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DATA-DRIVEN INSPECTION EXPERT SYSTEM FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Manufacturing / Industry
Description of the DVC THEME
Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is considered one of the most promising advanced technologies for manufacturing. Compared with traditional manufacturing such as CNC tools, forging, and welding, AM technology has advantages such as no need for tools or molds, high material utilization, a short product manufacturing cycle, and the ability to manufacture complex structures. All AM systems work on the same principle of building a structure additively from a substrate. Some AM processes have the ability to print various materials including polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. AM is especially suitable for low-cost, short-cycle, rapid prototyping, or even the production of large and complex metal structures.
At present, AM alone is not fully able of producing parts with suitable mechanical properties and surface roughness that meet the requirements of most applications. AM components are known to have various defects, such as powder agglomeration, balling, porosity, internal cracks, and thermal/internal stress, which can significantly affect the quality, mechanical properties, and safety of final parts.
Defect inspection methods are critical for reducing manufactured defects, controlling the process during manufacturing or improving the surface quality, and keeping under control the mechanical properties of AM components. Traditional defect detection technology can be combined with high-resolution visual images to optimize defect detection and fault prediction and diagnosis technology.
Sub-challenges composing this experiment:
This DVC THEME is composed of the challenge:
Expected global results:
- Optimize the printing process by understanding defects sources and occurrences during manufacturing
- Improve process efficiency by developing descriptive-predictive-prescriptive data-driven models
- Increase processes sustainability level, the total cost of ownership savings |
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In 1917, a year after his general theory of relativity was published, Einstein tried to extend his field equation of gravitation to the universe as a whole. The universe as known at the time was simply our galaxyâthe neighboring Andromeda, visible to the naked eye from very dark locations, was thought to be a nebula within our own Milky Way home. Einsteinâs equation told him that the universe was expanding, but astronomers assured him otherwise (even today, no expansion is evident within the 2-million-light-year range to Andromeda; in fact, that galaxy is moving toward us). So Einstein inserted into his equation a constant now known as âlambda,â for the Greek letter that denoted it. Lambda, also called âthe cosmological constant,â supplied a kind of force to hold the universe from expanding and keep it stable within its range. Then in 1929, Hubble, Humason, and Slipher made their monumental discovery using the 100-inch Mount Wilson telescope in California of very distant galaxies and the fact that they were receding from usâimplying that the universe was indeed expanding, just as Einsteinâs original equation had indicated! When Einstein visited California some time later, Hubble showed him his findings and Einstein famously exclaimed âThen away with the cosmological constant!â and never mentioned it again, considering lambda his greatest âblunderââit had, after all, prevented him from theoretically predicting the expansion of the universe.
Fast forward six decades to the 1990s. Saul Perlmutter, a young astrophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California had a brilliant idea. He knew that Hubbleâs results were derived using the Doppler shift in light. Light from a galaxy that is receding from us is shifted to the red end of the visible spectrum, while a galaxy that is approaching us has its light shifted to the blue end of the spectrum, from our vantage point. The degree of the shift is measured by a quantity astronomers call Z, which is then used to determines a galaxyâs speed of recession away from us (when Z is positive and shift is to the red).
But Perlmutter knew much more than that. As an astrophysicist he had studied the light curves (the way the intensity of a light source changes through time) that characterize immensely powerful celestial explosions called a Type Ia supernova. This kind of explosion is so powerfulâsix times more so than the more common Type II supernova, such as the one that created the Crab Nebulaâthat its light can be as intense as that of an entire galaxy. This allowed him to detect such mammoth, yet rare explosions in very faraway galaxies. Using telescopes in Hawaii, Chile, the Canary Islands, and space, his research team took pictures of hundreds of distant galaxies at a time, repeating the process at intervals of three weeks. In an entire galaxy, a Type Ia supernova will occur only roughly once a centuryâbut once such an explosion is captured, it yields extremely important information. Since the light curve of such a supernova is the same, regardless of where it takes place, the intensity of the light from the explosion can be used as a âstandard candleâ for measuring the distance to the galaxy in which it takes place (in the same way that the size of the flame of a candle could be used to estimate how far a candle is from the observer since all candle flames are essentially of the same size). Thus Perlmutterâs team, the Supernova Cosmology Project at Berkeley, was able to establish for each galaxy in which they were fortunate to observe a Type Ia supernova, both a distance estimate (through analysis of the light curve), and a speed of recession (from the redshift, Z). An analysis of the data revealed a stunningly unexpected result: the universe is accelerating its expansion! The reason no one had expected such a finding was that the widely held assumption in cosmology had been that the mutual gravitational attraction among galaxies would eventually win out against the expansion, slow it down to a stop, and lead to a re-collapse of the universe on itself (and then perhaps a new big bang, a rebirth)âsimilarly to how a stone thrown up in the air will slow down, stop, and fall back to Earth.
The studyâs result led to a major rethinking in cosmology, and it was then that physicists rediscovered Einsteinâs lambda. In the same way that the cosmological constant had originally been used to hold down a universe that wants to expand, the same mathematical device, lambdaâacting in the opposite wayâcan now be used to accelerate the universal expansion. The cosmological constant, Einsteinâs âblunder,â was back with a vengeance! The energy that is believed to cause the accelerated expansion is called âdark energy,â and also âquintessence.â Dark energy is now believed to comprise as much as 73% of the entire mass-energy of the universe. What it actually is, nobody knows; mathematically, its action is performed by Einsteinâs old lambda term.
âImagine a lattice in three dimensions,â Saul Perlmutter told me when I interviewed him about his groundbreaking work completed in 1998, âAt each corner of the lattice there is a galaxy. Now imagine that the lattice itself is growing in sizeâthe distances from our corner, our galaxy, to all other corners of the lattice keep increasing.â These distances increase at a rate that is increasing all the time. Eventually, therefore, the universe will likely become very large and very diffuseâsomething that no one had expected. There will probably never be a recollapse and a rebirth. Our present universe seems to be a one-time event.
Saul Perlmutter shared this yearâs Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery with Brian P. Schmidt of the Australian National University and Adam G. Riess of Johns Hopkins University and the Space Telescope Science Institute, who headed a competing research team, the High-Z Supernova Search, which obtained similar results at the same time. Their research changed the way we view the universe.
Amir D. Aczel is a researcher at the Center for the Philosophy and History of Science at Boston University and the author of 18 books about mathematics and physics, as well as numerous research articles. He is a Guggenheim Fellow and a frequent commentator on science in the media. See more at his website or follow him on Twitter: @adaczel. |
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History of Chappel (Pontisbright)
St Barnabas' Church, Chappel.
