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415090

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20Adventures%20of%20Mumfie

Magic Adventures of Mumfie

Magic Adventures of Mumfie is a British animated children's television series and movie, inspired by the works of Katharine Tozer, with an original music score containing more than 22 songs. The series was created by Britt Allcroft, the creator of Thomas & Friends and Shining Time Station, produced by The Britt Allcroft Company (now Gullane Entertainment, a subsidiary of HiT Entertainment) and Quality Family Entertainment, narrated by American actor Patrick Breen and directed by John Laurence Collins, Mumfie was first seen in the United States on FOX from 1995 to 1996 in airings of Storytime with Thomas, as part of The Fox Cubhouse. 79 episodes were produced. Characters Mumfie The main character of the story, Mumfie is an elephant who lives in a little cottage in the woods. He always expects mail but never receives any. One day he decides to go on an adventure and the first thing he sees is a bird who asks if he can brighten up a dull tree. Scarecrow When Mumfie first met Scarecrow he was always in a field not ever moving until he set on the quest with him. Scarecrow is with Mumfie in all episodes. Pinkey the Flying Pig Starting her first appearance in a farm where other pigs bully her, Pinkey is upset because she misses her mother so Scarecrow and Mumfie help her out. The Black Cat A mysterious, magical cat who riddles Mumfie as he proceeds his journey. Disappearing and reappearing the black cat helps Mumfie in ways he doesn't expect. She has a niece who is a grey kitty. The Secretary The villain of the story who wants the Queen of Night's jewel as his source of power to rule all. Whale Whale is Mumfie, Scarecrow and Pinkey's Friend who helps them to get to the island because instead of internal organs inside him he has a glamorous, luxury room set with portholes, hammocks, carpets and lights. Pinkey's mother Pinkey wanted to see her mother with Mumfie and Scarecrow only to find that she didn't want her to get caught by the secretary. Bristle At first a servant to the secretary Bristle is very strict about rules as he explains to Mumfie. When the secretary was defeated, he became loyal to the Queen of Night instead. Napoleon Napoleon is the bird who is kept a prisoner by the secretary. He had his feathers cut off a long time ago and, believing he couldn't fly anymore went into deep depression, until Pinkey made him understood after all these years they have grown back which persuades him to fly. The Queen of Night The queen was the ruler of the island which Mumfie goes to. She is undercover as the secretary wants her jewel to rule all. She is voiced by Britt Allcroft instead of Breen due to his inability to speak in a female voice. Mr and Mrs Admiral These two married people were having a dream of living an underwater house (despite the fact that humans can't breathe underwater) until one day Mr Admiral was kidnapped by Davy Jones and his pirates which was a big blow to Mrs Admiral. Eel Mumfie first met Eel in the cave that lead them to the pirates and Davy Jones because she was glowing in the dark. Davy Jones Davy Jones is the leader of the pirates (who lived in their underwater ship) when he left he decided to be whale's companion. Pirates These pirates served Davy Jones when they kept Mr Admiral a prisoner until they became good guys. Youare the Reindeer Youare is the reindeer character with twisted antlers whose first appearance was in "Mumfie's White Christmas". Despite the fact that "You are?" was a question that was asked to him in Santa's stables, he assumed that was his name. Episodes Season 1 Production history Tozer's novels were first adapted for television as Here Comes Mumfie, using puppetry, between 1975 and 1976 and broadcast on Independent Television (ITV) in the United Kingdom. Allcroft's newly created version, with an original musical score featuring 26 Broadway style songs, was broadcast on the UK's ITV network in 1994 and has since been broadcast in other countries, including the US (Fox Kids), Canada, Australia, Scandinavia, Finland, Germany, Japan and Israel. The screen library consists of: Mumfie's Quest the movie length epic story, also broadcast as 13x10 minute serial, the Holiday Special Mumfie's White Christmas, plus Series 1 and Series 2 totaling 62 individual story episodes. After the sale of The Britt Allcroft Company in 2002, Mumfie became owned by HiT Entertainment. In 2009 Britt Allcroft bought back all the screen library, all the assets and underlying rights. Her family owned business, Britt Allcroft Productions LLV, recently announced a home entertainment distribution deal for the Mumfie screen library with Lionsgate for the U.S, U.K, Australia and many other parts of the world. They also had a partnership with United Talent Agency to handle all licensing for the Mumfie brand worldwide. In 2015, it was announced that Zodiak Kids will produce a new animated Mumfie series with Britt Allcroft Productions. The series will air in 2021 and will be animated by Italian animation studio Animoka. The series will have new characters such as a jellyfish and a crocodile. Critical reception During its original run, Britt Allcroft's Magic Adventures of Mumfie received positive reviews from critics. The Chicago Tribune called the show "a moving work of art" while the New York Daily News describes the show as "gentle, smart and beautifully animated". Other Media VHS releases DVD releases Video games A Edutainment game based on animated series of same name, was released for Picno on 1995 and was Developed and Published by Konami. References External links Mumfie on Internet Movie Database 1990s British animated television series 1994 British television series debuts 1998 British television series endings British children's animated fantasy television series British children's animated musical television series English-language television shows ITV children's television shows British television shows based on children's books Television series by Mattel Creations Television series created by Britt Allcroft Animated television series about elephants Gullane Entertainment

