and deregulated mechanisms. The results revealed that diabetes and obesity are the key diseases that lead to all other diet-related chronic diseases, while cancer, cardiovascular disease, skeletal disease, and sarcopenia are endpoint diseases. Liver disease, kidney disease, digestive disease, and mental illness are consequences as well as causes of other diet-related chronic diseases. All diseases have multifactorial causes, and most result from decreased antioxidant status, acid-base imbalance, increased inflammatory status, impaired carbohydrate/lipid/one-carbon metabolism, impaired functioning of neurons and DNA transcription, hypertension, and/or modified digestive microflora. Nutritional strategies that focus on the prevention of obesity and diabetes should be prioritized in order to reduce the prevalence of other major chronic diseases.
18. Total lymphocyte count and subpopulation lymphocyte counts in relation to dietary intake and nutritional status of peritoneal dialysis patients.
Science.gov (United States)
Grzegorzewska, Alicja E; Leander, Magdalena
2005-01-01
Dietary deficiency causes abnormalities in circulating lymphocyte counts. For the present paper, we evaluated correlations between total and subpopulation lymphocyte counts (TLC, SLCs) and parameters of nutrition in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Studies were carried out in 55 patients treated with PD for 22.2 +/- 11.4 months. Parameters of nutritional status included total body mass, lean body mass (LBM), body mass index (BMI), and laboratory indices [total protein, albumin, iron, ferritin, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC)]. The SLCs were evaluated using flow cytometry. Positive correlations were seen between TLC and dietary intake of niacin; TLC and CD8 and CD16+56 counts and energy delivered from protein; CD4 count and beta-carotene and monounsaturated fatty acids 17:1 intake; and CD19 count and potassium, copper, vitamin A, and beta-carotene intake. Anorexia negatively influenced CD19 count. Serum albumin showed correlations with CD4 and CD19 counts, and LBM with CD19 count. A higher CD19 count was connected with a higher red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Correlations were observed between TIBC and TLC and CD3 and CD8 counts, and between serum Fe and TLC and CD3 and CD4 counts. Patients with a higher CD19 count showed a better clinical-laboratory score, especially less weakness. Patients with a higher CD4 count had less expressed insomnia. Quantities of ingested vitamins and minerals influence lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood of PD patients. Evaluation of TLC and SLCs is helpful in monitoring the effectiveness of nutrition in these patients.
19. Benefits of migration in relation to nutritional condition and predation risk in a partially migratory moose population.
Science.gov (United States)
White, Kevin S; Barten, Neil L; Crouse, Stacy; Crouse, John
2014-01-01
The costs and benefits of alternative migratory strategies are often framed in the context of top-down and bottom-up effects on individual fitness. This occurs because migration is considered a costly behavioral strategy that presumably confers explicit benefits to migrants in the form of either decreased predation risk (predation risk avoidance hypothesis) or increased nutrition (forage maturation hypothesis). To test these hypotheses, we studied a partially migratory moose (Alces alces) population and contrasted explicit measures of predation risk (i.e., offspring survival) and nutrition (i.e., accumulation of endogenous energy reserves) between resident and migratory subpopulations. We relied on data collected from migratory and nonmigratory radio-marked moose (n = 67) that inhabited a novel study system located in coastal Alaska between 2004 and 2010. In this area, 30% of the population resides year-round on a coastal foreland area, while 48% migrate to either a small island archipelago or a subalpine ridge system (the remainder exhibited one of six different low-occurrence strategies). Overall, we determined that accumulation of body fat during the growing season did not differ between migratory or resident modalities. However, calf survival was 2.6-2.9 times higher for individuals that migrated (survival, islands = 0.49 +/- 0.16 [mean +/- SE], n = 35; ridge = 0.52 +/- 0.16, n = 33) than those that did not (survival, resident = 0.19 +/- 0.08, n = 57). Our results support the predation risk avoidance hypotheses, and suggest that migration is a behavioral strategy that principally operates to reduce the risk of calf predation and does not confer explicit nutritional benefits. We did not directly detect trade-offs between predation risk and nutrition for migratory individuals. Yet we identify an indirect life history mechanism that may mildly dampen the apparent fitness benefits of migration. The proximate factors accounting for differences in migration
20. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) ; Guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to physical performance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tetens, Inge
The Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to draft guidance on scientific requirements for health claims related to physical performance. This guidance has been drawn from scientific opinions of the NDA Panel on such health...... claims. Thus, this guidance document represents the views of the NDA Panel based on the experience gained to date with the evaluation of health claims in this area. It is not intended that the document should include an exhaustive list of beneficial effects and studies/outcome measures which...
1. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) ; Guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to bone, joints, skin and oral health
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tetens, Inge
The Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) has been asked by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to draft guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to bone, joints, skin, and oral health. This guidance has been drawn from scientific opinions...... of the NDA Panel on such health claims. Thus, this guidance document represents the views of the NDA Panel based on the experience gained to date with the evaluation of health claims in these areas. It is not intended that the document should include an exhaustive list of beneficial effects and studies...
2. Nutritional Ecology and Human Health.
Science.gov (United States)
Raubenheimer, David; Simpson, Stephen J
2016-07-17
In contrast to the spectacular advances in the first half of the twentieth century with micronutrient-related diseases, human nutrition science has failed to stem the more recent rise of obesity and associated cardiometabolic disease (OACD). This failure has triggered debate on the problems and limitations of the field and what change is needed to address these. We briefly review the two broad historical phases of human nutrition science and then provide an overview of the main problems that have been implicated in the poor progress of the field with solving OACD. We next introduce the field of nutritional ecology and show how its ecological-evolutionary foundations can enrich human nutrition science by providing the theory to help address its limitations. We end by introducing a modeling approach from nutritional ecology, termed nutritional geometry, and demonstrate how it can help to implement ecological and evolutionary theory in human nutrition to provide new direction and to better understand and manage OACD.
3. Sports Nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Missouri State Dept. of Health, Jefferson City.
This guide deals with various aspects of sports and nutrition. Twelve chapters are included: (1) "Sports and Nutrition"; (2) "Eat to Compete"; (3) "Fit Folks Need Fit Food"; (4) "The Food Guide Pyramid"; (5) "Fat Finder's Guide"; (6) "Pre- and Post-Event Meals"; (7) "Tips for the…
4. Nutritional epigenetics
Science.gov (United States)
This chapter is intended to provide a timely overview of the current state of research at the intersection of nutrition and epigenetics. I begin by describing epigenetics and molecular mechanisms of eigenetic regulation, then highlight four classes of nutritional exposures currently being investiga...
5. Terapia nutricional na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e suas complicações nutricionais Nutrition therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and related nutritional complications
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Amanda Carla Fernandes
2006-10-01
that occur during the progression of the disease can affect the nutritional state of patients suffering from this illness. The objective of this study was to present a brief review of the literature regarding the nutrition therapy used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To that end, we performed a bibliographic search for related articles published within the last 18 years and indexed for the Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and Medline databases. Malnutrition is associated with a poor prognosis for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, since it predisposes such patients to infections, as well as reducing respiratory muscle force, exercise tolerance and quality of life. Despite the fact that such malnutrition is extremely common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, it should be recognized as an independent risk factor, since it can be modified through appropriate and efficacious diet therapy and monitoring. For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nutrition therapy is initiated after the evaluation of the nutritional state of the patient, which identifies nutritional risk, thereby allowing the proper level of treatment to be established. In this evaluation, anthropometric and biochemical markers, as well as indicators of dietary consumption and body composition, should be used. The prescribed diet should contain appropriate proportions of macronutrients, micronutrients and immunonutrients in order to regain or maintain the proper nutritional state and to avoid complications. The physical characteristics of the diet should be tailored to the individual needs and tolerances of each patient. In the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, individualized nutrition therapy is extremely important and has been shown to be fundamental to improving quality of life.
6. The more you ignore me the closer I get: An ERP study of evaluative priming.
Science.gov (United States)
Gibbons, Henning; Bachmann, Olga; Stahl, Jutta
2014-12-01
We used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate the various mental processes contributing to evaluative priming-that is, more positive judgments for targets preceded by affectively positive, as opposed to negative, prime stimuli. To ensure ecological validity, we employed a priori meaningful landscape pictures as targets and emotional adjectives as visual primes and presented both primes and targets for relatively long durations (>1 s). Prime-related lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) revealed response priming as one source of the significant evaluative priming effect. On the other hand, greater right-frontal positive slow wave in the ERP for pictures following negative, as compared with positive, primes indicated altered impression formation, thus supporting automatic spreading activation and/or affect misattribution accounts. Moreover, target LRPs suggested conscious counter-control to reduce the evaluative priming net effect. Finally, when comparing prime ERPs for two groups of participants showing strong versus weak evaluative priming, we found strong evidence for the role of depth of prime processing: In the weak-effect group, prime words evoked an increased visual P1/N1 complex, a larger posterior P2 component, and a greater left-parietal processing negativity presumably reflecting semantic processing. By contrast, a larger medial-frontal P2/N2 complex in the strong-effect group suggested top-down inhibition of the prime's emotional content. Thus, trying to ignore the primes can actually increase, rather than decrease, the evaluative priming effect.
7. The effectiveness of an educational intervention in changing nursing practice and preventing catheter-related infection for patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Dinç, L; Erdil, F
2000-10-01
Catheter-related infections are one of the most serious complications of TPN therapy. Nurses have important responsibilities in the care of patients who are receiving TPN. This quasi-experimental study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of an educational intervention on changing nursing practice and preventing catheter-related infections in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. The nurses' practice and the colonisation rate of control and comparative group patients in the surgical clinics of Hacettepe University Hospital (Turkey), and related variables were examined before and after an educational intervention. The findings of the study indicate that the intervention was successful in improving appropriate nursing practice, mean scores of nurses' practices were 45.7 before and 66.5 after the intervention (p<0.05). The rate of microorganism colonisation was also decreased but statistical analysis demonstrated no association between nursing practices and microorganism colonisation of catheter cultures.
8. Sports nutrition
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tomanić Milena
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Due to higher energy consumption, physically active people have higher nutritional requirements. In addition to other important factors for sports, such as good health and physical predisposition, adequate nutrition is a fundamental component. Sports nutrition must be well planned and individually adapted based on physical characteristics, tendencies towards gaining or losing weight, frequency, duration and intensity of training sessions. Studies have shown that a well-balanced ratio of macro and micronutrients, with the support of supplements and adequate hydration, can significantly improve athletic performance and plays a key role in achieving better results. An optimally designed nutritional program, with realistic and achievable goals, which complements a well-planned training program, is the basis for success in sports. Only when nutritional requirements are met, deficits can be prevented and performance in sport pushed to the limit.
9. Physical functions, health-related outcomes, nutritional status, and blood markers in community-dwelling cancer survivors aged 75 years and older.
Science.gov (United States)
Ihira, Hikaru; Mizumoto, Atsushi; Makino, Keitarou; Yasuda, Keisuke; Yoko, Yoko; Saitoh, Shigeyuki; Ohnishi, Hirofumi; Furuna, Taketo
2014-01-01
A cancer survivor is defined as anyone who has been diagnosed with cancer, from the time of diagnosis through the rest of their life. The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical functions, health-related outcomes, nutritional status and blood markers in community-dwelling cancer survivors aged 75 years and older are different from those who do not have cancer Two hundred seventy-five participants were asked by physicians, nurses, and physical therapists, questions regarding cancer history in a face-to-face interview. Data were collected for demographic information, physical functions, such as handgrip strength, knee extension power, abdominal muscle strength, static standing balance, walking speed and the timed-up-and-go test, health-related outcomes, nutritional status, and blood markers. The measured parameters of survivor diagnosed with cancer were compared with those without a history of cancer. Thirty-seven older adults were previously diagnosed with cancer. Female cancer survivors had lower knee extension power (paged 75 years and older differs from that in women with no history of cancer.
10. Serum folate levels among healthy infants aged 6–8 months: relation to infants’ nutritional status indicators and maternal knowledge-attitude-practice
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tutik Ernawati
2011-05-01
Full Text Available Background: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can cause anemia which may lead growth and development impairments. This study was aimed to determine serum folate levels among infants aged 6–8 months and the relation to infants’ nutritional indicators and maternal knowledge-attitude-practice about infant feeding.Methods: A cross–sectional design was implemented in infants aged 6–8 months and their mothers as respondents who met the study criteria. Data collected among the infants included sex, age, length, weight, intake of energy, protein and folate (based on a one–month semi–quantitative FFQ and a 24–hour food recall, serum folate and hemoglobin levels. Data collected among the mothers included age, education level, income based on average minimum monthly wage, knowledge, attitude and behavior concerning infant’s feeding, i.e. breast milk and complementary feeding practices.Results: This study found that the median of serum folate levels was 43.05 nmol/L with values ranging from 19.92 nmol/L to 104.24 nmol/L. Serum folate level had a strong positive correlation with its related factors, protein and folate intake.Conclusions: Protein-folate–rich complementay food should be provided to infants aged 6 months and over to maintain serum folate level. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:138-42Keywords: Folate, infants, nutrient intake, nutritional status
11. [Dental age in the relation with nutrition model of school children from swimming classes of championship school].
Science.gov (United States)
Dyras, Marta; Lyszczarz, Justyna; Wójtowicz, Barbara; Jankowska, Katarzyna
2002-01-01
The aim of this work was the comparison of calendar age with dental age in the aspect of basic nutritional ingredients intake with precise taking into consideration microelements, macroelements and vitamins. 79 schoolchildren from swimming classes of championship school in Cracow aged 10-13 were included in the examination. Among this group of pupils 24-hour recall and complex dental examination including the estimation of dental status, the hygienic status of oral cavity were conducted and the presence of dental and occlusion defects were estimated. 24-hour recall including 3 following days contained the number of products in every meal, the number of meals and the time of their consumption. The schoolchildren were divided into 3 groups on the ground of the difference between dental and calendar age. Dentition on time (no more than 5 months difference between dental and calendar age) was stated by 25 pupils--group I. Accelerated dentition of fixed teeth was observed by 36 pupils--group II and delayed dentition by 18 persons--group III. In all groups lower than safe calcium intake (80% of pupils from these groups) and iron intake (55%) was noticed. In the range of left micro- and macroelements the disturbances in nutritional status were mainly stated bypersons with delayed dentition. The shortages in Magnesium intake concerned 67% of school children and in Zinc intake--72%. In the group of schoolchildren with accelerated dentition these shortages were about 40%. In the range of vitamins intake low niacin intake (39% of schoolchildren) and riboflavin intake (25%) were stated. The differences among these groups were observed only in thiamine intake (33% from group II and 19% from group III). In the group III more often low energetic value of daily nutrient intake was stated.
12. A nutrition strategy to reduce the burden of diet related disease: Access to dietician services must complement population health approaches
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Leonie eSegal
2015-08-01
Full Text Available Poor diet quality is implicated in almost every disease and health issue. And yet, in most advanced market economies diet quality is poor, with a minority meeting guidelines for healthy eating. Poor diet is thus responsible for substantial disease burden.Societies have at their disposal a range of strategies to influence diet behaviors. These can be classified into; i population level socio-educational approaches to enhance diet knowledge; ii pricing incentives (subsidies on healthy foods, punitive taxes on unhealthy foods; iii regulations to modify the food environment, and iv the provision of clinical dietetic services. There is little evidence that societies are active in implementing the available strategies. Advertising of ‘junk foods’ is largely unchecked, contrasting with strict controls on advertising tobacco products, which also attract punitive taxes. Access to dieticians is restricted in most countries, even in the context of universal health care. In Australia in 2011 there were just 2,969 practicing dieticians/nutritionists or 1.3 clinicians per 10,000 persons, compared with 5.8 physiotherapists per 10,000 persons, 14.8 general practitioners (family physicians per 10,000 persons or 75 nurses per 10,000 persons.Given the major role of diet in health it is time to implement comprehensive national nutrition strategies capable of effecting change. Such strategies need to be multi-component, incorporating both public health approaches and expanded publicly funded dietetic services. Access to individualized dietetic services is needed by those at risk, or with current chronic conditions, given the complexity of the diet message, the need for professional support for behavior change and to reflect individual circumstances. The adoption of a comprehensive nutrition strategy offers the promise of substantial improvement in diet quality, better health and wellbeing and lower health care costs.
13. Dietary and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status in relation to Helicobacter pylori infection in a paediatric population.
Science.gov (United States)
Janjetic, Mariana A; Mantero, Paula; Cueto Rua, Eduardo; Balcarce, Norma; Zerbetto de Palma, Gerardo; Catalano, Mariana; Zubillaga, Marcela B; Boccio, José R; Goldman, Cinthia G
2015-04-14
It has been postulated that Helicobacter pylori infection could affect growth and appetite, consequently influencing body weight. Therefore, the association between H. pylori infection and the dietary and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status of a paediatric population were investigated. A total of 525 children (aged 4-16 years) who were referred to the gastroenterology unit of the Sor Maria Ludovica Children's Hospital from Buenos Aires, Argentina, were enrolled and completed an epidemiological questionnaire. H. pylori infection was diagnosed using the ¹³C-urea breath test (¹³C-UBT). Height and weight were assessed for calculation of anthropometric indicators. Energy and macronutrient intakes were estimated by 24 h dietary recall. Data analysis was performed using a χ² test, a Student's t test, a Mann-Whitney U test and linear and logistic regressions. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 25·1 % (with a mean age of 10·1 (SD 3·1) years). A tendency towards lower energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes was observed in infected patients; however, it was not associated with H. pylori infection in any of the evaluated age groups (4-8, 9-13 and 14-16 years). Underweight, stunting, overweight and obesity were also not associated with the infection. Although height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z scores tended to be lower in infected patients, the differences between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative children were not statistically significant. In conclusion, H. pylori infection was not associated with dietary intake or with anthropometric indicators in the present population of children with gastrointestinal symptoms; however, an increased sample size would be needed to confirm the observed tendency towards lower dietary intake and lower anthropometric indicators of nutritional status in H. pylori-infected children.
14. Role of School Meal Service in Nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Ishida, Hiromi
2015-01-01
School meal service programs are essential for children's long-term nutrition and health promotion. The programs vary in content, depending on the economic condition, health condition and the food supply situation in each country. Children are encouraged to improve their nutrition, and choose healthy foods and learn good dietary habits through school meals and nutrition education. In Japan, the school lunch program started in 1889. The percentage of elementary schools serving school lunches had reached 99.2% in 2014, and the Nutrition Teacher system started in 2004. Nutrition teachers are to play the roles of teachers on food and nutrition education in addition to managers of foodservice operations in schools. Nutrition teachers are expected to have effects on school nutrition programs by providing meal service together with nutrition education. And so, significant effort is needed from both academia and the field to raise the related nutritional issues.
15. Nutrition and Diet
Science.gov (United States)
... Thai HbH:Vietnamese Relevant links Living with Thalassemia NUTRITIONNutrition and Diet ▶ Diet for the Non-transfused ... Nutrition with Connie Schroepfer, MS, RD: Dec 2016 Nutrition and Diet Nutritional deficiencies are common in thalassemia, ...
16. Effects of aging on the novelty P3 during attend and ignore oddball tasks.
Science.gov (United States)
Friedman, D; Kazmerski, V A; Cycowicz, Y M
1998-09-01
The effects of attention were assessed on novelty P3 amplitude and scalp distribution elicited by environmental sounds in young and elderly volunteers who participated in either actively attended or ignored oddball conditions. For the young, novelty P3 amplitude decreased with time on task during both attend and ignore sequences. Amplitude decrements were greatest at frontal sites during the attend condition, but at all sites during the ignore condition. A reliable amplitude decrement was not observed for the elderly in either the attend or ignore oddball series. The data suggest that attention differentially activates multiple generators that contribute to scalp-recorded novelty P3 activity. The lack of novelty P3 habituation seen in the elderly is consistent with changes in frontal lobe function as age increases.
17. Characterisation and expression of calpain family members in relation to nutritional status, diet composition and flesh texture in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Cristina Salmerón
Full Text Available Calpains are non-lysosomal calcium-activated neutral proteases involved in a wide range of cellular processes including muscle proteolysis linked to post-mortem flesh softening. The aims of this study were (a to characterise several members of the calpain system in gilthead sea bream and (b to examine their expression in relation to nutritional status and muscle tenderisation. We identified the complete open reading frame of gilthead sea bream calpains1-3, sacapn1, sacapn2, sacapn3, and two paralogs of the calpain small subunit1, sacapns1a and sacapns1b. Proteins showed 63-90% sequence identity compared with sequences from mammals and other teleost fishes, and the characteristic domain structure of vertebrate calpains. Transcripts of sacapn1, sacapn2, sacapns1a and sacapns1b had a wide tissue distribution, whereas sacapn3 was almost exclusively detected in skeletal muscle. Next, we assessed transcript expression in skeletal muscle following alteration of nutritional status by (a fasting and re-feeding or (b feeding four experimental diets with different carbohydrate-to-protein ratios. Fasting significantly reduced plasma glucose and increased free fatty acids and triglycerides, together with a significant increase in sacapns1b expression. Following 7 days of re-feeding, plasma parameters returned to fed values and sacapn1, sacapn2, sacapns1a and sacapns1b expression was significantly reduced. Furthermore, an increase in dietary carbohydrate content (11 to 39% diminished growth but increased muscle texture, which showed a significant correlation with decreased sacapn1 and sacapns1a expression, whilst the other calpains remained unaffected. This study has demonstrated that calpain expression is modulated by nutritional status and diet composition in gilthead sea bream, and that the expression of several calpain members is correlated with muscle texture, indicating their potential use as molecular markers for flesh quality in aquaculture production.
18. Neuroinlfammation and comorbidities are frequently ignored factors in CNS pathology
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Raluca Elena Sandu; Ana Maria Buga; Adriana Uzoni; Eugen Bogdan Petcu; Aurel Popa-Wagner
2015-01-01
Virtually all drug interventions that have been successful pre-clinically in experimental stroke have failed to prove their efifcacy in a clinical setting. This could be partly explained by the complexity and heterogeneity of human diseases as well as the associated co-morbidities which may render neuroprotective drugs less efifcacious in clinical practice. One aspect of crucial importance in the physiopathology of stroke which is not completely understood is neuroinlfammation. At the pres-ent time, it is becoming evident that subtle, but continuous neuroinlfammation can provide the ground for disorders such as cerebral small vessel disease. Moreover, advanced aging and a number of highly prevalent risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis could act as “silent contributors” promoting a chronic proinlfammatory state. This could aggravate the out-come of various pathological entities and can contribute to a number of subsequent post-stroke complications such as dementia, depression and neurodegeneration creating a pathological vicious cycle. Moreover, recent data suggests that the inlfammatory process might be closely linked with multiple neurodegenerative pathways related to depression. In addition, pro-inlfammatory cyto-kines could play a central role in the pathophysiology of both depression and dementia.
19. IgM nephropathy; can we still ignore it.
Science.gov (United States)
Vanikar, Aruna
2013-04-01
IgM nephropathy (IgMN) is a relatively less recognized clinico-immunopathological entity in the domain of glomerulonephritis , often thought to be a bridge between minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar, Pubmed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO) and Web of Science has been searched. IgM nephropathy can present as nephritic syndrome or less commonly with subnephrotic proteinuria or rarely hematuria. About 30% patients respond to steroids whereas others are steroid dependent / resistant. They should be given a trial of Rituximab or stem cell therapy. IgM nephropathy (IgMN) is an important and rather neglected pathology responsible for renal morbidity in children and adults in developing countries as compared to developed nations with incidence of 2-18.5% of native biopsies. Abnormal T-cell function with hyperfunctioning suppressor T-cells are believed to be responsible for this disease entity. Approximately one third of the patients are steroid responders where as the remaining two thirds are steroid resistant or dependent. Therapeutic trials including cell therapies targeting suppressor T-cells are required.
20. Virtual Doppelgangers: Psychological Effects of Avatars Who Ignore Their Owners
Science.gov (United States)
Bailenson, Jeremy N.; Segovia, Kathryn Y.
For a decade, the Virtual Human Interaction Lab has been creating doppelgangers, virtual versions of the self, for research purposes. This chapter considers how humans may be affected by confrontation with virtual versions of themselves, on the basis of well-established psychological theories, including social cognitive theory (social learning theory), media richness theory (information richness theory), and self-perception theory. Experiments carried out in the Lab, and informed by these theories, have explored such notable topics as health communication, marketing, and false memories. The findings of one series of studies suggest that doppelgangerscan show the rewards of exercise and proper eating habits, changing people's health-related behavior as a result. Other studies showed that doppelgangers are powerful marketing agents and can be used in advertisements to create favorable brand impressions among consumers. Other research documented that children have difficulty in distinguishing between an actual memory elicited by a physical world event and a false memory elicited by mental image or doppelganger.
1. Tobacco Usage in Uttarakhand: A Dangerous Combination of High Prevalence, Widespread Ignorance, and Resistance to Quitting
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nathan John Grills
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Background. Nearly one-third of adults in India use tobacco, resulting in 1.2 million deaths. However, little is known about knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP related to smoking in the impoverished state of Uttarakhand. Methods. A cross-sectional epidemiological prevalence survey was undertaken. Multistage cluster sampling selected 20 villages and 50 households to survey from which 1853 people were interviewed. Tobacco prevalence and KAP were analyzed by income level, occupation, age, and sex. 95% confidence intervals were calculated using standard formulas and incorporating assumptions in relation to the clustering effect. Results. The overall prevalence of tobacco usage, defined using WHO criteria, was 38.9%. 93% of smokers and 86% of tobacco chewers were male. Prevalence of tobacco use, controlling for other factors, was associated with lower education, older age, and male sex. 97.6% of users and 98.1% of nonusers wanted less tobacco. Except for lung cancer (89% awareness, awareness of diseases caused by tobacco usage was low (cardiac: 67%; infertility: 32.5%; stroke: 40.5%. Conclusion. A dangerous combination of high tobacco usage prevalence, ignorance about its dangers, and few quit attempts being made suggests the need to develop effective and evidence based interventions to prevent a health and development disaster in Uttarakhand.
2. Determinants of nutritional status of children in farming households ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Determinants of nutritional status of children in farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria. ... African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development ... of socio-economic, household and child-related factors on the nutritional status of ...
3. How to use health and nutrition-related claims correctly on food advertising: comparison of benefit-seeking, risk-avoidance, and taste appeals on different food categories.
Science.gov (United States)
Choi, Hojoon; Springston, Jeffrey K
2014-09-01
This study applies the concepts of health halos and unhealthy = tasty intuition to examine how the different health and nutrition-related (HNR) appeal types interact with different food product types compared with taste claims. The experiment investigated the impact of benefit-seeking and risk-avoidance HNR appeals compared with that of taste appeals on different food types. The authors found that although respondents evaluated food ads with the two HNR appeals as less risky/more beneficial and healthier than food ads with a taste claim, the respondents showed better ad-related evaluations on the HNR appeals for perceivably healthy food and on taste appeal for perceivably unhealthy food. The findings provide several theoretical and practical implications for health food marketing and public health policy.
4. Nutritional form for the elderly is a reliable and valid instrument for the determination of undernutrition risk, and it is associated with health-related quality of life.
Science.gov (United States)
Gombos, Tímea; Kertész, Krisztina; Csíkos, Agnes; Söderhamn, Ulrika; Söderhamn, Olle; Prohászka, Zoltán
2008-02-01
Undernutrition is a common problem associated with clinical complications such as impaired immune response, reduced muscle strength, impaired wound healing, and susceptibility to infections; therefore, it is an important treatment target to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with chronic diseases and aging. The aim of the present study was to apply a reliable and valid instrument for the determination of undernutrition risk in an in-hospital patient population and to describe possible associations between risk of undernutrition and some aspects of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic diseases. Fifty-six adult patients with different chronic diseases were interviewed with NUFFE questionnaire and the EQ-5D. Anthropometric measurements were performed. Reliability and validity of the NUFFE instrument was tested, and its correlation with EQ-5D was calculated. Euro-Qol scores correlated significantly with the total NUFFE scores and with the items constructing the most important factor of the instrument, explaining 53.74% of its variance. Nutritional form for the elderly was shown to be a reliable instrument in the study group because its internal consistency measured by Cronbach alpha was 0.62, and the item-total score correlations were significant for the half of the items. Criterion-related validity, concurrent validity, and construct validity of NUFFE were established. We have shown that impaired level of health-related quality of life is an important determinant of risk for undernutrition. Nutritional form for the elderly is an appropriate instrument to estimate undernutrition risk in a general, in-hospital patient population with various chronic diseases and to identify "at risk" patients who may benefit from professional dietary interventions to reduce undernutrition-related complications.
5. Cell Damage, Antioxidant Status, and Cortisol Levels Related to Nutrition in Ski Mountaineering During a Two-Day Race
Science.gov (United States)
Diaz, Elena; Ruiz, Fatima; Hoyos, Itziar; Zubero, Jaime; Gravina, Leyre; Gil, Javier; Irazusta, Jon; Gil, Susana Maria
2010-01-01
The aim of this study was to measure the effect of nutrition on cell damage, antioxidant enzymes, and cortisol during a two-day ski mountaineering competition. Twenty-one male skiers participated in the study. Creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), cortisol and C-reactive protein (CRP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase activities (GR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, total antioxidant status, and cortisol levels were measured in serum the day before and immediately after the race. Their diet was also analysed during the competition. Enzymes and cortisol levels significantly increased after the competition. CK and LDH and cortisol levels were negatively correlated to total energy, protein, and fat intake. Intake of vitamin A, B1, B2, B6 and niacin was negatively correlated to LDH and AP. A negative correlation was also found between CK activity and Na, Fe, and Zn intake. Cortisol levels were negatively correlated to the intake of vitamins C, B1 and B2, and niacin. A positive correlation was found between serum GPx and intake of energy, carbohydrates, proteins, A and B vitamins, and folic acid. Skiers with the lowest nutrient intake during the competition were the ones who showed greater cell damage and lower antioxidant enzyme activity and cortisol levels, which may impair performance and also cause injuries and accidents. Particularly, skiers should have high intakes of total energy, macronutrients, vitamins A and B, Na, Zn, and Fe in order to decrease the deleterious effect of strenuous exercise. Key points A two-day ski mountaineering race produced muscle cell damage and oxidative stress and an increase in cortisol levels. There was a marked insufficient intake of carbohydrates which has been shown to affect performance Those skiers with lowest nutrient intake showed greater cell damage, lower antioxidant
6. 老年卧床患者营养状况及相关因素分析%Nutritional Status of Elderly Bedridden Patients and Its Related Factors
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
王晓玲; 钟文逸; 陈茜; 周蕾
2013-01-01
Objective To understand the nutritional status of elderly bedridden patients and its related factors,in order to provide suggestions for clinical treatment and health education.Methods MNA-SF simplified scale was used to survey hospitalized bedridden elderly patients' nutritional status from November 2010 to March 2012,and at the same time,we used self-designed questionnaire to investigate its related factors.Results The malnourishment rate of elderly bedridden patients was 82.4％,and different cultural degree,age,gender and disease played significant roles in the nutritional status of elderly bedridden patients,and their differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Multivariate analysis identified that age,illness,bedridden grading,and depression were the main factors affecting the nutritional status of elderly bedridden patients.Patients with severe illness,old age,high depression scores and bedridden grading had poor nutrtion status.Conclusions The elderly bedridden patients' nutritional status is affected by many factors.We should improve their nutrtion-related knowledge and their health status based on different situations of the patients.%目的 了解老年卧床患者营养状况及其相关因素,为临床治疗及健康宣教提供依据.方法 采用简易营养评价精法(MNA-SF)简化量表调查2010年11月-2012年3月成都市住院老年卧床患者的营养状况,同时采用自行设计的问卷调查其相关因素.结果 老年卧床患者82.4％营养不良,而且不同文化程度、年龄、性别及病情的患者营养状况不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),多因素分析发现,年龄、病情、卧床分级、抑郁是影响老年卧床患者营养的主要因素,病情重,年龄大、抑郁得分高、卧床分级高的老年卧床患者营养状况越差.结论 老年卧床患者营养状况受多种因素影响,应根据患者不同情况进行营养相关知识宣教,改善患者的健康状况.
7. Dietary intake of vitamin K in relation to bone mineral density in Korea adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2011).
Science.gov (United States)
Kim, Mi-Sung; Kim, Eun-Soo; Sohn, Cheong-Min
2015-11-01
Low vitamin K nutritional status has been associated with increased risk of fracture, however inconsistent results exist to support the role of vitamin K on bone mineral density depending on ethnic difference and gender. Our objective was to determine vitamin K intake in Korean adults, examine correlation between vitamin K intake and bone mineral density. This study analyzed raw data from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for adults (2,785 men, 4,307 women) aged over 19 years. Cross-sectional analyses showed only positive association between vitamin K intake and femur bone mineral density in men after adjusting bone-related factors. However, women in high tertiles of vitamin K intake had a significantly higher bone mineral density both in femur and lumber as compared to women in lowest tertiles (pvitamin K intake increased in women, but this effect was not persisted after adjusting factors. The findings of this study indicate that low dietary vitamin K intake was associated with low bone mineral density in subjects. From these results we may suggest an increase in dietary vitamin K intakes for maintaining bone mineral density. (2010-02CON-21-C, 2011-02CON-06-C).
8. Prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits and its relation with anterior open bite in children seen in the Odontopediatric Clinic of the University of Pernambuco
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Luiza do Nascimento Cezar Magalhães
2012-04-01
Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to establish the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits (pacifier and/or digit sucking and to assess its relation with anterior open bite. METHODS: The sample consisted of 980 records of children of both genders, with ages between 3 and 12 years, who were treated at the Pediatrics Clinic of the University of Pernambuco (FOP/UPE, from February 2000 trough December 2005, both sexes. Pearson's Chi-square test at 5% level of significance was used for statistical assessment. RESULTS: It was observed that 17,7% of the sample had some habit at the moment of the anamnesis (9,6% of digit sucking habit, 8,8% of pacifier sucking habit and 0,7% of both habits and that the prevalence of open bite was 20,3%. The prevalence of sucking habits in girls was much higher than in boys (22,6% and 12,9%, respectively and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0,000. A correlation between habits and open bite was proved statistically (p = 0,000: Children with sucking habits had 8 times more chances of developing anterior open bite. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior open bite was associated to the presence of non nutritive sucking habits; sucking habits were more prevalent in girls and in children between three and six years of age.
9. Relative chlorophyll contents in the evaluation of the nutritional status of nitrogen from xaraes palisade grass and determination of critical nitrogen sufficiency index
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Joao Paulo Ramos Costa
2015-05-01
Full Text Available The nutritional status of xaraes palisade grass with SPAD chlorophyll meter and the critical nitrogen sufficiency index (cNSI in the dry and rainy seasons were assessed. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (50, 100, 200 and 400 kg N ha-1, three replicates and two seasons: dry and rainy. All variables had a high nonlinear relationship with their predictors (p < 0.001. Total nitrogen (TN reached a plateau at doses 262.0 and 514.8 kg of N ha-1 and the concentration of TN in the plant was 1.88 and 1.93% respectively during the rainy and dry season. Relative chlorophyll content (RCC reached a plateau at 46.05 and 53.65 SPAD units in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The production of dry matter (DM showed maximum response to nitrogen fertilization at 209.5 and 229.1 kg N ha-1 during the rainy and dry season respectively. The nitrogen sufficiency index (NSI reached the plateau at 0.85 and 0.99 in the rainy and dry season respectively. All variables showed high linear correlation (r = 0.71 to 0.99. The xaraés palisade grass’s cNSI is 0.85 and the chlorophyll meter may be used as a nutritional N management tool for the grass.
10. Test-retest reliability of a short form of the children's social desirability scale for nutrition and health-related research.
Science.gov (United States)
Miller, Patricia H; Baxter, Suzanne D; Hitchcock, David B; Royer, Julie A; Smith, Albert F; Guinn, Caroline H
2014-01-01
11. Nutrition of burned patients.
Science.gov (United States)
Gudaviciene, Daiva; Rimdeika, Rytis; Adamonis, Kestutis
2004-01-01
Burns form 5-12% of all traumas. About 2,200 of patients are annually hospitalized in Lithuania. In most cases people of the employable age get burned. The treatment is often long-lasting, and afterwards recovered patients often have invalidity from burn sequels. The mortality of hospitalized burned patients is about 10%. The most common causes of death are pulmonary edema, pneumonia, sepsis and multiorgan failure. All these complications are related with insufficient nutrition. These complications are extremely frequent and dangerous for patients with more than 20% of body burned. The nutritional support of burned patient gives a possibility to increase the survival probability, to decrease complication rate and hospitalization time. Currently in Lithuania there are no standards for burned patient nutrition. More attention is given to strategy of surgical strategy and techniques, as well as antibiotic therapy. This article is the review of the different aspects of artificial nutrition of burned patient: indications, modes of nutrition, mixtures and terms of nutritional support.
12. Diet & Nutrition
Science.gov (United States)
... Giving d Employer Matching Gifts d Gifts of Stock or Securities d Giving Circles Golden Circle Circle ... health. Shelly Diagnosed in 2006 Diet & Nutrition Take Control of Your Weight Portion Control Low Carb Omega- ...
13. Parenteral nutrition
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Inayet, N; Neild, P
2015-01-01
Over the last 50 years, parenteral nutrition has been recognised as an invaluable and potentially lifesaving tool in the physician's arsenal in the management of patients with intestinal failure or inaccessibility...
14. A transition model for quality-of-life data with non-ignorable non-monotone missing data.
Science.gov (United States)
Liao, Kaijun; Freres, Derek R; Troxel, Andrea B
2012-12-10
In this paper, we consider a full likelihood method to analyze continuous longitudinal responses with non-ignorable non-monotone missing data. We consider a transition probability model for the missingness mechanism. A first-order Markov dependence structure is assumed for both the missingness mechanism and observed data. This process fits the natural data structure in the longitudinal framework. Our main interest is in estimating the parameters of the marginal model and evaluating the missing-at-random assumption in the Effects of Public Information Study, a cancer-related study recently conducted at the University of Pennsylvania. We also present a simulation study to assess the performance of the model.
15. Nutritional anemias.
Science.gov (United States)
Oski, F A
1979-10-01
The role of the metals, iron and copper, and the vitamins E, folic acid, and B12 in the genesis of nutritional anemias in infancy have been reviewed. All are preventable. The precise requirements for each of these trace elements and vitamins in the small premature infant remain to be defined. The nonhematologic consequences of these nutritional deficiencies require further study. Anemia may prove to be the least important manifestation of the deficiency states.
16. Phonological processing of ignored distractor pictures, an fMRI investigation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bles Mart
2008-02-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Neuroimaging studies of attention often focus on interactions between stimulus representations and top-down selection mechanisms in visual cortex. Less is known about the neural representation of distractor stimuli beyond visual areas, and the interactions between stimuli in linguistic processing areas. In the present study, participants viewed simultaneously presented line drawings at peripheral locations, while in the MRI scanner. The names of the objects depicted in these pictures were either phonologically related (i.e. shared the same consonant-vowel onset construction, or unrelated. Attention was directed either at the linguistic properties of one of these pictures, or at the fixation point (i.e. away from the pictures. Results Phonological representations of unattended pictures could be detected in the posterior superior temporal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the insula. Conclusion Under some circumstances, the name of ignored distractor pictures is retrieved by linguistic areas. This implies that selective attention to a specific location does not completely filter out the representations of distractor stimuli at early perceptual stages.
17. Space Nutrition
Science.gov (United States)
Smith, Scott M.