© Copyright Paul Roberts contributor to the Geograph Project and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence
History of Chappel (Pontisbright) >> White's Directory 1848
White's Directory of Essex 1848
CHAPPEL, or PONTISBRIGHT, is a picturesque village and parochial chapelry, on the south bank of the river Colne, 7 miles West North West of Colchester, and 6 miles East South East of Halstead. It contains 429 inhabitants and 996A.3R.21P. of land.
The Colchester and Stour Valley Railway will cross the Colne valley here by a stupendous viaduct of which the first stone was laid in September, 1847. This viaduct will be 1066 feet long, and will cross the valley by 30 semi-circular arches each 30 fret in span.
The height of the rails above the river will be 80 feet. Extensive embankments, 50 feet in height, formed of earth brought from deep cuttings on each side of the valley, will join the viaduct. It is said the latter will cost about £20,000, and will require from 5 to 6 million bricks. This great work is expected to be finished, and the line opened, about the close of 1848.
Chappel, or Chapel, was anciently called Pontisbright, and was part of the parish of Great Tey. A chapel was built here by the inhabitants in 1355, and they had afterwards many disputes with the vicar of Great Tey, till 1533, when the Bishop of London, with the consent of all parties, ordered that the inhabitants of Pontisbright should provide a priest for their own chapel, and that he should have the vicarial tithes of the chapelry, and also 20s. a year from the vicar of Great Tey.
A fair for toys, etc., is held here on the Tuesday after June 11th.
The copyhold lands belong the manors of Great Tey, Bacons, Bourchier's Hall. The principal land owners are T.B. Western, Esq., C.W. Crickett, Esq., and Messrs. J. and W.M. Farrow, J. Hills, J.J. Mechi, W.Dean, etc.
The Church, or chapel, is a small ancient edifice, with a wooden turret and spire.
The benefice is a perpetual curacy, valued in 1831 at only £70. It is in the patronage and incumbency of the Rev. J. Clarryvince, M.A., who has the rent of a copyhold tenement and 8A. of land given by John Leving, in the reign of Henry VIII. The great tithes belong mostly to the sinecure rectory of Great Tey, and both them and the vicarial tithes have been commuted for rent charges.
The poor have £30 a-year as the rent of a cottage, and 14œ of land, called Machon's, and given by Robert Hoolde, in 1454.
Back to History of Chappel |
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February 28, 2007
GCRIO Program Overview
Our extensive collection of documents.
Archives of the
Global Climate Change Digest
A Guide to Information on Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion
Published July 1988 through June 1999
FROM VOLUME 9, NUMBER 7, JULY 1996
IMPACTS: IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE
Two items in Clim.
Change, 33(1), 1-6, May 1996:
"The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture," S. Helms (Triangle
Econ. Res., 1000 Park Forty Plaza, #200, Durham NC 27713), R. Mendelsohn, J.
Neumann, 1-6. Early studies of climate change impacts predicted large losses to
U.S. agriculture. This essay discusses four factors that have caused more recent
estimates to be more optimistic: (1) milder climate scenarios; (2) adaptation by
farmers; (3) increased productivity from carbon fertilization; and (4)
warmth-loving crops were omitted in earlier studies. Key remaining questions
include how tropical and subtropical farming will be affected, and how effects
will be distributed regionally.
"Agricultural Adaptation to Climatic Variation," B. Smit (Dept.
Geog., Univ. Guelph, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Can.), D. McNabb, J. Smithers, 7-29.
Explores assumptions underlying impact assessments of climate change for
agriculture, both conceptually (with a model of agricultural adaptation to
climate), and empirically, based on a survey of 120 farm operators in
southwestern Ontario. Many farmers were affected by variable climatic conditions
over a six-year period, but only 20 percent were sufficiently influenced to
respond with conscious changes in their operations.
Four related items in
Clim. Change, 32(3), Mar. 1996:
"High-Frequency Climatic Variability and Crop Yields," D.S. Wilks
(Dept. Soil, Crop & Atmos. Sci., Bradfield Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca NY
14853), S.J. Riha, 231-235. Introducing the following three papers, this
editorial stresses that short-term climate variability, not just changes in
climatic means, is an important factor in the climate sensitivity of natural and
managed systems, and that much more work is needed to clarify climate impacts.
"Use of Conditional Stochastic Models to Generate Climate Change
Scenarios," R.W. Katz (ESIG, NCAR, POB 3000, Boulder CO 80307), 237-255.
"The Effect of Changes in Daily and Interannual Climatic Variability on
[the] CERES-Wheat [Model]: A Sensitivity Study," L.O. Mearns (NCAR, POB
3000, Boulder CO 80307), C. Rosenzweig, R. Goldberg, 257-292.
"Impact of Temperature and Precipitation Variability on Crop Model
Predictions," S.J. Riha (Dept. Soil, Crop & Atmos. Sci., Bradfield
Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca NY 14853), 293-311.
Climate Warming for Agricultural Production in Eastern China," W. Futang
(Chinese Acad. Meteor. Sci., Baishiqiao Rd. #46, Beijing 100081, China), World
Resour. Rev., 8(1), 61-68, Mar. 1996.
Potential impacts on production of rice, winter wheat and corn are estimated
based on composite regional GCM scenarios combined with a weather-yield model
and a cropping system model. Warming would affect corn most, wheat next, and
rice least; there would be a significant northward shift in cropping patterns.
However, it is difficult to determine whether the overall impact of climate
warming would be good or bad for farming in China, due to uncertainties in the
GCM scenarios and the complex impact of climate change on agriculture.
Global and Regional Analyses of the Effects of Climate Change: A Case Study of
Land Use in England and Wales," M.L. Parry (Dept. Geog., Univ. College, 26
Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK), J.E. Hossell et al.,
Clim. Change, 32(2), 185-198, Feb. 1996.
Uses a case study to illustrate an integrated assessment of the global and
regional effects of climate change on land use. Data on world food prices
provide input to a land-use model, which integrates the effect of price changes
for various crops with climate-related changes in yield through the year 2060.
Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Boro Rice Yield in Bangladesh,"
R. Mahmood (Dept. Geog., Univ. Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019), J.T. Hayes, Phys.
Geog., 16(6), 463-486, Nov.-Dec. 1995.
Rice, the main food crop in Bangladesh, is sensitive to climatic variations.