16013178

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Ethiopia

Women in Ethiopia

There have been several studies concerning women in Ethiopia. Historically, elite women in Ethiopia have been visible as administrators and warriors. This never translated into any benefit to improve the rights of women, but it had meant that women could inherit and own property, and act as advisors on important communal matters. As late as the first part of the nineteenth century, Queen Menen, consort of Emperor Iyasu IV, had a decisive role in running the Ethiopian Empire. Workit and Mestayit regents to their minor sons have been held responsible for their provinces. They owed their rights to landed property because of a special type of land tenure that expected tenants to serve as militia to overlords, irrespective of gender. In 1896, Empress Tayetu Betul, wife of Emperor Menelik II, actively advised the government and participated in defending the country from Italian invasion. Prominent and other landowning women fought against the second invasion in 1935–41. With the assistance of European advisors, women in the ensuing period were kept out of the army and politics, even as advisors. Instead, they were restricted to family and household work of raising children and cooking. With a steady increase in female representation in education, they have started to undertake nursing, teaching and similar other supportive roles. Over the 2018–2019 period, their gradual participation in state politics has been increasing pace. Social role of women As in other traditional societies, in Ethiopia a woman's worth is measured in terms of her role both as a mother and wife. Over 85 percent of Ethiopian women reside in rural areas, where households are engaged primarily in subsistence agriculture. In the countryside, women are integrated into the rural economy, which is often labor-intensive and exacts a heavy physical toll on all, including children. The Ethiopian Revolution had little impact on the lives of rural women. Land reform did not change their socioeconomic status, which was anchored in deep-rooted traditional values and beliefs. An improvement in economic conditions would improve the standard of living of women, but lasting change would also require a transformation in the attitudes of government officials and men regarding the roles of women. In urban areas, women have greater access to education, health care and employment outside the home. In 1976, around 40 percent of employed women in urban areas worked in the service sector, mainly in hotels, restaurants, and bars. A few women with higher education also found professional employment. Employment in production and related areas (such as textiles and food processing) accounted for 25 percent of the female work force, followed by sales, which accounted for about 11 percent. The survey also found that women factory workers in Addis Ababa earned about a quarter of the wages men earned for the same type of work. These differences existed despite a 1975 proclamation stipulating equal pay for equal work for men and women. Following the Ethiopian Revolution, women made some gains in economic and political areas. The Revolutionary Ethiopian Women's Association (REWA), which claimed a membership of over 5 million, took an active part in educating women. It encouraged the creation of women's organizations in factories, local associations, and in the civil service. Some women participated in local organizations and in peasant associations and kebeles. However, the role of women was limited at the national level. In 1984, for example, the government selected only one woman as a full member of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia. Of the 2,000 delegates who attended the party's inaugural congress in 1984, only 6 percent were women. Under the Derg regime, the enrollment of girls in primary and secondary schools increased from about 32 percent in 1974/75 to 39 percent in 1985/86. The enrollment rate among girls in urban areas far exceeded that of girls in rural areas. The adult literacy rate also rose to 60 percent following a nationwide educational campaign. After the Derg's ouster, the adult literacy rate dropped to around 39 percent as of 2007; 28.9% for females and 49.1% for males. In response, the Ministry of Education launched a new educational campaign, which targets an eventual