2009-01-01
Optimal nutrition will be critical for crew members who embark on space exploration missions. Nutritional assessment provides an opportunity to ensure that crewmembers begin their missions in optimal nutritional status, to document changes during a mission and, if necessary, to provide intervention to maintain that status throughout the mission, and to assesses changes after landing in order to facilitate the return to their normal status as soon as possible after landing. We report here the findings from our nutritional assessment of astronauts who participated in the International Space Station (ISS) missions, along with flight and ground-based research findings. We also present ongoing and planned nutrition research activities. These studies provide evidence that bone loss, compromised vitamin status, and oxidative damage are the critical nutritional concerns for space travelers. Other nutrient issues exist, including concerns about the stability of nutrients in the food system, which are exposed to longterm storage and radiation during flight. Defining nutrient requirements, and being able to provide and maintain those nutrients on exploration missions, will be critical for maintaining crew member health.
18. Passionate ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hyldgaard, Kirsten
2006-01-01
, it is what makes education not work or at least what comes as a fundamental surprise, what makes plans, methods, ideas about ‘best practice', ideas about ‘what works' powerless. This also implies a correspondence between distinguishing analysis and therapy on the one hand and distinguishing pedagogy...... be a science, rather, a question of and for philosophy; any scientific theory excludes the possibility of thinking the question of what is a subject. However, the question of the subject is not the exclusive province of philosophy. Being a theory of the subject, and as a clinical practice its purpose is to let...... the subject speak, psychoanalysis allows us to identify the essential distinction between pedagogy on the one hand and educational, didactical theory on the other hand. Psychoanalysis and pedagogical philosophy may contribute to the analysis of why educational practice is and always will be haunted...
19. Passionate ignorance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hyldgaard, Kirsten
2006-01-01
the subject speak, psychoanalysis allows us to identify the essential distinction between pedagogy on the one hand and educational, didactical theory on the other hand. Psychoanalysis and pedagogical philosophy may contribute to the analysis of why educational practice is and always will be haunted...
20. Overcoming ignorance and stigma relating to intellectual disability in healthcare: a potential solution.
Science.gov (United States)
While, Alison E; Clark, Louise L
2010-03-01
To propose a strategy for overcoming stigma and discrimination against people with intellectual disabilities within healthcare. Evidence of poor healthcare for those with intellectual disabilities resulted in an independent inquiry. The subsequent report has charged healthcare organizations to address current organizational failings. The origins of discriminatory practices in health services and the evidence of persisting poor care and stigmatization of this patient group despite UK Government policy are set out. The stigmatization and resulting discrimination of people with intellectual disabilities persists. In addition to investment in core training, organizational change is needed to bring about change and a reduction in health inequality. The development of a new framework for nursing is recommended with leadership at all levels of healthcare so that people with intellectual disabilities and their families can expect to receive high quality care in all healthcare settings.
1. Blood pressure in relation to environmental lead exposure in the national health and nutrition examination survey 2003 to 2010.
Science.gov (United States)
Hara, Azusa; Thijs, Lutgarde; Asayama, Kei; Gu, Yu-Mei; Jacobs, Lotte; Zhang, Zhen-Yu; Liu, Yan-Ping; Nawrot, Tim S; Staessen, Jan A
2015-01-01
2. CELL DAMAGE, ANTIOXIDANT STATUS, AND CORTISOL LEVELS RELATED TO NUTRITION IN SKI MOUNTAINEERING DURING A TWO-DAY RACE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Elena Diaz
2010-06-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study was to measure the effect of nutrition on cell damage, antioxidant enzymes, and cortisol during a two-day ski mountaineering competition. Twenty-one male skiers participated in the study. Creatine kinase (CK, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ?-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, alkaline phosphatase (AP, cortisol and C-reactive protein (CRP, glutathione peroxidase (GPx and reductase activities (GR and C-reactive protein (CRP levels, total antioxidant status, and cortisol levels were measured in serum the day before and immediately after the race. Their diet was also analysed during the competition. Enzymes and cortisol levels significantly increased after the competition. CK and LDH and cortisol levels were negatively correlated to total energy, protein, and fat intake. Intake of vitamin A, B1, B2, B6 and niacin was negatively correlated to LDH and AP. A negative correlation was also found between CK activity and Na, Fe, and Zn intake. Cortisol levels were negatively correlated to the intake of vitamins C, B1 and B2, and niacin. A positive correlation was found between serum GPx and intake of energy, carbohydrates, proteins, A and B vitamins, and folic acid. Skiers with the lowest nutrient intake during the competition were the ones who showed greater cell damage and lower antioxidant enzyme activity and cortisol levels, which may impair performance and also cause injuries and accidents. Particularly, skiers should have high intakes of total energy, macronutrients, vitamins A and B, Na, Zn, and Fe in order to decrease the deleterious effect of strenuous exercise
3. An Emerging Method for Rapid Characterization of Feed Structures and Feed Component Matrix at a Cellular Level and Relation to Feed Quality and Nutritive Value
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Yu,P.
2006-01-01
Feed quality, feed characteristics, nutrient utilization and digestive behavior are closely related to: (i) total feed composition, (ii) feed intrinsic structures, and (iii) biological component matrix (such as protein to starch matrix, protein to carbohydrate matrix). Conventional 'wet' chemical analysis can determine total chemical composition, but fails to detect the feed intrinsic structures and biological component matrix due to destruction of feed samples during the processing for chemical analysis and the 'wet' chemical analysis cannot link structural information to chemical information within intact feed tissue. Recently, advanced synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy has been developed as a non-destructive and non-invasive structural-chemical analytical technique. This technique can link chemical information to structural information of biological samples within intact tissue within cellular dimensions. It can provide four kinds of information simultaneously: tissue composition, tissue structure, tissue chemistry and tissue environment. However, this novel technique has been found mainly for medical science research, extremely rare for feed science and nutrition research. The objective of this review article was to illustrate synchrotron-based FTIR microspectroscopy as a novel research tool for rapid characterization of feed structures at a cellular level and for detection of chemical features and molecular chemical make-up of feed biological component matrix and nutrient interaction. The emphasis of this article was to show that feed structural-chemical features at a cellular level are closely related to feed characteristics, feed quality and nutritive value in animals. The synchrotron-based technology will provide us with a greater understanding of the plant-animal interface.
4. Mid-adolescent neurocognitive development of ignoring and attending emotional stimuli.
Science.gov (United States)
Vetter, Nora C; Pilhatsch, Maximilian; Weigelt, Sarah; Ripke, Stephan; Smolka, Michael N
2015-08-01
Appropriate reactions toward emotional stimuli depend on the distribution of prefrontal attentional resources. In mid-adolescence, prefrontal top-down control systems are less engaged, while subcortical bottom-up emotional systems are more engaged. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to follow the neural development of attentional distribution, i.e. attending versus ignoring emotional stimuli, in adolescence. 144 healthy adolescents were studied longitudinally at age 14 and 16 while performing a perceptual discrimination task. Participants viewed two pairs of stimuli--one emotional, one abstract--and reported on one pair whether the items were the same or different, while ignoring the other pair. Hence, two experimental conditions were created: "attending emotion/ignoring abstract" and "ignoring emotion/attending abstract". Emotional valence varied between negative, positive, and neutral. Across conditions, reaction times and error rates decreased and activation in the anterior cingulate and inferior frontal gyrus increased from age 14 to 16. In contrast, subcortical regions showed no developmental effect. Activation of the anterior insula increased across ages for attending positive and ignoring negative emotions. Results suggest an ongoing development of prefrontal top-down resources elicited by emotional attention from age 14 to 16 while activity of subcortical regions representing bottom-up processing remains stable.
5. Mid-adolescent neurocognitive development of ignoring and attending emotional stimuli
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nora C. Vetter
2015-08-01
Full Text Available Appropriate reactions toward emotional stimuli depend on the distribution of prefrontal attentional resources. In mid-adolescence, prefrontal top-down control systems are less engaged, while subcortical bottom-up emotional systems are more engaged. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to follow the neural development of attentional distribution, i.e. attending versus ignoring emotional stimuli, in adolescence. 144 healthy adolescents were studied longitudinally at age 14 and 16 while performing a perceptual discrimination task. Participants viewed two pairs of stimuli – one emotional, one abstract – and reported on one pair whether the items were the same or different, while ignoring the other pair. Hence, two experimental conditions were created: “attending emotion/ignoring abstract” and “ignoring emotion/attending abstract”. Emotional valence varied between negative, positive, and neutral. Across conditions, reaction times and error rates decreased and activation in the anterior cingulate and inferior frontal gyrus increased from age 14 to 16. In contrast, subcortical regions showed no developmental effect. Activation of the anterior insula increased across ages for attending positive and ignoring negative emotions. Results suggest an ongoing development of prefrontal top-down resources elicited by emotional attention from age 14 to 16 while activity of subcortical regions representing bottom-up processing remains stable.
6. Nutritional knowledge,attitude,behavior and related factors of gestational diabetes mellitus women in perinatal nutrition clinic in Beijing%北京市妊娠期糖尿病孕妇营养认知行为调查
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
陶旻枫; 游川; 于敬龙; 姜莹; 李东阳; 丁辉
2017-01-01
Objective:To investigate the knowledge,attitude and practice of diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)in perinatal nutrition clinic in Beijing.Methods:From January to August in 2016,according to the representative method of stratified random sampling,extraction,comprehensive urban and suburban hospitals of maternal and child health hospitals,a total of 8 perinatal nutrition clinics were entrolled.Women of 242 cases,24-28 weeks of pregnancy and diagnosed as GDM were in GDM group,other 228 cases of pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance were in control group.Two groups of pregnant women were questionnaired and the answers were compared and analyzed.Results:Pregnancy nutrition KAP score of GDM group(31.16±2.21)was lower than that of the control group(36.72±2.4,P＜0.05).The nutrition knowledge score,nutrition professional knowledge score and nutrition behavior score of GDM group were significantly lower than those of the control group (all P＜0.05).Significant differences were also seen in both groups about access to nutrition knowledge and their willingness.They want to obtain nutrition knowledge from hospital,WeChat and pregnant women school nutrition clinic lectures etc.Conclusion:GDM pregnant women in perinatal nutrition clinic in Beijing generally pay attention to nutrition during pregnancy,but their professional knowledge of nutrition and nutritional behavior need to be improved.Perinatal nutrition clinics need to provide a variety of forms and precise health education guidance for GDM pregnant women.%目的:了解北京市围产营养门诊妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇对糖尿病相关知识的态度和行为.方法:2016年1月～8月按照地区代表性分层随机抽样方法,抽取城区、郊区妇幼保健院、综合医院共8家围产营养门诊中孕24～28周,首次诊断GDM孕妇和糖耐量正常孕妇,进行间卷调查.结果:收回问卷共470份,GDM组242例、糖耐量正常孕妇(对照组)228
7. Meat Science and Muscle Biology Symposium: in utero nutrition related to fetal development, postnatal performance, and meat quality of pork.
Science.gov (United States)
Oksbjerg, N; Nissen, P M; Therkildsen, M; Møller, H S; Larsen, L B; Andersen, M; Young, J F
2013-03-01
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) occurs naturally in pigs and leads to low birth weight of piglets due to undernutrition caused by placental insufficiency. For 2 main reasons, low birth weight causes economic loss. First, low birth weight pigs have a greater mortality and increasing the litter size causes more low birth weight piglets within litters. Second, surviving low birth weight piglets have reduced performance (i.e., ADG, feed conversion rate, and percentage meat). To develop dietary strategies for preventing IUGR, knowledge of the biological basis of IUGR is required. Muscle fiber number, formed during myogenesis, is correlated positively with performance traits and has been shown in several studies to be reduced in low birth weight pigs. Postnatal muscle hypertrophy is due to satellite cell number per fiber at birth and their rate of proliferation as well as protein deposition (i.e., protein synthesis and degradation). Previous studies and some recent ones indicate that low birth weight littermates in mice are born with fewer satellite cells and studies on pigs show that the rate of satellite cell proliferation may vary within litters. Proteomics studies show that protein synthesis and degradation is downregulated in IUGR pigs and low birth weight pigs also produce meat with less tenderness. Alternative maternal feeding strategies to prevent IUGR have been examined. Increasing maternal global nutrition had no beneficial effect on performance and muscle growth traits in several studies. Feeding excess maternal dietary protein also did not influence muscle growth traits whereas moderately decreased maternal dietary protein may decrease muscle fiber number and performance. On the other hand, addition of L-carnitine to the maternal gestation or lactation diet may increase birth and weaning weights or the muscle fiber number, respectively, in low birth weight pig offspring. Finally, promising data have been obtained on reproductive traits in pigs after
8. Role of nuclear factor κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in cancer-related symptoms and their regulation by nutritional agents.
Science.gov (United States)
Gupta, Subash C; Kim, Ji Hye; Kannappan, Ramaswamy; Reuter, Simone; Dougherty, Patrick M; Aggarwal, Bharat B
2011-06-01
Cancer is a disease characterized by dysregulation of multiple genes and is associated with symptoms such as cachexia, anorexia, fatigue, depression, neuropathic pain, anxiety, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders and delirium (acute confusion state) in medically ill patients. These symptoms are caused by either the cancer itself or the cancer treatment. During the past decade, increasing evidence has shown that the dysregulation of inflammatory pathways contributes to the expression of these symptoms. Cancer patients have been found to have higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a major mediator of inflammatory pathways. Therefore, anti-inflammatory agents that can modulate the NF-κB activation and inflammatory pathways may have potential in improving cancer-related symptoms in patients. Because of their multitargeting properties, low cost, low toxicity and immediate availability, natural agents have gained considerable attention for prevention and treatment of cancer-related symptoms. How NF-κB and inflammatory pathways contribute to cancer-related symptoms is the focus of this review. We will also discuss how nutritional agents such as curcumin, genistein, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate and lycopene can modulate inflammatory pathways and thereby reduce cancer-related symptoms in patients.
9. Ignorance Is Bliss, But for Whom? The Persistent Effect of Good Will on Cooperation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mike Farjam
2016-10-01
Full Text Available Who benefits from the ignorance of others? We address this question from the point of view of a policy maker who can induce some ignorance into a system of agents competing for resources. Evolutionary game theory shows that when unconditional cooperators or ignorant agents compete with defectors in two-strategy settings, unconditional cooperators get exploited and are rendered extinct. In contrast, conditional cooperators, by utilizing some kind of reciprocity, are able to survive and sustain cooperation when competing with defectors. We study how cooperation thrives in a three-strategy setting where there are unconditional cooperators, conditional cooperators and defectors. By means of simulation on various kinds of graphs, we show that conditional cooperators benefit from the existence of unconditional cooperators in the majority of cases. However, in worlds that make cooperation hard to evolve, defectors benefit.
10. Tensions in agnotology: Normativity in the studies of commercially driven ignorance.
Science.gov (United States)
Pinto, Manuela Fernandez
2015-04-01
As scientific research moves increasingly to the private sector, the social organization of science undergoes important transformations. Focusing on the production of ignorance, agnotology has been a fruitful approach to understanding the social and epistemic consequences of the recent commercialization of scientific research. Despite their important contributions, scholars working on agnotology seem to hold implicit normative commitments that are in tension with their descriptive accounts of ignorance-constructive practices. The main aim of this article is to uncover these commitments and to expose the emerging tensions. Thus, this article begins an exploration into normative aspects of the studies of ignorance. In particular, it shows that agnotology still needs the support of a well-articulated normative approach capable of identifying and evaluating the epistemic and social concerns raised by the private funding and performance of science.
11. Dietary analysis and patterns of nutritional supplement use in normal and age-related macular disease affected subjects: a prospective cross-sectional study
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Eperjesi Frank
2004-09-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Poor diet is thought to be a risk factor for many diseases, including age-related macular disease (ARMD, which is the leading cause of blind registration in those aged over 60 years in the developed world. The aims of this study were 1 to evaluate the dietary food intake of three subject groups: participants under the age of 50 years without ARMD (U50, participants over the age of 50 years without ARMD (O50, and participants with ARMD (AMD, and 2 to obtain information on nutritional supplement usage. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study designed in a clinical practice setting. Seventy-four participants were divided into three groups: U50; 20 participants aged 50 years, from 52 to 77 (62.7 ± 6.8 years, and ARMD; 27 participants aged > 50 years with ARMD, from 55 to 79 (66.0 ± 5.8 years. Participants were issued with a three-day food diary, and were also asked to provide details of any daily nutritional supplements. The diaries were analysed using FoodBase 2000 software. Data were input by one investigator and statistically analysed using Microsoft Excel for Microsoft Windows XP software, employing unpaired t-tests. Results Group O50 consumed significantly more vitamin C (t = 3.049, p = 0.005 and significantly more fibre (t = 2.107, p = 0.041 than group U50. Group ARMD consumed significantly more protein (t = 3.487, p = 0.001 and zinc (t = 2.252, p = 0.029 than group O50. The ARMD group consumed the highest percentage of specific ocular health supplements and the U50 group consumed the most multivitamins. Conclusions We did not detect a deficiency of any specific nutrient in the diets of those with ARMD compared with age- and gender-matched controls. ARMD patients may be aware of research into use of nutritional supplementation to prevent progression of their condition.
12. The effect of ignoring individual heterogeneity in Weibull log-normal sire frailty models
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Damgaard, Lars Holm; Korsgaard, Inge Riis; Simonsen, J;
2006-01-01
The objective of this study was, by means of simulation, to quantify the effect of ignoring individual heterogeneity in Weibull sire frailty models on parameter estimates and to address the consequences for genetic inferences. Three simulation studies were evaluated, which included 3 levels...... the software Survival Kit for the incomplete sire model. For the incomplete sire model, the Monte Carlo and Survival Kit parameter estimates were similar. This study established that when unobserved individual heterogeneity was ignored, the parameter estimates that included sire effects were biased toward zero...
13. A Correlated Binary Model for Ignorable Missing Data: Application to Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Data.
Science.gov (United States)
Erebholo, Francis; Apprey, Victor; Bezandry, Paul; Kwagyan, John
2016-04-01
Incomplete data are common phenomenon in research that adopts the longitudinal design approach. If incomplete observations are present in the longitudinal data structure, ignoring it could lead to bias in statistical inference and interpretation. We adopt the disposition model and extend it to the analysis of longitudinal binary outcomes in the presence of monotone incomplete data. The response variable is modeled using a conditional logistic regression model. The nonresponse mechanism is assumed ignorable and developed as a combination of Markov's transition and logistic regression model. MLE method is used for parameter estimation. Application of our approach to rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials is presented.
14. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Critical Patients’ Nutrition.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marta Patricia Casanova González
2009-03-01
Full Text Available Clinical Practice Guidelines for Critical Patients’ Nutrition. This document includes a review and update of aspects related with nutritional assessment of patients in critical condition; indications, contraindications and procedures for enteral and parenteral nutrition and its follow up. It includes assessment guidelines focused on the most important aspects to be accomplished.
15. 7 CFR 246.11 - Nutrition education.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... and physical activity habits, and in the prevention of nutrition-related problems through optimal use... 7 Agriculture 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Nutrition education. 246.11 Section 246.11 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE...
16. 45 CFR 1304.23 - Child nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Child nutrition. 1304.23 Section 1304.23 Public... AGENCIES Early Childhood Development and Health Services § 1304.23 Child nutrition. (a) Identification of... into account staff and family discussions concerning: (1) Any relevant nutrition-related...
17. Survey on eating disorder-related thoughts, behaviors, and their relationship with food intake and nutritional status in female high school students in Taiwan.
Science.gov (United States)
Chang, Yu-Jhen; Lin, Wei; Wong, Yueching
2011-02-01
Eating disorders are now a global health problem for adolescents and young female adults. The level of eating disorders among young female adults is growing in Asian countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate body image, weight concerns, eating attitudes, dietary intake, and nutritional status related to eating disorders of female high school students in Taiwan. A total of 1605 female high school students participated in this study. The written questionnaire included respondents' demographics and weight concerns, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), and 24-hour dietary recall. Blood chemistry data were also collected. The data were analyzed using a Student t test, χ(2) analysis, and logistic regression. Disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors were found in 17.11% of participants (measured by an EAT-26 score ≥20). Logistic regression analyses showed that disturbed eating attitudes/behaviors were significantly associated with overestimation of body weight, unrealistic body weight goal, dissatisfaction with body weight, and weight loss experiences. The reported intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, zinc, and vitamins B6 and B12 were significantly lower in participants with disturbed eating patterns than in participants without disturbance issues. Conversely, participants with disturbed eating patterns had higher dietary and crude fiber intake than participants without disturbed eating issues. The percentage of participants with abnormal values of total iron-binding capacity and serum iron was significantly higher in those with disturbed eating patterns than in those without disturbed eating patterns. Disturbed eating attitudes/behaviors exist among female adolescents in Taiwan, and these behaviors jeopardize their nutritional status. The possibility of using the EAT-26 as a reference to predict the quality and quantity of food intake among female adolescents is worthy of further study.
18. A STUDY OF DERMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN RELATION TO PERSONAL HYGIENE AND NUTRITIONAL INDICATORS AMONG GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL CHILDREN OF AGE GROUP 11 - 16 YRS
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Kiran Mai
2015-02-01
Full Text Available BACKGROUND : Skin disorders affect 20 - 30% of the general population at any one time. Personal hygiene, nutrition and Socio demographic factors play pivotal roles in determining the pattern of skin disease. Very few studies provide information on the prevalence and det erminants of skin disease among children of school going age group in India There are hardly any studies focusing on children of Hyderabad. Hence, the following study was carried out to determine the prevalence of dermatological disorders among school chil dren of age group 11 - 16 yrs . AIMS AND OBJECTIVES : To assess the prevalence of dermatological disorders among Govt. high school children in relation with personal hygiene, nutritional status and socio demographic indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS : A cross - sectional study was conducted and the study subjects included students of Govt. high school located at Musheerabad, belonging to class VI to IX. A total of 100 students have been studied and the study period was from 19 th Nov to 25 th Nov 2011.the sample size was calculated from prevalence shown in various studies (50% skin disorders, with an allowable error of 20% of P. Data collection included personal hygiene questionnaire, clinical examination, magnifying lens, measuring tape and a weighing machine. Prevalence of common skin diseases was calculated and statistical analysis was done. RESULTS : The proportion of skin disorders is seen to be 77% of the total study. The proportion of skin disorders is higher in females (p<0.05, mid ado lescent age (p<0.05, fathers being heavy workers and working mothers, hostel residence (p<0.05 and infrequent head bath. The proportion of skin disorders is not seen to be influenced by BMI - for - age and bathing frequency. Common dermatological disorders e licited were Pytiriasis simplex capillitii (27%, Acne vulgaris (22%, Pediculosis capitis (18%, Pytiriasis alba (14% and Scabies (11%. CONCLUSION : Skin disease constitutes a public
19. Physiological and Health-Related Adaptations to Low-Volume Interval Training: Influences of Nutrition and Sex
OpenAIRE
Gibala, Martin J.; Gillen, Jenna B.; Michael E Percival
2014-01-01
Interval training refers to the basic concept of alternating periods of relatively intense exercise with periods of lower-intensity effort or complete rest for recovery. Low-volume interval training refers to sessions that involve a relatively small total amount of exercise (i.e. ≤10 min of intense exercise), compared with traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols that are generally reflected in public health guidelines. In an effort to standardize terminology, a cla...
20. Nutritional Therapy.
Science.gov (United States)
Schwartz, Julie
2016-03-01
This article provides the reader with steps needed to accurately assess patient nutrition behaviors that contribute to weight gain, inability to lose weight, or inability to sustain weight loss. Evidence-based approaches in nutrition therapy that can create the daily energy deficit needed to produce 1/2 to 2 pounds of weight loss per week, and the strategies to create the energy deficit, are presented. To optimize health, long-term weight loss maintenance is needed. The benefits of using a multidisciplinary team approach in treating obesity are highlighted.
1. Medical Issues: Nutrition
Science.gov (United States)
... support & care > living with sma > medical issues > nutrition Nutrition Good nutrition is essential to health and growth. ... must make decisions based on their own needs. Nutrition Considerations Since we are still waiting for clinical ...
2. Myeloperoxidase-Related Chlorination Activity Is Positively Associated with Circulating Ceruloplasmin in Chronic Heart Failure Patients: Relationship with Neurohormonal, Inflammatory, and Nutritional Parameters
Science.gov (United States)
Cabassi, Aderville; Binno, Simone Maurizio; Tedeschi, Stefano; Graiani, Gallia; Galizia, Cinzia; Bianconcini, Michele; Coghi, Pietro; Fellini, Federica; Ruffini, Livia; Govoni, Paolo; Piepoli, Massimo; Perlini, Stefano; Regolisti, Giuseppe; Fiaccadori, Enrico
2015-01-01
Rationale. Heart failure (HF) is accompanied by the development of an imbalance between oxygen- and nitric oxide-derived free radical production leading to protein nitration. Both chlorinating and peroxidase cycle of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) contribute to oxidative and nitrosative stress and are involved in tyrosine nitration of protein. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) has antioxidant function through its ferroxidase I (FeOxI) activity and has recently been proposed as a physiological defense mechanism against MPO inappropriate actions. Objective. We investigated the relationship between plasma MPO-related chlorinating activity, Cp and FeOxI, and nitrosative stress, inflammatory, neurohormonal, and nutritional biomarkers in HF patients. Methods and Results. In chronic HF patients (n = 81, 76 ± 9 years, NYHA Class II (26); Class III (29); Class IV (26)) and age-matched controls (n = 17, 75 ± 11 years, CTR), plasma MPO chlorinating activity, Cp, FeOxI, nitrated protein, free Malondialdehyde, BNP, norepinephrine, hsCRP, albumin, and prealbumin were measured. Plasma MPO chlorinating activity, Cp, BNP, norepinephrine, and hsCRP were increased in HF versus CTR. FeOxI, albumin, and prealbumin were decreased in HF. MPO-related chlorinating activity was positively related to Cp (r = 0.363, P < 0.001), nitrated protein, hsCRP, and BNP and inversely to albumin. Conclusions. Plasma MPO chlorinated activity is increased in elderly chronic HF patients and positively associated with Cp, inflammatory, neurohormonal, and nitrosative parameters suggesting a role in HF progression. PMID:26539521
3. Myeloperoxidase-Related Chlorination Activity Is Positively Associated with Circulating Ceruloplasmin in Chronic Heart Failure Patients: Relationship with Neurohormonal, Inflammatory, and Nutritional Parameters
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Rationale. Heart failure (HF is accompanied by the development of an imbalance between oxygen- and nitric oxide-derived free radical production leading to protein nitration. Both chlorinating and peroxidase cycle of Myeloperoxidase (MPO contribute to oxidative and nitrosative stress and are involved in tyrosine nitration of protein. Ceruloplasmin (Cp has antioxidant function through its ferroxidase I (FeOxI activity and has recently been proposed as a physiological defense mechanism against MPO inappropriate actions. Objective. We investigated the relationship between plasma MPO-related chlorinating activity, Cp and FeOxI, and nitrosative stress, inflammatory, neurohormonal, and nutritional biomarkers in HF patients. Methods and Results. In chronic HF patients (n=81, 76 ± 9 years, NYHA Class II (26; Class III (29; Class IV (26 and age-matched controls (n=17, 75 ± 11 years, CTR, plasma MPO chlorinating activity, Cp, FeOxI, nitrated protein, free Malondialdehyde, BNP, norepinephrine, hsCRP, albumin, and prealbumin were measured. Plasma MPO chlorinating activity, Cp, BNP, norepinephrine, and hsCRP were increased in HF versus CTR. FeOxI, albumin, and prealbumin were decreased in HF. MPO-related chlorinating activity was positively related to Cp (r= 0.363, P<0.001, nitrated protein, hsCRP, and BNP and inversely to albumin. Conclusions. Plasma MPO chlorinated activity is increased in elderly chronic HF patients and positively associated with Cp, inflammatory, neurohormonal, and nitrosative parameters suggesting a role in HF progression.
4. Green Brand Development in Sports Nutrition Food
OpenAIRE
Zhe Ren
2015-01-01
This study is to research the current situation and the effect which is brought by the nutrition food of the green band development in sports nutrition food. Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is concerned with the type and quantity of fluid and food taken by an athlete and deals with nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, supplements and organic substances such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Although an important pa...
5. Strategies for promoting nutrition and dietitians.
Science.gov (United States)
Henneman, A; Vickstrom, J
1980-10-01
To promote nutrition and dietitians, the Nebraska Dietetic Association approached various other associations in the state about featuring articles on nutrition in their newsletters. This public relations strategy permitted greater dissemination of nutritional information to specific target groups through existing channels of communication. Dietitians were presented to other professional groups as nutrition experts. In addition, this activity opened the door to further professional exchanges between dietitians and the various associations.
6. What is Nutrition & Metabolism?
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Feinman Richard D
2004-08-01
Full Text Available Abstract A new Open Access journal, Nutrition & Metabolism (N&M will publish articles that integrate nutrition with biochemistry and molecular biology. The open access process is chosen to provide rapid and accessible dissemination of new results and perspectives in a field that is of great current interest. Manuscripts in all areas of nutritional biochemistry will be considered but three areas of particular interest are lipoprotein metabolism, amino acids as metabolic signals, and the effect of macronutrient composition of diet on health. The need for the journal is identified in the epidemic of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemias and related diseases, and a sudden increase in popular diets, as well as renewed interest in intermediary metabolism.
7. Catheter-related thrombosis in children with intestinal failure and long-term parenteral nutrition: How to treat and to prevent?
NARCIS (Netherlands)
C.H. van Ommen; M.M. Tabbers
2010-01-01
Survival of children with chronic intestinal failure has increased as result of administration of home parenteral nutrition. Crucial for the successful management of home parenteral nutrition is the availability of an adequate central venous access. Venous access can be fraught by episodes of cathet
8. Ignoring imperfect detection in biological surveys is dangerous: a response to 'fitting and interpreting occupancy models'.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gurutzeta Guillera-Arroita
Full Text Available In a recent paper, Welsh, Lindenmayer and Donnelly (WLD question the usefulness of models that estimate species occupancy while accounting for detectability. WLD claim that these models are difficult to fit and argue that disregarding detectability can be better than trying to adjust for it. We think that this conclusion and subsequent recommendations are not well founded and may negatively impact the quality of statistical inference in ecology and related management decisions. Here we respond to WLD's claims, evaluating in detail their arguments, using simulations and/or theory to support our points. In particular, WLD argue that both disregarding and accounting for imperfect detection lead to the same estimator performance regardless of sample size when detectability is a function of abundance. We show that this, the key result of their paper, only holds for cases of extreme heterogeneity like the single scenario they considered. Our results illustrate the dangers of disregarding imperfect detection. When ignored, occupancy and detection are confounded: the same naïve occupancy estimates can be obtained for very different true levels of occupancy so the size of the bias is unknowable. Hierarchical occupancy models separate occupancy and detection, and imprecise estimates simply indicate that more data are required for robust inference about the system in question. As for any statistical method, when underlying assumptions of simple hierarchical models are violated, their reliability is reduced. Resorting in those instances where hierarchical occupancy models do no perform well to the naïve occupancy estimator does not provide a satisfactory solution. The aim should instead be to achieve better estimation, by minimizing the effect of these issues during design, data collection and analysis, ensuring that the right amount of data is collected and model assumptions are met, considering model extensions where appropriate.
9. An intervention effect evaluation on nutrition related knowledge, attitude and behavior among prison police%狱警营养干预效果评价
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
徐卉; 朱益民; 沈志强; 汪红慧
2016-01-01
目的：了解监狱人民警察（狱警）的营养知识、态度、行为（KAP）水平及干预效果，为开展狱警营养干预提供依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法对浙江省狱警开展营养KAP问卷调查，分析狱警营养知识、态度水平和饮食行为，并实施营养教育和调整食堂膳食等干预措施，6个月后评价干预前后狱警营养KAP水平变化。结果干预前狱警营养KAP总分为70.27±10.90，其中营养知识、态度、行为得分分别为27.38±6.97、18.07±3.24、24.82±3.96。干预后，狱警的营养KAP总分上升至91.19±4.11，其中营养知识、态度、行为得分分别为37.03±2.97、19.71±0.71、34.45±2.74，较干预前均有明显提高（P＜0.01）。结论浙江省狱警普遍缺乏营养知识，存在饮食不均衡等诸多不良饮食习惯；以食堂膳食调整为重点并结合系列营养健康教育，是提高狱警营养知识水平和改善其不良饮食行为的有效方法。%Objective To evaluate the intervention effect of nutrition related knowledge,attitude and behavior among the prison police in Zhejiang Province . Methods Stratified cluster sampling method was used and investigation on knowledge,attitude and behavior was conducted.Nutrition education was carried out targeted to the problem found in the investigation for 6 months.Intervention effect was evaluated by comparison the scores of KAP before and after the intervention.Results The average score of KAP before the intervention was 70. 27 ±1 0. 90,including the average score for knowledge,attitude and behavior was 27. 38 ±6. 97,1 8. 07 ±3. 24 and 24. 82 ±3. 96,respectively.After the intervention, the average score of KAP was 91 . 1 9 ±4. 1 1 ,including the average score for knowledge,attitude and behavior was 37. 03 ±2. 97,1 9. 71 ±0. 71 and 34. 45 ±2. 74,respectively,higher than that before the intervention (P<0. 01 ).Conclusion Nutrition education could improve the
10. Expectativas de adolescentes em relação a mudanças do perfil nutricional Expectations of adolescents in relation to the changes of nutritional profile
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Patrícia Déa Braga
2007-10-01
11. Meat and haem iron intake in relation to glioma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Ward, Heather A; Gayle, Alicia; Jakszyn, Paula;
2016-01-01
Diets high in red or processed meat have been associated positively with some cancers, and several possible underlying mechanisms have been proposed, including iron-related pathways. However, the role of meat intake in adult glioma risk has yielded conflicting findings because of small sample siz...
12. Relating protein intake to nutritional status in haemodialysis patients : How to normalize the protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (PNA)?
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Kloppenburg, Wybe; Stegeman, CA; de Jong, PE; Huisman, RM
1999-01-01
Background. The protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (PNA) is assumed to be a reliable estimate of dietary protein intake in haemodialysis patients. Protein requirements are related to body size. In order to standardize PNA to individual differences in body size, PNA is normalized to vari
13. Relating protein intake to nutritional status in haemodialysis patients : How to normalize the protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (PNA)?
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Kloppenburg, Wybe; Stegeman, CA; de Jong, PE; Huisman, RM
1999-01-01
Background. The protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (PNA) is assumed to be a reliable estimate of dietary protein intake in haemodialysis patients. Protein requirements are related to body size. In order to standardize PNA to individual differences in body size, PNA is normalized to vari
14. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in the Scandinavian Cystic Fibrosis Nutritional Study
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Pincikova, T; Nilsson, Kristine Kahr; Moen, I E;
2011-01-01
Many cystic fibrosis patients are vitamin D-insufficient. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes is a major complication of cystic fibrosis. The literature suggests that vitamin D might possess certain glucose-lowering properties. We aimed to assess the relationship between vitamin D and cystic fibrosis...
15. Monitoring your friends, not your foes: strategic ignorance and the delegation of real authority
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Dominguez-Martinez, S.; Sloof, R.; von Siemens, F.
2010-01-01
In this laboratory experiment we study the use of strategic ignorance to delegate real authority within a firm. A worker can gather information on investment projects, while a manager makes the implementation decision. The manager can monitor the worker. This allows her to better exploit the
16. Monitored by your friends, not your foes: Strategic ignorance and the delegation of real authority
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Dominguez-Martinez, S.; Sloof, R.; von Siemens, F.
2012-01-01
In this laboratory experiment we study the use of strategic ignorance to delegate real authority within a firm. A worker can gather information on investment projects, while a manager makes the implementation decision. The manager can monitor the worker. This allows her to exploit any information
17. Monitored by your friends, not your foes: strategic ignorance and the delegation of real authority
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Dominguez Martinez, S.; Sloof, R.; von Siemens, F.A.
2014-01-01
In this laboratory experiment we study the use of strategic ignorance to delegate real authority within a firm. A worker can gather information on investment projects, while a manager makes the implementation decision. The manager can monitor the worker. This allows her to exploit any information
18. The Ignorant Facilitator: Education, Politics and Theatre in Co-Communities
Science.gov (United States)
2015-01-01
This article discusses the book "The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation" by the French philosopher, Jacques Rancière. Its intention is to study the potential contribution of this text to the discourse of applied theatre (theatre in co-communities) in general, and the role of the facilitator in particular. It…
19. For Example? A Philosophical Case Study of Some Problems When Abstract Educational Theory Ignores Concrete Practice
Science.gov (United States)
Golding, Clinton
2017-01-01
In Philosophy of Education we frequently argue for or against different educational theories. Yet, as I illustrate in this analysis of two articles, in order to maintain the abstract theoretical distinctions, we are liable to ignore the concrete details of practice, caricature the theories we reject and make false distinctions. The two articles…
20. Crucial ignored parameters on nanotoxicology: the importance of toxicity assay modifications and "cell vision".
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sophie Laurent
Full Text Available Until now, the results of nanotoxicology research have shown that the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs and cells are remarkably complex. In order to get a deep understanding of the NP-cell interactions, scientists have focused on the physicochemical effects. However, there are still considerable debates about the regulation of nanomaterials and the reported results are usually in contradictions. Here, we are going to introduce the potential key reasons for these conflicts. In this case, modification of conventional in vitro toxicity assays, is one of the crucial ignored matter in nanotoxicological sciences. More specifically, the conventional methods neglect important factors such as the sedimentation of NPs and absorption of proteins and other essential biomolecules onto the surface of NPs. Another ignored matter in nanotoxicological sciences is the effect of cell "vision" (i.e., cell type. In order to show the effects of these ignored subjects, we probed the effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs, with various surface chemistries, on various cell lines. We found thatthe modification of conventional toxicity assays and the consideration of the "cell vision" concept are crucial matters to obtain reliable, and reproducible nanotoxicology data. These new concepts offer a suitable way to obtain a deep understanding on the cell-NP interactions. In addition, by consideration of these ignored factors, the conflict of future toxicological reports would be significantly decreased.
1. Ignoring Individual Differences in Times of Assessment in Growth Curve Modeling
Science.gov (United States)
Coulombe, Patrick; Selig, James P.; Delaney, Harold D.
2016-01-01
Researchers often collect longitudinal data to model change over time in a phenomenon of interest. Inevitably, there will be some variation across individuals in specific time intervals between assessments. In this simulation study of growth curve modeling, we investigate how ignoring individual differences in time points when modeling change over…
2. Colleague Supervision--"Ignored and Undervalued"? The Views of Students and Supervisors in a New University
Science.gov (United States)
Watson, Tom
2012-01-01
Colleague supervision is increasingly used in UK modern (post-92) universities to support the progress of academic staff to doctoral qualifications. Denicolo (2004) argues that it is a "role relationship that has been largely ignored or undervalued by administration" (p. 693) and colleague students and supervisors "felt more…
3. Creating In-Depth Learning Experiences by Using Rawls' "Veil of Ignorance"
Science.gov (United States)
Sanger, Michael; Rossiter, Carol F.
2011-01-01
Combining a variation of John Rawls' "veil of ignorance" mind experiment with role-playing and case studies allows instructors to create assignments that engage students in the full range of learning processes, encourage them to consider a wide range of viewpoints, provide them with opportunities to apply the cognitive and the affective components…
4. Are plant diseases too much ignored in the climate change debate?
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Boonekamp, P.M.
2012-01-01
Ignoring plant diseases misinforms the climate change and food security debate. Diseases are expected not only to cause more severe crop loss in many areas in the world and threaten food security, but also to decrease the climate change mitigation capacity of forests, of other natural ecosystems and
5. Creating In-Depth Learning Experiences by Using Rawls' "Veil of Ignorance"
Science.gov (United States)
Sanger, Michael; Rossiter, Carol F.