A climatic crop productivity model is applied to the boro rice growing season
(Dec.-May) for various combinations of altered thermal and solar climates. A 1°
C rise in mean growing season air temperature reduces boro rice yield by 4.6%;
and each 10% increase in incident solar radiation causes a 6.5% increase of
Guide to Publishers
Index of Abbreviations |
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Many management options for cancer exist with the primary ones including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and palliative care. Which treatments are used depends upon the type, location and grade of the cancer as well as the personâs health and wishes. 1. Palliative care Palliative care refers to treatment which attempts to make the patient feel better and may or may not be combined with an attempt to attack the cancer. Palliative care includes action to reduce the physical, emotional, spiritual, and psycho-social distress experienced by people with cancer. Unlike treatment that is aimed at directly killing cancer cells, the primary goal of palliative care is to improve the patientâs quality of life. Patients at all stages of cancer treatment need some kind of palliative care to comfort them. In some cases, medical specialty professional organizations recommend that patients and physicians respond to cancer only with palliative care and not with cancer-directed therapy. Those cases have the following characteristics: 1. patient has low performance status, corresponding with limited ability to care for oneself. 2. patient received no benefit from prior evidence-based treatments. 3. patient is ineligible to participate in any appropriate clinical trial. The physician sees no strong evidence that treatment would be effective. Palliative care is often confused with hospice and therefore only involved when people approach end of life. Like hospice care, palliative care attempts to help the person cope with the immediate needs and to increase the personâs comfort. Unlike hospice care, palliative care does not require people to stop treatment aimed at prolonging their lives or curing the cancer. Multiple national medical guidelines recommend early palliative care for people whose cancer has produced distressing symptoms (pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea) or who need help coping with their illness. In people who have metastatic disease when first diagnosed, oncologists should consider a palliative care consult immediately. Additionally, an oncologist should consider a palliative care consult in any patient they feel has a prognosis of less than 12 months even if continuing aggressive treatment. 2. Surgery Surgery is the primary method of treatment of most isolated solid cancers and may play a role in palliation and prolongation of survival. It is typically an important part of making the definitive diagnosis and staging the tumor as biopsies are usually required. In localized cancer surgery typically attempts to remove the entire mass along with, in certain cases, the lymph nodes in the area. For some types of cancer this is all that is needed to eliminate the cancer. 3. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy in addition to surgery has proven useful in a number of different cancer types including: breast cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and certain lung cancers. The effectiveness of chemotherapy is often limited by toxicity to other tissues in the body. 4. Radiation Radiation therapy involves the use of ionizing radiation in an attempt to either cure or improve the symptoms of cancer. It is used in about half of all cases and the radiation can be from either internal sources in the form of brachytherapy or external sources. Radiation is typically used in addition to surgery and or chemotherapy but for certain types of cancer such as early head and neck cancer may be used alone. For painful bone metastasis it has been found to be effective in about 70% of people. 5. Alternative treatments Complementary and alternative cancer treatments are a diverse group of health care systems, practices, and products that are not part of conventional medicine. âComplementary medicineâ refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while âalternative medicineâ refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine. Most complementary and alternative medicines for cancer have not been rigorously studied or tested. Some alternative treatments have been investigated and shown to be ineffective but still continue to be marketed and promoted. |
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The winter solstice, December 22nd, has been celebrated in cultures the world over for thousands of years. As the shortest day/longest night of the year, this start of the solar year is a celebration of light and the rebirth of the Sun. We have all completed one more official journey around the Sun.
Many of the customs, lore, symbols, and rituals associated with the Solstice have survived into the 21st century so letâs see how we can join in this ancient celebration to bring love, light, joy and meaning to this season.
Enliven your surroundings with the color red.The color of the sun is energizing, and symbolic of love, courage, warmth, fire. Wear red sweaters, scarves and hats, light red candles, bring in red flowering plants(we are lucky here in California, the red poinsettia is in bloom). This has a powerful effect in the darkest days of the year to lighten your mood and create a festive, heartening atmosphere.
Adorn your home with sacred herbs and colors. Decorate your home in holiday colors red, green, and white. Place holly, ivy, evergreen boughs, and pine cones around your home, especially in areas where socializing takes place. Hang a sprig of mistletoe above a major threshold, an evergreen wreath on the front door to symbolize the continuity of life and the wheel of the year. Bring in a Christmas tree with colored lights.
Convey love to family, friends, and associates. At the heart of the Solstice was the custom of family and friends feasting together and exchanging presents. Continue this custom by visiting, entertaining, giving gifts, and sending greetings by mail and/or phone. Play games, enjoy children, roast chestnuts over an open fire(what fun!). Consider those who are and/or have been important in your life and share appreciation.
Honor the new solar year with light. Do a Winter Solstice Eve ritual in which you meditate in darkness and then welcome the birth of the sun by lighting candles and singing chants and carols. If you have an indoor fireplace or an outdoor fire circle, burn an oak log as a Yule log. Decorate the inside and/or outside of your home with electric colored lights.
Party Hearty on New Yearsâs eve, not just to welcome the calendar year but also to welcome the new solar year. Celebrate and remember how much the sun means to our planet earth, bringing heat, and light.
Contribute to the manifestation of more wellness on Planet Earth. Donate food and clothing to poor in your area. Volunteer time at a social service agency. Put up bird feeders and keep them filled throughout the winter to supplement the diets of wild birds. Donate funds and items to non-profit groups, such as churches and environmental organizations. Meditate for world peace. Work magic for a healthier planet. Make a pledge to do some form of good works in the new solar year.
Pray Take time for self-reflection, contemplation, meditation. The darkness of the winter solstice time supports going within to give thanks, receive spiritual guidance, and set intentions for the upcoming year. This is one of my favorite prayers:
In my busy-ness, I sometimes forget to stop and give thanks for all the blessings in my life. I am truly fortunate to experience abundance, health and aliveness. I am grateful for the simple joys of laughter, for the ability to love and be loved, for the opportunity to witness everyday miracles.
I give thanks for mother earth, for the animal kingdom and the marvelous wonders of the natural world. I am grateful for a mind that thinks and a body that feels and for my family and friends.
I am thankful that I do work that I love and that I bring value to people. I am even grateful for the valleys, the dark nights of the soul, and the uncertainty that sometimes burdens my heart. It means that Iâm alive and that Iâve allowed lifeâs betrayals to teach my heart wisdom and patience.