literacy rate of 95 percent and aims to educate 17 million adults. As of 2008–2009, there was a steady increase in general enrollment and a decrease in gender disparity in access to education. The average annual growth rate of enrollment in all levels education was 27.2 percent for females and 33.7 percent for males, with an average annual growth rate of 29.7 percent for girls in Kindergarten, 13.4 percent for girls in primary school, 30.8 percent for girls in secondary school, 14.5 percent for women in TVET, and 21.4 percent for women in higher education. After the formation of the Federal Republic in 1995, the Ministry of Women's Affairs was also established. As of October 2009, Muferiat Kamil serves as the Minister. Social issues Women's health The total fertility rate as of 2014 is 5.23 children born/woman. Although most women do not traditionally use contraception, there has been a marked increase in contraceptive use. Between 2000 and 2011, contraceptive prevalence increased from 8.2% to 28.6%. As of 2010, the maternal mortality is 350 deaths/100,000 live births. The HIV/AIDS rate for both genders was estimated at 1.3% in 2012. More women are infected than men, and infections among women are partly due to their often lower socioeconomic status. Since sex between spouses is traditionally regarded as an obligation, the UNFPA argues that married women are at a greater risk of contracting HIV as they have less control over the frequency and nature of such relations. Violence against women An UN analysis of several international studies suggests that domestic violence against women is most prevalent in Ethiopia. Sexual violence is also reportedly common. Article 620 of the 2004 Criminal Code of Ethiopia, defines rape differently as compelled "sexual intercourse outside wedlock". Article 53 of the 2000 Revised Family Code of Ethiopia also stipulates that "they [the wife and husband] shall have with one another the sexual relations normal in marriage unless these relations involve a risk of seriously prejudicing their health". This is interpreted as rendering marital rape a legally impossible concept. In a 2005 WHO study, 59% of women reported lifetime sexual abuse by a partner, while one third of women reported that during the past 12 months they were physically forced to have sex against their will with their partner. This was the highest prevalence of all countries surveyed. Female genital mutilation As of 2005, 74.3% of women aged 15 – 49 years had undergone female genital mutilation (FGM). The pre-marital custom is mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East and has its ultimate origins in Ancient Egypt. Although legally proscribed under Articles 565 and 566 of the 2004 Penal Code, the procedure is still widely practiced, as it is deeply ingrained in the local culture. Encouraged and performed by women in the community, circumcision is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault. Bride kidnapping Bride kidnapping is practiced by certain communities in Ethiopia, mainly in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region (SNNPR). According to surveys conducted in 2003 by the National Committee on Traditional Practices in Ethiopia, the custom's prevalence rate in the SNNPR was estimated at 92 percent. The 2004 Criminal Code criminalizes this practice, as well as other forms of abuse of women, such as child marriage, trafficking and sexual harassment, at Chapter III – Crimes Committed against life, person and health through harmful traditional practices (Articles 561–570) and also by other provisions (Articles 587, 597, 625, 635, 637, 648). Wife-beating is also illegal: Article 564 – Violence Against a Marriage Partner or a Person Cohabiting in an Irregular Union. The 2014 gang rape and death of Hanna Lalango, as well as several other contemporaneous high-profile sexual assaults, prompted outrage from women in Ethiopia and internationally. The Yellow Movement was founded as a response to encourage women to speak out against sexual violence. Fighting for gender equality Gender equality has been a problem in Ethiopia for decades but has had an improvement over the past three years since when Mulatu Teshome became president. The USAID is one of the worldwide countries that have done a lot in promoting women in Ethiopia and giving them an opportunity to live a better life without discrimination. Other