2011-01-01
Combining a variation of John Rawls' "veil of ignorance" mind experiment with role-playing and case studies allows instructors to create assignments that engage students in the full range of learning processes, encourage them to consider a wide range of viewpoints, provide them with opportunities to apply the cognitive and the affective components…
6. The trust game behind the veil of ignorance: A note on gender differences
NARCIS (Netherlands)
J. Vyrastekova; S. Onderstal
2008-01-01
We analyze gender differences in the trust game in a "behind the veil of ignorance" design. This method yields strategies that are consistent with actions observed in the classical trust game experiments. We observe that, on average, men and women do not differ in "trust", and that women are slightl
7. The Trust Game Behind the Veil of Ignorance : A Note on Gender Differences
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Vyrastekova, J.; Onderstal, A.M.
2005-01-01
We analyse gender differences in the trust game in a "behind the veil of ignorance" design.This method yields strategies that are consistent with actions observed in the classical trust game experiments.We observe that, on averge, men and women do not differ in "trust", and that women are slightly m
8. Uncertain Climate Forecasts From Multimodel Ensembles: When to Use Them and When to Ignore Them
CERN Document Server
Jewson, Stephen
2010-01-01
Uncertainty around multimodel ensemble forecasts of changes in future climate reduces the accuracy of those forecasts. For very uncertain forecasts this effect may mean that the forecasts should not be used. We investigate the use of the well-known Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to make the decision as to whether a forecast should be used or ignored.
9. Analysis of Structural Equation Model with Ignorable Missing Continuous and Polytomous Data.
Science.gov (United States)
Song, Xin-Yuan; Lee, Sik-Yum
2002-01-01
Developed a Bayesian approach for structural equation models with ignorable missing continuous and polytomous data that obtains joint Bayesian estimates of thresholds, structural parameters, and latent factor scores simultaneously. Illustrated the approach through analysis of a real data set of 20 patterns of condom use in the Philippines. (SLD)
10. The Texas Projection Measure: Ignoring Complex Ecologies in a Changing World
Science.gov (United States)
Roane, Warren
2010-01-01
The Texas Projection Measure (TPM) has grown out of the state's need to meet the requirements of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). An examination of the state's method of predicting 8th grade mathematics scores reveals that several factors have been ignored in the process of developing the model, including assumptions in its underlying statistical…
11. Mathematical Practice as Sculpture of Utopia: Models, Ignorance, and the Emancipated Spectator
Science.gov (United States)
Appelbaum, Peter
2012-01-01
This article uses Ranciere's notion of the ignorant schoolmaster and McElheny's differentiation of artist's models from those of the architect and scientist to propose the reconceptualization of mathematics education as the support of emancipated spectators and sculptors of utopia.
12. FSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to functions of the ne rvous system, including psycholog ical functions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tetens, Inge
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies to draft guidance on scientific requirements for health claims related to functions of the nervous system, including psychological functions. This guidance has been drawn from scientific opinions...
13. Interactive effects of salinity and phosphorus availability on growth, water relations, nutritional status and photosynthetic activity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
Science.gov (United States)
Talbi Zribi, O; Abdelly, C; Debez, A
2011-11-01
The interactive effects of salinity and phosphorus availability on growth, water relations, nutritional status and photosynthetic activity were investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Manel). Seedlings were grown hydroponically under low or sufficient phosphorus (P) supply (5 or 180 μmol KH(2) PO(4) plant(-1) week(-1) , respectively), with or without 100 mm NaCl. Phosphorus deficiency or salinity significantly decreased whole plant growth, leaf water content, leaf osmotic potential and gas exchange parameters, with a more marked impact of P stress. The effect of both stresses was not additive since the response of plants to combined salinity and P deficiency was similar to that of plants grown under P deficiency alone. In addition, salt-treated plants exposed to P deficiency showed higher salt tolerance compared to plants grown with sufficient P supply. This was related to plant ability to significantly increase root:shoot DW ratio, root length, K(+)/Na(+) ratio, leaf proline and soluble sugar concentrations and total non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, together with restricting Na(+) accumulation in the upper leaves. As a whole, our results indicate that under concomitant exposure to both salt and P deficiency, the impact of the latter constraint is pre-dominant.
14. Significant effects of birth-related biological factors on pre-adolescent nutritional status among rural Sundanese in West Java, Indonesia.
Science.gov (United States)
Sekiyama, Makiko; Ohtsuka, Ryutaro
2005-07-01
The Sundanese inhabiting West Java, the second largest ethnic group in Indonesia, are characterized by a high prevalence of child malnutrition, together with high fertility. Based on an anthropometric measurement and interview survey of 310 children aged 5-12 years in a rural Sundanese village, this study examined the relative significance of the effects of eight biological, eight socioeconomic status (SES) and four health behavioural factors on their Z scores for height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) in particular. Three biological factors, i.e. birth interval, birth weight and mother's body weight, and one SES factor, i.e. mother's occupation, were selected as the predictors of the two Z scores by regression analysis, indicating more significant effects of the biological factors than the other factors. This pattern is judged to occur in less-developed and high-fertility populations. Since these two Z scores were worse in the subject children than in the under-5-year-old children from the same village, more attention should be paid to the long-lasting effects of birth-related biological factors up to pre-adolescent ages, as an insufficient nutritional status tends to damage growth and health in adolescence and adulthood.
15. The Relationship between Visual Impairment and Health-Related Quality of Life in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2012)
Science.gov (United States)
Park, Yuli; Shin, Jeong Ah; Yang, Suk Woo; Yim, Hyeon Woo; Kim, Hyun Seung; Park, Young-Hoon
2015-01-01
Introduction To evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Korean adults with visual impairment(VI) using various measures based on a nationally distributed sample. Methods Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008–2012) data, we compared EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D) and EQ-visual analogue scale (VAS) scores after adjusting for socio-demographic and psychosocial factors as well as for comorbidities with VI. Logistic regressions were used to elucidate determinants for the lowest quintile HRQoL scales according to VI severity. Uncorrected visual acuity (VA) which implies vision of ordinary life was measured using an international standard vision chart based on Snellen scale. Results 28,825 participants (sum of weights; 37,562,376) were included in the analysis. The mean EQ-5D and EQ-VAS scores were significantly lower in the VI groups than in the normal vision (defined as VA 20/20-20/25) group based on the better or worse seeing eye (Pimpaired HRQoL compared with the normal vision population. The analyses presented here elicited even mild VI could potentially deteriorate the health-related quality of life (or subjective perception of health quality) and therefore, therapeutic approaches should also focus on the subjective perception and better management of health condition. PMID:26192763
16. Demographic and socio-economic factors related to food intake and adherence to nutritional recommendations in a cohort of pre-school children.
Science.gov (United States)
Dubois, Lise; Farmer, Anna; Girard, Manon; Burnier, Daniel; Porcherie, Marion
2011-06-01
To examine: (i) children's food intake and adherence to both Canada's Food Guide for Healthy Eating and Dietary Reference Intakes; and (ii) the social and demographic factors related to children's food intake. A cross-sectional study. Data were obtained through the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development 1998-2010, a representative sample (n 2103) of children born in 1998 in the province of Quebec, Canada. Information on energy, macronutrient and food consumption was derived from responses to a 24 h dietary recall interview addressed to children's mothers and day-care staff when the children were 4 years old. A total of 1549 children aged 4 years who participated in a nutritional sub-study. The mean daily total energy intake was 6360 kJ (1520 kcal) for girls and 6916 kJ (1653 kcal) for boys. For boys and girls alike, energy intake was comprised of approximately 54 % carbohydrates, 31 % fats and 15 % proteins. The mean number of servings consumed from each of the four essential food groups closely approached the dietary recommendations made by Canada's Food Guide for Healthy Eating; however, socio-economic and demographic factors, most notably mother's level of education, mother's immigrant status and sex of the child. Diet-related disparities associated with socio-economic and demographic factors exist from as early as 4 years of age.
17. The nutritive value of veld as indicated by faecal phosphorous and nitrogen and its relation to the condition and movement of prominent ruminants during the 1992-1993 drought in the Kruger National Park
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
C.C. Grant
1995-09-01
Full Text Available Faecal N and P were used as primary indicators of nutritive quality of the veld in relation to migratory movements of major grazers, browsers and selective feeders. Faecal concentrations of these nutrients were shown to be different between species, land- scapes, grass, browse and grass plus browse, between seasons and between soil types, i.e. granite vs. basalt. Faecal N concentrations w/ere well correlated with the condition of the animals, and because nutritive quality of the southern Combretum veld on granite was apparently better than other areas in 1992-1993, also with influx of buffalo, blue wildebeest and kudu into these areas.
18. Nutrition economics - characterising the economic and health impact of nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Lenoir-Wijnkoop, I; Dapoigny, M; Dubois, D; van Ganse, E; Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea, I; Hutton, J; Jones, P; Mittendorf, T; Poley, M J; Salminen, S; Nuijten, M J C
2011-01-01
There is a new merging of health economics and nutrition disciplines to assess the impact of diet on health and disease prevention and to characterise the health and economic aspects of specific changes in nutritional behaviour and nutrition recommendations. A rationale exists for developing the field of nutrition economics which could offer a better understanding of both nutrition, in the context of having a significant influence on health outcomes, and economics, in order to estimate the absolute and relative monetary impact of health measures. For this purpose, an expert meeting assessed questions aimed at clarifying the scope and identifying the key issues that should be taken into consideration in developing nutrition economics as a discipline that could potentially address important questions. We propose a first multidisciplinary outline for understanding the principles and particular characteristics of this emerging field. We summarise here the concepts and the observations of workshop participants and propose a basic setting for nutrition economics and health outcomes research as a novel discipline to support nutrition, health economics and health policy development in an evidence and health-benefit-based manner.
19. Factors associated with the health and nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Afghanistan: family behaviour related to women and past experience of war-related hardships.
Science.gov (United States)
Mashal, Taufiq; Takano, Takehito; Nakamura, Keiko; Kizuki, Masashi; Hemat, Shafiqullah; Watanabe, Masafumi; Seino, Kaoruko
2008-08-29
The present study was performed to assess, beyond socio-economic factors, independent associations between the health and nutritional status of children under 5 years old and (1) family behavioural factors related to women with regard to child care and (2) war-related experience by the household of hardships in Afghanistan. The subjects were all children born during the previous 5 years from 1400 households in Kabul Province, Afghanistan and were selected by multistage sampling in March 2006. Height and weight measurements of the children and culturally sensitive interviews with their mothers were conducted by household visits. Child mortality, morbidity and nutritional status were evaluated. Four areas were assessed as variables for family behavioural factors related to women: education of mothers, child marriage of the mothers, maternal autonomy in obtaining healthcare for children and preference for a female physician. Hardships experienced by the family were examined by determining their satisfaction of basic material needs and by any experience of being forced to leave a preferred residence. A total of 2474 children from 1327 households completed the examinations and interviews; among them, 101 children were deceased by the time of the interview visits. Diarrhoea (32.5%) and acute respiratory infection (41.0%) were common child health problems and both emaciation (12.4%) and linear growth retardation (39.9%) were prevalent. Regardless of the influence of economic, demographic, family behavioural or hardships experience factors, a lack of maternal autonomy (79.1%) was associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory infection (odds-ratio = 1.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.23, 2.40), and linear growth retardation of children (odds-ratio = 1.38; 95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.90); a lack of education of the mother (71.7%) and child marriage of the mothers (18.3%) were associated with diarrhoea (odds-ratio = 1.84; 95% confidence interval = 1.40, 2.41; odds
20. Factors associated with the health and nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Afghanistan: family behaviour related to women and past experience of war-related hardships
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hemat Shafiqullah
2008-08-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background The present study was performed to assess, beyond socio-economic factors, independent associations between the health and nutritional status of children under 5 years old and (1 family behavioural factors related to women with regard to child care and (2 war-related experience by the household of hardships in Afghanistan. Methods The subjects were all children born during the previous 5 years from 1400 households in Kabul Province, Afghanistan and were selected by multistage sampling in March 2006. Height and weight measurements of the children and culturally sensitive interviews with their mothers were conducted by household visits. Child mortality, morbidity and nutritional status were evaluated. Four areas were assessed as variables for family behavioural factors related to women: education of mothers, child marriage of the mothers, maternal autonomy in obtaining healthcare for children and preference for a female physician. Hardships experienced by the family were examined by determining their satisfaction of basic material needs and by any experience of being forced to leave a preferred residence. Results A total of 2474 children from 1327 households completed the examinations and interviews; among them, 101 children were deceased by the time of the interview visits. Diarrhoea (32.5% and acute respiratory infection (41.0% were common child health problems and both emaciation (12.4% and linear growth retardation (39.9% were prevalent. Regardless of the influence of economic, demographic, family behavioural or hardships experience factors, a lack of maternal autonomy (79.1% was associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory infection (odds-ratio = 1.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.23, 2.40, and linear growth retardation of children (odds-ratio = 1.38; 95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.90; a lack of education of the mother (71.7% and child marriage of the mothers (18.3% were associated with diarrhoea (odds-ratio = 1 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.379995733499527, "perplexity": 10448.092273917122}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812327.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219032249-20180219052249-00304.warc.gz"} |
https://squ.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/differences-of-differential-operators-between-weighted-type-space | # DIFFERENCES OF DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS BETWEEN WEIGHTED-TYPE SPACES
Mohammed Said Al Ghafri*, Jasbir Singh Manhas
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
1 Citation (Scopus)
## Abstract
Let H((Formula presented)) be the space of analytic functions on the unit disc (Formula presented). Let (Formula presented) and \$ \$ be such that (Formula presented) The linear differential operator is defined by (Formula presented) We characterize the boundedness and compactness of the difference operator (Formula presented) between weighted-type spaces of analytic functions. As applications, we obtained boundedness and compactness of the difference of multiplication operators between weighted-type and Bloch-type spaces. Also, we give examples of unbounded (non compact) differential operators such that their difference is bounded (compact).
Original language English 465-483 19 Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society 36 3 https://doi.org/10.4134/CKMS.c200095 Published - 2021 Yes
## Keywords
• Bloch-type spaces
• bounded and compact operators
• Difference operators
• differential operators
• multiplication operators
• weighted-type spaces
## ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Mathematics(all)
• Applied Mathematics | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9453253149986267, "perplexity": 8131.472256851209}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104189587.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702162147-20220702192147-00701.warc.gz"} |
https://cawaterlibrary.net/document/comparisons-of-targeted-riffle-and-reach-wide-benthic-macroinvertebrate-samples-implications-for-data-sharing-in-stream-condition-assessments/ | Document Details
# Comparisons of Targeted-riffle and Reach-wide Benthic Macroinvertebrate Samples: Implications for Data Sharing in Stream-condition Assessments
Andrew C. Rehn, Peter Ode, Charles B. Hawkins | January 1st, 2007
Recent comparisons of benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) sampling protocols have shown that samples collected from different habitat types generally produce consistent stream classifications and assessments. However, these comparisons usually have not included biological endpoints used by monitoring agencies, such as multimetric indices (e.g., benthic index of biotic integrity [B-IBI]) or observed- to-expected (O/E) indices of taxonomic completeness, as target variables, and estimates of method precision are rarely provided. Targeted-riffle (TR) and reach-wide (RW) benthic samples have been collected at thousands of sites across the western USA, but little guidance is available for understanding 1) the extent to which raw data sets can be combined in regional or large-scale analyses, 2) the degree of precision afforded by each method, or 3) the efficacy of cross-application of biological indicators derived from one sample type to the other. To address these issues, we used data from 193 sites in California where the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) collected the 2 samples side by side. We also conducted a separate study wherein 3 replicates of each sample type were collected from 15 streams to estimate minimum detectable difference (MDD) as a measure of each method’s precision. Metrics calculated from TR and RW samples showed similar dose–response relationships to stressors gradients and similar raw scoring ranges. Biological indices (B-IBI, O/E0, and O/E50) derived from RW samples were more precise than those derived from TR samples, but precision differences were not substantial. On average, pairwise differences in any index between TR and RW sample types were much less than the MDD associated with either sampling method. We observed a weak but consistent bias toward higher O/E50 scores from TR samples than from RW samples at the highest elevations and in the largest watersheds. Broad-scale condition assessments were nearly identical when B-IBI and O/E0 were used as endpoints, and assessments based on O/E50 were only slightly less similar. Our analyses indicate that raw data sets and biological indicators derived from TR and RW samples may be generally interchangeable when used in ambient biomonitoring programs.
Keywords | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8666212558746338, "perplexity": 6223.44941859608}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305341.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128013529-20220128043529-00051.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-find-all-solutions-to-x-6-64i-0 | Precalculus
Topics
# How do you find all solutions to x^6-64i=0?
##### 1 Answer
Aug 20, 2016
Use de Moivre's theorem to find all $6$ Complex roots.
#### Explanation:
Given:
${x}^{6} - 64 i = 0$
Add $64 i$ to both sides to get:
${x}^{6} = 64 i$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{{x}^{6}} = {2}^{6} \left(0 + 1 i\right)$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{{x}^{6}} = {2}^{6} \left(\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) + i \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\right)$
From de Moivre's theorem, we have:
${\left(\cos \theta + i \sin \theta\right)}^{n} = \cos n \theta + i \sin n \theta$
Hence principal root:
${x}_{1} = \sqrt[6]{64 i} = 2 \left(\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{12}\right) + i \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{12}\right)\right)$
The other $5$ roots can be found by multiplying by the primitive Complex $6$th root of $1$, i.e. $\left(\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right) + i \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)\right)$ to find:
${x}_{2} = 2 \left(\cos \left(\frac{5 \pi}{12}\right) + i \sin \left(\frac{5 \pi}{12}\right)\right)$
${x}_{3} = 2 \left(\cos \left(\frac{9 \pi}{12}\right) + i \sin \left(\frac{9 \pi}{12}\right)\right)$
${x}_{4} = 2 \left(\cos \left(\frac{13 \pi}{12}\right) + i \sin \left(\frac{13 \pi}{12}\right)\right)$
${x}_{5} = 2 \left(\cos \left(\frac{17 \pi}{12}\right) + i \sin \left(\frac{17 \pi}{12}\right)\right)$
${x}_{6} = 2 \left(\cos \left(\frac{21 \pi}{12}\right) + i \sin \left(\frac{21 \pi}{12}\right)\right)$
These trigonometric values can be expressed in terms of square roots:
$\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{12}\right) = \frac{1}{4} \left(\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}\right) \text{ } \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{12}\right) = \frac{1}{4} \left(\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}\right)$
$\cos \left(\frac{5 \pi}{12}\right) = \frac{1}{4} \left(\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}\right) \text{ } \sin \left(\frac{5 \pi}{12}\right) = \frac{1}{4} \left(\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}\right)$
$\cos \left(\frac{9 \pi}{12}\right) = - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \text{ } \sin \left(\frac{9 \pi}{12}\right) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$
$\cos \left(\frac{13 \pi}{12}\right) = - \frac{1}{4} \left(\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}\right) \text{ } \sin \left(\frac{13 \pi}{12}\right) = - \frac{1}{4} \left(\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}\right)$
$\cos \left(\frac{17 \pi}{12}\right) = - \frac{1}{4} \left(\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}\right) \text{ } \sin \left(\frac{17 \pi}{12}\right) = - \frac{1}{4} \left(\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{2}\right)$
$\cos \left(\frac{21 \pi}{12}\right) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \text{ } \sin \left(\frac{21 \pi}{12}\right) = - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$
So here are the $6$ roots in the Complex plane:
graph{((x-1/2(sqrt(6)+sqrt(2)))^2 + (y-1/2(sqrt(6)-sqrt(2)))^2 - 0.01)((x-1/2(sqrt(6)-sqrt(2)))^2 + (y-1/2(sqrt(6)+sqrt(2)))^2 - 0.01)((x+sqrt(2))^2+(y-sqrt(2))^2-0.01)((x+1/2(sqrt(6)+sqrt(2)))^2 + (y+1/2(sqrt(6)-sqrt(2)))^2 - 0.01)((x+1/2(sqrt(6)-sqrt(2)))^2 + (y+1/2(sqrt(6)+sqrt(2)))^2 - 0.01)((x-sqrt(2))^2+(y+sqrt(2))^2-0.01) = 0 [-5, 5, -2.5, 2.5]}
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http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Chemistry_of_Helium | If you like us, please share us on social media or tell your professor. Consider building or adopting a Wikitext for your course like Prof. Dianne Bennett from Sacramento City College demonstrates in this video.
# Chemistry of Helium
Helium is at the top of the noble gas group (which also contains neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon) and is the least reactive element. Helium has many interesting characteristics, such as making balloons float and raising the pitch of one's voice; these applications are discussed below.
### Introduction
Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, next to hydrogen. Helium is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It has a very low boiling point, and is monatomic. Helium is small and extremely light, and is the least reactive of all elements; it does not react with any other elements or ions, so there are no helium-bearing minerals in nature. Helium was first observed by studying the sun, and was named after the Greek word for the sun, Helios.
Physical Properties
Color Colorless Phase at Room Temperature Gas Density 0.0002 g/cm3 Boiling Point 4.2 K Heat of Vaporization 0.1 kJ/mol Thermal Conductivity 0.15 J/m sec K Source Natural gas
Atomic Properties
Electron Configuration 1s2 Number of Isotopes 7 (2 liquid) Electron Affinity 0 kJ/mol First Ionization Energy 2372.3 kJ/mol Second Ionization Energy 5250.3 kJ/mol Polarizability 0.198 Å3 Atomic Weight 4.003 Atomic Volume 27.2 cm3/mol Atomic Radius 31 pm
Abundance
In Earth's Crust 8x10-3 In Earth's Ocean 7×10-6 In Human Body 0%
### Occurrence and production
Helium is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Large quantities are produced in the energy-producing fusion reactions in stars. Previously, helium was rarely used, because only .0004% of Earth's atmosphere is helium—that equates to one helium molecule for every 200,000 air molecules, including oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. However, the discovery of helium-rich wells in Texas, Russia, Poland, Algeria, China, and Canada has made helium more accessible.
Helium is produced in minerals through radioactive decay. Helium is extracted from natural gas deposits, which often contain as much as 10% helium. These natural gas reserves are the only industrially-available source of helium. The total world helium resources theoretically add up to 25.2 billion cubic meters; the United States contains 11.1 billion cubic meters. The extracted gas is subjected to chemical pre-purification, using an alkaline wash to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The remaining gas is cooled to -200°C, where all materials, except helium gas, are liquefied.
### History
Helium was first discovered in 1868 by the French astronomer P. J. C. Jenssen, who was studying the chromosphere of the Sun during a solar eclipse. He used a spectrometer to resolve the light into its spectrum, in which each color represents a different gaseous element. He observed a new yellow light, concluding that it indicated the presence of an element not previously known. In 1895, the existence of helium on Earth was proved by Sir William Ramsay. Heating cleveite (a radioactive mineral) released an inert gas, which was found to be helium; this helium is a by-product of the natural decay of radioactive elements. The chemists Norman Lockyer and Edward Frankland confirmed helium as an element and named it after helios, the Greek word for the Sun.
### Applications and hazards
Helium has a number of applications due to its inert nature. Liquefied helium has cryogenic properties, and is used to freeze biological materials for long term storage and later use. Twenty percent of industrial helium use is in wielding and industrial applications. Helium protects the heated parts of metals such as aluminum and titanium from air. Mixtures of helium and oxygen are used in tanks for underwater breathing devices: due to its low density, helium gas allows oxygen to stream easily through the lungs. Because helium remains a gas, even at temperatures low enough to liquefy hydrogen, it is used as pressure gas to move liquid hydrogen into rocket engines. Its inert nature also makes helium useful for cooling nuclear power plants.
The most commonly known characteristic of helium is that it is lighter than air. It can levitate balloons during parties and fly blimps over sports stadiums. Helium has 92% of the lifting power of hydrogen; however, it is safer to use because it is noncombustible and has lower rate of diffusion than that of hydrogen gas. The famous Hindenburg disaster is an example of the hazards of using combustible gas like hydrogen. Because helium was previously very expensive only available from natural gas reserves in U.S., Nazi Germany had only hydrogen gas at its disposal. The consequences were devastating, as shown below:
Currently, helium is found in other natural gas reserves around the world. The cost of helium has decreased from $2500/ft3 in 1915 to$0.15/ft3 in 1989. Helium is what keeps the Goodyear blimps afloat over stadiums.
Helium is often inhaled from balloons to produce a high, squeaky voice. This practice can be very harmful. Inhaling helium can lead to loss of consciousness and cerebral arterial gas embolism, which can temporarily lead to complete blindness. This occurs when blood vessels in the lungs rupture, allowing the gas to gain access to the pulmonary vasculature and subsequently the brain.
### Characteristics
#### Gas and plasma phases
Helium is naturally found in the gas state. Helium is the second least reactive element and noble gas (after neon). Its low atomic mass, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and sound speed are greatest after hydrogen. Due to the small size of helium atoms, the diffusion rate through solids is three times greater than that of air and 65% greater than that of hydrogen. The element is inert, monatomic in standard conditions, and the least water soluble gas.
At normal ambient temperatures, helium has a negative Joule Thomson coefficient. Thus, upon free expansion, helium naturally heats up. However, below its Joule Thomson inversion temperature (32-50 K at 1 atm), it cools when allowed to freely expand. Once cooled, helium can be liquefied through expansion cooling. Helium is commonly found throughout the universe as plasma, a state in which electrons are not bound to nuclei. Plasmas have high electrical conductivities and are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields.
#### Solid and liquid phases
Helium is the only element that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature at ordinary pressures; this must be accompanied by a pressure increase. The volume of solid helium, 3He and 4He, can be decreased by more than 30% by applying pressure. Solid helium has a projected density of 0.187 ± 0.009 g/mL at 0 K and 25 bar. Solid helium also has a sharp melting point and a crystalline structure. There are two forms of liquid helium: He4I and He4II.
##### Helium I
Helium I is formed when temperature falls below 4.22 K and above the lambda point of 2.1768 K. It is a clear liquid that boils when heat is applied and contracts when temperature is lowered. Below the lambda point, helium does not boil, but expands. Helium I has a gas-like index of refraction of 1.026 which makes its surface difficult to see. It has a very low viscosity and a density 1/8th that of water. This property can be explained with quantum mechanics. Both helium I and II are quantum fluids, displaying atomic properties on a macroscopic scale due to the fact that the boiling point of helium is so close to absolute zero.
##### Helium II
At 2.174 K, helium I forms into helium II. Its properties are very unusual, and the substance is described as superfluid. Superfluid is a quantum-mechanical state of matter; the two-fluid model for helium II explains why one portion of helium atoms exists in a ground state, flowing with zero viscosity, and another portion is in an excited state, behaving like an ordinary fluid. The viscosity of He4II is so low that there is no internal friction.
He4II can conduct heat 300 times more effectively than silver, making it the best heat conductor known. Its thermal conductivity is a million times that of helium I and several hundred times that of copper. The conductivity and viscosity of helium II do not obey classical rules, but are consistent with the rules of quantum mechanics. When temperature is lowered, helium II expands in volume. It cannot be boiled, but evaporates directly to gas when heated.
In this superfluid state, liquid helium can flow through thin capillaries or cracks much faster than helium gas. It also exhibits a creeping effect, moving along the surface seemingly against gravity. Helium II creeps along the sides of a open vessel until it reaches a warmer region where it evaporates. As a result of the creeping behavior and the ability to leak rapidly through tiny openings, helium II is very difficult to confine. Helium II also exhibits a fountain effect. Suppose a chamber allows a reservoir of helium II to filter superfluid and non-superfluid helium. When the interior of the container is heated, superfluid helium converts to non-superfluid helium to maintain equilibrium. This creates intense pressure on the superfluid helium, causing the liquid to fountain out of the container.
#### Isotopes
Helium has eight known isotopes but only two are stable: 3He and 4He. 3He is found in only very small quantities compared to 4He. It is produced in trace amounts by the beta decay of tritium. This form is found in abundance in stars, as a product of nuclear fusion. Extraplanetary materials have trace amounts of 3He from solar winds. 4He is produced by the alpha decay of heavier radioactive elements on Earth. It is an unusually stable isotope because its nucleons are arranged in complete shells.
### References
1. Banks, A. (1989). "Helium." Journal of Chemical Education 66(11): 945.
2. Draggan, S. (2008). "Helium."
3. Eagleson, M. (1994). Concise encyclopedia chemistry, Walter De Gruyter Inc.
4. Enghag, P. (2004). Encyclopedia of the elements.
5. Moore, P. and D. Josefson (2000). "Type 2 diabetes is a major drain on resources." Annals of Emergency Medicine 35: 300-303.
6. Rosendahl, C. (1938). "New Zeppelin Is Described by American Airship Expert." The Science News-Letter 33(18): 281-283.
7. Weast, R. and C. R. Company. (1988). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC press Boca Raton, FL.
### Problems
1. What happens when a lit cigarette is thrown at a leaking, high-pressured helium cylinder?
a). nothing
b). the cigarette is incinerated before touching the cylinder
c). the cylinder explodes
d). the cylinder becomes a flame thrower
1. How many isotopes of helium are known? ______
2. (Helium gas, or helium II liquid) leaks faster than the other when stored in a opened cylinder (at STP).
3. What happens when a section of divided petri dish is filled with helium II at 2.173K?
a). It starts boiling.
b). It starts "creeping" over the divider, soon filling up the other sections of the dish.
c). It evaporates and soon leaves the dish.
d.) It solidifies and expands, breaking the dividers of the petri dish, and filling up the whole dish.
1. Helium was first discovered through ________.
### Contributors
• Jun-Hyun Hwang - University of California, Davis
03:15, 21 Jul 2015
## Classifications
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CORE
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WIKI-TEXTS
HOMEWORK
WORKSHEETS
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https://jira.lsstcorp.org/browse/DM-4513 | # Quoting of paths in doxygen configuration files breaks makeDocs
XMLWordPrintable
#### Details
• Type: Improvement
• Status: Done
• Resolution: Done
• Fix Version/s: None
• Component/s:
• Labels:
None
• Story Points:
4
• Team:
Architecture
#### Description
In DM-3200 I modified sconsUtils such that all the paths used in doxygen.conf files were quoted so that spaces could be used. This change broke documentation building (DM-4310) because makeDocs did not expect double quotes to be relevant. This ticket is to fix makeDocs and to re-enable quoting of paths in config files.
#### Activity
Hide
Tim Jenness added a comment - - edited
I have changed makeDocs such that it understands quoting in doxygen.conf file and will now quote tho output config file if required. Quoting has been added back to sconsUtils but only if required by the presence of a space.
The DM-4513 sconsUtils branch is being tested on Jenkins. The only way to test the full buildbot system was to merge the lsstDoxygen fixes directly to master as buildbot will not checkout a ticket branch.
Show
Tim Jenness added a comment - - edited I have changed makeDocs such that it understands quoting in doxygen.conf file and will now quote tho output config file if required. Quoting has been added back to sconsUtils but only if required by the presence of a space. The DM-4513 sconsUtils branch is being tested on Jenkins. The only way to test the full buildbot system was to merge the lsstDoxygen fixes directly to master as buildbot will not checkout a ticket branch.
Hide
Tim Jenness added a comment -
Would you mind reviewing please? The lsstDoxygen changes have already been merged as that was the only way to test them but I'm happy for code review on that code as well as sconsUtils.
Show
Tim Jenness added a comment - Would you mind reviewing please? The lsstDoxygen changes have already been merged as that was the only way to test them but I'm happy for code review on that code as well as sconsUtils .
Hide
Russell Owen added a comment -
Overall this looks like a significant improvement.
I do have a few requests
lsstDoxygen
• Move the code that splits path-like data to a separate function, since it can then be tested and it might prove useful elsewhere someday
• Add a unit test for that function
sconsUtils
• Consider moving _quote_path and _quote_paths up one level as public functions
• For every call to _quote_paths you join the results using a space; consider moving that into _quote_paths or a separate function that calls it
Show
Russell Owen added a comment - Overall this looks like a significant improvement. I do have a few requests lsstDoxygen Move the code that splits path-like data to a separate function, since it can then be tested and it might prove useful elsewhere someday Add a unit test for that function sconsUtils Consider moving _quote_path and _quote_paths up one level as public functions For every call to _quote_paths you join the results using a space; consider moving that into _quote_paths or a separate function that calls it
Hide
Tim Jenness added a comment -
I have realised that the parsing in makeDocs can be handled by the standard csv package so I removed the bespoke parsing code and replaced it with two lines that simply specify the delimiter and quote character. This seems to work fine. The changes are in a different branch: tickets/DM-4513b.
I have modified the sconsUtils patch such that _quote_paths returns a string that has been space-joined. This is better than doing the join each time. I don't want to move the support functions up a level as I'm not sure I want to pollute the builders namespace with something that is not going to be needed elsewhere and is currently doxygen-specific.
Please take a look at the new versions.
Show
Tim Jenness added a comment - I have realised that the parsing in makeDocs can be handled by the standard csv package so I removed the bespoke parsing code and replaced it with two lines that simply specify the delimiter and quote character. This seems to work fine. The changes are in a different branch: tickets/ DM-4513 b . I have modified the sconsUtils patch such that _quote_paths returns a string that has been space-joined. This is better than doing the join each time. I don't want to move the support functions up a level as I'm not sure I want to pollute the builders namespace with something that is not going to be needed elsewhere and is currently doxygen-specific. Please take a look at the new versions.
Hide
Russell Owen added a comment - - edited
Your changes look great. Using csv is a nice improvement.
Two minor suggestions:
1) You can tell csv.reader to skip multiple separators to further simplify the code, e.g.:
path_list = next(csv.reader([entries], delimiter=' ', quotechar='"', skipinitialspace=True)) entries = sep.join(path_list)
2) In quote_path I suggest quoting all paths so that the output is more predictable. But your way works fine and it's your call.
Show
Russell Owen added a comment - - edited Your changes look great. Using csv is a nice improvement. Two minor suggestions: 1) You can tell csv.reader to skip multiple separators to further simplify the code, e.g.: path_list = next(csv.reader([entries], delimiter=' ', quotechar='"', skipinitialspace=True)) entries = sep.join(path_list) 2) In quote_path I suggest quoting all paths so that the output is more predictable. But your way works fine and it's your call.
Hide
Tim Jenness added a comment -
Thanks for the skipinitialspace idea. That does simplify things even more. I have now merged this. I have retained the dynamic addition of the double quotes.
Show
Tim Jenness added a comment - Thanks for the skipinitialspace idea. That does simplify things even more. I have now merged this. I have retained the dynamic addition of the double quotes.
#### People
Assignee:
Tim Jenness
Reporter:
Tim Jenness
Reviewers:
Russell Owen
Watchers:
Russell Owen, Tim Jenness | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.49429869651794434, "perplexity": 2958.6997624510946}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00457.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsoverflow.org/21564/what-are-bootstraps | What are bootstraps?
+ 8 like - 0 dislike
530 views
I've heard occasional mentions of the term "bootstraps" in connection with the S Matrix. I believe it applies to an old approach that was tried in the 1960s, whereby - well I'm not sure - but it sounds like they tried to compute the S Matrix without the interaction picture/perturbation theory approach that we currently use.
I'm aware that the approach was abandoned, but my question is: how was it envisaged to work ? What was the input to the calculation supposed to be and how did the calculation proceed ?
I know it's got something to do with analyticity properties in terms of the momenta, but that's all I know....
For example, from the wikipedia article:
Chew and followers believed that it would be possible to use crossing symmetry and Regge behavior to formulate a consistent S-matrix for infinitely many particle types. The Regge hypothesis would determine the spectrum, crossing and analyticity would determine the scattering amplitude--- the forces, while unitarity would determine the self-consistent quantum corrections in a way analogous to including loops.
For example - I can't really understand how you would hope to compute the scattering amplitude just given crossing symmetry and assuming analyticity
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user twistor59
Wikipedia has a page about the bootstrap model: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_model
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user Qmechanic
@Qmechanic: yes, that's the sort of description I'm struggling with ! I'll edit my question to illustrate the pieces I don't understand.
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user twistor59
@twistor59: I added a sketchy high level summary of the highlights of the field. I think it is a terrible scandal what happened to this field, and the people. I believe Chew and Mandelstam should have been awarded the Nobel prize, instead of 3 decades of complete obscurity.
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user Ron Maimon
Also, to put an S-matrix theory question under a quantum field theory tag just adds insult to injury. I think you should make an S-matrix tag, or an S-matrix theory tag, distinct from string theory, for things like this.
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user Ron Maimon
(LOL!) OK, done
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user twistor59
@everyone: I ordered a copy of Eden/Landshoff/Olive/Polkinhghorne's "The Analytic S Matrix". Hopefully this might expand on Ron's summary below.
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user twistor59
I found the S-matrix books written in the west less illuminating than Gribov's 1969 masterpeice "The Theory of Complex Angular Momentum". This book culminates in Reggeon field theory, but it proves all the main S-matrix theorems in a particularly lucid way.
+ 7 like - 0 dislike
This approach most definitely does work, it just doesn't give the fundamental theory of the strong interactions, it gives string theory. String theory was originally defined by Venziano's bootstrap formula for the leading term in an S-matrix expansion, and the rest was worked out order by order to unitarize the S-matrix, not through a field theory expansion. This is good, because string theory isn't field theory, and it can't be derived from a field theory Lagrangian, at least not in the usual way. The result can nowadays be interpreted in terms of string field theory, or nonperturbative AdS/CFT constructions, but it is a new theory, which involves infinite towers of particles interacting consistently without a field theory underneath it all.
The idea that S-matrix died is a political thing. The original 1960s S-matrix people found themselves out of a job when QCD took over, and the new generation that co-opted string theory in 1984 mostly wanted to pretend that they had come up with the theory, because they were all on the winning side of the S-matrix/field-theory battle. This is unfortunate, because, in my opinion, the most interesting physics of the 1960s and early 1970s was S-matrix physics (and this is a period that saw the greatest field theory work in history, including quarks and the standard model!)
Chew Bootstrap
A bootstrap is a requirement that you compute the S-matrix directly without a quantum field theory. In order for the theory to be interesting, the S-matrix should obey certain properties abstracted away from field theory
• It should be unitary
• It should be Lorentz invariant
• It should be crossing invariant: this means that the antiparticle scattering should be described by the analytic continuation of the particle scattering
• It should obey the Landau property--- that all singularities of scattering are poles and cuts corresponding to exchange of collections of real particles on shell.
• It should obey (Mandelstam) analyticity: the amplitude should be writable as an integral over the imaginary part of the cut discontinuity from production of physical particles. Further, this cut discontinuity itself can be expanded in terms of another cut discontinuity (these are the mysterious then and still mysterious now double dispersion relations of Mandelstam).
This is a sketchy summary, because each of these conditions is involved. The unitarity condition in particular, is very difficult, because it is so nonlinear. The only practical way to solve it is in a perturbation series which starts with weakly interacting nearly stable particles (described by poles of the S-matrix) which exchange each other (the exchange picture is required by crossing, and the form of the scattering is fixed by the Landau and Mandelstam analyticity, once you know the spectrum).
The "Bootstrap property" is then the following heuristic idea, which is included in the above formal relations:
• The particles and interactions which emerge as the spectrum of the S-matrix from the scattering of states, including their binding together into bound states, should be the same spectrum of particles that come in as in-states.
This is a heuristic idea, because it is only saying that the S-matrix is consistent, and the formal consistency relations are those above. But the bootstrap was a slogan that implied that all the consistency conditions were not yet discovered, and there might be more.