I am grateful for the Light of a new day and infinite possibilities waiting to be born. Thank you for allowing me to witness random acts of kindness in a sometimes dark and hurried world. It gives me hope and allows me to see the Divinity in every human being. Thank you for absolutely everything, for my life and for this breath.
Celebrate As you think about setting goals for next year, take some time to write down and CELEBRATE everything you have accomplished this year. Keep your focus on your successes. Be careful of negative self-critical thoughts coming in when you remember the goals you did not achieve. Put those on your list for next year.
CELEBRATING keeps our focus on the positive and attracts more for us to celebrate. The Take this energy of CELEBRATION with you into the New Year and keep it with you throughout the whole year.
However big or small the occasion, look for excuses to be in a state of celebration. You can celebrate failures too. They open doorways for something new to come in. Your positive attitude will make sure you attract more positivity and goodness.
Pragitoâs website is www.discovermeditation.com
Pragito Dove M.A., C.C.H. is the leading authority on Expressive Meditation in North America. Using the principles she now teaches, Pragito transformed her pain and fear into joy and inner peace. Founder of the Laughing Buddhas Network and an internationally recognized master trainer, speaker, and meditation expert, Pragito is the author of two best-selling books, Lunchtime Enlightenment (Penguin Group), and Laughter, Tears, Silence (published in six languages). She has a private practice in Northern California from where she teaches highly acclaimed programs such as the Laughter Meditation Teleclass Program Series to an international audience! Pragitoâs website is: http://www.discovermeditation.com
Read more from VividLife.me bloggers:
Here are my top 5 Keys that can help you cultivate not only a positive mindset but also the feeling state necessary for the positive Law of Attraction. The more you focus on bringing awareness to accepting and loving yourself, the more your inner beauty and harmony is reflected in your outer circumstances. The Sufi master who designed the Taj Mahal based his work on meditation. It shows, doesnât it?
Someone just shared with me that he was preparing to join his family for the holidays and compared it to being at a convention for button pushers! The main offender? His mother. She continually asks for his opinion on matters but never acts on his advice. From his point of view, his mother suffers greatly and his advice, if taken, would alleviate most if not all of her problems. |
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Rough-Leafed Loosestrife - Lysimachia asperulaefolia
By Chris Daves, SC Master Naturalist
Rough-leafed loosestrife is an herbaceous perennial belonging to the Primrose family. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service first listed it as an endangered species in 1987.
The distribution of this species is restricted to the sandhills/coastal plain region of only two Southeastern states: South Carolina and North Carolina. Nine populations are known to exist. Most of the populations of rough-leafed loosestrife are located in North Carolina. In South Carolina, only one population is known to exist in Richland County. Most of the populations are found on publicly-owned lands such as military bases and federal forestlands.
Its habitat includes the area between longleaf pine or oak savannas and wetter plant communities. It prefers moist or saturated sands and shallow organic soils.
Other habitats include savannas, seep bogs in the sandhills and pocosins. The species fares well where periodic fires are prevalent. Abundant sunlight and low vegetation are important to its survival.
The stems originate from a rhizome and grow up to two feet in height. Leaf formations are in whorls of three to four leaves. Its large, showy, yellow flowers are found on the terminal end of the stems. The plant flowers from May to June and fruits from August to October.
The largest threats to the plant are fire suppression and other habitat-destructive activities such as road construction, residential development, hydrological alterations, agricultural conversion of wetland areas and silviculture.
Efforts to preserve the species include better preservation and management techniques on publicly-owned land. Restrictions on human activity by placing buffering zones around existing populations are being implemented. More controlled burns are being conducted to eliminate competition that can shade out rough-leafed loosestrife. Other efforts are being made to create seed banks so that populations can be reestablished in suitable habitat. Reintroduction of the species to its historic habitat is another recovery method currently being used.
The only place to view rough-leafed loosestrife in South Carolina is on the Fort Jackson military base east of Columbia. A large population was discovered here in 1991 and is said to be the first population discovered in South Carolina since the 1800s.
Radford, A. E., H. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1978. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. UNC Press, Chapel Hill. 1,183 pp.
US Fish & Wildlife Service. 1995. Rough-leafed Loosestrife (Lysimachia asperulaefolia) Recovery Plan. |
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â ãšãªã㯠 (@x__ok) October 10, 2020 |
"Der Sang", "der Gesang", and "der Song" all mean "a song". What are the differences, if any?
Song vs. Lied
One word is missing from the list, namely Lied. A Lied is a piece of music which is supposed to be sung, a song. For certain types of songs the word Song taken from English can be used instead of Lied, however while you might speak of a Beatles-Song you would not speak of a Schumann-Song.
The word Gesang denotes singing.
means that I listened to someone singing, it does not imply that the song she sang was hers.
Sang is a variant of Gesang which is mostly obsolete, but preserved in certain expressions (mit Sang und Klang, sang- und klanglos). It also occurs in the second stanza of the Deutschlandlied (note -lied):
Now, that is a form of patriotism that I can live with, even though its sexual politics are a bit outdated. |
is an intelligent, robust and resilient buried pipe system that moves us towards failure free operation and so ends unnecessary & unplanned road excavation.
is to create the new science, knowledge, technical capabilities and means of practical translation to transform the capabilities of utilities to manage their buried pipe networks.
Our research objectives
- to develop a new science of sensing for high fidelity in-pipe inspection;
- to integrate this new science with robotic, navigation and communication solutions to work autonomously in large buried infrastructure networks;
- to advance this science from a laboratory prototype to field scales;
- to engage actively with the end user community throughout the project to address their technical challenges;
- to co-create the research with key UK stakeholders to ensure a rapid uptake of this technology;
- to establish a world leading research Centre of Autonomous Sensing for Buried Infrastructure.
Academic research leads
University of Sheffield
Prof. Kirill V. Horoshenkov (Programme Director)
Dr. Sean Anderson (Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping)
Prof. Simon J. Tait (System Integration)
University of Bristol
Prof. Bruce Drinkwater (Sensors)
Prof. Anthony Croxford (Sensing)
University of Birmingham
Prof. Chris D. F. Rogers (Deputy Programme Director)
Prof. Nicole Metje (User Engagement)
University of Leeds
Prof. Robert Richardson (Robotics)
Prof. Netta Cohen (Artificial Intelligence)
Prof. Ian Robertson (Communication)
The replacement value of UK buried water and wastewater pipes, a network with a length of approximately 1m km, is between £300B and £600B. Similar figures can be assigned to the gas supply network. While pipe inspection technologies used by these industries have progressed, the lack of comprehensive knowledge about the condition of buried pipes results in sporadic, unforeseen failures. As a result, there are 1.5M road excavations per year in the UK causing full or partial road closures and a cost to the UK of at least £5.5B per year. Without the transformative step-change in pervasive sensing proposed herein, this situation will worsen exponentially as our infrastructure ages.