international organizations working with Ethiopia include All African Women For Peace (AAWP) and many others part of the UN keeping their focus on advancing the participation of women in peacemaking and strive to stop early marriages and gender-based violence. In addition to the international help and participation, the Ethiopian government has also created some organizations such as the Ethiopian Women Association (EWA) which mainly focuses on stopping some dangerous cultural practises done against women and girls like FGM which involves removing some parts of their private parts and promoting their economic, social and legal rights. Local organizations such the Women Fight in Harar, a small city in Ethiopia have been trying to fight any parents who keep their children from school and putting shame to men who attack, rape or try to rape girls and women. Furthermore, Ethiopian girls and women's struggles and problems are mostly associated with social acceptance, access to education and child or forced marriages. To many, it seems the tragedy begins immediately when they are born because when a mother gives birth to a baby girl, the baby is considered as something unwanted but celebrations are made when a baby boy is born. Being regarded as vulnerable, parents give various excuses to keep their daughters at home doing housework instead of going to school. A school-age girl is not allowed to attend school, with the excuse that she may be raped, abducted or harmed on the way to school. Boys are considered strong enough to protect themselves from any attack or harm. Girls cannot choose when and whom to marry. "Either the parents will choose the bride, or the groom will marry the girl of his choice" (Womankind). A woman who is a victim of rape will face humiliation starting from the police. Rape is not taken seriously and hence men are seen committing several atrocious violence against women, especially in villages. Women's empowerment Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment is a controversial topic in Ethiopia. More women in Ethiopia are committed to deal with everybody in the family and village/community. In Ethiopia, about 80% of the populace lives in rural zones and women are responsible for most of the agricultural work in these communities. Women are rarely perceived for their hard work, and most of the time a man figure in their lives confines their access to assets and network interest. One out of three women in Ethiopia have encountered sexual, physical, or mental viciousness, 65% of women have likewise experienced gender mutilation, and half of the young women who enroll into elementary schools never make it to grade five. As young women get older, numerous things become less available, for example, education and scholastic support. Academic participation turns out to be progressively troublesome as it removes time from fundamental income creating activities. Undergraduate colleges in Ethiopia are composed of 35% women, and 5% are set to drop out during their first year. There are 11% of women educators in Universities making them disproportionately represented in the Ethiopian Academic System. A few different ways to better help women become compelling pioneers later on is to have a holistic educational program in their beginning phases of their education. For example, learning their reading skills early on, the association Reading for Ethiopia's Achievement Developed action centers around improving reading abilities in elementary schools. Social norms relate to gender inequality In the Ethiopian language there are certain feminized slurs and idiomatic expressions that contrast women with animals. Teferra expresses that this kind of language strengthens negative generalizations and depicts gender based violence on women as though it is admissible and on occasion important. Biased language use can influence uniformity for women, despite everything it places them on a lower proficient, social, and monetary level to men. In order to comprehend this issue and step forward, it will expect individuals to know about their language use and how it tends to be destructive and how it might influence a women's prosperity. Gendered Expectations can negatively affect women's sexual and reproduction wellbeing. Ewenat Gebrehana talks about how "the criminalization of child marriage and passage of a relatively lenient