This idea was very inspirational to many great people in the 1960s, because it was an approach to strong interactions that could accommodate non-field theories of infinitely many particle types of high spin, without postulating constituent particles (like quarks and gluons).
Regge theory
The theory above doesn't get you anywhere without the following additional stuff. If you don't do this, you end up starting with a finite number of particles and interactions, and then you end up in effective field theory land. The finite-number-of-particles version of S-matrix theory is a dead end, or at least, it is equivalent to effective field theory, and this was understood in the late 1960s by Weinberg, and others, and this led S-matrix theory to die. This was the road the Chew travelled on, and the end of this road must be very personally painful to him.
But there is another road for S-matrix theory which is much more interesting, so that Chew should not be disheartened. You need to know that the scattering amplitude is analytic in the angular momentum of the exchanged particles, so that the particles lie on Regge trajectories, which give their angular momentum as a function of their mass squared, s.
Where the Regge trajectories hit an integer angular momentum, you see a particle. The trajectory interpolates the particle mass-squared vs. angular momentum graph, and it gives the asymptotic scattering caused by exchanging all these particles together. This scattering can be softer than the exchange of any one of these particles, because exchanging a particle of high spin necessarily has very singular scattering amplitudes at high energy. The Regge trajectory cancels out this growth with an infinite series of higher particles which soften the blowup, and lead to a power-law near-beam scattering at an angle which shrinks to zero as the energy goes to infinity in a way determined by the shape of the trajectory.
So the Regge bootstrap adds the following conditions
• All the particles in the theory lie on Regge trajectories, and the scattering of these particles is by Regge theory.
This condition is the most stringent, because you can't deform a pure Regge trajectory by adding a single particle--- you have to add new trajectories. The following restriction was suggested by experiment
• The Regge trajectories are linear in s
This was suggested by Chew and Frautschi from the resonances known in 1960! The straight lines mostly had two points. The next condition is also ad-hoc and experimental
• The Regge slope is universal (for mesons), it's the same for all the trajectories.
There are also "pomerons" in this approach which are not mesons, which have a different Regge slopem but ignore this for now.
Finally, there is the following condition, which was experimentally motivated, but has derivations by Mandelstam and others from more theoretical foundations (although this is S-matrix theory, it doesn't have axioms, so derivation is a loose word).
• The exchange of trajectories is via the s-channel or the t-channel, but not both. It is double counting to exchange the same trajectories in both channels.
These conditions essentially uniquely determine Veneziano's amplitude and bosonic string theory. Adding Fermion trajectories requires Ramond style supersymmetry, and then the road to string theory is to reinterpret all these conditions in the string picture which emerges.
String theory incorporates and gives concrete form to all the bootstrap ideas, so much so that anyone doing bootstrap today is doing string theory, especially since AdS/CFT showed why the bootstrap is relevant to gauge theories like QCD in the first place.
The highlight of Regge theory is the Reggeon calculus, a full diagrammatic formalism, due to Gribov, for calculating the exchange of pomerons in a perturbation framework. This approach inspired a 2d parton picture of QCD which is studied heavily by several people, notably, Gribov, Lipatov, Feynman (as part of his parton program), and more recently Rajeev. Nearly every problem here is open and interesting.
For an example of a reasearch field which (partly) emerged from this, one of the major motivations for taking PT quantum mechanics seriously was the strange non-Hermitian form of the Reggeon field theory Hamiltonian.
Pomerons and Reggeon Field theory
The main success of this picture is describing near-beam scattering, or diffractive scattering, at high energies. The idea here is that there is a Regge trajectory which is called the pomeron, which dominates high energy scattering, and which has no quantum numbers. This means that any particle will exchange the pomeron at high energies, so that p-pbar and p-p total cross sections will become equal.
This idea is spectacularly confirmed by mid 90's measurements of total p-p and p-pbar cross sections, and in a better political climate, this would have won some bootstrap theorists a Nobel prize. Instead, it is never mentioned.
The pomeron in string theory becomes the closed string, which includes the graviton, which couples universally to stress energy. The relation between the closed string and the QCD pomeron is the subject of active research, associated with the names of Lipatov, Polchinski, Tan, and collaborators.
Regge scattering also predicts near beam scattering amplitudes from the sum of the appropriate trajectory function you can exchange. These predictions have been known to roughly work since the late 1960s.
Modern work
The S-matrix bootstrap has had something of a revival in the last few years, due to the fact that Feynman diagrams are more cumbersome for SUGRA than the S-matrix amplitudes, which obey remarkable relations. These partly come from the Kawai-Lewellan-Tye open-string closed-string relations, which relate the gauge-sector of a string theory to the gravity sector. These relations are pure S-matrix theory, they are derived by a weird analytic continuation of the string scattering integral, and they are a highlight of the 1980s.
People today are busy using unitarity and tree-level S-matrices to compute SUGRA amplitudes, with the goal of proving the all-but-certain finiteness of N=8 SUGRA. This work is reviving the interest in the bootstrap.
There is also the top-down and bottom up AdS/QCD approach, which attempts to fit the strong interactions by a string theory model, or a more heuristic semi-string approximation.
But the hard bootstrap work, of deriving Regge theory from QCD, is not even begun. The closest in the interpretation of a field theoretic BFKL pomeron in string theory by Brouwer, Polchinski, Strassler, Tan and the Lipatov group, which links the perturbative pomeron to the nonperturbative 1960s pomeron for the first time.
I apologize for the sketch, but this is a huge field which I have only read a fraction of the literature, and only done a handful of the more trivial calculations, and I believe it is a scandalously neglected world.
answered Dec 7, 2011 by (7,535 points)
+1, "I apologize for the sketch" Don't apologize, you've given me more than enough to Chew (sorry!) on. I need to spend some time to understand the steps you describe - I'll probably end up creating some more specific questions. Just one for now: is there any application that you know of in the literature of these techniques to a simple toy system (i.e. simpler than strong interactions) to enable direct comparison with the QFT approach ?
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user twistor59
I guess I am very old, because I remember that the term "bootstrap" was used for this physics process from the proverb "pulling oneself up by the bootstraps". phrases.org.uk/meanings/290800.html . btw my experimental thesis studied Regge poles in Kaon physics .
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user anna v
@twistor: The simple toy system is string theory. You need an actual confining theory with infinitely many resonances of high spin, so I suppose the simplest comparison is N=4 gauge theory. These are not very simple. For regge theory, there are simpler phenomenological fits for a few trajectories, but these don't make a complete model unless they are string theory.
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user Ron Maimon
@anna v: Do you know the other resonances in the Kaon trajectory? What exactly did you study?
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user Ron Maimon
@RonMaimon It was a study of K-p->K*-(890)+ X+, data and then comparison with models of triple Regge exchanges. The physics was published in Nuclear Physics B58(1973)178-194
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user anna v
@anna v: Is there any chance of a freely available summary, like an arxiv version?
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user Ron Maimon
Too long ago, one needs a real old library. In any case the conclusion was that there was not enough statistics to separate between three different models of reggi pole exchanges. The thesis is in greek of course.
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user anna v
+ 3 like - 0 dislike
The bootstrap program originated from the study of dispersion relations, at a time when QFT seemed to be a dead end for strong interactions.
Apart from string theory, the bootstrap program survived in 2-dimensional algebraic quantum field theory...
B Schroer, Modular localization and the bootstrap-formfactor program, Nuclear Physics B 499, 547 (1997). ftp://s0.math.tu-berlin.de/pub/Preprints/preprint267.ps.gz
other recent (partly a bit polemic) papers by Schroer in this context:
arXiv:1102.0168
http://lanl.arxiv.org/find/hep-th/1/au:+Schroer_B/0/1/0/all/0/1
... and culminated in the construction of 2D QFTs from certain S-matrices:
G Lechner, Towards the construction of quantum field theories from a factorizing S-matrix, hep-th/0502184 G Lechner, On the Construction of Quantum Field Theories with Factorizing S-Matrices, math-ph/0611050 This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-08-06 19:10 (UCT), posted by SE-user Arnold Neumaier
answered Mar 25, 2012 by (13,189 points)
I agree, +1, but this is a little misleading for the bootstrap idea. In this 2D context the bootstrap is just a different way of constructing and studying a field theory, a bit simpler because you have S-matrix factorization theorems and sometimes Bethe Ansatz. It is manifestly not a new theory in this context, it is studying S-matrix of field theory, like N=8 SUGRA people do today. This makes it very different than string theory, where the idea of a pure-Regge theory does not reduce to any equivalent field theory formulation, and this is where Mandelstam, Olive, Schwarz, Scherk were focused.
2D S-matrix theory is also much easier than constructing a pure Regge theory. So, even though you aren't guilty of this at all, I get annoyed when people say things like "S-matrix is alive and well in 2D", because it is damning with faint praise. S-matrix is alive and well in everything. It has continuously dominated high energy physics since 1984.
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https://www.docsity.com/en/anisotropy-chemical-engineering-previous-solved-exam/297536/ | # Anisotropy - Chemical Engineering - Previous Solved Exam, Exams for Engineering Chemistry. The National Centre for Biological Sciences
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Microsoft Word - ChE_179 exam 2 s12_soln.doc
1
Name:____________________
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 179
Exam 2 Wednesday, April 11 2012 Closed Book with 3x5 Card
kB = 1.381 x 10-23 J K-1; R = 8.314 J (mole K)-1 = 1.987 cal (mole K)-1 ; NA = 6.022 x 1023 (mole)-1; e = 1.602
x 10-19 C; mp = 1.673 x 10-27kg = 1.007 amu ; 1 liter = 1000 cm3 ; STP = 273 K, 760 torr (1 atm); 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa; 1 Pa = 1 J/m3; 1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J Short Answer. 5 pts. each. 1.What is the chief advantage of plasma etching over wet liquid etching in semiconductor manufacturing? Anisotropy is possible in the etch profile. 2. A measurement of Si etch rate is made with F atoms only hitting the surface, then F atoms plus Ar+ (500 eV), then only Ar+ (500eV). Sketch the expected etch rate vs. time for this experiment, labeling the different regions. Low etch rate, followed by a high etch rate, followed by a low rate again. 3. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor design calculations usually require chemical kinetics rather than chemical thermodynamics. Why is this? The chemical processes are not at equilibrium, which is required to use chemical thermodynamics. 4. In semiconductor manufacturing, CVD processes are usually conducted at reduced pressure. List 2 reasons why low pressure is preferred to atmospheric pressure for CVD. - higher diffusivity leads to better film deposition uniformity; lower pressure reduces particle formation;
2
5. For cylindrical, isothermal LPCVD (low pressure CVD) reactors with multiple wafers and flow in the annular region, what is the expected axial profile (that is, along the length of the reactor) in reactant concentration? The expected profile will be an exponential decline in concentration. 6. What is the definition of the effectiveness factor (in terms of a ratio of reaction rates)? Ratio of actual rate divided by maximum possible rate in absence of mass transfer limitations. 7. For best growth rate uniformity results, should the LPCVD reactor be operated in the reaction rate limited or mass transfer limited regimes? Why? Reaction rate limited regime implies no mass transfer limitations, leading to film deposition rate uniformity. 8. How do ‘magnetron’ plasma sputtering systems work? They use magnets above the target electrode to intensify the plasma, reducing electron losses and allowing higher deposition rates at lower pressure than conventional sputtering systems. 9. What is the source of light emitted by ‘glow discharge plasma?’ Electron impact excitation leads to emission of photons and light emission. 10. List 3 ways that plasmas are used in thin film processing. Etching; deposition, photoresist stripping; surface cleaning
3
Problem. (50) 1. Consider a rectangular-shaped atmospheric pressure CVD reactor. The reaction occurs only on the bottom interior surface of the reactor and the reaction is controlled by the rate of mass transfer through the boundary layer. The gas enters at 273K, 1 atmosphere pressure, and the reacting (lower) surface is maintained at a high temperature. Assume the gas diffusivity is 1 cm2/s in the boundary layer. Ignore pressure drop in the reactor and any effects of gas temperature on properties. The reactor length is 20 cm, the height is 5 cm and the width is 10 cm. The flowrate of the gas entering is 50 standard liters per minute and the inlet mole fraction of reactive component is 0.001. Assume the flow remains laminar down the length of the reactor, and the boundary layer
above the reactive surface increases down the length (x) as ! (x) =1.5 x" Ugas
Sc !1 3 , where the
symbols have their normal meaning (as in the HW). Solve for and plot the relative rate of reaction (rate divided by some scaling rate) as a function of length down the reactor. Solution.
The rate of film deposition in the limit of mass transfer control is r(x) = DAB ! (x)
(CA ! 0) .
Since we want relative rate of deposition, we only need to plot a normalized function. So all we need is to get the gas velocity Ugas and the minor Sc correction, recognizing that Sc ~1. This comes from the inlet volumetric flow (we are at standard conditions) and the cross sectional area of the inlet rectangle. The gas velocity does not change down the length and we are ignoring the effects of gas temperature changes, so it is fairly straightforward. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8269413113594055, "perplexity": 2794.0191839045483}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824912.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213145807-20181213171307-00073.warc.gz"} |
https://deepai.org/publication/projected-iterative-soft-thresholding-algorithm-for-tight-frames-in-compressed-sensing-magnetic-resonance-imaging | # Projected Iterative Soft-thresholding Algorithm for Tight Frames in Compressed Sensing Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Compressed sensing has shown great potentials in accelerating magnetic resonance imaging. Fast image reconstruction and high image quality are two main issues faced by this new technology. It has been shown that, redundant image representations, e.g. tight frames, can significantly improve the image quality. But how to efficiently solve the reconstruction problem with these redundant representation systems is still challenging. This paper attempts to address the problem of applying iterative soft-thresholding algorithm (ISTA) to tight frames based magnetic resonance image reconstruction. By introducing the canonical dual frame to construct the orthogonal projection operator on the range of the analysis sparsity operator, we propose a projected iterative soft-thresholding algorithm (pISTA) and further accelerate it by incorporating the strategy proposed by Beck and Teboulle in 2009. We theoretically prove that pISTA converges to the minimum of a function with a balanced tight frame sparsity. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves better reconstruction than the widely used synthesis sparse model and the accelerated pISTA converges faster or comparable to the state-of-art smoothing FISTA. One major advantage of pISTA is that only one extra parameter, the step size, is introduced and the numerical solution is stable to it in terms of image reconstruction errors, thus allowing easily setting in many fast magnetic resonance imaging applications.
## Authors
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• ### Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging
The main disadvantage of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are its long s...
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Compressed sensing (CS) methods in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offe...
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• ### Fast Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares Algorithms for Analysis-Based Sparsity Reconstruction
In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for analysis-based sparsity ...
11/18/2014 ∙ by Chen Chen, et al. ∙ 0
• ### A Convergence Proof of Projected Fast Iterative Soft-thresholding Algorithm for Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging
The boom of non-uniform sampling and compressed sensing techniques drama...
09/17/2019 ∙ by Xinlin Zhang, et al. ∙ 18
• ### Fast Multi-class Dictionaries Learning with Geometrical Directions in MRI Reconstruction
Objective: Improve the reconstructed image with fast and multi-class dic...
03/10/2015 ∙ by Zhifang Zhan, et al. ∙ 0
This short article presents a class of projection-based solution algorit...
03/08/2011 ∙ by Xin Li, et al. ∙ 0 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9166152477264404, "perplexity": 2118.563684562372}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00564.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/universal-quantifier.537550/ | # Homework Help: Universal quantifier
1. Oct 6, 2011
### gotjrgkr
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
In a book "How to prove it" by velleman, universal quantifier is defined as follows;
To say that P(x) is true for every value of x in the universe of discourse U, we will write $\forall$xP(x). This is read "For all x, P(x)". The symbol $\forall$ is called the universal quantifier.
And in this book, universe of discourse is defined as a set of all possible values for the variables relating with a statement.
Then, what I want to know is if under a special condition like that the universe of discourse of a statement is not a set, the universal quantifier can't be used to express such the statement.
For example, since there's no set which contains all ordinal numbers, I expect that a statement like "for all ordinal numbers x, P(x)" can't be expressed by using universal quantifier.
In a book " introduction to set theory" by karel hrbacek, the set of all natural numbers is
defined as $\left\{$ x : x$\in$ I for every inductive set I$\right\}$.
In this case, the universe of discourse of the statement is the set of all inductive set.
But , i can't convince of the existence of such a set of all inductive set.
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
In some books described by NBG set theory, universal quantifier is just defined without the use of universe of discourse. I thought that this is because the notion class can be replaced with it. I mean, I thought that the definition of universal quatifier is such that for all x contained in a specified class, P(x).
I'm very confused about this notion and I doubt myself whether asking this question is meaningful or not....
I wanna know what is wrong in my argument and I ask you the exact definition of universal quantifier and also wanna know if the notion universe of discourse is needed in defining universal quantifier.
Please tell me about the truth if you know .
Thakns..
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Technical Paper
Technical Paper
(OP)
Hi,
I'm trying to find the following Paper:
Islinger J. S., "Stress analysis and stress measurement for a swept back wing having ribs parallel to the airstream", McDonnel Aircraft Corp., Report 1127, April 1949.
There is someone who can help me for my research?...
thanks a lot to everybody!!..
RE: Technical Paper
If you can't find it on the web, then you probably need to ask McDonnell Douglas
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RE: Technical Paper
(OP)
thanks a lot, IRstuff...
I'll try to Boeing..
Antonio
RE: Technical Paper
surely there are more current references for this, than 1949 ?
RE: Technical Paper
anthony71...
The document You referenced is likely proprietary to the Boeing company [bought-out MDC ~1997].
Be VERY careful how, when, where, from-who, etc You get a copy. Boeing would be the only legal source for it: any other source is probably illigitimate and could get You [and a co-conspirator] into some deep legal trouble.
NOTE. The one exception... IF this document was the result of a NACA/NASA, FAA, etc contracted study, then the document would likely have a NACA/NASA/FAA/etc document number... and is probably available with minimal restrictions. Suggest searching DTIC, NASA, FAA etc websites for the exact document title... You might get lucky.
Regards, Wil Taylor
o Trust - But Verify!
o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true.
o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible.
o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion"]
o Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist. [Picasso]
RE: Technical Paper
Hi Anthony71
You might try going to the Smithsonian Air and Space Udvar Hazy Center or any one of the 10+ National Archives centers. Wktaylor is correct but only to a certain point. You must be careful about proprietary documents. However, I can personally say there are literally hundreds if not thousands of OEM reports which are in the public domain. But (big but here), many of these reports can only be obtained by going personally to the Smithsonian or NARA to view them and obtain copies. Note, with NARA, you must be a registered researcher. I have spent years researching this and obtaining copies of 100% public domain copies of OEM reports primarily two support 2 books I am currently working on - a practical airframe structures book, and an airframe fatigue handbook. Both are for the practicing engineering, no theory development here. Anyways, I can tell you that those two organizations have hundreds of public reports on: aerodynamics, performance, stress analysis, fatigue analysis, testing, etc. for many many aircraft. One thing you must have plenty of: PATIENCE.
Good luck anthony71!
RE: Technical Paper
(OP)
Thanks a lot for all information, dear crackman.
I'll try to find it in Smithsonian and National Archive as You suggest. I'm interesting about Matrix Force Method applied to aircraft structures.
Please when Your books will be ready kindly contact me I'd like to buy it. I'm intersting in practical stress analysis of aircraft structures.
Thanks,
Antonio
RE: Technical Paper
Hi Crackman,
It is good to learn of your forthcoming books. Coming from the "coal face", so to speak, they should be invaluable.
Any idea when they will be published?
Regards,
Andries
RE: Technical Paper
Crackman, if what you say is true - and I have no reason to believe it is not - the hording of this data in archives is troubling.
RE: Technical Paper
Becoming a registered researcher just means providing ID and promising not to destroy the archived documents: http://www.archives.gov/research/start/researcher-...
Information isn't being hoarded, anyone can go look at it. No-one has yet spent tax dollars scanning all of the millions of documents.
Matt
RE: Technical Paper
I don't think that this is any kind of deliberate hording. As with all government agencies, after a certain number of years, data is sent for storage (ie remember last scene in raiders of the lost ark). I remember many years ago when I worked for the air force that we sent hundreds if not thousands of reports to long term storage once they were no longer required due to storage issues. If you look into NARA, they house millions of documents from all over the country. The draw back to such a systems is that it takes time to locate and retrieve particularly when a large portion is not scanned in. However, at least, we can be assured the information is stored particularly when a good portion of it is historical.
Anyways, if you have some time, skim through the nara site and you will be amazed at some of the items you will find, it just takes time.
Good luck
RE: Technical Paper
Hoarding or not, I would still be concerned about the paper archives in the hands of a government archive. If they aren't being scanned or stored in some permanent form, you can expect them to be lost within a few decades.
And I don't mean by accident, neglect, or decay. I won't pretend to know what is and isn't happening in libraries and archives in the USA, but I can tell you what's happening in Canada. There is a lot of pressure on governments to cut costs, and libraries are seen in less and less esteem. A growing pattern of records destruction has been happening in this country, Canada, and it may extend to the USA, if it's not already there. Most deserving of the target is scientific documents, though they currently tend to be ecological, natural, and agricultural research. There are pure-science research facilities getting the axe, and their print libraries go into the dumpster too. If the documents were popular enough to deserve scanning, then they may be preserved. If not...
STF
RE: Technical Paper
Guys...
A CLASSIC example why data needs to be archived in a government or industry archive with limited access...
Drawings/data for Saturn V, Apollo, Apollo-SM and the LM were never treated as national treasures in the early 1970s. In Fact, drawing revisions, especially for each of the hand-made LMs were fast-furious. After the moon-shot program NASA ran-out of budget... and failed to properly archive/store at least one copy of the analysis and each drawing. The companies that had these 'government owned drawings and data' were reluctant to store them for a host of reasons, not the least of which was physical archive space, massive personnel layoffs and massive funding cuts. A lot of this data was lost to the trash-heaps/burn-bins... although some data were scrounged by employees who dug them out of trash bins as souvenirs... and are the only copies remaining. So few drawings and so little analysis/test-data is available today that it would be impossible to build a new Saturn V or LM or Apollo... unless one of more of the existing museum-pieces was totally disassembled and reverse engineered. Essentially all the lessons learned, and technical history from that amazing program is gone, due to bean-counter cost savings.
Regards, Wil Taylor
o Trust - But Verify!
o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true.
o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible.
o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion"]
o Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist. [Picasso]
RE: Technical Paper
wktaylor- That is a very interesting example you bring up about the Saturn V.
From '96 to '02 I worked at Rockwell/Boeing in mechanical systems design for the Shuttle. The stress guy that signed off on much of my work was an old-timer that worked on the S-II program at North American. In his office there were bookcases full of binders containing all the original hand calcs he had made going all the way back to the S-II program. What was even more impressive is that if you asked him a question about something he did 20 or 30 years prior, he knew exactly where to find the information. All the engineers assigned to the Shuttle program were transferred from the Rockwell Downey plant to the Boeing plant in Huntington Beach around '99. The stress analyst retired a short time later, but I'm sure the binders containing thousands of pages of hand calcs he produced for programs like S-II and Shuttle are still stored somewhere in a Boeing facility.
More recently, I worked on design of the LH2/LOx ducts for the SLS 1st stage. The company I worked at designed and manufactured much of the ducting for the Saturn V back in the 60's. None of the engineers involved with the Saturn V program were still around, but they had copies of every drawing/ECN/analysis/test report/etc they delivered to the customer. There were quite a few young engineering grads hired to work on the SLS program, and it was nice to see that management encouraged them to study and learn from what had been done on previous programs like Saturn V and Shuttle.
RE: Technical Paper
Will and tbuelna
I totally agree with both of you especially in todays environment. Most aerospace managers/executives have no background in aerospace and could care less about the data...until its needed! Years ago at one of the OEMs I worked at I was in charge of the service liaison group. We had a large warehouse full of original historical data (aircraft drawings and reports dating back to the 1920s) and it cost quite a pretty penny to upkeep. Finally our plant manager calls me in and blames me for the overhead for the upkeep of the data and mandates that all the data be moved to a much cheaper facility. This ok to this point. However, he then states that we need to keep moving it so that with each move more data will be lost and so the cost will go down and eventually all data will be gotten rid of! This is why our industry has changed so much in the past 20 years. We have executives who have no business managing within the aerospace industry. As a last note, the "executive" decided what was pertinent to keep and what was not and told us to trash all other copies. We filled more than 2 giant trash containers full of data within a day to lighten the load.
Anyways, no matter how tedious we might think obtaining data from our government archives, we can at least be reassured that at least some of our country's finest ideas, engineering, and creations are preserved for a future generation. We can only hope that they care enough to research them.
RE: Technical Paper
tbuelna, all... Yeah...
I work on an old generation aircraft.
After a couple of major HQ relocations, I have seen first-hand how documents important to the aircraft development [tests, analysis, etc], and/or detail components/systems development have simply been lost. Even though the titles exist, there is no record of the full document in any repository.
Just a few years ago, I knew some of these documents/report folders existed in desks and cabinets of gray-haired engineers. When told to pack-up their stuff and submit it for archive, they did exactly that; then some of the boxes were picked-up by a middle-manager eager to clean-out the 'old-stuff', and save archiving \$s. After randomly checking a few boxes, that manager decided to summarily dump box-upon-box into the secure trash bins. One individual that I’m aware of was extremely angry when they learned of this house-cleaning; however, the manager issued the older employee a letter-of-warning regarding insubordination and lack of cooperation; and the manager finished the dumping jobin the late PM [after hours].
A LOT of these old documents explain, clearly, WHY something was done and have supporting data and notes. NOT SO TODAY: due to cost cutting and short budgets, analysis is dry and free of excess verbiage; and minimal explanations for future reference.
Unfortunately, my company as-a-whole is dedicated to new generation aircraft production, so the lessons-learned in the 1960s and 1970s are ‘moot’ and un-interesting to new engineers.
Right now I am faced with a quandary: fastener evolution for the sake of new aircraft production. Since we deal with old jets; new generation parts are NOT 100% compatible with the philosophy that our jets were built by… and that the old generation parts were fully suited for… but were failing [breaking] on new generation acft. Just as our old parts are structurally unsuitable for new jets, changing to the parts intended for new generation acft could compromise structural integrity for our old jets. Uhhhgggh.
Regards, Wil Taylor
o Trust - But Verify!
o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true.
o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible.
o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion"]
o Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist. [Picasso]
RE: Technical Paper
Actually, I was pointing at the gov't archives of scientific/technical knowledge, not so much industry's. Some of the previous comments sounded like "it's a good thing there are government funded libraries to hold on to this old data". Well, yes, but only to a certain point. Government priorities change, too.
Everyone is under cost pressure, in industry and government. Then there are the MBA's who "took a class in management accountability", whoever they work for.
Here is what is happening to Canada's government research labs:
http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/blog/federal-programs-and-...
http://www.macleans.ca/tag/national-research-counc...
Of course, it's just bad in industry; all industries. The pain of low oil prices is causing many companies to lay off people in Western Canada (as they are in other parts of the world), leading to loss of corporate knowledge and the "curators" of company databases, libraries, and collections of references that would be valuable - if only there was work to put it to.
My experience with the corporate world is that knowledge is what you learned in school, and everything else is just today's job. Well, that's not fair to say about all of them - one company has scanned many of their drawings going back to the 1980's. Another guy I worked for collected all the drawings and reports he could from several engineers as they retired, and later put some of it to use on several occasions. People dedicated to keeping track of where their knowledge came from, and really understanding a subject thoroughly are very rare, and usually undervalued.
STF
RE: Technical Paper
I'm mostly a small government guy, but I do feel the federal government is a good choice for compiling, maintaining, and making available technical resources produced using taxpayer funds. Most federal agencies involved in basic research make their work, and the work of their contractors, available to the public in most cases. While I would question the value provided to taxpayers for much of this research spending, I don't think the federal government is doing a poor job making the information produced available to the public.
RE: Technical Paper
Anthony71,
To get back to your query, you mention that you are interested in the matrix force method of structural analysis.
Unfortunately this approach is not much used these days and all FE programs, such as MSC Nastran are displacement-based.
I think the reason is that the displacement approach is simpler to code since in the force method the user must define the redundancies
(the statically-indeterminate unknown internal loads). This is unfortunate since the force method leads directly to the required internal loads,
in contrast with the displacement method where they are calculated via the unknown displcements.
If you are interested in reading up on the force method there are three classic books:
Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis by J.S. Przemienicki (available in Dover edition).
Energy Theorems and Structural Analysis, by J.H. Argyris and S. Kelsey
Modern Fuselage Analysis and the Elastic Aircraft, also by Argyris and Kelsey.
Try Abe Books for the last two.
Be aware though, that Modern Fuselage Analysis is not for the faint-hearted!
If you Google with key words such as "airframe structural analysis" you may come across older papers on the force method; this has been my experience.
All the best.
Andries
RE: Technical Paper
(OP)
Andries,
thanks a lot for your post. I think that Force Method is a very good tool for structural analysis, in particular for "quick look analysis" in aircraft structures. I read a lot of work of Dr. Robinson (in particular The Rank Force Method).
I have all the books that you kindly suggest to me in your post. All very nice!!..I contact Dr. J.S. Przemienicki, because he also has wrote an interesting paper about the fuselage structural analysis (before the great work of Argyris-Kelsey), named "Matrix Analysis of Shell Structures with Flexible Frames", which method has been applied to fuselage of Bristol Airplane Company Type 188, for load path definition. I ask him the possibility to see the detail work about the application with a more complex example in the doc. "Matrix Analysis of Fuselage Structures", Bristol Aircraft Ltd, England, Tech. Rept. TOR 104, 1957. But unfourtunaly he doesn't have it. I tried also to have another work of Dr. Przemienicki and of Dr. Denke for Douglas Aricraft about Substructure Method with Matrix Force Method
The paper of Dr. Islinger is important for my studies for swept covers in particular for wing structures application (I see the work of Dr. Schmitt in Bruhn A22 where the paper of Dr. Islinger is cited in reference, and the great work of Wehle and Lansing of Grumman Aerospace).
I hope to find something about the this subject.
Thanks to everybody for all help and also for all post...all so interesting (about the organization of stress office!!)..it is a pleasure to read it!!..
Antonio
RE: Technical Paper
anthony71
With the added information you posted regarding the Bristol Aircraft Ltd, I can suggest the following. I would recommend you contact the National Aerospace Library and if you are in the area I highly recommend visiting them. They have a very large library of data including original OEM data dating back to the early 20th century. I was able to obtain copies of some very rare documents with their assistance and the staff was very helpful. I visited them a few years ago as part of my research and spent a most fruitful day locating some data which I had thought otherwise unobtainable. Note the data is not electronic and you must pay for reproduction. However the staff is excellently qualified and if it exists in their library, they will be able to locate it.Here is their address:
National Aerospace Library,
The Hub,
Fowler Avenue,
IQ Farnborough,
FARNBOROUGH,
Hampshire,
GU14 7JP
good luck
RE: Technical Paper
anthony71- My first engineering job back in the early 80's was with McDonnell-Douglas in Huntington Beach, CA. At that time there was an actual technical library located within the plant with real books that you could check out. You could also obtain a hard copy of any technical document in the company archives. All you had to do was fill out a request and the librarian would locate it and get a copy for you.
I'm sure if you contact the Boeing (McDonnell-Douglas) technical library in St. Louis and explain that you need a copy of the Islinger paper for your academic studies, they'd be quite happy to provide a copy, assuming it exists in their archives.
RE: Technical Paper
By Googling "Wing Redundant Structure Analysis Methods" I came across the following reports on applications of the Force Method:
2. "The Matrix Force Method of Structural Analysis and Some New Applications" by Argyris and Kelsey, ARC R & M No. 3034. Downloadable from Cranfield site.
Andries
RE: Technical Paper
(OP)
Crackman,
thanks a lot for your post. I know the National Aerospace Library and I agree with you, the staff is excellent under all aspects. I live in Venice (Italy) so for me it is not easy to visit it, but with the support of stuff I obtain a lot of old papers and documents (just for example 2 paperes of Dr. Eggwertz about numerical structural solution and test of a swept wing, and a paper of Dr. Carpenter Boeing and application of Argyris Method of Fuselage Structural Analysis under thermal loads), important for my studies. Unfortunately the paper "Matrix Analysis of Fuselage Structures", Bristol Aircraft Ltd, is not present in Library. I try also with Bristol Airplane Heritage and with BAE Heritage, but nothing. I try to contact Prof. Glyn Davies (Imperial College and author of great work "Virtual Work in Structural Analysis) who has worked for Bristol Airplane, but no answer. I suppost that this valuable document has been lost definitively. Any other suggests are very welcome.
Thanks very much!!!...
Tbuelna,
thanks a lot for your suggest. I try to explain to Boeing stuff all about my reaserach and I hope they could help me.
Thanks very much!!!..
Andries,
thanks a lot for all help. I have also this two papers. I have studied it two years ago...very interesting..
Papers of Pr. Argyris are all undoubtedly milestone of Finte Element.
It is also a pleasure for me to read about the life of this man, I have the book "Early Fem poineers" of Dr. Robinson (the only regret is that the book lacks his own biography)...
Thanks a lot to all for the help...and for me it a pleasure to ave the possibility to talk with people who love this subject!!..
RE: Technical Paper
anthony71
I will look and see if any of my contacts and resources can locate it. By the way, di origine sono di trieste pero sono piu di trent'anni che abito qui in America. I miei parenti sono ancora in italia e viaggio un paio di volte a l'anno a trovarli. Ho parecchi collegamenti in italia col lavoro e in particolare con delle ricerche che al momento sto svolgendo. Comunque ti augoro buona fortuna e vedro se ti posso aiutare.
Good luck
RE: Technical Paper
(OP)
Crackman,
thanks a lot for all help.
Grazie davvero per tutto l'aiuto. Conosco la zona di Trieste, ho avuto diversi colleghi e collaboratori della zona. Io non sono mai stato in America, anche se ho collaborato per diversi anni con grandi Aziende americane aeronautiche, a Venezia. Molti miei colleghi sono stati lì. Da qualche anno sono in contatto anche con l'Università di Torino, Dipartimento Aerospaziale. Ho da poco terminato un corso aziendale (in collaborazione proprio con l'Università di Torino) sulla Fatica e sui compositi (teoria e applicazioni FEM).
Mi piacerebbe davvero tanto rimanere in contatto con te, sarebbe un vero piacere.
Grazie ancora e spero di sentirci prestissimo,
Antonio
RE: Technical Paper
Hi Anthoni 71 :
"Unfortunately the paper "Matrix Analysis of Fuselage Structures", Bristol Aircraft Ltd, is not present in Library." you said.
Try to find the book " Modern Fuselage Analisis , J.H.Agyris,Sydney Kelsey " it may help you in your yob
( Many,Many years ago I read the book )
http://www.amazon.com/Modern-Fuselage-Analysis-Ela...
Best regards
RE: Technical Paper
(OP)
Hi mohr,
Thanks a lot for your suggestion..
I've the book: J. H. Argyris, S. Kelsey "Modern Fuselage Analysis and Elastic Aircraft" and it is a great work!! Perfect suitable for digital computer application. Inside this book is cited the work of Dr. Przemienicki "Matrix Analysis of Shell Structures with Flexible Frames" (that I've obtained with the excellent work of the personal of National Aerospace Library) as reference and Argyris-Kelsey wrote that the work of Przemienicki has some limitations: fuselage not tapered, singly connected ring/frame, manual formation of b0 and b1 matrix, some matrix condition problems for symmetrical and antisymmetrical systems. So would be, for me, very intersting to find the application of complex example application of the method of Dr. Przemienicki.
I know that the Boeing Program FUSARG is based on the work of Argyris-Kelsey (ref. Carpenter "DEVELOPMENT OF THERMALLY INDUCED INITIAL DISPLACEMENT MATRICES FOR THE FUSELAGE ANALYSIS PROGRAM", and "Analysis of the B747 Aircraft Wing-Body Intersection" Hansen, Connacher, Dougherty, Anderton) and I hope to find more details about the application of the method in Boeing.
I read also a paper of Dr. H. Kamel "Automatic Analysis of Fuselages and Problems of Conditioning" of Static and Dynamic Institute of Stuttgart, an intteresting evolution of the work of Argyris-Kelsey (utilization of so-called super-matrix).
Thanks again for all,
Antonio
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Register now while it's still free! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21911989152431488, "perplexity": 3724.9137546243724}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157503.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921190509-20180921210909-00281.warc.gz"} |
https://www.masterbuilder.co.in/behaviour-sand-reinforced-plastic-3d-reinforcements/ | Behaviour of Sand Reinforced With Plastic 3D Reinforcements
# Behaviour of Sand Reinforced With Plastic 3D Reinforcements
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The concept of mechanically stabilized earth has been widely used in various geotechnical applications such construction of embankments, pavements, bridge abutments, soft ground improvement and so on. Addition of reinforcements to soil have been performed by either incorporating continuous reinforcement inclusions such as sheet, bar or strip within a soil mass in a well defined pattern, or by randomly mixing discrete fibres with a soil fill. The effect of conventional reinforcements on soil has been extensively investigated by Fleming et al. (2006), Iizuka et al. (2004), Katarzyna (2006), Latha and Murthy (2006), Park and Tan (2005), Patra, Das and Atalar (2005), Varuso, Grieshaber and Nataraj (2005), Yetimoglu, Inanir and Inanir (2005). The concept of three dimensional reinforcement was first introduced by Lawton et al. (1993), who performed laboratory investigations on sand reinforced with geo-jacks. They also observed that use of geo-jacks on top of the geogrid substantially improved the performance of the soil foundation and that the combination of geogrid and geo-jacks performed better than a combination of geogrid and gravel. Zhang et al.(2008) investigated the use of three dimensional reinforcements in the form of rings with varying heights of vertical elements.
In this investigation, results from laboratory plate load tests conducted on square footing on sand bed reinforced with single and multiple layers of multi-directional reinforcements are presented, in order to determine the feasibility of using multi-directional reinforcements to improve the bearing capacity of soil and to investigate the significance of parameters such as volume ratio of reinforcements, depth to first layer, spacing between reinforcements in a layer, spacing between layers and number of layers.
Locally available clean river sand obtained from the premises of NIT Calicut, Kerala, India was oven dried and was used for the present study. Reinforcing elements were manufactured from injection moulding of ABS plastic granules. ABS is derived from acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene. Acrylonitrile is a synthetic monomer produced from propylene and ammonia; butadiene is a petroleum hydrocarbon obtained from the C4 fraction of steam cracking; styrene monomer is made by dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene, which is a hydrocarbon. ABS combines the strength and rigidity of acrylonitrile and styrene polymers with the toughness of polybutadiene rubber. ABS has superior properties in terms of hardness, gloss, toughness, and electrical insulation. The properties of sand and reinforcements are mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. The reinforcements consisted of four legs or protrusions in a single plane (x–y) and two protrusions in plane perpendicular to this plane (z), with an average length of 30 mm and a diameter of 5 mm were used for the study, as shown in Fig.1. The effect of parameters such as volume ratio of reinforcements, depth to first layer, spacing between reinforcements in a layer, spacing between layers and number of layers are investigated vide plate load test performed on a 150 mm square MS plate placed in an MS tank of size 75cm x 75 cm x 75 cm. The test setup is shown in Fig.2.
The general nomenclature adopted for the study are as follows:
b= width of reinforcing element
B= width of plate
u=depth to first layer
d= spacing between layers
s= spacing between reinforcing elements in a single layer
N= number of layers.