Importance and impact
Safe and secure water and energy supply is fundamental to society, but is faced with global challenges from climate change, water stress, carbon targets, demographic change, urbanisation and cost constraints.The new technology platform which we propose to develop will benefit:
- utility companies and their sub-contractors through enabling them to monitor their hidden pipe infrastructure autonomously and on an unprecedented scale, to facilitate their advanced decision making processes leading to proactive rehabilitation strategies and hence cost reduction;
- instrument manufacturers through enabling them to produce new sensing and rehabilitation solutions which are
in high demand by utility companies globally;
- the general public through greatly reduced failures and interruption in the services provided by the utilities leading to more sustainable supply, fewer road closures and less traffic disruptions. |
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When you or someone around you is dealing with a mental health concern, itâs challenging to help yourself or others. Often we ignore emotional problems which piled up and later becomes mental illness. Mental illness is so stigmatized that people often avoid taking professional help until it becomes unmanageable. Itâs important to remember that mental health is essential to everyoneâs overall health and well-being, and mental illnesses are common. Mental illnesses are preventable, treatable and manageable. Yet, people avoid or cover up symptoms of a potential mental health problem.One in every four people are affected by a mental disorder at some stage of life.
According to WHO, around 450 million people currently suffer from mental illness worldwide. In India, National Mental Health Survey conducted in 2015 revealed that at any point in time,around 15 crores people are in need of active interventions for mental illnesses. Another study conducted by Charlson, Baxter, Cheng, Shidhaye & Whiteford in 2016
projected the burden of mental disorders to increase by 23% in India between 2013 and 2025 which clearly indicates that urgency of the problem. World Mental Health Day is celebrated on October 10 all over the world to raise awareness and end stigma attached to mental illness. This yearâs theme for World Mental Health Day is âYoung people and Mental Health in Changing Worldâis a call to generate awareness, encourage people to adopt positive lifestyle and end stigma towards mental illness.
Bharatiya Counselling Psychology Association (BCPA) is celebrating Mental Health Awareness Week to educate people about the importance of good mental health for everyone, habits and behaviours that reduce the risk of developing or exacerbating mental illnesses and to end stigma related to mental health. Dr. Apurva Kumar Pandya, Psychologist and Executive Board Member, BCPA said, âWe need to educate youth on importance of mental health, early signs of mental illnesses and where to seek professionalsâ help. It is mental health professionalsâresponsibility to offer compassionate, non-judgmental and safe space that allow them to come forward, share their concerns and help them overcome their problem.â
âIt is important to understand early symptoms of mental illness and timely psycho-educational, counselling or psychotherapeutic intervention can prevent mental illnesses,â said Dr. Ashutosh Srivastava, President, BCPA. In this context, BCPAâs trained counselling and clinical psychologistsâ are providing information about mental health though articles, videos, and free psychological consultations over email or FB message from October 8 to 13, 2018. People can visit BCPAâs Fb page and send their query.Our member would provide consultation. BCPA News |
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Facebook May Soon Offer Internet Services in Rural Areas Through Solar-Powered Aquila; Will It Take off Unlike Project Loon?
Googleâs Project Loon is an excellent idea bogged down by the rules and regulations in India. An ambitious project like this needs a clear vision and support from the Government, which it has not been able to get very well.
Facebook, the largest social media website, has decided to pursue the Government and the telcos to give flight to provide internet in remote areas in the country. This task will be accomplished by its solar-powered plane, called Aquila.
The main objective of this drone will be to provide last-mile infrastructure support to offer internet access in rural and remote areas. A statement by Facebook said, âEventually, our goal is to have a fleet of Aquilas flying together at 60,000 feet, communicating with each other with lasers and staying aloft for months at a time â something thatâs never been done before.â
What is Aquila and How Will it Help India?
Aquila is a solar-powered aircraft that has a wingspan of 141feet, wider than a Boeing 737, and the body of the plane is made of a carbon fiber composite so the whole thing weighs less than 1,000 pounds â or about the same as a grand piano.
The amount of energy Aquila collects from the sun during the day is enough to keep its propellers, communications payload, avionics, heaters and light systems running when itâs dark. That means using about 5,000W of power at cruising altitude, or about as much as three hairdryers.
Aquila is mostly self-sufficient, but it still relies on a ground crew of about a dozen engineers, pilots and technicians who direct, maintain and monitor the aircraft. They control the aircraft through software which allows them to determine heading, altitude and airspeed, or send Aquila on a GPS-based route. Takeoff and landing are automatic since a software can do that job the best.
Aquila flies at about 80mph, and that is why it is an extremely slow plane, in order to use the least amount of energy. Aquila will carry a communications payload that will use lasers to transfer data more than 10 times faster than existing systems. It will be able to aim its beams precisely enough to hit a dime more than 11 miles away while in motion.
The best part is, the internet speeds from Aquila and comparable to fibre networks, without actually having fibre. These beams can send internet signals in a radius of about 48 km. Aquila can also stay in the air for 90 days and since it is in the air, it can be shifted accordingly and easily.
How Will Telcos Benefit from This Technology?
At the moment when any company wants to setup an internet service, there has to be a fixed infrastructure in place to transmit the signals. However, in case of Aquila, there is nothing but a plane and signals receivers that can be used in rural and inaccessible areas.
Companies that do not want to invest heavily into far-off locations because of low demand can opt for Facebookâs solar-powered plane and offer last-mile connectivity to its customers.
Facebook is already in talks with some telcos to identify the formalities for kick starting the project in India. Even though the technology continues to improve and is in early stages, it is still very attractive to these companies.
Even if Aquilas are spread across cities, they will offer much better service as compared to the towers in these locations, freeing up space for other activities. Let us see if Airtel, Vodafone and Idea Cellular join hands to adopt this technology to take on Reliance Jio. |
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Hidden Hearing Loss: Understanding and Addressing Auditory Processing Disorders
Hidden hearing loss, also known as auditory processing disorder (APD), can often go undetected due to its subtle nature. Yet, understanding and addressing APD is crucial for enhancing life quality. This guide will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments of hidden hearing loss, with a wealth of resources to support you.