abortion law illustrates the progress made in designing legislative frameworks to improve women’s health.” And tragically numerous Ethiopian families still practice arranged marriages at young ages. According to the Ethiopian Demographic And Health Survey 2016, the women's median for their first marriage is at 17 years of age and 15 years of age in the Amhara district, however it is 23 years of age for men. Society's desires for how a proper young women should behave and sociocultural standards about women sparing themselves until marriage.This signifies the many double standard guidelines related with sex and sexually transmitted diseases. Likewise, there are double standard norms related with women with socially sexually transmitted diseases not having the option to look for sexual and contraceptive wellbeing services. Health Care services are regularly not reasonable or open to ladies, this causes ladies with undesirable pregnancies or who furtively experience hazardous premature births to feel dread of judgment and the consequences of going astray from the standard. Arranged marriages Numerous women in Ethiopia are placed into arranged marriages when they're young. Fetura Mohammed a 14 year old in the Oromo region had an organized marriage set by her dad, yet she just desired to "complete her education and have her own job before getting married." Many young women are uninformed of their rights in Ethiopia with regards to harmful traditional practices because of the absence of education women get. These harmful traditional practices can extend from child marriage, female genital mutilation and polygamous marriage. As indicated by specific tribes, for example, the Oromo tribe being married after the age of 16 is viewed as a taboo and carries disgrace to the young women and the family. Komobolcha is the home of a Local Rights Programmers where ActionAid Ethiopia a grantee of the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against women, which is sharing knowledge among women to help anticipate child marriage/arranged marriages and other unsafe traditional practices. The program additionally gives data about lawful arrangements and enables women to get sorted out into watch groups. As women structure into watch groups they start to raise their voices and protest, spread open mindfulness, network with leaders, take legal actions, and form events for an after school clubs. When ActionAid began in 2009 there was a total of 655 women who were prepared and sorted out into 78 watch groups in 10 regions in Ethiopia. The 17 women watch groups in Kombolcha have created that system and engaged with community leaders, school clubs and law requirement offices to dispose of child marriage, and breaking down religions and traditional beliefs that help support it. Through these courses of actions some men leaders who are traditional/old-fashioned that also use to rehearse these conventional convictions are currently taking a shot at abolishing it and playing a role in change. Abortion Binyam Bogale, Mekitie Wondafrash, Tizta Tilahun, and Eshetu Girma discuss how women In Ethiopia are always in a position where their opinions are voiced by someone else or not voiced at all in regards to the use of contraceptives. Usually these issues are either made or voiced by their partners, and can affect their reproductive lives more than their partners. By fixing this issue it can affect the relevance for planning contextually appropriate family planning interventions. Modern family planning interventions in the area should be promoted by considering empowering of women on modern contraceptive use decision making. Mekitie Wondafrash, Tizta Tilahun, and Eshetu Girma come to a conclusion that in order to help empower women to make important decisions their needs to be a collective discussion addressing the issue to prevent pregnancy. According to Binyam Bogale, Mekitie Wondafrash, Tizta Tilahun, and Eshetu Girma, high level of current modern contraceptive practice with reduced urban-rural difference was found as compared to regional and national figures. Urban women had better power to make decisions on modern contraceptive than rural women.” See also Polygamy in Ethiopia Human trafficking in Ethiopia References Further reading External links "New law in Ethiopia represents a step forward for women's reproductive rights " IPAS, 7 June 2005 Ethiopia