Depth to first layer of reinforcement
Typical pressure vs. settlement curves for the model footing on unreinforced and reinforced sand bed is shown Fig.3. The reinforcing elements were placed, close to each other, such that the spacing between them, s/b=0.This corresponds to a volume ratio of 0.3%. Each test was performed twice and the average of the settlement values was taken into consideration, to account for accuracy. It can be seen that placement of a single layer of reinforcement, too close to the surface (u/B=0.1), does not improve the settlement response significantly. As the depth to first layer increases beyond 0.1B, the response improved drastically. This is due to the fact that at shallow depths of placement, the magnitude of mobilized frictional resistance at the sand-reinforcement interface is relatively less, due to the smaller overburden pressure. Placing the first reinforcement layer at a depth greater than 0.7B, had an adverse effect on bearing capacity and settlement values, since the settlements began to increase, although better than the unreinforced case. This behaviour is due to increased thickness of sand layer over the reinforcements, resulting in higher settlement. Surface heave reduces with increasing depth of placement of reinforcement upto u/B=0.5, and thereafter decreases.
The improvements in bearing capacity and settlement behaviour are quantified using three factors viz. Bearing capacity ratio (BCR), Settlement reduction factor (SRF) and Heave ratio (dx100/B). BCR is calculated as the ratio between the ultimate bearing capacity of reinforced sand to that of unreinforced sand. The ultimate bearing capacity in all cases, in the study is calculated, corresponding to a settlement of 25 mm.
where,
s0 is the settlement of unreinforced sand bed at a given pressure and sr represents settlement of reinforced sand bed at the same pressure. Heave ratio is defined as the ratio between the maximum heave, observed at a distance of 1B from the edge of the plate for unreinforced sand bed to the maximum heave observed in reinforced sand bed.
Fig.4 shows the variation in BCR corresponding to 25 mm settlement. For a single layer of reinforcement, the bearing capacity improved by as much as 1.3 times, corresponding at a depth of placement, 0.5B. Settlement reduction factor was calculated for various depths to first layer of reinforcement, as shown in Fig.5.
A maximum reduction of 0.72 was obtained corresponding to u/B=0.5 with zero spacing between reinforcing elements. The variation of heave ratio with depth of first reinforcement layer is shown in Fig.6. Similar to the trends observed, the maximum reduction in heave corresponds to a depth of 0.5B.
The general ground displacement profile in terms of settlement and heave with variation in depth of first reinforcement layer is described in Fig.7.
Spacing between reinforcing elements
The optimum depth of placement of the first layer of reinforcement was determined as 0.5B. The reinforcing elements were placed close to one another, so that there was zero spacing between them (s/b=0; b being the width of the reinforcing element).
The next phase involved the determination of optimum spacing between the reinforcing elements. Two different configurations of reinforcement arrangement, viz. s/b=0.5 and s/b=1. were tested. The corresponding volume ratios are 0.135% and 0.084%. As expected, placing the reinforcing elements close to one another, with zero spacing between them, accounts for maximum improvement in the strength parameters, on account of increased volume ratio of reinforcement. However, it is to be noted that the reduction in strength improvement, when the reinforcements are arranged at a spacing of s/b=0.5 and s/b=1 is only marginal. Considering the practical difficulties in placing the reinforcing elements one by one, at zero spacing between them in field applications, and the economical aspects of the project, the placement of reinforcements at a spacing of s/b=1, proves to be feasible. Thus, considering a balance between the strength improvement and the overall economic benefits, an intra-layer spacing of s/b=1 is adopted for the study.
Number of layers and spacing between layers
The next phase of tests involved determining the influence of number of reinforcing layers on the bearing capacity and settlement. In all tests conducted in this phase, the depth to first reinforcement layer is fixed at 0.5B. The number of reinforcement layers is varied from one to four, the final layer being kept at a depth of 2B. The reinforcement layers were placed in such a way that they were spaced evenly between 0.5B and 2B depths. The thickness of the reinforcing elements was around 0.2B. Hence, it was not possible to place the reinforcements at spacing less than 0.5B, due to practical difficulties in ensuring the correct placement of reinforcing elements and compaction of the sand above. Placing a layer above 0.5B depth was not considered in this phase, as the optimum depth for a single reinforcement layer was obtained as 0.5B. Also, if a reinforcement layer was placed above this level, providing due allowance for the thickness of the reinforcing element, the depth of placement would be less than 0.3B and would not contribute significantly to the improvement in strength parameters, as discussed in the previous sections. The bearing capacity was found to increase with an increase in number of reinforcing layers, coupled with a decrease in settlements. This is due to the ability of reinforcements to spread the superimposed load to larger depths, where the confining and overburden pressures are higher. It was observed that as the number of layers increased from 2 to 3, a steep increase of about 45% was observed in BCR and SRF, whereas this improvement reduced to about 14% and 3% for BCR and SRF respectively, when the number of layers increased beyond 3.Similarly, the reduction in heave observed was about 10% when the number of layers increased from 2 to 3, and only 0.6% when the number of layers increased from 3 to 4. Since the tests are conducted on laboratory scale models, the effect of confinement and scaling play a significant role. Further large scale field studies are required to be performed in this regard to determine the exact behaviour of multi-directional reinforcements.
A comparison of the improvements in bearing capacities imparted by conventional reinforcing elements such as geogrids and the multi-directional elements developed in this study are provided in Table 3. It can be seen that the multi-directional reinforcements perform on par with the conventional reinforcing systems. Additionally for a given aerial coverage, the cost of these elements is about 50% less. compared to the existing methods of conventional reinforcements.
Conclusions
Based on the results from experimental investigations on the behaviour of model footing, resting on sand bed reinforced with plastic multi-directional reinforcements, the following conclusions can be drawn:
a. An appreciable increase in bearing capacity was observed as the depth to the first layer of reinforcement increased beyond 0.1B. The optimum depth of placement of the first layer was 0.5B. Placing reinforcements beyond 0.5B depth, in a single layer, resulted in a reduction in increase of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity increased by 1.3 times and the settlements reduced by almost 72%.
b. Within a single layer of reinforcement, the maximum improvement in BCR was obtained corresponding to zero spacing between the inclusions. However, considering a balance between the strength improvement and economical aspects, an optimum spacing of 1b was adopted, where b is the width of the reinforcing element.
c. BCR increased with increase in number of reinforcement layers. As the number of layers increased from 2 to 3, a steep increase of about 45% was observed in BCR, whereas this improvement reduced to about 14 % when the number of layers increased beyond 3. SRR showed similar trends, the improvements being 43% and 3% respectively. A similar trend was observed in case of Heave factor also.
d. Owing to the size of the reinforcing elements and the practical difficulties in laying and compacting sand layers between the reinforcing elements, a minimum spacing of 0.2B was required to be maintained between the reinforcement layers. Hence, considering these factors, the optimum layer spacing was maintained as 0.5B.
References
1. Fleming, I.R., Sharma, J.S., Jogi, M.B., (2006), “Shear strength of geomembrane–soil interface under unsaturated conditions”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes 24 (5), 274–284. DOI:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.03.009
2. Iizuka, A., Kawai, K., Kim, E.R., Hirata, M., (2004), “Modeling of the confining effect due to the geosynthetic wrapping of compacted soil specimens”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23 (5), 329–358.DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2004.01.001
3. Katarzyna, Z.A., (2006), “Shear strength parameters of compacted fly ash–HDPE geomembrane interfaces”. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 24 (2), 91–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2005.11.006
4. Latha, M.G., Murthy, V.S., (2006), “Investigations on sand reinforced with different geosynthetics”, Geotechnical Testing Journal 29 (6), 474–481. DOI: 10.1520/GTJ100439
5. Park, T., Tan, S.A., (2005), “Enhanced performance of reinforced soil walls by the inclusion of short fiber”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23 (4), 348–361. DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2004.12.002
6. Patra, C.R., Das, B.M., Atalar, C., (2005), “Bearing capacity of embedded strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23 (5), 454–462. DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2005.02.001
7. Varuso, R.J., Grieshaber, J.B., Nataraj, M.S., (2005), “Geosynthetic reinforced levee test section on soft normally consolidated clays”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23 (4), 362–383. DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2004.11.001
8. Yetimoglu, T., Inanir, M., Inanir, O.E., (2005), “A study on bearing capacity of randomly distributed fiber-reinforced sand fills overlying soft clay”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23 (2), 174–183. DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2004.09.004
9. Lawton E.C, Khire M.V, Fox N.S.,(1993), “Reinforcement of Soils by Multioriented Geosynthetic Inclusions”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 119 (2). DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:2(257)
10. Zhang M.X., Zhou H., Javadi A.A, Wang Z.W., (2008), “Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Strength of Soil Reinforced with Multi-Layer Horizontal Vertical Orthogonal elements”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26, 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.06.001
11. Phanikumar, B. R., Prasad, R., Singh, A. (2009), “Compressive load response of geogrid-reinforced fine, medium and coarse sands”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 27(3), 183–186. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.11.003
12. Latha G.M, Somwanshi A., (2009), “Bearing capacity of square footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand”. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 27,281–294 DOI:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.02.001
13. M Harikumar, N Sankar, S Chandrakaran, 2016, Behaviour of model footing resting on sand bed reinforced with multi-directional reinforcing elements, Geotextiles and Geomembranes 44 (4), 568-578 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8170503377914429, "perplexity": 3890.921484353632}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891750.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123052242-20180123072242-00101.warc.gz"} |
https://solvedlib.com/q-10-for-the-following-acid-base-reaction-predict,344024 | # Q 10- For the following acid-base reaction, predict which side the equilibrium is favored (circle or...
###### Question:
Q 10- For the following acid-base reaction, predict which side the equilibrium is favored (circle or draw an arrow pointing the favored side). Calculate the Keg from the pKa given. PK, -30 Kea pk, 10
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https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/78/fast-strategies-for-solving-einsteins-puzzles/125 | Fast strategies for solving Einstein's puzzles?
The Einstein's puzzle or zebra puzzle is a well-known logic puzzle. Are there any very easy ways to solve it fast?
• Do you mean to solve the symbolic version or the textual version? – Aza May 15 '14 at 7:16
• @Emracool: do the strategies for them differ? – SF. May 15 '14 at 7:24
• Yes, slightly. The textual version requires laying out intuitive grids, while the symbolic version requires different methods of reduction. I can go into detail on both tomorrow. – Aza May 15 '14 at 7:26
• could someone give links with examples of the puzzles? (Yes, I can google them, but this kinda defeats the rationale for the group) – mau May 15 '14 at 8:22
• @mau I added links to Wikipedia and an example puzzle. – Tartori May 15 '14 at 9:06
The canonical Einstein's Puzzle can be solved using a grid of possibilities, and the easiest way to do so is to track each of the possible states.
Each letter in this grid stands for the associated entity:
• Nationality stands for Enlgishman, Swede, Dane, Norwegian, and German
• Colors (house color) stand for Blue, Green, Red, White, Yellow
• Animals stand for Bird, Cat, Dog, Fish, Horse
• Drinks stand for Bier, Coffee, Milk, Tea, Water
• Cigarette stands for Blend, Blue Master (M), Dunhill, Pall Mall, Prince (R)
We therefore have:
Natl. | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG |
Color | BGRWY | BGRWY | BGRWY | BGRWY | BGRWY |
Animl | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH |
Drink | BCMTW | BCMTW | BCMTW | BCMTW | BCMTW |
Cigar | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR |
Thus, the clues help you immediately reduce the possibilities in this grid. I'll go through a couple steps to exemplify. I've pulled the rules from Stanford's page, and they look correct from memory.
(4) The green house is just to the left of the white one.
Therefore, because the green house must be to the left of a house, and the white house must be to the right of a house, we know that the green house cannot be on the right, and the white house cannot be on the left.
Natl. | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG |
Color | BGR Y | BGRWY | BGRWY | BGRWY | B RWY |
Animl | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH |
Drink | BCMTW | BCMTW | BCMTW | BCMTW | BCMTW |
Cigar | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR |
(5) The owner of the green house drinks coffee.
We know that, since the fifth house cannot be green, its owner cannot drink coffee.
Natl. | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG |
Color | BGR Y | BGRWY | BGRWY | BGRWY | B RWY |
Animl | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH |
Drink | BCMTW | BCMTW | BCMTW | BCMTW | B MTW |
Cigar | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR |
(8) The man in the center house drinks milk.
This one should be obvious.
Natl. | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG | ESDNG |
Color | BGR Y | BGRWY | BGRWY | BGRWY | B RWY |
Animl | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH |
Drink | BC TW | BC TW | M | BC TW | B TW |
Cigar | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR |
(9) The Norwegian lives in the first house.
Once again, this is obvious.
Natl. | N | ESD G | ESD G | ESD G | ESD G |
Color | BGR Y | BGRWY | BGRWY | BGRWY | B RWY |
Animl | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH |
Drink | BC TW | BC TW | M | BC TW | B TW |
Cigar | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR |
(14) The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
Since the Norwegian lives in house 1, we know that the blue house must be house 2, because that is the only house the Norwegian is next to.
Natl. | N | ESD G | ESD G | ESD G | ESD G |
Color | GR Y | B | GRWY | GRWY | RWY |
Animl | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH | BCDFH |
Drink | BC TW | BC TW | M | BC TW | B TW |
Cigar | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR | BMDPR |
It should be immediately obvious why this strategy works. You can both reduce clues away as well as insert solutions into this grid, which is vitally important. Without tracking where pieces can't be, you lose a significant amount of vital information.
• This does not make it easy to capture all of the information in the statement that the owner of the green house drinks coffee, but does capture right/left information better than the grids I show. Different styles work with different types of clues. – Ross Millikan May 15 '14 at 17:08
• @Ross It actually does still capture that! If a house isn't green, or a house doesn't drink coffee, then that house can't drink coffee or be green respectively. It does indeed retain that information in the possibilities it holds, and the clues still operate on them like normal. – Aza May 15 '14 at 17:11
• @Ross Yes you do - you can actually eliminate these possibilities quite easily. For instance, since the green house is to the left of the white house, it must be to the left of a house, and therefore can't be all the way on the right. In this sense, you aren't reducing specifically where clues are, but primarily where they aren't, thus reducing the grid. – Aza May 15 '14 at 17:14
For small puzzles of this type, a grid is very useful. If there are three types of item, with five of each type, you can use a grid like this. Put an x in all the squares you know cannot hold, and fill the boxes you know are true. So if you are told 1 is not a, you x the upper left box. If you are told B is 2 you fill the corresponding box, then x all the boxes in the same row and column. You can also copy x's from one grid to another when you fill a box. For four types, put types 1,2,3 across the top, 4,3,2 down the left and you will have six grids. It becomes unwieldy after five types This is especially useful to see when you have eliminated all but one possibility. To capture the left/right information, one of your types of item can be the house number.
Just to finish the solving of this puzzle (which I am sure has been done elsewhere), you can see there are some non trivial spots, even when using the accepted strategy. I've put this in bold italics so they stand out. The rest is trivially going through the rules and applying them. However, without these key steps you will get to a stand still where further application of the rules leads no where.
This is the zebra version, but I believe they are equivalent.
Country: ESUNJ | ESUNJ | ESUNJ | ESUNJ | ESUNJ |
Color: RGIYB | RGIYB | RGIYB | RGIYB | RGIYB |
Pet: DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ |
Drink: CTMOW | CTMOW | CTMOW | CTMOW | CTMOW |
Smokes: OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP |
9- Milk is drunk in the middle house.
10- The Norwegian lives in the first house.
15- The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
Country: N | ESU J | ESU J | ESU J | ESU J |
Color: RGIY | B | RGIY | RGIY | RGIY |
Pet: DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ |
Drink: CT OW | CT OW | M | CT OW | CT OW |
Smokes: OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP |
6- The green house is immediately to the right of the ivory house.
The 3rd and 4th are Ivory and Green or the 4th and 5th are. Thus, the first is neither and the 4th cannot be red.
2- The Englishman lives in the red house.
Country: N | SU J | ESU J | SU J | ESU J |
Color: Y | B | R I | GI | RG |
Pet: DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ | DSFHZ |
Drink: CT OW | CT OW | M | CT OW | CT OW |
Smokes: OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP | OKCLP |
8- Kools are smoked in the yellow house.
12- Kools are smoked in the house next to the house where the horse is kept.
Country: N | SU J | ESU J | SU J | ESU J |
Color: Y | B | R I | GI | RG |
Pet: DSF Z | H | DSF Z | DSF Z | DSF Z |
Drink: CT OW | CT OW | M | CT OW | CT OW |
Smokes: K | O CLP | O CLP | O CLP | O CLP |
4- Coffee is drunk in the green house.
5- The Ukrainian drinks tea.
13- The Lucky Strike smoker drinks orange juice.
Country: N | SU J | ES J | SU J | ESU J |
Color: Y | B | R I | GI | RG |
Pet: DSF Z | H | DSF Z | DSF Z | DSF Z |
Drink: W | T O | M | CT O | CT O |
Smokes: K | O CLP | O C P | O CLP | O CLP |
3- The Spaniard owns the dog.
7- The Old Gold smoker owns snails.
Country: N | U J | ES J | SU J | ESU J |
Color: Y | B | R I | GI | RG |
Pet: F Z | H | DSF Z | DSF Z | DSF Z |
Drink: W | T O | M | CT O | CT O |
Smokes: K | CLP | O C P | O CLP | O CLP |
If the 2nd house is Japanese and smokes parliaments(14), then he can't smoke Lucky Strikes, so he doesn't drink Orange Juice(13), leaving only Tea. But then he must be Ukrainian(5) - contradiction.
Country: N | U | ES J | S J | ES J |
Color: Y | B | R I | GI | RG |
Pet: F Z | H | DSF Z | DSF Z | DSF Z |
Drink: W | T | M | C O | C O |
Smokes: K | C | O P | O LP | O LP |
If the last house is the Englishman, then his house is red(2) so he doesn't drink coffee(4). This leaves orange juice, so he smokes Lucky Strikes(13). But then the 3rd and 4th houses are incompatible because if the Spaniard is in either, then he has the dog(3), and not the snails, thus does not smoke Old Gold(7), leaving only Parliaments, making him Japanese(14) - contradiction.
Country: N | U | E | S J | S J |
Color: Y | B | R I | GI | RG |
Pet: F Z | H | DSF Z | DSF Z | DSF Z |
Drink: W | T | M | C O | C O |
Smokes: K | C | O P | O LP | O LP |
2- The Englishman lives in the red house.
4- Coffee is drunk in the green house.
13- The Lucky Strike smoker drinks orange juice.
Country: N | U | E | S J | S J |
Color: Y | B | R | I | G |
Pet: F Z | H | DSF Z | DSF Z | DSF Z |
Drink: W | T | M | O | C |
Smokes: K | C | O P | L | O LP |
14- The Japanese smokes Parliaments.
7- The Old Gold smoker owns snails.
3- The Spaniard owns the dog.
Country: N | U | E | S | J |
Color: Y | B | R | I | G |
Pet: F Z | H | S | D | F Z |
Drink: W | T | M | O | C |
Smokes: K | C | O | L | P |
11- The man who smokes Chesterfields lives in the house next to the man with the fox.
Country: N | U | E | S | J |
Color: Y | B | R | I | G |
Pet: F | H | S | D | Z |
Drink: W | T | M | O | C |
Smokes: K | C | O | L | P |
This answer is more about choosing the puzzle than general strategies. Once you have the grid, a lot of reduction tactics are the same as with Sudoku.
Playing around with timed versions of the Einstein puzzle like this can soon net you shortcuts for solving the grid. Granted, you get everything laid out and can start solving immediately, but our brain is more suited to certain types of cues. Some solved squares may help, but it all depends on its position and the other cues. Particularly the "X is between A and B" hints can be very helpful, especially when they are chained or you can place them immediately. Since most hints are relative, you get several new anchor points to try out. Perhaps their higher apparent benefit is also due to the way we process information, as they usually clear the most amount of possibilities upon placement and the same amount (2) as is-before when uncertain, reducing the problem space. In general, if you can solve any of the near-central squares, that can reduce the positioning options of the triplets significantly.
During plays, I've noticed a particular pattern that I can solve fast (as opposed to 15+ minutes). All my best time (2 min) games started like this, but I don't know if the speed can be attributed to just the initial layout. It's when you start with a solved square one square from the border that can be expanded with an in-between cue. It's better than border squares, since you can then also discard some guesses via is-a-neighbour cues, but still gives only one possible orientation. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5466294884681702, "perplexity": 5340.3199799795775}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670162.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119172137-20191119200137-00073.warc.gz"} |
http://book.caltech.edu/bookforum/showpost.php?s=65a60731ea6a3758c5e828d65a834c82&p=12418&postcount=3 | View Single Post
#3
08-01-2016, 01:18 PM
jeffjackson Junior Member Join Date: Jun 2016 Posts: 5
Re: Section 1.3 argument for feasibility of learning is fundamentally flawed
Malik, I'm glad to hear that we agree that Section 1.3 is not a valid defense of learning. Now let me sketch what I believe is a reasonable defense.
Essentially, the idea is to extend the argument of Section 1.3 with two additional observations:
1. The sample size of the Hoeffding bound depends only logarithmically on the desired probability bound.
2. Most computer scientists "trust" randomized algorithms when the probability of error of such an algorithm is extremely small, such as, say, .
The first observation implies that we can drive the probability of seeing a misleading training set down to extremely small values with a relatively modest increase in training set size and/or in the allowable error of the hypothesis. For instance, in the standard (1-hypothesis) Hoeffding bound, we want the product to be greater than . For the lower bound on is approximately 2, while for the bound is approximately 17, an increase of less than a factor of 9. To be sure, such an increase in might not be feasible for many learning problems. But for those problems where something like this increase is feasible, we may be able to say something stronger than Hoeffding alone says about the outcome of learning.
Regarding the second observation, randomized algorithms are procedures for solving problems much as regular (deterministic) algorithms are. However, any given run of a randomized algorithm makes random choices and has a small chance that these random choices will cause it to produce an incorrect answer. Probably the best-known randomized algorithm, and one of the earliest to be discovered, is the Miller-Rabin primality testing algorithm, which has been widely used in browsers in support of secure communication. If this algorithm is used as part of secure communication of, say, credit card information, and if the algorithm incorrectly certifies that a number is prime, then the result could be insecure communication of that credit card information. So, since Miller-Rabin has a small chance of error, why would browser manufacturers take a chance with my credit card information by using this potentially faulty algorithm? Because, in practice, the probability of randomization error can be driven so small that it is in effect more likely that the hardware running the algorithm will incorrectly execute the algorithm and thereby produce an erroneous output than it is that the randomization of the algorithm will lead to an erroneous output. Thus, since it is generally considered reasonable to ignore the small--but nonzero--possibility of hardware errors producing incorrect outputs, it should similarly be considered reasonable to ignore the unlikely possibility of sufficiently small randomization error producing incorrect outputs.
What does this discussion of randomized algorithms have to do with learning? A learning algorithm can in some sense be viewed as a form of randomized algorithm in which the randomization comes from a presumed random choice of the training data rather than from any random choices made by the algorithm itself. Hoeffding bounds the probability that the algorithm will be misled by its random input and therefore produce an erroneous output, that is, will output a hypothesis with a claim that it approximates the target when in fact the hypothesis is far from the target. Thus, given that it is reasonable to accept the results of randomized algorithms run with sufficiently low probability of error, it would seem to also be reasonable to accept the results of running a learning algorithm with sufficiently low Hoeffding probability bound (and given the standard assumption that the training data is drawn at random). That is, it would seem that if for a given learning problem we have such that is sufficiently small, and if the learning algorithm run on this problem claims that its hypothesis is a good approximation to the target, then we should accept this claim.
However, it should be noted that this position has proved to be controversial, as ultimately it runs counter to the widely-held belief that Bayesian decision theory is the preferred way to make rational decisions. In particular, see Section 5.6 of David Wolpert's paper The Lack of A Priori Distinctions Between Learning Algorithms (Neural Computation 8, pp. 1341-90, 1996), which tacitly assumes that the Bayesian view is the only reasonable view in the learning setting and then, based on this assumption, shows that an argument such as the one above fails to establish the feasibility of learning.
So, in the end, to accept the defense of learning outlined above is to accept that Bayesian decision theory is not (always) the preferred approach to rational decision making, despite the apparently strong theoretical foundations for Bayesian theory, its success in many practical applications, and its widespread acceptance. I believe that I can, in fact, show that there is a better theory that encompasses both traditional Bayesian decision theory and the defense of learning presented above. But that discussion won't fit in the margins of this post ;-) So, for now, I leave it to the reader to decide which he or she prefers: the argument above which implies that learning free of target assumptions can be feasible for problems with sufficiently large , or strict adherence to Bayesian decision theory which implies that target-assumption-free learning is impossible. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9119793772697449, "perplexity": 353.05074803872327}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359497.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227204637-20210227234637-00430.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-find-all-zeros-of-the-function-f-x-2x-3-14x-2-56x-40-given-10-as-a-ze | Precalculus
Topics
# How do you find all zeros of the function F(x)=2x^3-14x^2-56x-40 given 10 as a zero?
Nov 2, 2016
The other two zeros are $- 1$ and $- 2$
#### Explanation:
Since we are told that $10$ is a zero, $\left(x - 10\right)$ must be a factor:
$F \left(x\right) = 2 {x}^{3} - 14 {x}^{2} - 56 x - 40$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{F \left(x\right)} = \left(x - 10\right) \left(2 {x}^{2} + 6 x + 4\right)$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{F \left(x\right)} = 2 \left(x - 10\right) \left({x}^{2} + 3 x + 2\right)$
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{F \left(x\right)} = 2 \left(x - 10\right) \left(x + 2\right) \left(x + 1\right)$
So the other two zeros are $x = - 2$ and $x = - 1$
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https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/193438-settexturestagestate/ | #### Archived
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# SetTextureStageState
This topic is 5464 days old which is more than the 365 day threshold we allow for new replies. Please post a new topic.
## Recommended Posts
Ok, i just got multi-texturing working with my terrain, but to get the fixed function lighting to work i had do do this:
//set the multitexture states
mlpD3DDevice->SetTextureStageState(0,D3DTSS_COLORARG1,D3DTA_TEXTURE);
mlpD3DDevice->SetTextureStageState(0,D3DTSS_COLORARG2,D3DTA_DIFFUSE);
mlpD3DDevice->SetTextureStageState(0,D3DTSS_COLOROP,D3DTOP_MODULATE);
my question is, why does D3DTA_DIFFUSE also add the ambient component and not just the diffuse component of the vertex? the sdk says D3DTA_DIFFUSE The texture argument is the diffuse color interpolated from vertex components during Gouraud shading. If the vertex does not contain a diffuse color, the default color is 0xFFFFFFFF. Permissions are read-only.
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The ambient term is calculated into the "diffuse" output color of the vertex (oD0 in a vertex shader). Adding the ambient is not a per-pixel operation (and it doesn''t need to be).
##### Share on other sites
Thanks, I kind of figured they were thrown in together. Though i thin it''s still funny then that a vertex''s color is seperated between ambient and diffuse.
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× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15789295732975006, "perplexity": 9387.496758689223}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741294.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113062240-20181113084240-00381.warc.gz"} |
https://sohamde.in/ | I’m actively seeking PhD positions (Fall 2023)!
My current research interests span the Computational Social Sciences and ICT4D. Specifically, I’m interested in misinformation, social media and information flow in online communities. I interned at Microsoft Research India under Anirban Sen and Joyojeet Pal (UMich Ann Arbor). Previously, I’ve been a part of the MPhasis Lab (under Mahavir Jhawar and Subhashis Banerjee) and BharatSim (under Debayan Gupta).
I graduated magna cum laude from Ashoka University with a Gold Medal in Computer Science. Beyond academics, I’m a competent artist, photographer, archer and an incompetent pianist.
Dec 2022 Our work on jounalists, presented by the amazing Sukhnidh Kaur won Best Poster at ACM SIGCHI Symposium for HCI and Friends! Reviewed and volunteered for CSCW 2022 - 10/10 recommended! Graduated from Ashoka University with the CS Gold Medal, Service Excellence, Undergraduate Research Excellence and a Special Recognition for Outstanding Contribution in Computer Science. Started internship at Microsoft Research India under Anirban Sen Started CANDID - a new research group at Ashoka University for studying social networks online | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19030380249023438, "perplexity": 19368.712746659603}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206181343-20230206211343-00613.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/111859/interactive-pdf-latex-and-article-of-the-future-with-opentype-truetype-fonts | # “Interactive PDF, Latex and Article of the Future” with opentype/truetype fonts and unicode
I'm looking for a way to get popup references when hovering with the mouse cursor over the references in my papers. I looked around on this forum and found this question and hpesoj626's answer very useful:
Interactive PDF, Latex and Article of the Future
However, it's imperative that I can use opentype/truetype fonts in my document, including CJK. Previously, I've used XeLaTeX. I've realized that XeLaTeX is not an option for this kind of thing, since it doesn't produce PDFs in the same way. However, there is LuaLaTeX, which, as far as I understand, works similarly to pdflatex?
For my own purposes (unicode, CJK) I could just as well use LuaLaTeX (although I haven't tried this yet).
What I cannot use is simple pdflatex, which is what is used in the Perl script provided in hpesoj626's answer to the question I linked to above.
Is there a way to make this script work with unicode and opentype fonts?
• I would try first changing my $pdflatex="pdflatex"; into my$pdflatex="lualatex"; in the Perl script. – egreg May 2 '13 at 8:02
• @egreg: Switching pdflatex to luatex can be done with command line argument now (the development version at bitbucket.org/robert.marik/fancytooltips), for example perl ~/path/fancy-preview filename --pdflatex="/path/lualatex" – robert.marik.cz Aug 11 '13 at 20:10
Here is a non-fancytooltips solution that supports any driver, including xelatex, allowing you to use OpenType and TrueType fonts. It makes use of the macro
\tooltip[<link text colour>]{<link text>}[<tip box colour>]{<tip text>}
The macro for creating an inline citation pop-up is:
\citeTip{<bib key>}
Inside the macro, after inserting \cite{<bib key>}, a phantom "|" is passed as <link text> to the first \tooltip argument, and \fullcite{<bib key>} as <tip text> to the second \tooltip argument.
The example uses biblatex/biber. The workflow is latex->biber->latex, run on the base-name of the document source file.
Any flavour of latex can be used. Of course, the fontspec- related lines must be commented out for other drivers than xelatex or lualatex.
\documentclass[
a4paper,12pt,
% dvipdfmx %uncomment this for latex->dvipdfmx
]{article}
\usepackage[sorting=none]{biblatex}
%\usepackage{fontspec}
%\setmainfont{Times New Roman}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} %standard fonts
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{hyperref}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% usage: \citeTip{<bib key>}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newcommand{\citeTip}[1]{%
\cite{#1}%
\makebox[0pt][l]{%
\tooltip*[black!0]{|}{\parbox[b]{\textwidth}{\fullcite{#1}}}%
}%
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% tooltips with LaTeX v. 2017/11/28
%
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% \tooltip --> draggable tip, visible on mouse-over, hidden on mouse-out
%
% \tooltip* --> draggable tip, toggle visiblity on mouse-over
%
% \tooltip** --> NON-draggable tip, visible on mouse-over, hidden on mouse-out
%
% \tooltip*** --> NON-draggable tip, toggle visiblity on mouse-over
%
% \tooltip**** --> NON-draggable tip, toggle visiblity on mouse-click (Evince!)
%
% Default link colour can be set with
%
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{pdfbase}[2017/03/16]
\usepackage{xparse,ocgbase}
\usepackage{xcolor,calc}
\usepackage{tikzpagenodes}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\ExplSyntaxOn
\let\tpPdfAnnot\pbs_pdfannot:nnnn\let\tpPdfLastAnn\pbs_pdflastann:
\let\tpAppendToFields\pbs_appendtofields:n
\def\tpPdfXform{\pbs_pdfxform:nnnnn{1}{1}{}{}}
\let\tpPdfLastXform\pbs_pdflastxform:
\ExplSyntaxOff
\makeatletter
\NewDocumentCommand{\tooltip}{%
}{{%
\leavevmode%
\IfBooleanT{#2}{%
%for variants with two and more stars, put tip box on a PDF Layer (OCG)
\ocgbase@new@ocg{tipOCG.\thetcnt}{%
/Print<</PrintState/OFF>>/Export<</ExportState/OFF>>%
}{false}%
\xdef\tpTipOcg{\ocgbase@last@ocg}%
%prevent simultaneous visibility of multiple non-draggable tooltips
}%
\IfBooleanTF{#4}{%
/Subtype/Link/Border[0 0 0]/A <</S/SetOCGState/State [/Toggle \tpTipOcg]>>
}{%
/Subtype/Screen%
/AA<<%
\IfBooleanTF{#3}{%
/E<</S/SetOCGState/State [/Toggle \tpTipOcg]>>%
}{%
\IfBooleanTF{#2}{%
/E<</S/SetOCGState/State [/ON \tpTipOcg]>>%
/X<</S/SetOCGState/State [/OFF \tpTipOcg]>>%
}{
\IfBooleanTF{#1}{%
/E<</S/JavaScript/JS(%
var fd=this.getField('tip.\thetcnt');%
if(typeof(click\thetcnt)=='undefined'){%
var click\thetcnt=false;%
var fdor\thetcnt=fd.rect;var dragging\thetcnt=false;%
}%
if(fd.display==display.hidden){%
fd.delay=true;fd.display=display.visible;fd.delay=false;%
}else{%
if(!click\thetcnt&&!dragging\thetcnt){fd.display=display.hidden;}%
if(!dragging\thetcnt){click\thetcnt=false;}%
}%
this.dirty=false;%
)>>%
}{%
/E<</S/JavaScript/JS(%
var fd=this.getField('tip.\thetcnt');%
if(typeof(click\thetcnt)=='undefined'){%
var click\thetcnt=false;%
var fdor\thetcnt=fd.rect;var dragging\thetcnt=false;%
}%
if(fd.display==display.hidden){%
fd.delay=true;fd.display=display.visible;fd.delay=false;%
}%
this.dirty=false;%
)>>%
/X<</S/JavaScript/JS(%
if(!click\thetcnt&&!dragging\thetcnt){fd.display=display.hidden;}%
if(!dragging\thetcnt){click\thetcnt=false;}%
this.dirty=false;%
)>>%
}%
/U<</S/JavaScript/JS(click\thetcnt=true;this.dirty=false;)>>%
/PC<</S/JavaScript/JS (%
var fd=this.getField('tip.\thetcnt');%
try{fd.rect=fdor\thetcnt;}catch(e){}%
fd.display=display.hidden;this.dirty=false;%
)>>%
/PO<</S/JavaScript/JS(this.dirty=false;)>>%
}%
}%
>>%
}%
}{{\color{#5}#6}}%
\sbox\tiptext{%
\IfBooleanT{#2}{%
\ocgbase@oc@bdc{\tpTipOcg}\ocgbase@open@stack@push{\tpTipOcg}}%
\fcolorbox{black}{#7}{#8}%
\IfBooleanT{#2}{\ocgbase@oc@emc\ocgbase@open@stack@pop\tpNull}%
}%
\edef\twd{\the\wd\tiptext}%
\edef\tht{\the\ht\tiptext}%
\edef\tdp{\the\dp\tiptext}%
\measureremainder{\whatsleft}\tipshift=0pt%
\ifdim\whatsleft<\twd\setlength\tipshift{\whatsleft-\twd}\fi%
\IfBooleanF{#2}{\tpPdfXform{\tiptext}}%
\raisebox{\heightof{#6}+\tdp}[0pt][0pt]{\makebox[0pt][l]{\hspace{\tipshift}%
\IfBooleanTF{#2}{\usebox{\tiptext}}{%
\tpPdfAnnot{\twd}{\tht}{\tdp}{%
/Subtype/Widget/FT/Btn/T (tip.\thetcnt)%
/AP<</N \tpPdfLastXform>>%
/MK<</TP 1/I \tpPdfLastXform/IF<</S/A/FB true/A [0.0 0.0]>>>>%
/Ff 65536/F 3%
/AA <<%
/U <<%
/S/JavaScript/JS(%
var fd=event.target;%
var mX=this.mouseX;var mY=this.mouseY;%
var drag=function(){%
var nX=this.mouseX;var nY=this.mouseY;%
var dX=nX-mX;var dY=nY-mY;%
var fdr=fd.rect;%
fdr[0]+=dX;fdr[1]+=dY;fdr[2]+=dX;fdr[3]+=dY;%
fd.rect=fdr;mX=nX;mY=nY;%
};%
if(!dragging\thetcnt){%
dragging\thetcnt=true;Int=app.setInterval("drag()",1);%
}%
else{app.clearInterval(Int);dragging\thetcnt=false;}%
this.dirty=false;%
)%
>>%
>>%
}%
\tpAppendToFields{\tpPdfLastAnn}%
}%
}}%
\stepcounter{tcnt}%
}}
\makeatother
\newsavebox\tiptext\newcounter{tcnt}
\newlength{\whatsleft}\newlength{\tipshift}
\newcommand{\measureremainder}[1]{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay,remember picture]
\path let \p0 = (0,0), \p1 = (current page.east) in
[/utils/exec={\pgfmathsetlength#1{\x1-\x0}\global#1=#1}];
\end{tikzpicture}%
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{filecontents*}{my.bib}
@article{einstein05,
author={Albert Einstein},
title="Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter K{\"o}rper",
journal={Annalen der Physik und Chemie},
volume={17},
year={1905},
pages={891--921}
}
@article{einstein15,
author={Albert Einstein},
title="Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativit{\"a}tstheorie",
journal={Annalen der Physik},
volume={354},
year={1916},
pages={769--822}
}
\end{filecontents*}
1905\citeTip{einstein05}. Einstein coined the term Special Relativity
• @Mårten: For the other citing commands, copy the code of the \newcommand\citeTip... command, and replace \cite by \parencite` etc. – AlexG May 2 '13 at 14:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8626517057418823, "perplexity": 21086.512997356185}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904287.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029124628-20201029154628-00641.warc.gz"} |
http://www.winehq.org/pipermail/wine-devel/2005-August/039531.html | # [Wine]Softlinking to a dvd-drive with inconsistent mount points? => HAL-Support
Walt Ogburn reuben at ugcs.caltech.edu
Sat Aug 27 18:56:27 CDT 2005
Hi guys,
Sorry if I started a contentious discussion. I have looked into it a
little more and found some useful information. There was a discussion on
find a summary in the Wine newsletter from that month:
http://www.winehq.org/?issue=265#Drive%20Management
What I had in mind was not to break the current system, but to allow an
optional alternative method of mapping the drives, e.g. if you have
d: -> /mnt/cdrom
d:: -> /dev/hdc
everything will work like now, and if you only have
d:: -> /dev/hdc
wine will figure out where hdc is mounted and map DOS to Unix filenames
accordingly.
Looking at the code, though, that doesn't fit in very naturally with the
way wine actually does things. What I hadn't understood is that the
mapping of DOS to Unix filenames is purely an operation on strings, with
no disk access needed: Q:\foo\bar is translated to
~/.wine/dosdevices/q:/foo/bar regardless of whether ~/.wine/dosdevices/q:
points to anything meaningful or exists at all. This current system is
very neat and simple, and doing anything different would mean introducing
a significant amount of extra complication.
The other possibility is to have something in wineserver update the
dosdevices symlinks when volumes are mounted. That would also be a
significant amount of new stuff in wineserver.
Without doing anything to wine itself, there's one other option: set up a
HAL front-end like ivman (http://ivman.sourceforge.net/) to update the
dosdevices symlinks when volumes are mounted. This might be the right
aswer. A distro like SuSE that wants to use HAL and have things mounted
in different places can include ivman scripts in its wine package to
automatically do the right thing with the dosdevices links, and then
there's no problem. Or wine could check for ivman at the same time it
creates .wine, and set up appropriate ivman scripts if it finds it.