Understanding Hidden Hearing Loss
Hidden hearing loss refers to a condition where someone struggles to hear in noisy environments despite having normal hearing test results. Itâs a type of auditory processing disorder, which affects how the brain processes sounds. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) provides comprehensive information on the condition.
Causes and Symptoms of Hidden Hearing Loss
The exact cause of hidden hearing loss is still being researched. Current studies suggest that it might be due to damage to the synapses that connect the inner earâs hair cells to the auditory nerve.
Key symptoms include difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments, feeling overwhelmed by loud noises, and having to ask others to repeat themselves frequently.
Diagnosis of Hidden Hearing Loss
Identifying hidden hearing loss can be challenging, as standard hearing tests often appear normal. However, specialized tests performed by hearing healthcare specialists can detect the condition. Anderson Audiology has five convenient locations in Nevada. Find your local hearing clinic here.
Addressing Hidden Hearing Loss
If youâre diagnosed with hidden hearing loss, there are various strategies and technologies to help manage the condition:
- Communication strategies: Learning to control your listening environment can make a big difference. This may involve choosing quieter places for conversations or asking people to face you when theyâre speaking.
- Assistive technology: Devices like hearing aids with background noise reduction, FM systems, or apps that transcribe conversations can be helpful. Read more about smartphone apps that can help on our blog here.
- Therapy: Speech-language pathologists can offer therapies to improve your auditory processing skills. ASHA provides a directory of speech-language pathologists.
Hidden hearing loss might be less visible, but its impact on quality of life can be significant. By better understanding and addressing auditory processing disorders, we can take proactive steps to improve hearing health.
Need Help? Contact Us Today!
Remember, early detection and appropriate management strategies are key to overcoming the challenges of hidden hearing loss. Donât hesitate to seek help if you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms.
The hearing care professionals at Anderson Audiology are here to assist you with your hearing health. Call us today on 702-997-2964. Alternatively, click here to request an appointment online. |
Is real property tangible or intangible?
In law, tangible property is literally anything that can be touched, and includes both real property and personal property (or moveable property), and stands in distinction to intangible property.
Can property rights be intangible?
Incorporeal rights are rights to property that cannot be seen or touched, often dealing with intangible property. These rights, also known as intangible rights, are still enforceable by law.
Is land intangible personal property?
Land and buildings are called real property or real estate. You can own tangible personal property and intangible personal property. Both types of property have economic value expressed in dollars.
What is considered intangible property?
Intangible personal property can include any item of worth that is not physical in nature but instead represents something else of value. ⊠Companies also have intangible property, such as patents, copyrights, life insurance contracts, securities investments, and partnership interests.
What are the 4 property rights?
The main legal property rights are the right of possession, the right of control, the right of exclusion, the right to derive income, and the right of disposition. There are exceptions to these rights, and property owners have obligations as well as rights.
What is the difference between intangible property and intellectual property?
Intellectual property is a broad categorical description for the set of intangible assets owned and legally protected by a company from outside use or implementation without consent. An intangible asset is a non-physical asset that a company owns.
Can you own intangible things?
You can divide intangible assets into two categories: intellectual property and goodwill. Intellectual property is something that you create with your mind, such as a design. You have rights to your intellectual property, and other companies cannot copy it.
What is the difference between tangible and intangible property?
Tangible assets are physical; they include cash, inventory, vehicles, equipment, buildings and investments. Intangible assets do not exist in physical form and include things like accounts receivable, pre-paid expenses, and patents and goodwill.
What is the difference between real property and tangible property?
Legally, tangible property is any property, real or personal, that can be touched. Real property consists of land or real estate that cannot be moved or is attached to the property, such as buildings, oil, gas and minerals, and trees.
Can an intangible property be transferred?
Once rights are validly assigned, the assignee can deal with the IP as the exclusive owner thereof, and can therefore reassign the rights, or exploit the assigned rights in any manner.
Is a bank account intangible property?
Intangible personal property includes assets such as bank accounts, stocks, bonds, insurance policies, and retirement benefit accounts.
Is a loan intangible property?
For tax purposes, intangible assets generally need to be amortized over a specified period of time, depending on the type of asset or life of the asset. ⊠Loan fees are amortized over the life of the loan. Intangible assets are generally shown in the other asset section of a balance sheet as one of the last items.
What is intangible movable property?
moveable or immoveable, ancestral or self- acquired, tangible and intangible and include rights or interests in such property ⊠propertyâ means property of any kind, whether moveable or immoveable, ancestral or self-acquired, tangible or intangible. Delhi High Court. |
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|Persistent burps causes
Heartburn and persistent burps are linked to cancer. A burp is nothing but gas. When we eat or drink,
we also swallow air. These gases need to get out. That's where burping comes in. But, if you burp
frequently and persistently or you have stomach juice flow back to the throat, you should see a doctor
immediately. Acid indigestion (or heartburn) at late stage may lead to cancer!!
Heartburn symptoms, heartburn causes,
home remedies, medicine and cures
The gastric fluid contains hydrochloric acid, a powerful acid, to help the body break down food. Our
stomach is naturally protected from this fluid while our esophagus isn't. When the acidic stomach
contents come into contact with the esophagus, the contents can irritate or even injury the skin-like
lining and result in the sensation known as heartburn.
Heartburn is sometimes called acid indigestion. In addition to heartburn, symptoms of acid reflux may
include persistent sore throat, hoarseness, chronic cough, asthma, heart-like chest pain and a feeling
of a lump in the throat. It may also include the sensation of food or liquid coming up into the throat or
mouth (regurgitation), especially when bending over or lying down. These symptoms may be
accompanied by a bitter or acid taste.
Heartburn and reflux are very common, with 10 percent of the population experiencing these symptoms
at least once a week. There are two types of heartburn: Episodic and Frequent heartburn. Episodic
heartburn is a common type of heartburn. These infrequent bouts of heartburn are often predictable
and are usually manageable through lifestyle adjustments. Frequent heartburn is heartburn that
occurs two or more days a week. It is estimated that more than 50 million adult Americans suffer from
Heartburn occurs when the gastric fluid refluxes or flows backward into the esophagus. This generally
occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxes or is not functioning properly (i.e.
gastroesophageal reflux; GERD). Lifestyle and dietary factors can contribute to heartburn: frequent
eating before bedtime, large portions and acidic, fatty or spicy foods, drinking too much carbonated or
alcoholic beverages, lying down or bending over especially after meals. Other reasons include
pregnancy, certain medications, being overweight, smoking, hectic lifestyle and wearing restrictive
Acid reflux can sometimes result esophagitis, i.e. an inflammation of the esophagus. In addition, a
narrowing or partial closure (stricture) of the lower esophagus may occur. It may also lead to Barret's
esophagus, a change in the cells of the tissue lining the bottom of the esophagus. This can increase
the chance of developing cancer. It may also cause lung problems when the gastric fluid overflows into
the breathing tubes during the reflux.