26047154

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kred

Kred

Kred may refer to: Places Kred, Slovenia Other KRED (FM), Eureka, California radio station

44728458

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levixone

Levixone

Levixone is a Ugandan gospel musician. See also List of Ugandan musicians References External links "All Levixone Music" "Levixone and Daisy Ejang with new single "SHUGA"." "American Gospel rapper Da Truth coming for Phat Fest" 1993 births 21st-century Ugandan male singers Gospel musicians Living people

12945086

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontanes

Fontanes

Fontanes or Fontanès is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Fontanes, Lot, in the Lot department Fontanes, Lozère, in the Lozère department Fontanès, Gard, in the Gard department Fontanès, Hérault, in the Hérault department Fontanès, Loire, in the Loire department Fontanès-de-Sault, in the Aude department Fontanes-du-Causse, in the Lot department

62266627

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%20County%20Leader

Spencer County Leader

The Spencer County Leader is an American, English-language newspaper located in Rockport, Indiana United States of America. The newspaper serves Spencer County and covers local news, sports, business and community events. It is published weekly on Thursdays. History The Spencer County Leader started publishing in 1997 as an outgrowth of the Dale News founded in 1960. The newspaper is owned by its sister publication, The Ferdinand News. Awards The Leader has won awards from the Hoosier State Press Association such as Best News Coverage Under Deadline Pressure and Best In-Depth Feature or Feature Package. It also participates in Indiana’s community-based tobacco control coalition. The Spencer County Leader was notably cited in the Atlanta Magazine for their coverage on Gary Stephen Krist. Krist, kidnapper of Barbara Mackle, was granted a probationary medical license in Indiana. He was one of the few physicians in Chrisney, IN. He practiced until 2003, when Indiana revoked his medical license. The Hoosier State Press Association represents daily and weekly paid-circulation newspapers throughout Indiana. They are known for recognizing excellence within journalism and newspaper advertising through their annual awards program. In 2019, the Spencer County Leader won awards for Best News Coverage Under Deadline Pressure and Best In-Depth Feature or Feature Package. References Newspapers published in Indiana Spencer County, Indiana 1960 establishments in Indiana

6821371

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz%20Gortat

Janusz Gortat

Janusz Kazimierz Gortat (born November 5, 1948) is a retired boxer from Poland, who represented his native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1972. In both tournaments he won the bronze medal in the light heavyweight division (– 75 kg) after being defeated in the semifinals by eventual winners (Leon Spinks of the United States in 1976 and Mate Parlov of Yugoslavia in 1972). Born in Brzozów, he is the father of NBA basketball player Marcin Gortat and boxer Robert Gortat. 1972 Olympic results Round of 32: Defeated Jaroslav Král (Czechoslovakia) by decision, 5–0 Round of 16: Defeated Raymond Russell (United States) by decision, 3–2 Quarterfinal: Defeated Rudi Hornig (West Germany) KO 1 Semifinal: Lost to Mate Parlov (Yugoslavia) by decision, 0–5 1976 Olympic results Round of 32: Defeated Miloslav Popović (Yugoslavia) on points, 3–2 Round of 16 Defeated Georgi Stoymenov (Bulgaria) TKO 3 Quarterfinal: Defeated Juan Domingo Suarez (Argentina) on points, 4–1 Semifinal: Lost to Leon Spinks (United States) on points, 0–5 References databaseOlympics Janusz Gortat profile at the official website of the Polish Olympic Committee 1948 births Living people People from Tomaszów Mazowiecki County Light-heavyweight boxers Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Boxers at the 1976 Summer Olympics Olympic boxers of Poland Olympic bronze medalists for Poland Olympic medalists in boxing Sportspeople from Łódź Voivodeship Polish male boxers Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics

226386

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1633%20in%20literature

1633 in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1633. Events May 21 – Ben Jonson's masque The King's Entertainment at Welbeck is performed. October 18 – King Charles I of England reissues the Declaration of Sports, originally published by his father, King James I in 1617, listing sports and recreations permitted on Sundays and holy days. November 17 – King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria watch the King's Men perform Shakespeare's Richard III on the Queen's birthday at St James's Palace. November 26 – The King and Queen watch The Taming of the Shrew at St. James's Palace. Queen Henrietta's Men have stage success with a revival of Marlowe's The Jew of Malta at the Cockpit Theatre, with new prologues and epilogues by Thomas Heywood and Richard Perkins in the title role. Its first known publication takes place this year in London, as The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta, some forty years after its first performance. In view of Galileo's condemnation by the Catholic Church, René Descartes abandons plans to publish Treatise on the World, his work of the past four years. New books Prose William Alabaster – Ecce sponsus venit "Henry van Etten" (pseudonym for Jean Leurechon) – Mathematical Recreations Fulke Greville – Certain Learned and Elegant Works (containing the closet dramas Alaham and Mustapha) Thomas James – The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captaine Thomas James Thomas Stafford (ed.) – Pacata Hibernia: Ireland appeased and reduced, or, An historie of the late warres of Ireland, especially within the province of Mounster, under the government of Sir George Carew, knight Drama Anonymous – The Costly Whore (published) Thomas Carew – Coelum Britanicum (masque) John Fletcher and James Shirley – The Night Walker John Ford (published in individual editions) The Broken Heart Love's Sacrifice 'Tis Pity She's a Whore Henry Glapthorne – Argalus and Parthenia (approx. date) Thomas Goffe – Orestes (published) Peter Hausted (published) The Rival Friends Senile Odium Thomas Heywood – The English Traveller Ben Jonson – The King's Entertainment at Welbeck Siddhi Narsingh Malla, King of Nepal – Ekadashi Brata Christopher Marlowe – The Jew of Malta (published) Shackerley Marmion – A Fine Companion (published; perhaps first performed) John Marston – The Workes of Mr. J. Marston (first published collection) Philip Massinger – A New Way to Pay Old Debts (published) Walter Mountfort – The Launching of the Mary Thomas Nabbes – Covent Garden William Rowley (published) All's Lost by Lust A Match at Midnight James Shirley The Bird in a Cage (performed and published) A Contention for Honor and Riches (published) The Gamester The Young Admiral Arthur Wilson – The Inconstant Lady Poetry Abraham Cowley – Poetical Blossoms John Donne (posthumous) – Poems, by J.D., the first collected edition Phineas Fletcher – The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man George Herbert (posthumous) – The Temple: Sacred poems and private ejaculations, the first collected edition Births February 23 – Samuel Pepys, English diarist (died 1703) July 1 – Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (died 1698) November 11 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English politician and writer (died 1695) Deaths March 1 – George Herbert, Welsh-born English poet (born 1593) August 10 – Anthony Munday, English dramatist and miscellanist (born c. 1560) September 4 – Lady Margaret Hoby, English diarist (born 1571) September 27 – Cristóbal de Mesa, Spanish poet (born 1559) Unknown date – Richard Hawkins, English publisher (year of birth unknown) Probable year of death – William Bellenden, Scottish classicist (born c. 1550) References Years of the 17th century in literature

11422007

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD49

Small nucleolar RNA SNORD49

In molecular biology, snoRNA U49 (also known as SNORD49) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA. snoRNA U49 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. U49 was identified by cloning from HeLa cells and is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue C4426. In the human genome there are two related copies of U45 (called U45A and U45B) which are encoded in the introns of the same host gene (MGC40157). References External links Small nuclear RNA