- Walter
On Sun, 28 Aug 2005, Detlef Riekenberg wrote:
> Am Samstag, den 27.08.2005, 14:38 -0700 schrieb Hiji:
>
> > It might be the ugly way, but it is the official way.
>
> That's because many Applications are unable to handle it yet.
>
> > This is definately *not* a Wine issue because it
> > affects any application which relies on have a static
> > name for the drive - let's make sure we're clear on
> > that. ;)
> No!
> This is not only a Wine issue, it's an issue of all applications which
> relies on static names.
> The big mistake: The Volume-Label is optional.
>
> It's possible on windows (since w2k) to work without a Driveletter for
> Using a mountpoint (junction) is optional.
> When they used the mountpoint-method as default and the
> driveletter-method as optional fallback for old applications, then all
> important software would work today without an extra driveletter for
> removeable media.
>
> It's time to be more flexible. freedesktop.org did a step in the
> direction, now the applications must follow!
>
> > I suspect this "mounting by volume label"
> > won't last past Suse 9.3 since
>
> .. and go backwards? No way!
>
> > I haven't read anyone
> > praise this "feature" anywhere.
>
> That's the same when /dev/cdrom or /cdrom comes up as a link to the real
> device. It doesn't matter, on which controller, port and id your drive
> is connected; it just works.
> The link comes up and step by step more applications using this.
>
> Go backwards, because the admin will define on his own, which physical
> drive is used and mounted to a specific location?
> Logical volumes are present for ages in Novell Netware and other
> systems, arrived Windows since w2k and are working in linux for some
> years now.
>
>
> --
> By By ...
> ... Detlef
>
> | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36479854583740234, "perplexity": 8807.830532805745}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705305291/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115505-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/4f342fdee4b0fc0c1a0bd89b | Here's the question you clicked on:
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anonymous 4 years ago Using ∡C of △CBA shown below, create three different trigonometric ratios using sine, cosine, and tangent. You will need to create your own angle and side measures for this task. For full credit, please provide both the ratio and work used to solve for a missing piece of the triangle. Round all solutions to the nearest hundredth. Delete Cancel Submit
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1. anonymous
• 4 years ago
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2. Mertsj
• 4 years ago
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$\sin C=\frac{AB}{AC}$
3. Mertsj
• 4 years ago
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$\cos C=\frac{BC}{AC}$
4. campbell_st
• 4 years ago
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Sin C = AB/AC cosC = BC/AC Tan C = AC/BC
5. Mertsj
• 4 years ago
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$\tan C=\frac{AB}{BC}$
6. anonymous
• 4 years ago
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Here goes: Sin C: AB/AC Cos C:BC/AC Tan C:AB/BC Cosec C: AC/AB Sec C: AC/BC Cot C: BC/AB
7. campbell_st
• 4 years ago
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so draw a triangle, meausre the length of one side and the angle C
8. anonymous
• 4 years ago
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@CountryGirl: Do you have any kind of parameters such as lengths or angles or something?
9. anonymous
• 4 years ago
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no..
10. anonymous
• 4 years ago
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Okay I got the answer I think. Let the angles of the triangle be: $90^{o}, 45^{o}, 45^{o}$ So, Sin C= Sin 45 = $1/\sqrt{2}$ Cos C=Cos 45 =$1/\sqrt{2}$ Tan C=Cos 45 =1 These are given the ratios IN TERMS OF ANGLES. Now, Let: AB= 2 cm BC= 2 cm AC= 4cm Sin C: AB/AC = 2/4 = 1/2 Cos C:BC/AC = 2/4 = 1/2 Tan C: AB/BC = 2/2 = 1 These are the ratios IN TERMS OF SIDES. Hope that helps. We took some angles and sides and based on that we found the ratios :)
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Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9990823268890381, "perplexity": 7397.529808299362}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720973.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00492-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/190736-logarithmic-equations.html | # Math Help - Logarithmic equations
1. ## Logarithmic equations
Having some troubles figuring out these two logarithmic equations
First is 4^m+2=32
And the second is
6^2-r=50
Thanks in advance would love to know how to solve
2. ## Re: Logarithmic equations
Originally Posted by DjNito
Having some troubles figuring out these two logarithmic equations
First is 4^m+2=32
And the second is
6^2-r=50
Thanks in advance would love to know how to solve
I suppose you mean ...
$4^{m+2} = 32$
you can solve this equation w/o logs ... note that $4 = 2^2$ and $32 = 2^5$
$6^{2-r} = 50$
$\log(6^{2-r}) = \log(50)$
use the power property of logarithms and finish it ...
3. ## Re: Logarithmic equations
Thank you for this help!! really help man | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 5, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9026036858558655, "perplexity": 4496.4674074706745}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999678977/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060758-00035-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/dynamicsystems/article-abstract/94/4/315/400879/Direct-and-Inverse-Transformations-Between-Phase?redirectedFrom=fulltext | A complete, general treatment of the transformations, direct and inverse, between the phase variable form and the canonical or Jordan canonical form of the system matrix is presented. Analytical expressions are obtained for the matrices and all combinations of real, complex, distinct, and repeated eigenvalues are covered.
This content is only available via PDF. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8310700058937073, "perplexity": 497.80064704630286}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986702077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020024805-20191020052305-00476.warc.gz"} |
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?p=84325 | ## deltaG and deltaS(sys) at zero
$\Delta G^{\circ}= \Delta H^{\circ} - T \Delta S^{\circ}$
$\Delta G^{\circ}= -RT\ln K$
$\Delta G^{\circ}= \sum \Delta G_{f}^{\circ}(products) - \sum \Delta G_{f}^{\circ}(reactants)$
Clement Ng
Posts: 73
Joined: Sat Jul 22, 2017 3:00 am
Been upvoted: 3 times
### deltaG and deltaS(sys) at zero
A sample of 1 mole of gas initially at 1 atm and 298 K is heated at constant pressure to 350 K, then the gas is compressed isothermally to its initial volume and is then cooled to 298 K at constant volume.
Why are deltaS(sys) and deltaG zero in this case? Which equations would you use to figure what factors are at zero?
ZoeHahn1J
Posts: 63
Joined: Sat Jul 22, 2017 3:01 am
Been upvoted: 1 time
### Re: deltaG and deltaS(sys) at zero
delta S is zero because change in entropy is a state function, and the final and initial volumes are the same. delta G is zero when a reaction is at equilibrium. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 3, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8998151421546936, "perplexity": 1856.7610145514554}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00228.warc.gz"} |
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Exotic-Stars-as-Challenges-to-Evolution%3A-an-Jeffery/1b6d2b6f063b29b07a655650bc63da618956df73 | # Exotic Stars as Challenges to Evolution: an Evaluation
@inproceedings{Jeffery2002ExoticSA,
title={Exotic Stars as Challenges to Evolution: an Evaluation},
author={C. Simon Jeffery},
year={2002}
}
Magnetic and pulsational variability of Przybylski’s star (HD 101065)
Since its discovery more than half a century ago Przybylski's star (HD101065) continues to excite the astronomical community by the unusual nature of its spectrum, exhibiting exotic element
Circumstellar discs in X / γ-ray binaries : first results from the Echelle spectrograph
• 2016
Here we report our first spectral observations of Be/X-ray and γ-ray binaries obtained with the new Echelle spectrograph of the National Astronomical Observatory Rozhen. For four objects (LSI+61303,
A radial velocity survey for post-common-envelope Wolf–Rayet central stars of planetary nebulae: first results and discovery of the close binary nucleus of NGC 5189
• Physics
• 2015
The formation of Wolf-Rayet central stars of planetary nebulae ([WR] CSPNe) whose spectroscopic appearance mimics massive WR stars remains poorly understood. Least understood is the nature and
Circumstellar discs in X/gamma-ray binaries: first results from the Echelle spectrograph
• Physics
• 2015
Here we report our first spectral observations of Be/X-ray and gamma-ray binaries obtained with the new Echelle spectrograph of the National Astronomical Observatory Rozhen. For four objects
First detections of FS Canis Majoris stars in clusters. Evolutionary state as constrained by coeval massive stars
• Physics
• 2014
FS CMa stars are low-luminosity objects showing the B[e] phenomenon whose evolutionary state remains a puzzle. These stars are surrounded by compact disks of warm dust of unknown origin. Hitherto,
Rotational and Cyclical Variability in γ Cas
γ Cas is an unusual classical Be star for which the optical-band and hard X-ray fluxes vary on a variety of timescales. We report results of a nine-year monitoring effort on this star with a robotic
Metal abundances in PG1159 stars from Chandra and FUSE spectroscopy
• Physics
• 2002
We investigate FUSE spectra of three PG1159 stars and do not find any evidence for iron lines. From a comparison with NLTE models we conclude a deficiency of 1-1.5 dex. We speculate that iron was
Short-term variability and mass loss in Be stars
Context. Be stars are physically complex systems that continue to challenge theory to understand their rapid rotation, complex variability and decretion disks. $\gamma$ Cassiopeiae ($\gamma$ Cas) is
Short-term variability and mass loss in Be stars – VI. Frequency groups in γ Cas detected by TESS
In photometry of γ Cas (B0.5 IVe) from the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) and the BRIght Target Explorer (BRITE)-Constellation satellites, indications of low-order non-radial pulsation have
Critical study of the distribution of rotational velocities of Be stars - II: Differential rotation and some hidden effects interfering with the interpretation of the V sin i parameter
Aims. We assume that stars may undergo surface differential rotation to study its impact on the interpretation of V sin i and on the observed distribution Φ ( u ) of ratios of true rotational | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8774890899658203, "perplexity": 9889.459955015242}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00201.warc.gz"} |
https://www.maplesoft.com/support/help/MapleSim/view.aspx?path=componentLibrary%2F1Dmechanics%2Frotational%2FspringsDampers%2FRotationalSpringDamper | Rotational Spring Damper - MapleSim Help
Home : Support : Online Help : MapleSim : MapleSim Component Library : 1-D Mechanical : Rotational : Springs and Dampers : componentLibrary/1Dmechanics/rotational/springsDampers/RotationalSpringDamper
Rotational Spring Damper
Linear 1D rotational spring and damper in parallel
Description The Rotational Spring Damper (or Spring Damper) component models a spring and damper connected in parallel. An optional heat port provides a thermal connection to the power dissipated in the damper; the spring-damper parameters are not temperature dependent.
Equations $\mathrm{\tau }={\mathrm{\tau }}_{c}+{\mathrm{\tau }}_{d}=-{\mathrm{\tau }}_{a}={\mathrm{\tau }}_{b}$ ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{c}=c\left({\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathrm{rel}}-{\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathrm{rel0}}\right)$ ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{d}=d{w}_{\mathrm{rel}}$ ${\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathrm{rel}}={\mathrm{\phi }}_{b}-{\mathrm{\phi }}_{a}$ ${w}_{\mathrm{rel}}={\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{\phi }}}_{\mathrm{rel}}$ ${a}_{\mathrm{rel}}={\stackrel{.}{w}}_{\mathrm{rel}}$ $\mathrm{lossPower}={\mathrm{\tau }}_{d}{w}_{\mathrm{rel}}$
Variables
Name Units Description Modelica ID ${a}_{\mathrm{rel}}$ $\frac{\mathrm{rad}}{{s}^{2}}$ Relative angular acceleration a_rel ${\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathrm{rel}}$ $\mathrm{rad}$ Relative rotation angle phi_rel $\mathrm{\tau }$ $Nm$ Torque between flanges tau ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{c}$ $Nm$ Torque from spring tau_c ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{d}$ $Nm$ Torque from damper tau_d ${w}_{\mathrm{rel}}$ $\frac{\mathrm{rad}}{s}$ Relative angular velocity w_rel $\mathrm{lossPower}$ $W$ Loss power leaving component via heatPort lossPower
Connections
Name Description Modelica ID ${\mathrm{flange}}_{a}$ Left flange of compliant 1-dim. rotational component flange_a ${\mathrm{flange}}_{b}$ Right flange of compliant 1-dim. rotational component flange_b $\mathrm{heatPort}$ heatPort
Parameters
General Parameters
Name Default Units Description Modelica ID $c$ $100000$ $\frac{Nm}{\mathrm{rad}}$ Spring constant c $d$ $0$ $\frac{Nms}{\mathrm{rad}}$ Damping constant d ${\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathrm{rel0}}$ $0$ $\mathrm{rad}$ Unstretched spring angle phi_rel0 Use Heat Port $\mathrm{false}$ True (checked) means heat port is enabled useHeatPort
Name Default Units Description Modelica ID ${\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathrm{nominal}}$ $1·{10}^{-4}$ $\mathrm{rad}$ Nominal value of ${\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathrm{rel}}$; affects scaling phi_nominal $\mathrm{prefer}$ Prioritize ${\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathrm{rel}}$ and ${w}_{\mathrm{rel}}$ as states stateSelect | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 41, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7974656224250793, "perplexity": 11179.846363672928}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738819.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811180239-20200811210239-00147.warc.gz"} |
https://piping-designer.com/index.php/properties/fluid-mechanics/183-avogadro-s-law | Written by Jerry Ratzlaff on . Posted in Fluid Dynamics
According to Avogadro's gas law, when temperature and pressure are held constant, the volume of a gas is proportional to the number of moles of gas present.
$$\large{ \frac {V_i} {n_i} = \frac { V_f } { n_f } }$$
### Where:
$$\large{n_i }$$ = initial number of moles
$$\large{n_f }$$ = final number of moles
$$\large{V_f }$$ = final volume
Tags: Equations for Gas | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9005102515220642, "perplexity": 1240.0838191044095}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739211.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814100602-20200814130602-00350.warc.gz"} |
https://www.yutaka-kamegaya.com/2019/02/16/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E3%82%92%E5%A4%89%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B/ | ·
# 環境を変える
それは自分の気持ちや姿勢を改善するのである。
でも、自分は変わる事が出来る。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Change the environment
If the environment given to you is painful, you will need to improve it.
What will be improved?
It improves one 's feelings and attitudes.
It is very difficult to change only the environment on our own.
The world is covered with various barriers, which is actually the case.
But I can change myself.
My feelings and attitude are the maximum actions that can be changed depending on myself.
Although it is paradoxical, it is because it changes with respect to the environment, and the environment actually changes comfortably.
The mind that I can forgive and my intention to change,
both humanly and physically,
In the end it will change to the environment. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9591072797775269, "perplexity": 1906.6380476240925}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400213454.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924034208-20200924064208-00481.warc.gz"} |
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http://varianceexplained.org/r/teach-tidyverse/ | ### David Robinson
Director of Data Scientist at Heap, works in R.
# Teach the tidyverse to beginners
A few years ago, I wrote a post Don’t teach built-in plotting to beginners (teach ggplot2). I argued that ggplot2 was not an advanced approach meant for experts, but rather a suitable introduction to data visualization.
Many teachers suggest I’m overestimating their students: “No, see, my students are beginners…”. If I push the point, they might insist I’m not understanding just how much of a beginner these students are, and emphasize they’re looking to keep it simple and teach the basics, and that that students can get to the advanced methods later….
My claim is that this is precisely backwards. ggplot2 is easier to teach beginners, not harder, and makes constructing plots simpler, not more complicated.
I’ve continued making this argument in the years since, and I like to think our side is “winning.” Even people that defend teaching base R plotting often treat it as an “underdog” opinion, which you never would have seen just a few years ago.
There’s another debate that has popped up recently on Twitter and in conversations (many this week at the useR conference), about how to teach general R programming and data manipulation, and about the role of the “tidyverse” in such education. Just like ggplot2, this is a subject close to my heart.
I’d summarize the two “competing” curricula as follows:
• Base R first: teach syntax such as $ and [[]], loops and conditionals, data types (numeric, character, data frame, matrix), and built-in functions like ave and tapply. Possibly follow up by introducing dplyr or data.table as alternatives. • Tidyverse first: Start from scratch with the dplyr package for manipulating a data frame, and introduce others like ggplot2, tidyr and purrr shortly afterwards. Introduce the %>% operator from magrittr immediately, but skip syntax like [[]] and $ or leave them for late in the course. Keep a single-minded focus on data frames.
I’ve come to strongly prefer the “tidyverse first” educational approach. This isn’t a trivial decision, and this post is my attempt to summarize my opinions and arguments for this position. Overall, they mirror my opinions about ggplot2: packages like dplyr and tidyr are not “advanced”; they’re suitable as a first introduction to R.1
(Note that here I’m focusing on the reasons for teaching the tidyverse first, not the arguments for using it at all. If you dislike packages like dplyr and/or the %>% operator, this post isn’t for you and you won’t be convinced).
### Get students doing powerful things quickly
Most of my educational philosophy can be boiled down to this statement: have goals for what your students should be able to do, and start them doing it as soon as possible. In the case of data science classes2, those goals are probably something like:
• Work with real and interesting data
• Create appealing and informative visualizations
• Draw useful conclusions
These should be goals for the first lesson, not something you get to in a bonus exercise or on the last day. And when you’re using powerful and flexible tools like dplyr and tidyr, it’s entirely possible.
Here’s an example. When I taught R to biology students, I used an approach like the one in this series of posts, cleaning and then visualizing a gene expression dataset.
From experience, I promise that students who have never programmed before can complete and understand the above code in a 2-3 hour workshop, by learning each function one at a time.
Some advantages of this kind of approach:
• Every step solves an immediate problem. You don’t need to promise your students “this will be useful one day”, you’re showing them how it’s useful right now. Each step in the data processing makes the data more usable, and each step in the visualization describes an aspect of a biologically informative graph.
• Every step teaches a function that can be used on a variety of datasets. This works because dplyr/tidyr (like ggplot2) offers atomic verbs (e.g. filter) rather than ones specific to a particular field (e.g. process_yeast_data).
• It gives a taste of real exploratory data analysis. There’s some practical wisdom to be gained from even a simple example like this. One is that any dataset found “in the wild” requires steps of cleaning and processing (here, using functions like separate, mutate, gather, and filter). Another is that you can’t interpret thousands of yeast genes all at once, but you can zoom in on a few genes at a time, such as those involved in an interesting biological process.
Biology isn’t a special case (to the contrary, I’ve heard it put forward as an exception: “tidy data might work in other fields, but not in biology”). Every Friday for the last nine months I’ve held “workshops” with a group of developers at Stack Overflow who are learning R and data science, and we’ve had a great time performing exploratory analysis drawn from our company’s internal data (see here for more). Questions have included what programming languages are growing or shrinking, or how people apply to software developer jobs. The developers in the workshop were new to R when they started, but were immediately able to solve real problems using tidy tools.
### Don’t teach procedural logic (loops and conditionals), teach tables (group by and join)
One of the more controversial aspects of the “tidyverse first” philosophy is that it doesn’t teach loops or conditional statements (for, if, etc) at all, or leaves them until late in the course.
One reason I support this choice is that most loops beginners need are easily replaced with functionals, such as map or group_by/summarize.
Secondly, beginners notoriously misuse loops in R. If you get students into the habit of using loops to solve problems, they won’t notice vectorized solutions.
# you want students to do this
y <- x + 1
# never this
y <- c()
for (e in x) {
y <- c(y, e + 1)
}
Besides loops being more cumbersome, they can be disastrously slow if used improperly. And teaching beginners how to make a loop efficient (e.g. pre-allocating memory rather than growing a vector) is an advanced topic that would send an introductory course off track.
Some teachers have argued that while teaching loops may not be the most effective way to use R, it at least transfers to other programming languages. This claim has some merit, but it’s missing an advantage of the dplyr approach, which also teaching relevant programming constructs: group by and join. I’d suggest these are actually more important skills for data scientists (who are more likely to use SQL on a daily basis than C), and ones that are more often overlooked in programming education.
Loops and conditions are of course necessary: I use them all the time when developing R packages. But they’re typically used in cases that involve processing unknown input (you wouldn’t use a conditional when you’re analyzing one dataset) or are implementing more complicated algorithms like expectation-maximization. From the perspective of a data science course, that makes these advanced features: you shouldn’t teach them until you’re confident your students will need them. Once students are comfortable with the basics of data analysis, they’ll have plenty of time to learn these tools.
### %>% isn’t too hard for beginners
The %>% operator, introduced in the magrittr package by Stefan Milton Bache, is an important part of the tidyverse philosophy. I’ve heard a lot of resistance about teaching it: “I like %>%, but I’m not teaching it to my students because I don’t want to confuse them.”
I disagree with this approach, but not because %>% syntax isn’t confusing for non-programmers. I diagree because all programming syntax is confusing for non-programmers. This is easy to forget when you’ve had a lot of programming experience yourself.
Try working with someone who has never coded before, and teaching them that f(a, b) means to jump to another part of your code, or try explaining the mathematical impossibility of x = x + 1. Think about every parenthesis, comma and bracket in your code, and how they’d look to a beginner. These are second nature to programmers, but there’s nothing inherently “easy” about them.
In fact, I’d say that %>% is above average in terms of syntax interpretability. It’s designed to make code more linear and readable. (Look at the above bioinformatics code: doesn’t it read a bit like a Methods section?)
### There’s only one way to do it
A motto of the Perl programming language is “There’s more than one way to do it”, meaning that the language offers many options for programmers when they approach their problems. The Zen of Python took the opposite approach: “There should be one— and preferably only one— obvious way to do it.” I’ve come to prefer the latter, especially as a teaching philosophy, and the tidyverse is nicely compatible with this approach.
A few years ago I taught an introductory class on data visualization, as a series of three lectures. I decided to teach ggplot2 in my second lecture, but focus on variables and data structures in the first. An example lesson from the first lecture was to show three ways that a column in a data frame could be manipulated, something like:
mtcars$pounds <- mt$wt * 1000
mtcars[["pounds"]] <- mtcars[["wt"]] / 1000
mtcars[, "pounds"] <- mtcars[, "wt"] / 1000
Looking back I have no idea what I was thinking! Someone new to R doesn’t need three ways to access a column in a data frame, nor will they remember them after a brief demonstration.
Now I say “when you’re adding a column or changing an existing column, use the mutate() verb”:
mtcars <- mtcars %>%
mutate(pounds = wt / 1000)
Whether this is “better” or “worse” than the above syntax misses the point. To students, what matters is consistency. And besides teaching only one approach to accessing columns, mutate() has the advantage of being consistent with other %>%-compatible methods, some of which do more complicated tasks than just adding a column.
This is also why I’m not a fan of the approach “teach base first, then show how much simpler the dplyr approach is.” Teaching students two ways will always confuse them, even if you present it as a “progression”. Besides which, students don’t share your nostalgia- there is no need to convince them to switch “away” from something they never used.
### What from base R should be taught, and when?
Of course it’s important to teach elements of base R programming; you can’t use R without them. The question is entirely about order and priority. I like to follow this rule: introduce aspects of base R alongside the tidyverse as they become useful in a data analysis.
Examples of aspects of base R and when to introduce them include:
• Summary functions: mean(), sd(), max(). These can be introduced alongside summarize very early in the course, to answer specific questions about a dataset.
• Vectorized operations: Basic arithmetic, logical operators (x == 2, mean(x == 2)), %in%, etc. These also become necessary early on, particularly in data cleaning operations.
• Statistical modeling: lm(), glm(), t.test(), etc. Statistical operations are what what make R a great language. These pair well with my broom package for converting models to tidy data frames, so that they can be used with other tidyverse tools.
• Matrices: This is a tougher decision. Matrices solve a different set of problems than data frames do, and are represented by different mathematical language (linear algebra rather than relational algebra). I think that when you teach matrices, it shouldn’t just be because it’s another data type on a checklist, but because you’re presenting a problem matrices are well suited to solve (principal component analysis, clustering, etc).3 In a mathematically oriented course (as opposed to a data science one), this unit would likely come before one on data frames and have a greater emphasis.
I followed a curriculum like this in my DataCamp course (you can take the first chapter for free). The first chapter, for example, introduces %>% and several dplyr functions (filter/mutate/select/group_by/summarize/arrange), but also variable assignment, logical operators, %in%, and mean(x == 1). In the third chapter, I introduced lm alongside the broom and purrr packages.
I’m not saying this is the best possible R curriculum or the one you should follow, but it demonstrates the approach I’d recommend. Pairing each base R lesson with a problem it solves keeps the class interesting, and gives students the ability to apply the lessons in the future.
### Conclusion: You have permission not to be boring
I’ve made an awful lot of mistakes when I’ve taught R. (In one 2012 assignment I suggested that “advanced students” could use ggplot2 for extra credit. What was I thinking?!). If I had to describe my most common mistake, it would be something like:
• Programming is hard, therefore…
• People will need to learn some boring material, therefore…
• I should get boring material “out of the way” first
To a teacher, starting with boring material feels like a safe choice, because we associate boring material with what’s necessary and reliable.
If there’s one piece of advice I wish I could communicate to my past self, it’s “You have permission not to be boring.” Something being boring doesn’t make it necessary: often material is boring because it’s not solving a problem the students have. Something being boring doesn’t make it reliable, either. If students forget what you taught them, they can’t be relied upon to use it well.
In time, students will learn the “boring” material when they need to, during the thousands of hours it takes to become a proficient programmer. An introductory course has a different and important responsibility: to convince people that R is worth learning. And tidyverse packages are a powerful tool towards that goal.
1. Note that this post applies equally well to the data.table package, which also supports group-by thinking and gives students powerful options quickly. I personally prefer teaching dplyr (I find the syntax simpler), but it’s not a strong opinion, and I’ve taught data.table to beginners before).
2. Note that these goals would be different in programming classes that aren’t about analyzing data. But the philosophy still holds: if you were teaching a course on web development, you should get students to make a simple website on the first day, not spend the first six weeks talking about variable types in Javascript.
3. It’s also worth noting that you can skip over some matrix operations with my widyr package, rather than converting a data frame into a matrix, performing an operation, and turning the result back into a data frame. This wouldn’t be the right approach in mathematical education, but it’s useful in exploratory analysis. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2454792559146881, "perplexity": 1675.5787196244705}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499967.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202070522-20230202100522-00542.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-solve-and-graph-the-compound-inequality-3x-9-or-8x-8 | Algebra
Topics
# How do you solve and graph the compound inequality 3x < -9 or 8x > -8 ?
May 8, 2015
(1) 3x < -9 -> x < -3
(2) 8x > -8 -> x > -1
On a number line, plot the 2 points (-1) and (-3). These 2 points create a segment (-1, -3) and 2 rays.
Try the origin x = 0 on the right ray,. -> 0 > -1 . OK . Then O is located on the true ray. It means the right ray belongs to the solution set. By symmetry, the left ray also belongs to the solution set.
Finally, the solution set is the 2 open intervals (-infinity, -3) and (-1, +infinity)
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https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/publications/falling-through-the-black-hole-horizon-3 | # Falling through the black hole horizon
Ram Brustein, A. J.M. Medved
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
4 Scopus citations
## Abstract
Abstract: We consider the fate of a small classical object, a “stick”, as it falls through the horizon of a large black hole (BH). Classically, the equivalence principle dictates that the stick is affected by small tidal forces, and Hawking’s quantum-mechanical model of BH evaporation makes essentially the same prediction. If, on the other hand, the BH horizon is surrounded by a “firewall”, the stick will be consumed as it falls through. We have recently extended Hawking’s model by taking into account the quantum fluctuations of the geometry and the classical back-reaction of the emitted particles. Here, we calculate the train exerted on the falling stick for our model. The strain depends on the near-horizon state of the Hawking pairs. We find that, after the Page time when the state of the pairs deviates significantly from maximal entanglement (as required by unitarity), the induced strain in our semiclassical model is still parametrically small. This is because the number of the disentangled pairs is parametrically smaller than the BH entropy. A firewall does, however, appear if the number of disentangled pairs near the horizon is of order of the BH entropy, as implicitly assumed in previous discussions in the literature.
Original language English 89 Journal of High Energy Physics 2015 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2015)089 Published - 19 Jun 2015
## Keywords
• Black Holes
• Models of Quantum Gravity
## Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Falling through the black hole horizon'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8256433606147766, "perplexity": 1207.2925506035556}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531779.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520093441-20220520123441-00113.warc.gz"} |
http://blog.geomblog.org/2015/01/ | ## Thursday, January 29, 2015
### More FOCS 2014-blogging
In the spirit of better late than never, some more updates from Amirali Abdullah from his sojourn at FOCS 2014. Previously, he had blogged about the higher-order Fourier analysis workshop at FOCS.
I'll discuss now the first official day of FOCS, with a quick digression into the food first: the reception was lovely, with some nice quality beverages, and delectable appetizers which I munched on to perhaps some slight excess. As for the lunches given to participants, I will think twice in future about selecting a kosher option under dietary restrictions. One hopes for a little better than a microwave instant meal at a catered lunch, with the clear plastic covering still awaiting being peeled off. In fairness to the organizers, once I decided to revert to the regular menu on the remaining days, the chicken and fish were perfectly tasty.
I will pick out a couple of the talks I was most interested in to summarize briefly. This is of course not necessarily a reflection of comparative quality or scientific value; just which talk titles caught my eye.
The first talk is "Discrepancy minimization for convex sets" by Thomas Rothvoss. The basic setup of a discrepany problem is this: consider a universe of $n$ elements, $[n]$ and a set system of $m$ sets ($m$ may also be infinite), $S = \{S_1, S_2, \ldots, S_m \}$, where $S_i \subset [n]$. Then we want to find a $2$-coloring $\chi : [n] \to \{-1, +1 \}$ such that each set is as evenly colored as possible. The discrepany then measures how unevenly colored some set $S_i \in S$ must be under the best possible coloring.
One fundamental result is that of Spencer, which shows there always exists a coloring of discrepancy $O(\sqrt{n})$. This shaves a logarithmic factor off of a simple random coloring, and the proof is non-constructive. This paper by Rothvoss gives the first algorithm that serves as a constructive proof of the theorem.
The first (well-known) step is that Spencer's theorem can be recast as a problem in convex geometry. Each set $S_i$ can be converted to a geometric constraint in $R^n$, namely define a region $x \in R^n : \{ \sum_{j \in S_i} | x_j | \leq 100 \sqrt{n} \}$. Now the intersection of these set of constraints define a polytope $K$, and iff $K$ contains a point of the hypercube $\{-1 , +1 \}^n$ then this corresponds to the valid low discrepancy coloring.
One can also of course do a partial coloring iteratively - if a constant fraction of the elements can be colored with low discrepancy, it suffices to repeat.
The algorithm is surprisingly simple and follows from the traditional idea of trying to solve a discrete problem from the relaxation. Take a point $y$ which is generated from the sphercial $n$-dimensional Gaussian with variance 1. Now find the point $x$ closest to $y$ that lies in the intersection of the constraint set $K$ with the continuous hypercube $[-1, +1]^n$. (For example, by using the polynomial time ellipsoid method.) It turns out some constant fraction of the coordinates of $x$ are actually tight(i.e, integer valued in $\{-1, +1 \}$) and so $x$ turns out to be a good partial coloring.
To prove this, the paper shows that with high probability all subsets of $[-1 +1]^n$ with very few tight coordinates are far from the starting point $y$. Whereas with high probability, the intersection of $K$ with some set having many tight coordinates is close to $y$. This boils down to showing the latter has sufficiently large Gaussian measure, and can be shown by standard tools in convex analysis and probabilitiy theory. Or to rephrase, the proof works by arguing about the isoperimetry of the concerned sets.
The other talk I'm going to mention from the first day is by Karl Bringmann on the hardness of computing the Frechet distance between two curves. The Frechet distance is a measure of curve similarity, and is often popularly described as follows: "if a man and a dog each walk along two curves, each with a designated start and finish point, what is the shortest length leash required?"
The problem is solvable in $O(n^2)$ time by simple dynamic programming, and has since been improved to $O(n^2 / \log n)$ by Agarwal, Avraham, Kaplan and Sharir. It has long been conjectured that there is no strongly subquadratic algorithm for the Frechet distance. (A strongly subquadratic algorithm being defined as $O(n^{2 -\delta})$ complexity for some constant $\delta$, as opposed to say $O(n^2 / polylog(n))$.)
The work by Bringmann shows this conjecture to be true, assuming SETH (the Strongly Exponential Time Hypothesis), or more precisely that there is no $O*((2- \delta)^N)$ algorithm for CNF-SAT. The hardness result holds for both the discrete and continuous versions of the Frechet distance, as well as for any $1.001$ approximation.
The proof works on a high level by directly reducing an instance of CNF-SAT to two curves where the Frechet distance is smaller than $1$ iff the instance is satisfiable. Logically, one can imagine the set of variables are split into two halves, and assigned to each curve. Each curve consists of a collection of "clause and assignment" gadgets, which encode whether all clauses are satisfied by a particular partial assignment. A different such gadget is created for each possible partial assignment, so that there are $O*(2^{N/2})$ vertices in each curve. (This is why solving Frechet distance by a subquadratic algorithm would imply a violation of SETH.)
There are many technical and geometric details required in the gadgets which I won't go into here. I will note admiringly that the proof is surprisingly elementary. No involved machinery or complexity result is needed in the clever construction of the main result; mostly just explicit computations of the pairwise distances between the vertices of the gadgets.
I will have one more blog post in a few days about another couple of results I thought were interesting, and then comment on the Knuth Prize lecture by the distinguished Dick Lipton.
## Tuesday, January 27, 2015
### Streaming @ SODA: Part II
This is the second of two posts by Samira Daruki on the streaming sessions at SODA 2015. For the first post, see here.
In the third paper from the streaming graph family in SODA15: "Parameterized Streaming: Maximal Matching and Vertex Cover", Chitnis, Cormode, Hajiaghayi and Monemizadeh introduce a new approach to handling graph streams called parameterized streaming algorithms. Also, in addition to insertion-only model, they consider the dynamic model of streaming graphs in which the input is a sequence of insertion/deletion on the edges.
This dynamic model of streaming graph processing is popular when the graph size is changing, and has recently received much attention due to breakthroughs by Ahn, Guha and McGregor (one, and two). Over these two papers, they showed the first results for a number of graph problems over dynamic streams. This has provoked much interest into what can be computed over dynamic graph streams, although still there is not much work on solving graph optimization problems in this model. The challenge here is that when an edge is deleted, sometimes it requires a substantial work to repair the solution again, so we need to make sure that the algorithm has enough information to do so, while keeping only a bounded amount of working space. (ed: not surprisingly, some of these ideas are useful for non-streaming dynamic graph algorithms: witness the paper by Kapron, King and Mountjoy on dynamic connectivity in (randomized) worst-case polylog time from SODA a few years ago)
Returning to parametrized streaming, in this paper instead of solving exactly the optimization problem on the graph stream, the goal is to solve the “parametrized” version of the problem, where the parameter $k$ is given and we want to solve the following decision problem:
Is there a solution with size bounded by $k$?
The motivation behind parametrizing the problem comes from real world applications in which the solution of the graph problems is small comparing to the size of the input (i.e. sublinear in the size of input). In these cases, the interesting challenge is to solve the optimization graph problems in streaming fashion using space bounded by some function of the “solution size” instead of the “input size”.
To solve the parameterized problems, one of the techniques which is used is kernelization, which uses a polynomial time preprocessing to map the input to another equivalent input of smaller size $f(k)$ (called a kernel) with a new parameter value $k’ \le g(k)$, for a computable function $g$.
In this paper, by combining kernelization techniques with randomized sketch structures, the first streaming algorithms for the parameterized versions of the Vertex Cover problem is obtained. The main idea here is to maintain a maximal matching of underlying graph in a streaming fashion. Then run the well-known kernelization algorithm for Vertex Cover on the maintained maximal matching. The data structure to maintain the maximal matching use the $k$-sample recovery sketching algorithm, which is a generalization of linear sketching for $\ell_0$-sampling, as the main tool and apply it to the neighborhood of each vertex (incident edges) in the resulted matching. So as the edges are inserted or deleted, these sketches can be updated without needing knowledge of the full neighborhood of nodes. However, there are some challenges with deletion of edges: as the edges are deleted we need to have an intelligent mechanism to ensure the matching remains maximal using only limited stored information.
Another nice result here is showing a tight lower bound of $\Omega(k^2)$ (by reducing from the INDEX problem in communication complexity) for the space complexity of any (randomized) streaming algorithms for parameterized Vertex Cover, which holds even in the insertion-only model.
Besides the general models of insert-only and dynamic, another restricted model in dynamic framework is also discussed in which we know for sure that at time $i$, the size of the vertex cover of underlying graph induced by the edges till that point is at most $k$. With this promise, they develop a dynamic parameterized streaming algorithm whose space usage matches the proved lower bound.
It is interesting to think about other NP-hard problems in the framework of parameterized streaming and explore how kernelization can be helpful in this direction or see whether we can find other powerful hammers to overcome the challenges which arises in designing algorithms for hard problems in streaming setting.
Coda:
Along with the three papers discussed above, there was another paper on streaming presented at SODA (by Naumovitz and Saks) which provides a deterministic polylogarithmic-space streaming algorithm for approximating distance to monotonicity for a sequence of $n$ numbers, compared to the corresponding randomized result presented at SODA two years ago.
While I won't discuss this work here so as to keep these posts just about streaming graph algorithms, I encourage the interested readers to take a look at this paper as well, as the last one in the streaming family of SODA15.
### Streaming @ SODA: Part I
This two part series is written by my student Samira Daruki
Modern graph data sets are too large to fit in the memory. And so the streaming model is one of the more popular and attractive ones for analyzing massive graphs: in this model, for an input graph $G = (V, E)$ with $n$ vertices and $m$ edges, the edges arrive in an arbitrary order in a stream and the algorithm can only use $\tilde{O}(n)$ space. The algorithm is allowed to have several passes over the stream but usually the ideal case is to have just one pass.
For many graph problems such as matching, spanning tree, graph sparsification, approximate distance and counting subgraphs there now exist streaming algorithms with space complexity $O(n \text{poly} (\log n))$. In these algorithms, usually we assume that the nodes of the graphs can be stored in memory but edges cannot. Notice that for constructing matchings, spanners and sparsifiers, the output size is often $\Omega(n)$, so it forces the streaming algorithm to use $\Omega(n)$ space.
But if you don't need to report the output, then this can be avoided. For an example, see the work of Kapralov, Khanna and Sudan from SODA 2014 which approximates the matching size to a $\text{poly}(\log n)$ factor using $\text{poly}(\log n)$ space in a random stream (where edges appear in a random order rather than arbitrarily)
Thus, the question now is:
can we obtain a $\text{poly}\log$ space streaming algorithm for approximating the solution cost for other graph problems?
Consider for instance MAX-CUT. There are several results on approximating the maximum cut in graphs in a non-streaming model; the trivial approach is to take a random cut. This selects half of the edges in expectation, resulting in a factor $1/2$-approximation.
Thus implies that in a streaming model we can just count the number of edges $m$ and output $\frac{m}{2}$ which results in a $O(\log n)$-space algorithm. By keeping a sample of the edge set we can get a different tradeoff: a $(1+\epsilon)$-approximation algorithm which uses $O(\frac{n}{\epsilon^2})$ space.
Can we get a streaming algorithm with better than factor-$2$ approximation using just $poly(\log n)$ space?
A paper by Kapralov, Khanna and Sudan in the streaming session of SODA15 this year answers this question. This is the latest in a line of results on streaming graph problems by Kapralov and others from SODA 2012, 2013 and 2014 (mentioned above)
Here is their main result
For any constant $\epsilon > 0$ a single pass streaming algorithm for approximating the value of MAX-CUT to a factor $2 − \epsilon$ requires $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$ space, even in the random order model.
This result rules out the possibility of $\text{poly}(\log n)$ space, but suggests that $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{n})$ space cost might be possible in some specific settings.