Heartburn home remedies
Many heartburn sufferers significantly reduce their burping by avoiding the trigger foods and
behaviors. Here are a few reminders to help you better control burping:
Try to stay on a regular schedule and eat smaller portions. Avoid eating meals and snacks at least
2-3 hours before lying down.
Avoid or minimize intake of high-fat foods and foods that are particularly spicy.
Limit consumption of caffeinated, carbonated and alcoholic beverages.
Stop or decrease smoking.
Drink and eat slowly. Chew well.
Heartburn medicine / Heartburn treatment
Avoiding heartburn triggers can help, but if lifestyle adjustments are not enough, the next line of
defense is medications: antacids, H2-blocker.
Antacids neutralize stomach acid and can be taken as needed to relieve most heartburn symptoms
quickly. H2-blockers decrease stomach acid output. They do not work as quickly as antacids but are
far more effective because they prevent acid reflux for many hours at a time.
There are also medication to tighten the esophagus/stomach barrier or improve stomach emptying to
THIS WEBSITE TALKS ABOUT THE SIDE EFFECTS AND THE POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF HERBS, SUPPLEMENTS,
PHYTONUTRIENTS AND DRUG PRODUCTS. THIS WEBSITE ALSO TALKS ABOUT SOME POPULAR HEALTH ISSUES AND
DISEASES. ARTICLES IN THIS WEB SITE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION, YOU SHOULD
CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. DO NOT COPY NOR TRANSFER ARTICLES TO |
Every day, we combat pollution while commuting on the road to work, and even while youâre driving, the chemicals inside your scar may somehow also affect your skin. Among these skin pollutants are solar ultraviolet radiation or the light from the skin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, cigarette smoke, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides.
The list also includes exhaust from cars and trucks, phthalates from plastics, aerosols, and smog â all of which are elements you encounter daily. Did you know that these pollutants cause acne scars? Read more to find out.
What Acne Scars Are
First, letâs define what acne is. Mayo Clinic defines acne as a skin condition that occurs if your hair follicles become clogged with dead skin cells and oil. Acne is a common skin disorder, and often causes whiteheads, blackheads, pimples, and acne scarring. Zooming it into acne scarring, what are they and how can they be treated?
Acne scars are commonly due to inflamed blemishes when skin pores get engorged with too much oil, bacteria, and dead skin cells, the American Society of Dermatologic Surgery explains. Your pores tend to swell, breaking through and into the walls of the follicles. These shallow lesions may be minor in most cases and can heal quicker. However, if there exists a deeper break into the follicle walls and pores, infections may spill around the tissues, urging more lesions to appear. The scarring begins once the skin repairs these lesions through naturally forming new fibers of collagen. Your body has its own adaptability properties, according to biology. However, these natural repairs your skin does wonât be as flawless and radiant as your original skin, thus the appearance of scarring.
It is important to find treatment for acne scarring because these may lessen your beautiful appearance, may lower down your self-esteem, and may affect your work, profession, and careers.
Why Do They Happen On Your Skin?
Scars, even if you study this skin condition from this level, are long-term patches on your skin that will be very difficult to remove if you arenât aware of the best treatments. They exist like birthmarks or even tattoos that may take a complex medical procedure and huge money if neglected. Acne in itself is already a difficult challenge for money, what more if they acquire these acne scars. Is it possible to completely remove them, returning to the original flawless look of your skin? Definitely.
Inflamed lesions cause acne scars. They arenât due to a scratch or debris from external sources, but they are most likely coming from within. Tissues on your skin rupture, causing your body to have scar tissues.
Once there is inflammation either from a lesion, cyst, papule, or pimple, the skin is bound to head to acne scarring. Excess oil fills in the inflamed pore, or if not, bacteria or dead skin cells. This may either be related to stress, your food intake, or genetics. Once the filled in pore swells, this causes breakouts into the follicle walls. It is minor if this happens near the skin surface. However, the more serious ones are when there exists a deep rupture in the walls of the follicle. You can notice how the infection just spills out and damages healthy tissues in the skin, creating the first phases of acne scarring.
The skin naturally responds through repairing these inflamed tissues by creating new collagen fibers. Itâs very similar to the general scars that other parts of your skin used to have, for instance falling over a rock and hurting the knees, and with this collagen, the body begins to repair the wounds or breakouts. However, there are times the body produces too much collagen, and thus, create the scars. These acne scars usually have collagen, flexible protein that either creates uneven skin or discolored tissues. They appear differently from the normal skin surface created by natural processes without the acne marks.
How To Treat Acne Scars
To get these acne scars treated, always remember that prevention is better than cure. You must have a strong skin routine that protects you from all the unwanted elements causing these skin conditions. You cannot run away from the daily commute, or even if you are in the office most of the time, aging is also a major factor.
The simplest ones are:
- Never pop your pimples without dermatological advice, action, or supervision
- Preventing the excess buildup of oil
- Treating acne as soon as you notice them
- Having the right lifestyle
- Consulting with the right specialists
In these times, there are now several advanced skin treatments designed for the person always on-the-go. Among these include skin boosters, cold rejuvenation treatments, the hydroquinone, chemical peels, and more.
Whether you are this young professional running errands for your superiors all day or an experienced manager who has a hectic schedule, these treatments are designed not to interfere with your time even if long-term consultation is required. You can find dermatologists who own clinics with advanced and state-of-the-art facilities for skincare which address conditions like acne scars, active acne, enlarged pores, wrinkles, and more. |
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Surprising as this may come to some of you, your connection to the Internet is not handled by well-trained pixies with semaphore flags. Instead, things are much more detailed, involving protocols, ports, and sockets - these form the core of your connection to the Internet.
While it is out of the remit of this book to into too much detail about network infrastructure, you do at least need to know what protocols, ports, and sockets are. Protocols are like languages, defining how two computers can talk to each other, and there are hundreds of protocols to perform all varieties of operations - there is a protocol for file transfer (File Transfer Protocol, FTP), a protocol for transferring web pages (Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP), a protocol for network management (Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP), and many more.
Each protocol has a set of ports that it uses - these are theoretical openings in your computer's Internet connection where clients can connect to, are numbered 1 to 65535, of which the first 1023 are considered reserved to administrative users. By default your PC "listens" to no ports, meaning that it ignores all incoming connections. However, if you run a web server, it will open up port 80 - this is the port for HTTP, where your web server will listen for requests for web pages. The first 1023 ports are mostly used already, which means if you want to use a port for a new service you have written, it is best that you use a number above 1024.
Sockets are the literal connectors between a port and a program, sort of how a plug socket connects an appliance to the electricity grid in your house. Management of sockets in PHP comes in two flavours: easy and hard. As per usual, the easy option is not as flexible as the hard option, but it is much faster to get started with. We are going to be covering both here because both have their own uses. |
USDAâs 2008 Farm and Ranch Survey has found that farmers and ranchers are now irrigating 54.9 million acres farmland across the United States, an increase of nearly 5 percent since 2003. USDAâs National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) collected the data for the Irrigation Survey earlier this year.
âWater is the most critical, limited resource for our nationâs farmers and ranchers,â said Molly Jahn, USDA Deputy Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics. âFor farmers and ranchers who are looking for more efficient ways to irrigate their land and ways to reduce their expenses, the results of the Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey provide a valuable tool to help them make informed decisions about the future of their operations.â
The Irrigation Survey provides the most comprehensive source of up-to-date information regarding the U.S. agriculture industryâs use and stewardship of our nationâs water resources.
The survey results show a continuing trend towards more efficient irrigation methods as farmers reported irrigating more acres with sprinkler systems and less with gravity irrigation.
During the five-year period since the last Irrigation Survey, the area irrigated by sprinkler systems increased 15 percent while the area with gravity irrigation decreased 5 percent.
Despite the changes in application methods, equipment in general continues to be one of the leading expenses of irrigation.
In 2008, farmers and ranchers spent $2.1 billion on expenses related to irrigation equipment, facilities, land improvements and computer technology.
In addition to looking at irrigated acres, application methods and expenses, the irrigation report provides insight into farmersâ energy and water conservation practices.
Between 2003 and 2008, a total of 74,846 farms implemented changes in equipment or management practices that reduced energy use and/or conserved water. Nearly 46 percent of these farms reported reduced energy cost and 59 percent reported a reduction in the amount of water applied.
For the first time NASS also gathered information on the use of recycled and reclaimed water. A total of 9,843 farms reported using recycled water and 3,205 used reclaimed water. |
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Importance of Rootstock
Rootstock: â The rootstock is the lower portion of the graft, which develops into the root systems of the grafted plant. It may be a seedling, a rooted cutting, or a layered or micro-propagated plant.
- Size and growth habit:
- In apple, rootstocks can be classified as dwarf, semi-dwarf, vigorous and very vigorous rootstocks based on their effect on a scion cultivar.
- If a scion is grafted on dwarf rootstocks (e.g. M.9), the scion grows less vigorously and remains dwarf only. On the other hand, if the same scion is grafted on a veryâ vigorous rootstock (e.g. M 2) the scion grows very vigorously.
Watch Lecture Video
- In citrus, trifoliate orange is considered to be the most dwarfing rootstock for grapefruit and sweet oranges. On the other hand, in mango, all plants of a given variety are known to have the same characteristic canopy shape of variety despite the rootstocks being of seedling origin.
- But the rootstocks of mangoes like Kalapade, Olour provide dwarfism in scion varieties. Guava varieties grafted on Psidium pumilum are found to be dwarf in stature. The âPusa Srijanâ guava rootstock also imparts dwarfism to the commercial cultivar of guava Allahabad Safeda.
- Precocity in flowering and fruiting:
- The time taken from planting to fruiting i.e., precocity is influenced by rootstocks. Generally, fruit precocity is associated with dwarfing rootstocks and slowness to fruiting with vigorous rootstocks.
- Mandarin, when grafted on Jambhiri rootstock is more precocious than those grafted on sweet orange or orange or acid lime rootstocks.
- Fruit set and yield
- In oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv Hachiya), rootstock directly influences flower formation and fruit set. When it is grafted on D. lotus, it produces more flowers but only a few mature into fruits. However, when Diospyros kaki is used as a rootstock, so the fruit set is very high.
- The effect of rootstock on the yield performance of many fruit cultivars has been well documented. Acid lime on rough lemon increases the yield by about 70 percent compared to Troyer citrange, Rangpur lime, or budding on its own rootstock. Sweet orange variety Sathuguri grafted on Kichili rootstock gives higher yield as compared to Jambhiri or own rootstock
- Fruit size and quality
- Sathuguri sweet orange grafted onto Gajanimma rootstock produces larger but poorer quality fruits while those grafted on their own rootstock produce higher juice content and quality fruits.
- Physiological disorder âgranulationâ is very less in sweet orange on Cleopatra mandarin rootstock, on the other hand, rough lemon rootstock induced maximum granulation.
- Physiological disorder black end is not observed when Pyrus communis rootstock is used in Bartlett pear. When Pyrus pyrifolia is used as rootstock, the appearance of this disorder affects the quality of the fruits.
- Nutrient status of scion
- Rootstocks also affect the nutritional status of the scion. The leaves of Sathuguri sweet lime tree have a better nutrient status of all nutrients when grafted on C. volkarimariana rootstock as compared to its rootstock or Cleopatra mandarin rootstock.
- Winter hardiness
- Grapefruit scion on Rangpur lime rootstocks withstands winter injury better than rough lemons or sour oranges. On trifoliate rootstock, sweet orange, and mandarin are more cold tolerant.
- Disease resistance
- In citrus, considerable variability exists among rootstocks in their response to diseases and nematodes. For example, rough lemon rootstock is tolerant to tristeza, xyloporosis and exocortis, but susceptible to gummosis and nematode. On the other hand, Troyer citrange is tolerant to gummosis but susceptible to exocortis virus disease. Similarly, guava varieties grafted on Chinese guava (Psidium Friedrichsthalinum) rootstock are resistant to wilt disease and nematodes.
- Ability to resist soil adverse conditions
- In citrus rootstock, trifoliate orange shows poor tolerance, while Sweet orange, Sour orange, Rangpur lime rootstock shows a moderate ability to withstand excess salt in the soil. Similarly, in pome fruits, variation exists between rootstocks to resist excess soil moisture or excess boron in the soil. Myrobalan plum rootstocks generally tolerate more boron and moisture than Mariana plum rootstocks or other rootstocks such as peaches, apricots, or almonds. |
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