Another major result of this paper is as follows:
For any constant $\epsilon > 0$ a single pass streaming algorithm for approximating MAX-CUT value to factor $1 + \epsilon$ requires $n^{1−O(\epsilon)}$ space in adversarial streams.
The main fact they use here is the connection between the MAX CUT value and (distance from) bipartiteness:
if a graph $G$ with $m$ edges is $\beta$-far from being bipartite, then maxcut value of $G$ is at most $(1-\beta)m$.
The other simple observation is that any algorithm that computes a $\gamma$-approximation to MAX CUT distinguishes between bipartite graphs and graphs that are $1-\frac{1}{\gamma}$-far from being bipartite. Thus to show that no streaming algorithm using space $c$ can achieve a $\gamma$- approximation with failure probability at most $\delta$, it's enough enough to show no streaming algorithm using space $c$ can distinguish between bipartite graphs and graphs which are $1- \frac{1}{\gamma}$-far from being bipartite with probability at least $1- \delta$.
Given these facts, now the core idea to prove the main result here is exhibiting a distribution over inputs where $(2-\epsilon)$ approximation to MAX-CUT requires $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$ space.
More precisely, the input graph instances are based on random Erdos-Renyi graphs, which are either bipartite in YES case or non-bipartite in the NO case. In order to achieve a $(2-\epsilon)$-factor gap for the MAX CUT in this structure, we choose the expected degree of vertices to be $\Theta(\frac{1}{\epsilon^2})$.
This way, the input streaming graph can be partitioned and given to the algorithm in $\Omega(\frac{1}{\epsilon^2})$ phases, which can be simulated as a $\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}$-party one-way communication game.
Then, by giving a reduction from a variation of Boolean Hidden Matching(BHM) called Distributional Boolean Hidden Partition(D-BHP) to the MAX-CUT on the input instance of the problem, and showing that $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$ space is necessary to differentiate between these two cases, the main streaming lower bound result for obtaining approximate MAX-CUT is straightforward.
There are many technical details in performing this reduction, but roughly speaking they show that any algorithm that solves MAX-CUT on the constructed instances must solve the two-party communication problem in at least one of the phases.
There are still some main open problems left in this paper:
• One is whether breaking $2$-approximation barrier in $\sqrt{n}$ space is possible if we are allowed to have $poly(\log n)$ passes over the input stream?
• Also it is interesting to think about designing streaming algorithms for other graph problems using $o(n)$ space.
This brings us to another paper presented in this session. In Streaming Algorithms for Estimating the Matching Size in Planar Graphs and Beyond (by Esfandiari, Hajiaghayi, Liaghat, Monemizadeh and Onak), this latter question is answered about finding the maximum matching for planar graphs using $o(n)$ space.
Here is the main result:
If the underlying graph is planar, then there is a streaming algorithm which provides a $O(1)$-approximation solution to maximum matching with high probability using $O(n^{\frac{2}{3}})$ space.
The main idea for proving the result here is to use a known structural graph property:
If we characterize the nodes of the input graph based on the degrees to two groups of light (deg < 9) and heavy (deg > 9) vertices and then define the shallow edges as the ones with two light endpoints, then we have the following nice property: (Assuming |maximum matching| = m, |shallow edges| = s and | heavy vertices| = h):
$$\frac{\max (s, h)}{12} \leq m \leq h + s$$
Then using this structural fact as the main tool, constructing a small size matching (bounded by $c n^{\frac{2}{3}}$) as we read the edges in a greedy manner, and estimating the number of shallow edges and heavy vertices in the induced subgraph by a subset of sampled vertices with size $c n^{\frac{2}{3}}$, we can approximate the size of the maximum matching by a constant factor.
In addition to planar case, they show that similar results for approximating maximum matching in other graph structures such as $d$-degenerate graphs and forests are achievable.
Coming up: parametrized streaming and VERTEX COVER.
## Thursday, January 15, 2015
### Brief Review of the post-SODA workshop on algorithmic challenges in machine learning.
My student +John Moeller attended the workshop on algorithmic challenges in machine learning organized by +Shachar Lovett and +Kamalika Chaudhuri after SODA. He wrote up a brief report of some papers that he liked.
## Monday, January 12, 2015
### FOCS Workshop on higher-order Fourier analysis: A Review
This is a guest post by my student Amirali Abdullah. Amirali attended FOCS 2014 and has a number of interesting reflections on the conference.
2014 was my first experience of attending a FOCS conference, and finally seeing the faces* (attached to some of the cutting edge as well as classical results in theoretical computer science. Not only did I get to enjoy the gentle strolls between conference halls, and hearing about fields I'd never known existed, I had the pleasure of doing so while revisiting historic Philadelphia.
With the talk videos now available, I thought now would be a good time to revisit some of the talks and my thoughts on the event. The usual disclaimers apply - this will be by no means comprehensive, and I won't go into the technicalities in much depth.
I'll begin with the first day, where I chose to attend the workshop on Higher-Order Fourier analysis. The starting point is that for the study of a function $f$, it is standard to consider its correlations with the Fourier basis of exponential functions (i.e., of the form $e(x) = e^{2 \pi \iota x}$) (also called as linear phase functions). This basis is orthonormal and has many nice analytic properties.
A standard technique is to decompose a function $f$ into the heavy components of its Fourier basis, and then argue that the contribution of the lower weight components is negligible. This gives a decompositon $f= f_1+ f_2$, where $f_1$ has few non-zero Fourier coefficients, and $f_2$ has all Fourier coefficients close to 0. Another way to view this under certain perspectives is $f_1$ representing the structured part of $f$ and $f_2$ the pseudorandom part.
However for some applications, the analysis of correlation with quadratic (or even higher order) phase functions of the form $e(x) = e^{2 \pi \iota x^2}$ is more powerful and indeed required. (An example of such a problem is where given a function on the integers, one desires to study its behavior on arithmetic progressions of length four or more.)
A subtlety in the study of higher order Fourier analysis is that notions such as "tail" and "weight" now have to be redefined. For regular Fourier analysis (at least on the Hamming cube) the natural notion corresponds with the $\ell_2^2$ norm or the linear correlation of a function and a linear basis element. However, in higher order Fourier analysis one has to define norms known as the Gowers uniformity norms which capture higher order correlations with these higher degree functions. This yields a decomposition of $f = f_1 + f_2 + f_3$, where $f_1$ consists of few non-zero higher order phase functions, $f_2$ has small $\ell_2$ norm and $f_3$ has small \emph{Gower's norm} under the right notion.
There were several talks discussing the various subfields of higher order Fourier analysis. Madhur Tulsiani discussed some of the algorithmic questions, including computing such a decomposition of the function into higher order Fourier terms in an analog of the Goldreich-Levin algorithm. Yui Yoshida discussed applications to algebraic property testing.
Abhishek Bhowmick discussed his very interesting paper with Lovett showing that the list-decoding radius of the Reed-Muller code over finite prime fields equals (approximately) the minimum distance of the code. The application of Fourier order analysis here is essentially to decompose the input space of the code by high-degree polynomials so that any random distribution is well-spread over these partition atoms.
I thought the workshop was an interesting exposure to some deep mathematics I had not previously seen, and gave some good pointers to the literature/work I can consult if I ever want a richer understanding of the toolset in the field.
Note: Thanks to Terry Tao's book on the subject for some useful background and context. All mistakes in this post are entirely mine. For a much more comprehensive, mathematically correct and broad view on the subject, do check out his blog.
* One can of course claim that 'seeing faces' could also include the digital images on faculty and student websites snapped in haste or misleading poses, but I choose to ignore this subtlety.
### Privacy is dead, but not because Scott McNealy said so.
I decided to experiment with using Medium for a long-form not-quite technical post on the evolution of research in data privacy.
The idea of privacy has driven much of our concerns over data for the last few years, and has been the driver of extremely successful research efforts, most notably in differential privacy.What we’re seeing now though is a pivot away from the undifferentiated and problematic notion of privacy in data towards a more subtle and nuanced notion of how data is actually used, and how it should be used.
Here's the post: Medium allows this nifty way of commenting inline, so comment away there, or here. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8133829832077026, "perplexity": 557.8835561726578}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077810.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414095300-20210414125300-00609.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-find-the-asymptotes-for-y-7x-2-x-2-3x-4 | Precalculus
Topics
# How do you find the asymptotes for y= (7x-2) /( x^2-3x-4)?
Jan 14, 2016
The asymptotes of any expression are found by defining what happens to the expression when $x \to \infty$ or $x \to - \infty$ or when $y \to \infty$
#### Explanation:
The asymptotes of any expression are found by defining what happens to the expression when $x \to \infty$ or $x \to - \infty$ or when $y \to \infty$
In this case $y = \frac{7 x + 2}{{x}^{2} - 3 x - 4}$ or $\frac{7 x - 2}{\left(x - 4\right) \left(x + 1\right)}$
Hence when $x \to 4$ or $x \to - 1$ then $y \to \infty$. Therefore there are vertical asymptotes at $x = 4$ and at $x = - 1$
${\lim}_{x \to \pm \infty} \frac{7 x - 2}{{x}^{2} - 3 x - 4} = {\lim}_{x \to \pm \infty} \frac{7}{x} = 0$
##### Impact of this question
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https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/69972/ | Abstract
The paper states that the subject of irrigation in Roman Hispania is often neglected in modern scholarship, and points out the problems and questions arising from this subject, such as the general importance of irrigation on the Iberian Peninsula, the role of the arabic conquest in it, and the interpretation of archaeological evidence. By providing a possible classification of irrigation systems, a case study of the Ebro valley and an overview of irrigation infrastructure in the remaining parts of the Iberian Peninsula, the authors draw preliminary conclusions on the relation of irrigation infrastructure and privileged Roman settlements and suggest that irrigation played a bigger role in the economy of Roman Hispania than generally assumed.
Abstract
The paper states that the subject of irrigation in Roman Hispania is often neglected in modern scholarship, and points out the problems and questions arising from this subject, such as the general importance of irrigation on the Iberian Peninsula, the role of the arabic conquest in it, and the interpretation of archaeological evidence. By providing a possible classification of irrigation systems, a case study of the Ebro valley and an overview of irrigation infrastructure in the remaining parts of the Iberian Peninsula, the authors draw preliminary conclusions on the relation of irrigation infrastructure and privileged Roman settlements and suggest that irrigation played a bigger role in the economy of Roman Hispania than generally assumed. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8072624206542969, "perplexity": 2230.5146159154533}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335124.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928051515-20220928081515-00205.warc.gz"} |
http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/11687/md5-theoretical-question | # MD5 theoretical question
Ok, so this is a very possible stupid question, but one of those things that has sat at the back of my mind for a while.
We all know that MD5 has issues, and these have been known for about a decade. So this is theoretical. I'm not considering using it for anything.
Question is this. If MD5 generates a 32 digit number in hex, given that 32 is finite, and we can hash longer and longer values, didn't we know from the offset that MD5 had to have collision issues?
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There is a difference between collisions existing and actually being able to find them. – CodesInChaos Nov 12 '13 at 16:01
Basically all hash functions have this "problem". Pretty much all are finite in length.
The real problem happens when collisions can be generated in less work than brute force. Due to the birthday problem with an $n$-bit hash function we would expect to see a collision after computing $n/2$ digests. If $n$ is large enough (say $n=160$) we would not expect any realistic adversary to be able to generate collisions.
A hash function is broken when someone can demonstrate collisions in fewer than $n/2$ operations.
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Thanks. That makes sense. It was the way that it gets referred to. – Seej Nov 12 '13 at 16:33
Because MD5 has a 128 bit output, we knew up front that we could find an MD5 collision by simply hashing $2^{64}$ values; with that many values, we're likely to see the same output twice (Birthday Paradox).
Today, $2^{64}$ would not be considered sufficient; there are currently large entities that could perform that much work, if it was important enough. However, when MD5 was originally designed (1991), the amount of computer resources any adversary might have was significantly less; $2^{64}$ was plausibly "more than anyone could reasonably have".
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Ah, that explains it. Essentially the confusion was just a terminology confusion. – Seej Nov 12 '13 at 16:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.660625159740448, "perplexity": 783.1268919211088}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111620.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00067-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=48886 | ## Morton Raymond Dubman
Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles 1970
Dissertation: Estimates of the Renewal Function When the Second Moment Is Infinite | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9189598560333252, "perplexity": 1964.3180198836185}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103639050.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629115352-20220629145352-00076.warc.gz"} |
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/converting_decimals_to_fractions/converting_decimal_to_mixed_number_and_an_improper_fraction_in_simplest_form_basic_online_quiz.htm | Converting a decimal to a mixed number and an improper fraction in simplest form: Basic Online Quiz
Following quiz provides Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) related to Converting a decimal to a mixed number and an improper fraction in simplest form: Basic. You will have to read all the given answers and click over the correct answer. If you are not sure about the answer then you can check the answer using Show Answer button. You can use Next Quiz button to check new set of questions in the quiz.
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 4.6 is read as 4 and 6 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $4\frac{6}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $4\frac{29}{100} = 4\frac{3}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 4 × 5 + 3 = 23. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $4\frac{3}{5} = \frac{23}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 5.8 is read as 5 and 8 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $5\frac{8}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $5\frac{8}{10} = 5\frac{4}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 5 × 5 + 4 = 29. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $5\frac{4}{5} = \frac{29}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 6.6 is read as 6 and 6 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $6\frac{6}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $6\frac{6}{10} = 6\frac{6}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 6 × 5 + 3 = 33. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $6\frac{3}{5} = \frac{33}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 7.2 is read as 7 and 2 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $7\frac{2}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $7\frac{2}{10} = 7\frac{1}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 7 × 5 + 1 = 36. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $7\frac{1}{5} = \frac{36}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 8.2 is read as 8 and 2 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $8\frac{2}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $8\frac{2}{10} = 8\frac{1}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 8 × 5 + 1 = 41. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $8\frac{1}{5} = \frac{41}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 9.6 is read as 9 and 6 tenths. So it is written as a mixed number $9\frac{6}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $9\frac{6}{10} = 9\frac{3}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 9 × 5 + 3 = 48. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $9\frac{3}{5} = \frac{48}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 10.2 is read as 10 and 2 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $10\frac{2}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $10\frac{2}{10} = 10\frac{1}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 10 × 5 + 1 = 51. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $10\frac{1}{5} = \frac{51}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 12.4 is read as 12 and 4 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $12\frac{4}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $12\frac{4}{10} = 12\frac{2}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 12 × 5 + 2 = 62. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $12\frac{2}{5} = \frac{62}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 15.8 is read as 15 and 8 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $15\frac{8}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $15\frac{8}{10} = 15\frac{4}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 15 × 5 + 4 = 64. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $15\frac{4}{5} = \frac{64}{5}$
Explanation
Step 1:
The decimal 16.4 is read as 16 and 4 tenths. So, it is written as a mixed number $16\frac{4}{10}$
Step 2:
In simplest form $16\frac{4}{10} = 16\frac{2}{5}$
Step 3:
The same number is converted into an improper fraction as follows. 16 × 5 + 2 = 82. This the numerator of the improper fraction and 5 is the denominator.
So, $16\frac{2}{5} = \frac{82}{5}$
converting_decimal_to_mixed_number_and_an_improper_fraction_in_simplest_form_basic.htm | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8754722476005554, "perplexity": 722.1797380961559}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863650.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620143814-20180620163814-00357.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/106709/why-are-s-arithmetic-groups-interesting?sort=votes | # Why are $S$-arithmetic groups interesting?
Let $K$ be a number field and $S$ a finite set of valuations of $K$, including $\infty$.
Define the $S$-numbers $K_S$ to be the direct product $\prod_{s \in S} K_s$ where $K_s$ denotes the completion of $K$ at the valuation $s$.
Define the $S$-integers $\mathcal{O}_S$ to be the subset of $K$ consisting of the elements $x$ such that $|x|_s \geq 0$ when $s \notin S$.
Example: Let $K = \mathbb{Q}$ and $S = \{\infty, p_1, \ldots, p_n \}$. Then we have
$$K_S = \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{Q}_{p_1} \times \cdots \times \mathbb{Q}_{p_n}$$ $$\mathcal{O}_S = \mathbb{Z}[p_1^{-1},\ldots,p_n^{-1}]$$
Note that these rings come with topologies induced from the topologies on the completions $K_s$.
Furthermore, we can define algebraic groups over $K_S$ such as, for example
$$\mathbf{GL}_m(K_S) = \prod_{s \in S} \mathbf{GL}_m(K_s)$$
Here are my questions:
Why is it interesting to study groups in the $S$-arithmetic setting such as $\mathbf{GL}_m(\mathcal{O}_S)$ or $\mathbf{GL}_m(K_S)$?
In particular, is there some classical problem that is solved by using $S$-arithmetic groups, or one that served to launch the study of $S$-arithmetic groups? Perhaps some relevant (famous) names would be Borel, Harish-Chandra, Siegel, Weil, Tits, etc.
It is easy to believe that number theorists would be interested in studying a ring such as $\mathbb{Z}[p_1^{-1},\ldots,p_n^{-1}]$, although I don't really know why and I would like to hear more.
I am also aware that $\mathbf{GL}_m(K_S)$ is a natural locally compact group in which one can realize $\mathbf{GL}_m(\mathbb{Z}[p_1^{-1},\ldots,p_n^{-1}])$ as a discrete subgroup. Why one would care about this, I am also not sure. I imagine it has something to do with studying functions on the quotient and things such as Tamagawa numbers. Perhaps some representation theory is involved.
-
For connected reductive $G$ over $K$ it can be useful to consider open subgroups of $G(A_K)$ of the form $G(K_S) \times U$ for a compact open subgroup $U$ of $G(A_K^S)$. This meets $G(K)$ in an $S$-arithmetic subgroup. Note also that a typical finitely generated subgroup of GL$_n(K)$ cannot be conjugated inside GL$_n(O_K)$ but lies in GL$_n(O_{K,S})$ for some $S$. Overall, $S$-arithmetic groups give a robust theory of "integrality away from $S$" inside $G(K)$ that isn't tied to a specific flat affine $O_{K,S}$-model of $G$ (no reductive one may exist!) and it's "functorial" in $G$ over $K$. – grp Sep 9 '12 at 21:58
Finitely generated subgroups of $GL_n(\overline{Q})$ actually lie inside an $S$-arithmetic subgroup. – Ian Agol Sep 9 '12 at 23:47
@Agol: Yes indeed, and more generally any finitely generated subgroup of $G(\overline{K})$ lies inside an $S$-arithmetic subgroup of $G(F)$ for some finite extension $F$ of $K$ inside $\overline{K}$ and a finite set $S$ of places of $F$. I prefer to think about passage to "$S$-statements" as something we do after first getting everything over a single number field; i.e., once we've gotten ourselves inside $G(F) = G_F(F)$ for a specific number field $F$ then we "spread out" to an $S$-integral statement over $F$, with $S$ living on $F$. – grp Sep 10 '12 at 0:19
The study of discrete subgroups in real Lie groups, starting with the classical modular group, has been a natural meeting place for geometry, number theory, group theory. Analogous groups over nonarchimedean local fields have become prominent in such questions as the Congruence Subgroup Problem; but here the nature of discrete subgroups is much less obvious. Serre points out right away the difficulty one has when taking products of locally compact groups over a mixture of fields (as in the use of adeles in number theory). For example, when $p$ is a fixed prime and $S$ consists of the infinite prime together with $p$, the $S$-arithmetic group $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z}[1/p])$ fails to be discrete in $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})$ as well as in $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{Q}_p)$. But it is discrete in the direct product of these two locally compact groups.
It seems worth reflecting (a bit!) on the case of GL$_1$. Clearly $O_{K,S}^{\times}$ and its finite-index subgroups are the arithmetic subgroups of ${\rm{GL}}_1(K) = K^{\times}$ (relative to the $K$-group ${\rm{GL}}_1$). Chevalley's theorem that this satisfies the congruence subgroup property is crucial for defining Serre tori, which underlie the clean formulation of the important Artin-Weil theorem relating CM fields to general algebraic Hecke characters (the definition of which doesn't explicitly mention CM fields). It doesn't need a general theory of $S$-arithmeticity, but is so classical. – grp Sep 10 '12 at 4:58 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7830002903938293, "perplexity": 272.80407771574494}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00054-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://ww2.mathworks.cn/help/lte/ref/lteofdmmodulate.html | # lteOFDMModulate
OFDM modulation
## Syntax
``````[waveform,info] = lteOFDMModulate(enb,grid)``````
``````[waveform,info] = lteOFDMModulate(enb,grid,windowing)``````
## Description
example
``````[waveform,info] = lteOFDMModulate(enb,grid)``` performs DC subcarrier insertion, inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) calculation, cyclic prefix insertion, and optional raised cosine windowing and overlapping of adjacent OFDM symbols of the complex symbols in the resource array, `grid`. `grid` is a 3-D array containing the resource elements (REs) for a number of subframes across all configured antenna ports, as described in Representing Resource Grids. It could also be multiple concatenated matrices to give multiple subframes, using concatenation across the columns or second dimension. The antenna planes in `grid` are each OFDM modulated to yield the columns of the output `waveform`.`grid` can span multiple subframes. Windowing and overlapping are applied between all adjacent OFDM symbols, including the last of one subframe and the first of the next. Therefore, a different result is obtained than if `lteOFDMModulate` is called on individual subframes and then those time-domain waveforms are concatenated. In that case, the resulting waveform has discontinuities at the start or end of each subframe. It is recommended that all subframes for OFDM modulation first be concatenated before calling `lteOFDMModulate` on the resulting multi-subframe array. However, individual subframes can be OFDM modulated and the resulting multi-subframe time-domain waveform created by manual overlapping.```
``````[waveform,info] = lteOFDMModulate(enb,grid,windowing)``` allows control of the number of windowed and overlapped samples used in the time-domain windowing, specified by the `windowing` parameter. The value of `enb``.``Windowing`, if present, is ignored, and the output, `info``.``Windowing` is set to `windowing`. ```
## Examples
collapse all
Perform OFDM modulation of one subframe of random uniformly-distributed noise using a 10 MHz two-antenna configuration.
```enb = struct('NDLRB',50,'CyclicPrefix','Normal','CellRefP',2); dims = lteDLResourceGridSize(enb); regrid = reshape(lteSymbolModulate(randi([0,1],prod(dims)*2,1), ... 'QPSK'),dims); waveform = lteOFDMModulate(enb,regrid);```
## Input Arguments
collapse all
Cell-wide settings, specified as a structure. `enb` can contain the following fields.
Parameter FieldRequired or OptionalValuesDescription
`CyclicPrefix`Optional
`'Normal'` (default), `'Extended'`
Cyclic prefix length
`Windowing`Optional
Nonnegative scalar integer
Number of time-domain samples over which windowing and overlapping of OFDM symbols is applied
See note.
### Note
If `enb``.``Windowing` is absent, a default value for the number of windowed and overlapped samples is used. The default value is chosen as a function of NRB to compromise between the effective duration of cyclic prefix, and thus the channel delay spread tolerance, and the spectral characteristics of the transmitted signal, not considering any additional FIR filtering. The value used is returned in `info``.``Windowing`. If `enb.Windowing` is present, it must be even. The issues concerning concatenation of subframes before OFDM modulation do not apply when `enb``.``Windowing` is zero.
Data Types: `struct`
Resource elements, specified as a 3-D numeric array. `grid` stores the resource elements for a number of subframes across all configured antenna ports. `grid` is an M-by-N-by-P array, where M is the number of subcarriers, N is the number of OFDM symbols, and P is the number of antennas.
M must be a multiple of 12 REs per Resource Block, since number of resource blocks is NRB =M / 12. N must be a multiple of the number of symbols in a subframe, L, where L is 14 for normal cyclic prefix and 12 for extended cyclic prefix.
Data Types: `double`
Complex Number Support: Yes
OFDM sample span, specified as an even scalar integer. This input argument controls the number of windowed and overlapped samples used in the time-domain windowing. This value overwrites the value of the parameter field `enb``.Windowing`, if present.
Data Types: `double`
## Output Arguments
collapse all
OFDM modulated waveform, returned as a numeric matrix of size T-by-P, where P is the number of antennas and T is the number of time-domain samples. T = K × 30720 / 2048 × Nfft where Nfft is the IFFT size and K is the number of subframes in the input `grid`. Nfft is a function of the number of resource blocks (NRB), as shown in the following table.
NRBNfft
6128
15256
25512
501024
752048
1002048
In general, Nfft is the smallest power of 2 greater than or equal to `12*NRB/0.85`. It is the smallest FFT that spans all subcarriers and results in a bandwidth occupancy, `12*NRB/Nfft`, of no more than 85%.
Data Types: `double`
Complex Number Support: Yes
OFDM modulated waveform information, returned as a structure. `info` contains the following fields.
Time-domain waveform sampling rate, returned as a scalar value. `SamplingRate` = 30.72 MHz / 2048 × Nfft.
Data Types: `double`
Number of FFT points, returned as a scalar power of 2. `Nfft` is the smallest power of 2 greater than or equal to 12 × `NRB` / 0.85. It is the smallest FFT that spans all subcarriers and results in a bandwidth occupancy (12 × `NRB` / Nfft) of no more than 85%.
Data Types: `uint32`
OFDM sample span, returned as an even integer scalar. This parameter is the number of time-domain samples over which windowing and overlapping of OFDM symbols are applied.
Data Types: `int32`
Cyclic prefix length (in samples) of each OFDM symbol in a subframe.
info.NfftCyclicPrefixLengths
for `CyclicPrefix = 'Normal'`for `CyclicPrefix = 'Extended'`
2048[160 144 144 144 144 144 144 160 144 144 144 144 144 144][512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512]
1024[80 72 72 72 72 72 72 80 72 72 72 72 72 72][256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256]
512[40 36 36 36 36 36 36 40 36 36 36 36 36 36][128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 128]
256[20 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 18 18 18 18 18 18][64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64]
128[10 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 9][32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32]
### Note
For `info``.Nfft` < 2048, `info``.CyclicPrefixLengths` are the `CyclicPrefixLengths` for `info``.Nfft` = 2048 scaled by `info``.Nfft` / 2048.
Data Types: `uint32`
Data Types: `struct`
## Algorithms
collapse all
### Windowing
The use of the IFFT within the OFDM modulator constitutes the use of a rectangular pulse shape. This use of the IFFT means that discontinuities occur from one OFDM symbol to the next, resulting in out of band emissions. (Alternatively, considering the frequency domain, the frequency response of this rectangular pulse shape is a sinc pulse.) The discontinuities between OFDM symbols can be reduced by using windowing, which smooths the transitions between OFDM symbols. Within LTE Toolbox™, the windowing is performed as follows:
For Windowing = N samples, the cyclic prefix added to the nominal OFDM symbol extends by N additional samples.
This extended waveform is windowed by pointwise multiplication in the time domain with a raised cosine window, which applies a taper to the first N and last N samples, with all other values being 1. The y values in the first N samples are:
`$y=\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\mathrm{sin}\left(\pi \frac{N+1-2i}{2N}\right)\right),\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{where}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}i=1\dots N$`
The values in the last N samples are the same values in reverse order.
The windowed OFDM symbols are then overlapped by commencing transmission of each windowed OFDM symbol N samples before the end of the previous OFDM symbol. This overlapping ensures that the time between OFDM symbols is maintained as required by the standard. The taper at the start of the first OFDM symbol for transmission is removed and is overlapped with the taper at the end of the last OFDM symbol.
### Processing
The processing performed by this function is illustrated in the following diagram.
The number of samples used for windowing depends on the number of resource blocks and whether the cyclic prefix length is normal or extended. The number of samples is chosen in accordance with the maximum values implied by TS 36.101 [1], Tables F.5.3-1, and F.5.4-1.
Number of resource blocks (NRB)Windowing samples for normal cyclic prefixWindowing samples for extended cyclic prefix
6 4 4
15 6 6
25 4 4
50 6 6
75 8 8
100 8 8
The number of windowing samples is a compromise between the effective duration of cyclic prefix, and therefore the channel delay spread tolerance, and the spectral characteristics of the transmitted signal, not considering any additional FIR filtering. For a larger amount of windowing, the effective duration of the cyclic prefix is reduced but the transmitted signal spectrum has smaller out-of-band emissions.
## References
[1] 3GPP TS 36.101. “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception.” 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network. URL: https://www.3gpp.org. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6858426332473755, "perplexity": 1716.3294920323544}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145869.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224010150-20200224040150-00283.warc.gz"} |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greisen%E2%80%93Zatsepin%E2%80%93Kuzmin_limit | # Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit
The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit (GZK limit) is a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic rays (high energy charged particles from space) coming from "distant" sources. The limit is 5×1019 eV, or about 8 joules. The limit is set by slowing-interactions of cosmic ray protons with the microwave background radiation over long distances (~160 million light-years). The limit is at the same order of magnitude as the upper limit for energy at which cosmic rays have experimentally been detected. For example, one extreme-energy cosmic ray has been detected which appeared to possess a record 3.12×1020 eV (50 joules) of energy (about the same as the kinetic energy of a 60 mph baseball).
Cosmologists and theoretical physicists have regarded such observations as key in the search for explorations of physics in the energy realms which would require new theories of quantum gravity and other theories which predict events at the Planck scale. This is because protons at these extreme energies (3×1018 eV) are much closer to the Planck energy (about 1.22×1028 eV, or 2 billion joules) than any particles that can be made by current particle accelerators (2×1013 eV, or 3 millionths of a joule). They are thus suitable as a probe into realms where the theory of special relativity breaks down. Physicist Lee Smolin has written that if such cosmic rays which violate the GZK limit can be confirmed, and other possible explanations discounted, it "would be the most momentous discovery of the last hundred years—the first breakdown of the basic theories comprising the twentieth century's scientific revolution."[1]
## Computation of the GZK-limit
The limit was independently computed in 1966 by Kenneth Greisen,[2] Vadim Kuzmin, and Georgiy Zatsepin,[3] based on interactions between cosmic rays and the photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). They predicted that cosmic rays with energies over the threshold energy of 5×1019 eV would interact with cosmic microwave background photons $\gamma_{\rm CMB}$, relatively blueshifted by the speed of the cosmic rays, to produce pions via the $\Delta$ resonance,
$\gamma_{\rm CMB}+p\rightarrow\Delta^+\rightarrow p + \pi^0,$
or
$\gamma_{\rm CMB}+p\rightarrow\Delta^+\rightarrow n + \pi^+.$
Pions produced in this manner proceed to decay in the standard pion channels—ultimately to photons for neutral pions, and photons, positrons, and various neutrinos for positive pions. Neutrons decay also to similar products, so that ultimately the energy of any cosmic ray proton is drained off by production of high energy photons plus (in some cases) high energy electron/positron pairs and neutrino pairs.
The pion production process begins at a higher energy than ordinary electron-positron pair production (lepton production) from protons impacting the CMB, which starts at cosmic ray proton energies of only about 1017eV. However, pion production events drain 20% of the energy of a cosmic ray proton as compared with only 0.1% of its energy for electron positron pair production. This factor of 200 is from two sources: the pion has only about ~130 times the mass of the leptons, but the extra energy appears as different kinetic energies of the pion or leptons, and results in relatively more kinetic energy transferred to a heavier product pion, in order to conserve momentum. The much larger total energy losses from pion production result in the pion production process becoming the limiting one to high energy cosmic ray travel, rather than the lower-energy light-lepton production process.
The pion production process continues until the cosmic ray energy falls below the pion production threshold. Due to the mean path associated with this interaction, extragalactic cosmic rays traveling over distances larger than 50 Mpc (163 Mly) and with energies greater than this threshold should never be observed on Earth. This distance is also known as GZK horizon.
Why is it that some cosmic rays appear to possess energies that are theoretically too high, given that there are no possible near-Earth sources, and that rays from distant sources should have scattered off the cosmic microwave background radiation?
A number of observations have been made by the AGASA experiment that appeared to show cosmic rays from distant sources with energies above this limit (called extreme-energy cosmic rays, or EECRs). The observed existence of these particles was the so-called GZK paradox or cosmic ray paradox.
These observations appear to contradict the predictions of special relativity and particle physics as they are presently understood. However, there are a number of possible explanations for these observations that may resolve this inconsistency.
• The observations could be due to an instrument error or an incorrect interpretation of the experiment, especially wrong energy assignment.
• The cosmic rays could have local sources well within the GZK horizon (although it is unclear what these sources could be).
• Heavier nuclei could possibly circumvent the GZK limit.
### Weakly interacting particles
Another suggestion involves ultra-high energy weakly interacting particles (for instance, neutrinos) which might be created at great distances and later react locally to give rise to the particles observed. In the proposed Z-burst model, an ultra-high energy cosmic neutrino collides with a relic anti-neutrino in our galaxy and annihilates to hadrons. This process proceeds via a (virtual) Z-boson:
$\nu + \bar{\nu}\rightarrow Z\rightarrow \text{hadrons}$
The cross section for this process becomes large if the center of mass energy of the neutrino antineutrino pair is equal to the Z-boson mass (such a peak in the cross section is called "resonance"). Assuming that the relic anti-neutrino is at rest, the energy of the incident cosmic neutrino has to be:
$E = \frac{m_{Z}^{2}}{2 m_{\nu}}= 4.2\times 10^{21} \left(\frac{\text{eV}}{m_{\nu}}\right)\text{eV}$
where $m_{Z}$ is the mass of the Z-boson and $m_{\nu}$ the mass of the neutrino.
### Proposed theories for particles above the GZK-cutoff
A number of exotic theories have been advanced to explain the AGASA observations, including doubly special relativity. However, it is now established that standard doubly special relativity does not predict any GZK suppression (or GZK cutoff), contrary to models of Lorentz symmetry violation involving an absolute rest frame.[4] Other possible theories involve a relation with dark matter, decays of exotic super-heavy particles beyond those known in the Standard Model.
## Conflicting evidence for GZK-cutoff
In July 2007, during the 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference in Mérida, Yucatán, México, the High Resolution Fly's Eye Experiment (HiRes) and the Auger International Collaboration presented their results on ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. HiRes has observed a suppression in the UHECR spectrum at just the right energy, observing only 13 events with an energy above the threshold, while expecting 43 with no suppression. This result has been published in the Physical Review Letters in 2008 and as such is the first observation of the GZK Suppression.[5] The Auger Observatory has confirmed this result:[6] instead of the 30 events necessary to confirm the AGASA results, Auger saw only two, which are believed to be heavy nuclei events. According to Alan Watson, spokesperson for the Auger Collaboration, AGASA results have been shown to be incorrect, possibly due to the systematical shift in energy assignment.
### Extreme Universe Space Observatory on Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-EUSO)
EUSO which was scheduled to fly on the International Space Station (ISS) in 2009, was designed to use the atmospheric-fluorescence technique to monitor a huge area and boost the statistics of UHECRs considerably. EUSO is to make a deep survey of UHECR-induced extensive air showers (EASs) from space, extending the measured energy spectrum well beyond the GZK-cutoff. It is to search for the origin of UHECRs, determine the nature of the origin of UHECRs, make an all-sky survey of the arrival direction of UHECRs, and seek to open the astronomical window on the extreme-energy universe with neutrinos. The fate of the EUSO Observatory is still unclear since NASA is considering early retirement of the ISS.
### The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to resolve inconsistencies
Launched in June 2008, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly GLAST) will also provide data that will help resolve these inconsistencies.
• With the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, one has the possibility of detecting gamma rays from the freshly accelerated cosmic-ray nuclei at their acceleration site (the source of the UHECRs).[7]
• UHECR protons accelerated in astrophysical objects produce secondary electromagnetic cascades during propagation in the cosmic microwave and infrared backgrounds, of which the GZK-process of pion production is one of the contributors. Such cascades can contribute between ≃1% and ≃50% of the GeV-TeV diffuse photon flux measured by the EGRET experiment. The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope may discover this flux.[8]
## Possible sources of UHECRs
In November 2007, researchers at the Pierre Auger Observatory announced that they had evidence that UHECRs appear to come from the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) of energetic galaxies powered by matter swirling onto a supermassive black hole. The cosmic rays were detected and traced back to the AGNs using the Véron-Cetty-Véron catalog. These results are reported in the journal Science.[9] Nevertheless, the strength of the correlation with AGNs from this particular catalog for the Auger data recorded after 2007 has been slowly diminishing.[10]
## Pierre Auger Observatory and HiRes results on UHECRs above GZK-limit
According to the analysis made by the AUGER collaboration, the existence of the GZK cutoff may have been confirmed, but important uncertainties remain in the interpretation of the experimental results and further work is required.[11]
In 2010 final results of The High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) experiment reconfirmed earlier results of the GZK cutoff from the HiRes experiment.[12] The results were previously brought into question when the AGASA experiment hinted at suppression of the GZK cutoff in their spectrum. The AUGER collaboration results agree with some parts of the HiRes final results on the GZK cutoff, but some discrepancies still remain.
## References
1. ^ Smolin, Lee. The Trouble With Physics Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2006, p. 222 (pbk) ISBN 978-0-618-55105-7. dewey= 530.14 22
2. ^ Greisen, Kenneth (1966). "End to the Cosmic-Ray Spectrum?". Physical Review Letters 16 (17): 748–750. Bibcode:1966PhRvL..16..748G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.16.748.
3. ^ Zatsepin, G. T.; Kuz'min, V. A. (1966). "Upper Limit of the Spectrum of Cosmic Rays". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 4: 78–80. Bibcode:1966JETPL...4...78Z.
4. ^ Luis González-Mestres (February 2009), AUGER-HiRes results and models of Lorentz symmetry violation, http://arxiv.org/abs/0902.0994 , Proceedings of CRIS (Cosmic Ray International Seminar), La Malfa, September 15–19, 2008, Nuclear Physics B - Proc. Suppl., Volume 190, May 2009, Pages 191-197, and references therein
5. ^ Abbasi, R. U.; et al. (2008). "First Observation of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Suppression". Physical Review Letters 100 (10): 101101. arXiv:astro-ph/0703099. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100j1101A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.101101. PMID 18352170.
6. ^ Abraham, J.; et al. (2008). "Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4×1019 eV". Physical Review Letters 101 (6): 061101–1–061101–7. arXiv:0806.4302. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.101f1101A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.061101.
7. ^ Ormes, Jonathan F.; et al. (2000). "The origin of cosmic rays: What can the Fermi Gamma-ray Telescope say?". AIP Conference Proceedings 528: 445–448. arXiv:astro-ph/0003270. doi:10.1063/1.1324357.
8. ^ Kalashev, Oleg E.; Semikoz, Dmitry V.; Sigl, Guenter (2007). "Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays and the GeV-TeV Diffuse Gamma-Ray Flux". ArΧiv e-prints. arXiv:0704.2463v1.
9. ^ The Pierre Auger Collaboration (2007). "Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects". Science 318 (5852): 938–943. arXiv:0711.2256. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..938T. doi:10.1126/science.1151124. PMID 17991855.
10. ^ The Pierre Auger Collaboration (2010). "Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter". Astropart. Phys. 34 (5): 314–326. arXiv:1009.1855. Bibcode:2010APh....34..314A. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2010.08.010.
11. ^ The Pierre Auger Collaboration (2010). "Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 1018 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory". Phys. Lett. B 685 (4–5): 239–246. arXiv:1002.1975. Bibcode:2010PhLB..685..239A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.02.013.
12. ^ Sokolsky; for the HiRes Collaboration (2010). "Final Results from the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) Experiment". arXiv:1010.2690 [astro-ph.HE]. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 8, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9301538467407227, "perplexity": 1849.5815670154689}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500815050.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021335-00314-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/amns.2021.2.00006 | Journal Details
Format
Journal
First Published
01 Jan 2016
Publication timeframe
2 times per year
Languages
English
Open Access
The Comprehensive Diagnostic Method Combining Rough Sets and Evidence Theory
Accepted: 26 Feb 2021
Journal Details
Format
Journal
First Published
01 Jan 2016
Publication timeframe
2 times per year
Languages
English
To solve the difficulties in practice caused by the subjectivity, relativity and evidence combination focus element explosion during the process of solving the uncertain problems of fault diagnosis with evidence theory, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis inference strategy by integrating rough sets with evidence theory along with the theories of information fusion and mete-synthesis. By using rough sets, redundancy of characteristic data is removed and the unrelated essential characteristics are extracted, the objective way of basic probability assignment is proposed, and an evidence synthetic method is put forward to solve high conflict evidence. The method put forward in this paper can improve the accuracy rate of fault diagnosis with the redundant and complementary information of various faults by synthesizing all evidences with the rule of the composition of evidence theory. Besides, this paper proves the feasibility and validity of experiments and the efficiency in improving fault diagnosis.
Keywords
Introduction
Information fusion is applied widely during fault diagnosis and there are many ways. Evidence theory or D-S theory (DST) [1, 2] can compound the uncertain information from several information sources and is a very effective uncertainty reasoning way in information fusion technology. However, the evidence theory itself has some problems [3], such as dependency on the evidence provided by expert knowledge, focus element explosion caused by evidence combination, rigorous demands to combination conditions (mutual independence among evidences), inefficiency to evidential conflicts and the subjectivity in the distribution of credibility and so on. Many scholars have improved the theory to overcome these limitations, but still there are some deficiencies [4,5,6]. Rough set theory is a new mathematical tool to deal with vagueness and uncertain knowledge and is very practical. It can extract unrelated essential characteristics to eliminate redundancies without any initial or additional data [7, 8]. Both the rough set and evidence theories are math tools for uncertain information and they focus on the group ability. There is a strong complementary relationship between these two theories [9,10,11]. This paper provides a new research thought for intelligent fault diagnosis by combining the evidence theory with rough set theory to solve the subjectivity, relativity, integrated focus element explosion and conflict problems of evidences, improve the accuracy of fault diagnosis and at last carry out online diagnostics.
Basic Theories
Rough Set Theory
The paper just gives two definitions about the importance of attribute and the basic ideas about rough set theory, which are referred in the literature [12].
Definition 1
The importance of any attribute a ∈ (CR) about D is defined as: $SGF(a,R,D)=γ(R∪{a},D)−γ(R,D)$ SGF(a,R,D) = \gamma(R\cup\{a\},D)-\gamma(R,D)
Definition 2
To BC, if B is independent to D, and also γ(C,D) = γ(B,D), then B is a D relative reduction of C.
D-S Evidence Theory
Here the paper just gives the D-S evidence theory synthesis formula and the related knowledge, which are referred in the literature [1, 2].
Definition 3
If Bel1,Bel2,...,Beln is the belief function on the same identification framework and Θ and m1,m2,...,mn are the basic probability assignments that correspond to them, then the basic probability assignment after synthesis is: $m(A)={0 A=φ∑∩An=A∏n=1Nmn(An)/∑∩An≠φ∏n=1Nmn(An) ∀A≠φ$ $$m(A) =\begin{cases}0 & \quad A=\varphi\\\sum\limits_{\cap A_{n}=A}\prod\limits_{n=1}^{N} m_{n}(A_{n}) / \sum\limits_{\cap A_{n} \neq \varphi}\prod\limits_{n=1}^{N} m_{n}(A_{n}) & \quad \forall A \neq \varphi\end{cases}$$
Among them: $k=∑∩An=φ∏n=1Nmn(An)∀A⊂Θ$ k = \sum\limits_{\cap A_{n}=\varphi}\prod\limits_{n=1}^{N} m_{n}(A_{n}) \forall A \subset \Theta reflects the degree of conflict of evidences. Definition 3 is the combination rule of D-S theory (DST).
Improvement of D-S Evidence Synthesis Rule
From the D-S evidence theory synthesis formula: when k = 1, it shows that evidences conflict completely and fusion cannot be done; when 0 < k < 1, synthesis formulas can be applied, while k → 1 and evidences conflict highly, the synthesis formula will lead the perverse conclusion. Many scholars have made some significant achievements about evidence conflict probability distribution function; Sun Quan proposed a new synthesis formula by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of evidence synthesis rules of DST, and Yager performed the synthesis of conflicts in a better way at different degrees. The synthesis formula is as follows [13]: $m(φ)=0; m(A)=∑∩An=A∏n=1Nmn(An)+f(A) ∀A≠φ; m(Θ)=∑∩An=Θ∏n=1Nmn(An)+f(Θ)$ m(\varphi) = 0 ; m(A) = \sum\limits_{\cap A_{n}=A}\prod\limits_{n=1}^{N} m_{n}(A_{n}) + f(A)~~~~\forall A \neq \varphi ; m(\Theta) = \sum\limits_{\cap A_{n}=\Theta}\prod\limits_{n=1}^{N} m_{n}(A_{n}) + f(\Theta) $f(A)=kεq(A)(q(A)=1n∑1≤i≤nmi(A))$ f(A) = k\varepsilon q(A) (q(A)=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{1 \leq i \leq n} m_{i}(A)) $f(Θ)=kεq(Θ)+k(1−ε)$ f(\Theta) = k\epsilon q(\Theta) + k(1 - \varepsilon)
Among them: n is the number of evidences; the reliability of evidence ɛ is $ε=e−k˜(k˜=1n(n−1)/2∑i \varepsilon = e^{-\tilde{k}} (\tilde{k} = \frac{1}{n(n-1)/2}\sum\limits_{i<j} k_{ij}~~~~i, j \leq n, k_{ij} = \sum\limits_{A_{i} \cap A_{j}=\Omega} m_{i}(A_{i})m_{j}(A_{j}))
Eq. (4) has some subjective factors, while the physical meaning of Eqs (2) and (3) is not clear. Since q(A) is the average supporting degree of evidence to A, evidence conflict probability k can be assigned in proportion to A. That is weighing and assigning the probability of evidential conflict according to the supporting degree of each proposition; also because of the differences of importance degree of each evidence source, the evidence weight factor is introduced. In this paper, a new evidence synthesis way is proposed: $m(φ)=0; m(A)=∑∩An=A∏n=1Nmn(An)+kq′(A) ∀A≠φ; q′(A)=∑1≤i≤nwimi(A)$ m(\varphi) = 0 ; m(A) = \sum\limits_{\cap A_{n}=A}\prod\limits_{n=1}^{N} m_{n}(A_{n}) + kq'(A)~~~~\forall A \neq \varphi ; q'(A) = \sum\limits_{1 \leq i \leq n} w_{i} m_{i} (A)
Among them: $k=∑∩An=φ∏n=1Nmn(An)∀A⊂Θ$ k = \sum\limits_{\cap A_{n}=\varphi}\prod\limits_{n=1}^{N} m_{n}(A_{n}) \forall A \subset \Theta ; wi is the weight of No.i evidence source, and this paper gives the self-conflict of evidence to determine the evidence weight coefficient.
Definition 4
Suppose the conflict sum of evidence i and evidence j(j = 1,2,...,i−1,i+1,...,n) is the amount of self-conflict ϕi of evidence i, the expression is $ϕi=∑j=1,j≠in ∑Ai∩Aj=φmi(Ai)mj(Aj)$ \phi_{i} = \sum\limits_{j=1, j \neq i}^{n}~~\sum\limits_{A_{i} \cap A_{j}=\varphi} m_{i}(A_{i})m_{j}(A_{j}) mi(Ai)mj(Aj) (n is the number of evidence), then: $wi=1ϕi/∑j=1n1ϕj i=1,2,…,n$ w_{i} = \frac{1}{\phi_{i}} / \sum\limits_{j=1}^{n} \frac{1}{\phi_{j}}~~~i=1,2,\ldots,n .
Definition 4 shows the greater the amount of self-conflict for evidence, the smaller its weight factor is. Otherwise, the smaller the amount of self-conflict for evidence, the greater its weight factor is. The weight factor shows the important degree of evidences provided by the information source in the synthesis process and the incidence of the synthetic results.
Here is an example to prove the validity of the way. Suppose Θ = {A,B,C}, three evidences are as follows:
m1 : m1(A) = 0.98, m1(B) = 0.01, m1(C) = 0.01;
m2 : m2(A) = 0, m2(B) = 0.01, m2(C) = 0.99;
m3 : m3(A) = 0.9, m3(B) = 0, m3(C) = 0.1.
Three evidences are synthesised by applying the synthetic methods of DST, Yager [14], Sun Quan, Li Bicheng [15] and the synthesis method proposed in this paper, respectively (evidence weight w1 = 0.37414, w2 = 0.21902, w3 = 0.40684) and the results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows the evidence synthetic method with the weight factor raised in this paper that can enhance the reasonability and reliability in the evidence combination. It can avoid the subjectivity and randomness from the weight factor by determining the evidence weight coefficient with the amount of evidence self-conflict, reflect the importance of evidence during synthesis and get a better result than other methods.
Comparison of results of various evidence synthesis methods.
Synthesis formula k m(A) m(B) m(C) m(Θ)
DST 0.99901 0 0 1 0
Yager 0.99901 0 0 0.00099 0.99901
Sun Quan 0.99901 0.3210 0.0030 0.1880 0.4880
Li Bicheng 0.99901 0.6260 0.0067 0.3673 0
This paper 0.99901 0.7321 0.0059 0.2620 0
Application of the attribute reduction of the rough set can effectively optimise the key features as the evidence for diagnosis decisions. Attributes significance of rough set can evaluate the weight of each evidence objectively. And then there comes the formula $wi=SGF(i,R,D)/∑j∈CSGF(j,R,D)$ w_{i} = SGF(i,R,D) /\sum\limits_{j \in C} SGF(j,R,D) .
Inference method of rough set and evidence theories
This paper creates a fault diagnosis model based on inference strategy to fuse rough set and evidence theories, as shown in Figure 1. First, the basic thought is building an information decision table by discretising the fault sample data sets with continuous attributes. Then, optimising feature parameters suitable for fault diagnosis as theory body by applying the rough set theory for attribute reduction of the decision table. In practice, for the discretised sample set to diagnose, basic probability assignment of related evidences can be calculated based on the reduction and the diagnosis result can be obtained with the inductive decision by the use of the D-S combination rule.
Discretisation of continuous data sample
A rough set theory can deal with discretised data, while original sample data are always continuous, so continuous data should be discretised first. There are many ways to discretise and each has its advantage. In practice, each field seeks a proper algorithm according to the characteristic [16, 17].
Symptom attribute reduction
Symptom attribute reduction can reduce the relativity among evidence and decide the fault with attributes as less as possible, remaining the sorting quality invariant and avoiding focus element explosion. On the other hand, the weight of each attribute can be obtained from the information in the decision table and the subjectivity from experts can be avoided, overcoming the difficulties in practical application efficiently caused by the subjectivity and relativity of evidence during the fault diagnosis with evidence theory. About the reduction algorithm of the rough set theory, still there is no recognised and high-efficient algorithm. With the completion of the reduction algorithm considered, attribute reduction is applied in this paper by combining discernibility matrix, dependability of attribute and the heuristic reduction algorithm of information entropy by improving the importance of attribute. The detailed process of this algorithm is referred in the literature [18, 19].
Basic probability assignment of evidence
Basic probability assignment of evidence is realised with the decision attribute D in the decision table as the recognition framework Θ of evidence theory and with all the condition attribute r(rR) after reduction in the decision table as the corresponding evidence. Many scholars have researched the relation between the reliability calculations of evidence theory and rough set theory [10, 11]. Since initial or additional data are not necessary for rough set theory, the basic probability assignment on rough set theory is more objective.
Theorem 1
If XU, equivalence relation U/R = X1,X2,...,Xn, then the measure of lower approximation of Xq(X) = |apr(X)|/|U|,XU (apr(.) is the lower approximation) is a belief function, the basic probability assignment is: m(xi) = |Xi|/|U|,i = 1,2,...,n; m(A) = 0,A / ∉ U/R.
Theorem 2
If Bel is a belief function meeting the needs of the following condition: the focus element of Bel is equivalence class of U; the basic probability assignment of the focus element of Bel A is: m(A) = |A|/|U|, then there exists a Pawlak rough algebra meeting with q(X) = Bel(X),XU.
The proof of Theorems 1 and 2 can be referred in the literature [10]. From Theorems 1 and 2, it is possible to calculate belief function based on a decision table with rough set theory. It provides the theoretical basis for the fusion reasoning of evidence theory and rough set theory.
The basic probability assignment $m(A)=∑B⊆A(−1)|A−B|Bel(B)$ m(A) = \sum\limits_{B \subseteq A} (-1)^{\lvert A - B \rvert} Bel(B) can be calculated by defining the belief function $Bel(A)=∑B⊂Am(B) (∀A⊂Θ)$ Bel(A) = \sum\limits_{B \subset A} m(B)~~~~ (\forall A \subset \Theta) . From Theorem 1, the belief function is equivalent with a lower approximation. Considering the inconvenience of this expression in practical application, this paper provides a simple algorism with the potential of set: $m(A)={|A|/|U| (A∈U/P)0 (A∉U/P)$ $$m(A) =\begin{cases}\lvert A \rvert / \lvert U \rvert & \quad (A \in U / P)\\0 & \quad (A \notin U / P)\end{cases}$$
Here P is indiscernibility relation. It is clear that Eq. (5) meets with Theorems 1 and 2.
Next, a practical algorism of basic probability assignment is given based on a rough set decision table: {Input: decision table after reduction; samples to be diagnosed}; {Output: basic probability assignments of all evidences}.
Quantification of samples to be diagnosed: to discretise the samples to be diagnosed according to the discretisation criterion of original sample data;
Recognition framework Θ is decision attribute set and the reasoning evidence is condition attributes r(rR);
To determine the division U/Θ of Θ to U;
To determine the division U/R of R to U with evidence ri as equivalence relation R;
To determine equivalence class in U/R and to determine each intersection of the equivalence and U/Θ according to the discrete value of the samples to be diagnosed in evidence ri;
To get the basic probability assignment of evidence ri to from Eq. (5).
The discount of evidence and reasoning decision
If there is only 1 − α(α ∈ [0,1]) confidence to the whole evidence, is considered as the discount rate. Considering discount to evidence, the calculation of basic probability assignment is as follows: $mα(A)=(1−α)m(A) ∀A⊂Θ A≠0; mα(Θ)=(1−α)m(Θ)+α$ m^{\alpha}(A)=(1-\alpha)m(A) ~~\forall A \subset \Theta~~ A \neq {\emptyset} ; m^{\alpha}(\Theta) = (1-\alpha)m(\Theta) + \alpha
The diagnosis can be concluded based on the decision of basic probability assignment after a combination of the D-S rule [20].
Diagnosis examples
The engine is an important equipment of a ship, concerning the survivability and battle effectiveness of a ship. The performance of the engine can influence and restrict the performance of the technique and tactics of a ship. The structure of the engine is complex, while the fault analysis to it is difficult. To ensure the accuracy of fault diagnosis, more characteristic parameters should be used. The number of characteristics to be extracted gets larger with the increase of various kinds of parameters and this makes the amount of information to be processed too large and cannot meet the needs of online diagnosis. Only a few key characteristics are sensitive to a fault. They are independent and provide complementary information for each other to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. While the redundant characteristics are not sensible to fault or they are related to other characteristics but useless. The rough set theory can eliminate redundant information effectively, select the key characteristics, get probability assignment and make reasoning decisions with D-S combination rule to solve the problems such as subjectivity in evidence obtaining, relativity of evidence and focus element explosion of evidence combination.
The extraction of evidence information
After the experiments of five fault phenomena appearing in a kind of ship engine and the management to the diagnostic knowledge, this paper selects 10 sets of data samples to build. The common fault information is shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2, U stands for n (n=10) states of the engine, C={cooling water temperature C1, airflow C2, fuel pressure C3, revolution speed C4, torque C5} stands for the five characteristic (symptom) parameters to describe the state of equipment, D={normal D1, high-temperature D2, airflow meter damage D3, fuel injector fault D4, ignition fault D5} shows the fault symptoms to each state of the equipment. Select three sets of data randomly as the test samples (to be diagnosed) to verify the diagnostic effects from the method proposed in this paper.
The attribute value of the sample data in Table 2 is continuous and needs to be discretised. Here a discretisation for continuous attribute value based on SOFM network classification is used and the details and the computing process of this algorithm can be referred in the literature [21]. The decision table after discretisation is shown in Table 3. After attribute reduction with the method proposed in this paper, only three condition attributes, C1, C2, C5, are kept in the decision table. They are the diagnostic proofs for five fault symptoms: cooling water temperature (E1), air flow (E2), torque (E3).
Table of fault information.
U m(C1) m(C2) m(C3) m(C4) m(C5) D
Original samples 1 0.95 1.40 1.20 5100 0.39 D1
2 0.70 1.74 0.94 3450 0.98 D1
4 0.06 1.73 0.98 3900 0.91 D2
5 0.65 3.31 0.63 1950 0.55 D3
7 0.30 1.31 1.32 4350 0.40 D4
8 0.28 1.23 1.11 4300 0.44 D4
10 0.05 2.47 1.01 3800 0.20 D5
Test samples 3 1.02 1.73 0.57 3500 0.98 D1
6 0.67 3.71 0.77 1900 0.45 D3
9 0.18 0.95 1.14 3600 0.30 D5
Decision table after discretization.
U C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 D
Original samples 1 3 1 3 3 2 D1
2 2 2 2 2 3 D1
4 1 2 2 2 3 D2
5 2 3 1 1 2 D3
7 2 1 3 3 2 D4
8 1 1 2 3 2 D4
10 1 2 2 2 1 D5
Test samples 3 3 2 1 2 3 verify D1
6 2 3 1 1 2 verify D3
9 1 1 2 2 1 verify D5
From Definition 1, the importance of attribute C1, C2, C5 about D can be obtained: $SGF(C1,R,D)=γ(R∪{C1},D)−γ(R,D)=5/7 SGF(C2,R,D)=SGF(C3,R,D)=2/7$ SGF(C_{1},R,D) = \gamma(R\cup\{C_{1}\},D)-\gamma(R,D) = 5/7~~~~SGF(C_{2},R,D) = SGF(C_{3},R,D) = 2/7
It shows C1 is the attribute that influences the accuracy mostly to diagnostic decision rule, followed by C2 and C5. This agrees with the engineering practice. Then the weight of each evidence Ei (i=1,2,3) can be obtained from the following equation $wi=SGF(i,R,D)/∑j∈CSGF(j,R,D)=(ω1,ω2,ω3)=(0.56,0.22,0.22)$ w_{i} = SGF(i,R,D) / \sum\limits_{j \in C}SGF(j,R,D) = (\omega_{1}, \omega_{2}, \omega_{3}) = (0.56,0.22,0.22)
Basic probability assignment and D-S evidence theory
For evidence E1, E2, E3, the basic probability assignment can be calculated with α=0.05 as the discount rate. In Table 3, the attribute values of test sample 6 and original sample 5 are the same after discretisation, so the diagnostic decision is the same necessarily and D3 need not be verified anymore. For the two sets of test samples, D1 and D5 are fused with D-S evidence theory and the combining method by improving evidence proposed in the paper, the basic probability assignments are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Θ is the overall uncertainty.
Verify D1 K m(D1) m(D2) m(D3) m(D4) m(D5) m(Θ)
E1 0 0.9500 0 0 0 0 0.05
E2 0 0.3167 0.3167 0 0 0.3167 0.05
E3 0 0.4750 0.4750 0 0 0 0.05
E1E2 DS 0.9144 0.0397 0 0 0.0397 0.0062
Improve DS 0.6017 0.8269 0.0703 0 0 0.0703 0.0325
E1E3 DS 0.9522 0.0433 0 0 0 0.0045
Improve DS 0.4512 0.8899 0.0850 0 0 0 0.0251
E2E3 DS 0.4771 0.4771 0 0 0.0397 0.0062
Improve DS 0.6017 0.4282 0.4282 0 0 0.1111 0.0325
E1E2E3 DS 0.9488 0.0469 0 0 0.0039 0.0006
Improve DS 0.7972 0.7534 0.1498 0 0 0.0569 0.0399
Verify D1 K m(D1) m(D2) m(D3) m(D4) m(D5) m(Θ)
E1 0 0 0.3167 0 0.3167 0.3167 0.05
E2 0 0.3167 0 0 0.6334 0 0.05
E3 0 0 0 0 0 0.9500 0.05
E1E2 DS 0.0531 0.0531 0 0.8326 0.0531 0.0081
Improve DS 0.7020 0.0794 0.1746 0 0.5339 0.1746 0.0375
E1E3 DS 0 0.0398 0 0.0398 0.9145 0.0060
Improve DS 0.6017 0 0.1520 0 0.1520 0.6636 0.0324
E2E3 DS 0.1624 0 0 0.3248 0.4872 0.0256
Improve DS 0.9025 0.1587 0 0 0.3175 0.4762 0.0476
E1E2E3 DS 0.0245 0.0245 0 0.3840 0.5634 0.0036
Improve DS 0.9677 0.0688 0.1707 0 0.3191 0.3932 0.0482
The analysis and explanation of diagnosis
From Tables 4 and 5, the case cannot be diagnosed and a diagnostic error will occur if the diagnosis is with single evidence. For example, E2 and E3 in Figure 4 cannot be diagnosed, E2 in Table 5 is a diagnostic error. The diagnostic capability of single evidence is limited. So it is necessary to combine all the evidence to get a better diagnosis. The diagnostic capability can be improved because the overall uncertainty reduces in comparison with a single evidence diagnosis after two evidences are combined. But it is possible for the case that cannot be diagnosed or diagnostic errors because of the limitation of self-capability of single evidence and original training samples, for example, E2E3 in Table 4 cannot be diagnosed, and E1E2 in Table 5 is a diagnostic error. For some evidences, the diagnosis is not certain after fusion, the uncertainty is reduced gradually. After the fusion of all evidences E1, E2, E3, certainty strengthens. With one evidence or two evidences, the case cannot be diagnosed or diagnostic errors may occur, while with three evidences fused the correct diagnosis can be obtained finally.
It shows that the diagnostic capability can be improved by reducing the uncertainty efficiently by fusion reasoning for all the evidences that are not redundant.
The fusion results of the method proposed in this text are not as good as those from D-S evidence theory, according to Tables 4 and 5. Because the former is based on solving the fusion of high conflict evidences (k →1) efficiently and it affirms the openness of the recognition framework. The latter can get a good synthetic effect for normal evidences and think the current recognition framework is complete and close. The synthetic result shows that the method with weight factor considered is also effective for solving the synthesis of normal evidences.
Conclusion
An integrated diagnostic method with evidence theory and rough set fusion reasoning is put forward and it can overcome the problems of subjectivity, dependency and focus element explosion of traditional evidences. It has a significant theoretical significance and practical value.
This paper proposed a synthetic method by considering the weight factor. The method can solve the synthetic problems of the evidences with high conflict and is effective for synthesising normal evidences.
The application effect of an integrated diagnosis of rough set and evidence theories is proved to be good with diagnosis examples. With the increase of original sample data, the accuracy of diagnosis will improve. The method proposed in this text can be promoted and applied in the fault diagnosis to other devices if the sample data are large enough.
The research of this paper will be further deepened. It will focus on developing artificial intelligence diagnostic system for better application in industrial practice to achieve maximum production benefits in the direction of our subsequent research.
Verify D1 K m(D1) m(D2) m(D3) m(D4) m(D5) m(Θ)
E1 0 0 0.3167 0 0.3167 0.3167 0.05
E2 0 0.3167 0 0 0.6334 0 0.05
E3 0 0 0 0 0 0.9500 0.05
E1E2 DS 0.0531 0.0531 0 0.8326 0.0531 0.0081
Improve DS 0.7020 0.0794 0.1746 0 0.5339 0.1746 0.0375
E1E3 DS 0 0.0398 0 0.0398 0.9145 0.0060
Improve DS 0.6017 0 0.1520 0 0.1520 0.6636 0.0324
E2E3 DS 0.1624 0 0 0.3248 0.4872 0.0256
Improve DS 0.9025 0.1587 0 0 0.3175 0.4762 0.0476
E1E2E3 DS 0.0245 0.0245 0 0.3840 0.5634 0.0036
Improve DS 0.9677 0.0688 0.1707 0 0.3191 0.3932 0.0482
Comparison of results of various evidence synthesis methods.
Synthesis formula k m(A) m(B) m(C) m(Θ)
DST 0.99901 0 0 1 0
Yager 0.99901 0 0 0.00099 0.99901
Sun Quan 0.99901 0.3210 0.0030 0.1880 0.4880
Li Bicheng 0.99901 0.6260 0.0067 0.3673 0
This paper 0.99901 0.7321 0.0059 0.2620 0
Table of fault information.
U m(C1) m(C2) m(C3) m(C4) m(C5) D
Original samples 1 0.95 1.40 1.20 5100 0.39 D1
2 0.70 1.74 0.94 3450 0.98 D1
4 0.06 1.73 0.98 3900 0.91 D2
5 0.65 3.31 0.63 1950 0.55 D3
7 0.30 1.31 1.32 4350 0.40 D4
8 0.28 1.23 1.11 4300 0.44 D4
10 0.05 2.47 1.01 3800 0.20 D5
Test samples 3 1.02 1.73 0.57 3500 0.98 D1
6 0.67 3.71 0.77 1900 0.45 D3
9 0.18 0.95 1.14 3600 0.30 D5
Decision table after discretization.
U C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 D
Original samples 1 3 1 3 3 2 D1
2 2 2 2 2 3 D1
4 1 2 2 2 3 D2
5 2 3 1 1 2 D3
7 2 1 3 3 2 D4
8 1 1 2 3 2 D4
10 1 2 2 2 1 D5
Test samples 3 3 2 1 2 3 verify D1
6 2 3 1 1 2 verify D3
9 1 1 2 2 1 verify D5
Verify D1 K m(D1) m(D2) m(D3) m(D4) m(D5) m(Θ)
E1 0 0.9500 0 0 0 0 0.05
E2 0 0.3167 0.3167 0 0 0.3167 0.05
E3 0 0.4750 0.4750 0 0 0 0.05
E1E2 DS 0.9144 0.0397 0 0 0.0397 0.0062
Improve DS 0.6017 0.8269 0.0703 0 0 0.0703 0.0325
E1E3 DS 0.9522 0.0433 0 0 0 0.0045
Improve DS 0.4512 0.8899 0.0850 0 0 0 0.0251
E2E3 DS 0.4771 0.4771 0 0 0.0397 0.0062
Improve DS 0.6017 0.4282 0.4282 0 0 0.1111 0.0325
E1E2E3 DS 0.9488 0.0469 0 0 0.0039 0.0006
Improve DS 0.7972 0.7534 0.1498 0 0 0.0569 0.0399
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• Human Body Movement Coupling Model in Physical Education Class in the Educational Mathematical Equation of Reasonable Exercise Course
Recommended articles from Trend MD | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 18, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 4, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7466697096824646, "perplexity": 2747.337911788273}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305317.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127223432-20220128013432-00097.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/discussions/thread/implicit-differentiation-exercise/ | ×
# Implicit differentiation exercise
Try these problems to freshen up your Calculus skills$$!$$
• If $$\log { ({ x }^{ 2 }+{ y }^{ 2 }) = 2\tan ^{ -1 }{ \left( \frac { y }{ x } \right) } }$$, then show that $$\frac { dy }{ dx } =\frac { x+y }{ x-y }$$.
• If $$x\sqrt { 1+y } +y\sqrt { 1+x } =0$$, then prove that $$\frac { dy }{ dx } =\frac { -1 }{ { \left( x+1 \right) }^{ 2 } }$$.
• If $$\cos ^{ -1 }{ \left( \frac { { x }^{ 2 }-{ y }^{ 2 } }{ { x }^{ 2 }+{ y }^{ 2 } } \right) } =\tan ^{ -1 }{ a }$$, then prove that $$\frac { dy }{ dx } =\frac { y }{ x }$$.
• If $$\sin { y=x\sin { \left( a+y \right) } }$$, then prove that $$\frac { dy }{ dx } =\frac { \sin ^{ 2 }{ \left( a+y \right) } }{ \sin { a } }$$.
• If $${ x }^{ 2 }+{ y }^{ 2 }=t-\frac { 1 }{ t }$$ and $${ x }^{ 4 }+{ y }^{ 4 }={ t }^{ 2 }+\frac { 1 }{ { t }^{ 2 } }$$, then prove that $$\frac { dy }{ dx } =\frac { 1 }{ { x }^{ 3 }y }$$.
Do post solutions. Thanks$$!$$
Swapnil Das
Note by Swapnil Das
10 months, 4 weeks ago
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Third one :
$$\cos^{-1}\left( \dfrac{x^{2}-y^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}} \right) = \tan^{-1}(a)$$
$$\left( \dfrac{x^{2}-y^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\right) = \cos(\tan^{-1}(a))$$
Apply componendo-dividendo,
$$\dfrac{x^{2}}{y^{2}} = -c$$ where c is a constant.
This, is just the equation of straight line through the origin.
$$\therefore \dfrac{dy}{dx} =(\text{Slope}) = \dfrac{y}{x}$$ · 10 months, 4 weeks ago
Fifth one :
$$x^{2} + y^{2} = t - \dfrac{1}{t}$$
Squaring,
$$x^{4} + y^{4} + 2x^{2}y^{2} = t^{2} + \dfrac{1}{t^{2}} - 2$$
$$\therefore x^{2}y^{2} = - 1$$
$$y^{2} = \dfrac{-1}{x^{2}}$$
Differentiate ,
$$2y \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{2}{x^{3}}$$
$$\therefore \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{1}{x^{3}y}$$ · 10 months, 4 weeks ago
First one,
Differentiating,
$$\dfrac{2}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\left(x+y\dfrac{dy}{dx}\right) = 2\dfrac{x^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}\left(x\dfrac{dy}{dx} - y\right) \cdot \dfrac{1}{x^{2}}$$
$$x + y \dfrac{dy}{dx} = x\dfrac{dy}{dx} - y$$
$$x + y = (x-y)\dfrac{dy}{dx}$$
$$\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{x+y}{x-y}$$ · 10 months, 4 weeks ago
Second one :
$$x\sqrt{1+y} + y\sqrt{1+x} = 0$$
$$x^{2}(1+y) = y^{2}(1+x)$$
$$x^{2} - y^{2} = y^{2}x - x^{2}y$$
$$(x+y)(x-y) = xy(y-x)$$
$$x+y = -xy$$
$$x = -y(1+x)$$
$$-y = \dfrac{x}{1+x}$$
$$-y = 1 - \dfrac{1}{1+x}$$
Differentiate,
$$-\dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{-1}{(1+x)^{2}}$$
$$\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{-1}{(1+x)^{2}}$$ · 10 months, 4 weeks ago
Fourth one :
$$\sin(y) = x\sin(a+y)$$
Differentiating,
$$\cos(y)\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \sin(a+y) + x\cos(a+y)\dfrac{dy}{dx}$$
$$\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{\sin(a+y)}{\cos(y) - x\cos(a+y)}$$
$$\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{\sin(a+y)}{\cos(y) - x(\cos(a)\cos(y) - \sin(a)\sin(y))} = \dfrac{\sin(a+y)}{\cos(y)(1-x\cos(a)) + x\sin(a)\sin(y)}$$
Frimt the original equation,
$$\sin(y) = x\sin(y)\cos(a) + x\cos(y)\sin(a)$$
$$1 - x\cos(a) = x\sin(a)\cot(y)$$
Substituting,
$$\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{\sin(a+y)}{\cos(y)x\sin(a)\cot(y) + x\sin(a)\sin(y)}$$
$$\therefore \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{\sin(a+y)\sin(y)}{x\sin(a)\left(\cos^{2}(y)+\sin^{2}(y)\right)}$$
Substituting,
$$\sin(y) = x\sin(a+y)$$
$$\dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{x\sin(a+y)\cdot \sin(a+y)}{x\sin(a)} = \dfrac{\sin^{2}(a+y)}{\sin(a)}$$ · 10 months, 4 weeks ago | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9981116652488708, "perplexity": 6775.661851979494}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170794.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00510-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.thefullwiki.org/Marginal_cost | # Marginal cost: Wikis
Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles.
# Encyclopedia
In economics and finance, marginal cost is the change in total cost that arises when the quantity produced changes by one unit. That is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good.[1] Mathematically, the marginal cost (MC) function is expressed as the first derivative of the total cost (TC) function with respect to quantity (Q). Note that the marginal cost may change with volume, and so at each level of production, the marginal cost is the cost of the next unit produced.
A typical Marginal Cost Curve
$MC=\frac{dTC}{dQ}$
In general terms, marginal cost at each level of production includes any additional costs required to produce the next unit. If producing additional vehicles requires, for example, building a new factory, the marginal cost of those extra vehicles includes the cost of the new factory. In practice, the analysis is segregated into short and long-run cases, and over the longest run, all costs are marginal. At each level of production and time period being considered, marginal costs include all costs which vary with the level of production, and other costs are considered fixed costs.
A number of other factors can affect marginal cost and its applicability to real world problems. Some of these may be considered market failures. These may include information asymmetries, the presence of negative or positive externalities, transaction costs, price discrimination and others.
## Cost functions and relationship to average cost
In the simplest case, the total cost function and its derivative are expressed as follows, where Q represents the production quantity, VC represents variable costs, FC represents fixed costs and TC represents total costs.
$MC=\frac{dTC}{dQ}=\frac{d(FC + VC)}{dQ}=\frac{dVC}{dQ}$
Since (by definition) fixed costs do not vary with production quantity, it drops out of the equation when it is differentiated. The important conclusion is that marginal cost is not related to fixed costs. This can be compared with average total cost or ATC, which is the total cost divided by the number of units produced and does include fixed costs.
$ATC=\frac{FC + VC}{Q}$
For discrete calculation without calculus, marginal cost equals the change in total (or variable) cost that comes with each additional unit produced. For instance, suppose the total cost of making 1 shoe is $30 and the total cost of making 2 shoes is$40. The marginal cost of producing the second shoe is $40 -$30 = \$10.
## Economies of scale
Production may be subject to economies of scale (or diseconomies of scale). Increasing returns to scale are said to exist if additional units can be produced for less than the previous unit, that is, average cost is falling. This can only occur if average cost at any given level of production is higher than the marginal cost. Conversely, there may be levels of production where marginal cost is higher than average cost, and average cost will rise for each unit of production after that point. This type of production function is generally known as diminishing marginal productivity: at low levels of production, productivity gains are easy and marginal costs falling, but productivity gains become smaller as production increases; eventually, marginal costs rise because increasing output (with existing capital, labor or organization) becomes more expensive. For this generic case, minimum average cost occurs at the point where average cost and marginal cost are equal (when plotted, the two curves intersect); this point will not be at the minimum for marginal cost if fixed costs are greater than zero.
### Short and long run costs and economies of scale
A textbook distinction is made between short-run and long-run marginal cost. The former takes fixed costs as unchanged, for example, the capital equipment and overhead of the producer, any change in its production involves only changes in the inputs of labour, materials and energy. The latter allows all inputs, including capital items (plant, equipment, buildings) to vary.
A long-run cost function describes the cost of production as a function of output assuming that all inputs are obtained at current prices, that current technology is employed, and everything is being built new from scratch. In view of the durability of many capital items this textbook concept is less useful than one which allows for some scrapping of existing capital items or the acquisition of new capital items to be used with the existing stock of capital items acquired in the past. Long-run marginal cost then means the additional cost or the cost saving per unit of additional or reduced production, including the expenditure on additional capital goods or any saving from disposing of existing capital goods. Note that marginal cost upwards and marginal cost downwards may differ, in contrast with marginal cost according to the less useful textbook concept.
Economies of scale are said to exist when marginal cost according to the textbook concept falls as a function of output and is less than the average cost per unit. This means that the average cost of production from a larger new built-from-scratch installation falls below that from a smaller new built-from-scratch installation. Under the more useful concept, with an existing capital stock, it is necessary to distinguish those costs which vary with output from accounting costs which will also include the interest and depreciation on that existing capital stock, which may be of a different type from what can currently be acquired in past years at past prices. The concept of economies of scale then does not apply.
## Externalities
Externalities are costs (or benefits) that are not borne by the parties to the economic transaction. A producer may, for example, pollute the environment, and others may bear those costs. A consumer may consume a good which produces benefits for society, such as education; because the individual does not receive all of the benefits, he may consume less than efficiency would suggest. Alternatively, an individual may be a smoker or alcoholic and impose costs on others. In these cases, production or consumption of the good in question may differ from the optimum level.
### Negative externalities of production
Negative Externalities of Production
Much of the time, private and social costs do not diverge from one another, but at times social costs may be either greater or less than private costs. When marginal social costs of production are greater than that of the private cost function, we see the occurrence of a negative externality of production. Productive processes that result in pollution are a textbook example of production that creates negative externalities.
Such externalities are a result of firms externalising their costs onto a third party in order to reduce their own total cost. As a result of externalising such costs we see that members of society will be negatively affected by such behavior of the firm. In this case, we see that an increased cost of production on society creates a social cost curve that depicts a greater cost than the private cost curve.
In an equilibrium state we see that markets creating negative externalities of production will overproduce that good. As a result, the socially optimal production level would be lower than that observed.
### Positive externalities of production
Positive Externalities of Production
When marginal social costs of production are less than that of the private cost function, we see the occurrence of a positive externality of production. Production of public goods are a textbook example of production that create positive externalities. An example of such a public good, which creates a divergence in social and private costs, includes the production of education. It is often seen that education is a positive for any whole society, as well as a positive for those directly involved in the market.
Examining the relevant diagram we see that such production creates a social cost curve that is less than that of the private curve. In an equilibrium state we see that markets creating positive externalities of production will under produce that good. As a result, the socially optimal production level would be greater than that observed.
### Social costs
Of great importance in the theory of marginal cost is the distinction between the marginal private and social costs. The marginal private cost shows the cost associated to the firm in question. It is the marginal private cost that is used by business decision makers in their profit maximization goals, and by individuals in their purchasing and consumption choices. Marginal social cost is similar to private cost in that it includes the cost functions of private enterprise but also that of society as a whole, including parties that have no direct association with the private costs of production. It incorporates all negative and positive externalities, of both production and consumption.
Hence, when deciding whether or how much to buy, buyers take account of the cost to society of their actions if private and social marginal cost coincide. The equality of price with social marginal cost, by aligning the interest of the buyer with the interest of the community as a whole is a necessary condition for economically efficient resource allocation.
## Other cost definitions
• Fixed costs are costs which do not vary with output, for example, rent. In the long run all costs can be considered variable.
• Variable cost also known as, operating costs, prime costs, on costs and direct costs, are costs which vary directly with the level of output, for example, labor, fuel, power and cost of raw material.
• Social costs of production are costs incurred by society, as a whole, resulting from private production.
• Average total cost is the total cost divided by the quantity of output.
• Average fixed cost is the fixed cost divided by the quantity of output.
• Average variable cost are variable costs divided by the quantity of output.
## Cost Functions
Total Cost = Fixed Costs (FC) + Variable Costs (VC)
C = 420 + 60Q + Q2
FC = 420
VC = 60Q + Q2
Marginal Costs (MC) = ∂C/∂Q
MC = 60 +2Q
Average Total Cost (ATC) = Total Cost/Q
ATC = (420 + 60Q + Q2)/Q
ATC = 420/Q + 60 + Q
Average Fixed Cost (AFC) = FC/Q
AFC = 420/Q
Average Variable Costs = VC/Q
AVC = (60Q + Q2)/Q
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