174197

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenserian%20stanza

Spenserian stanza

The Spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene (1590–96). Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is ABABBCBCC. Example stanza This example is the first stanza from Spenser's Faerie Queene. The formatting, wherein all lines but the first and last are indented, is the same as in contemporary printed editions. Lo I the man, whose Muse whilome did maske, As time her taught, in lowly Shepheards weeds, Am now enforst a far unfitter taske, For trumpets sterne to chaunge mine Oaten reeds, And sing of Knights and Ladies gentle deeds; Whose prayses having slept in silence long, Me, all too meane, the sacred Muse areeds To blazon broad emongst her learned throng: Fierce warres and faithfull loues shall moralize my song. Possible influences Spenser's invention may have been influenced by the Italian form ottava rima, which consists of eight lines of iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABABABCC. This form was used by Spenser's Italian role models Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso. Another possible influence is rhyme royal, a traditional medieval form used by Geoffrey Chaucer and others, which has seven lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme ABABBCC. More likely, however, is the eight-line ballad stanza with the rhyme scheme ABABBCBC, which Chaucer used in his Monk's Tale. Spenser would have been familiar with this rhyme scheme and simply added a line to the stanza, forming ABABBCBCC. Use by others Spenser's verse form fell into disuse in the period immediately following his death. However, it was revived in the nineteenth century by several notable poets, including: Mary Tighe in Psyche or the Legend of Love Robert Southey in A Tale of Paraguay Lord Byron in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage James Hogg in Mador of the Moor John Keats in The Eve of St. Agnes Percy Bysshe Shelley in The Revolt of Islam and Adonaïs Sir Walter Scott in The Vision of Don Roderick. Robert Burns in "The Cotter's Saturday Night", which shows his ability to use English forms while praising Scotland. William Wordsworth in "The Female Vagrant", included in Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads Alfred, Lord Tennyson in The Lotos-Eaters, in the first part of the poem. John Clare in The Harvest Morning and November George Washington Moon in Elijah the Prophet John Frederick Rowbotham in The Epic of London John Neihardt in The Divine Enchantment William Cullen Bryant in The Ages Sibella Elizabeth Miles in The Wanderer of Scandinavia; or, Sweden Delivered In Eastern Europe, English stanzaic forms were not very popular, these countries being too far from England's literary influence. Neither rhyme royal nor the Spenserian stanza occurred frequently. English rhyme schemes remained unknown until the beginning of the 19th century, when Lord Byron's poems gained enormous popularity. In Poland the Spenserian stanza was used by Juliusz Słowacki and Jan Kasprowicz. In Czech literature Jaroslav Vrchlický wrote some poems in the Spenserian stanza, among others Stvoření světa (The Creation of the World): Similar forms In the long poem The Forest Sanctuary, Felicia Hemans employs a similar nine-line stanza, rhyming ABABCCBDD, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the ninth an alexandrine. Bibliography Morton, Edward Payson. "The Spenserian Stanza before 1700". Modern Philology, Volume 4, No. 4, April 1907. pp. 639–654 References Stanzaic form Epic poetry Edmund Spenser

14227171

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed%20rail%20in%20Europe

High-speed rail in Europe

High-speed rail (HSR) has developed in Europe as an increasingly popular and efficient means of transport. The first high-speed rail lines on the continent, built in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, improved travel times on intra-national corridors. Since then, several countries have built extensive high-speed networks, and there are now several cross-border high-speed rail links. Railway operators frequently run international services, and tracks are continuously being built and upgraded to international standards on the emerging European high-speed rail network. In 2007, a consortium of European Railway operators, Railteam, emerged to co-ordinate and boost cross-border high-speed rail travel. Developing a Trans-European high-speed rail network is a stated goal of the European Union, and most cross-border railway lines receive EU funding. Several countries — France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia and the United Kingdom — are connected to a cross-border high-speed railway network. More are expected to be connected in the coming years as Europe invests heavily in tunnels, bridges and other infrastructure and development projects across the continent, many of which are under construction now. Alstom was the first manufacturer to design and deliver a high speed train or HS-Train, which ended up in service with TGV in France. Currently, there are a number of manufacturers designing and building HSR in Europe, with criss-crossed alliances and partnerships, including Alstom, Bombardier (since 2021 owned by Alstom), Hitachi, Siemens, and Talgo. Early national high-speed rail networks The first high-speed rail lines and services were built in the 1980s and 1990s as national projects. Countries sought to increase passenger capacity and decrease journey times on inter-city routes within their borders. In the beginning, lines were built through national funding programmes and services were operated by national operators. France France was introduced to high-speed rail when the LGV Sud-Est from Paris to Lyon opened in 1981 and TGV started passenger service. Since then, France has continued to build an extensive network, with lines extending in every direction from Paris. France has the second largest high-speed network in Europe, with 2,800 km of operative HSR lines in June 2021, only behind Spain's 3,622 km. The TGV network gradually spread out to other cities, and into other countries such as Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and the UK. Due to the early adoption of high-speed rail and the important location of France (between the Iberian Peninsula, the British Isles and Central Europe), most other dedicated high-speed rail lines in Europe have been built to the same speed, voltage and signalling standards. The most obvious exception is the high-speed lines in Germany, which are built to existing German railway standards. Also, many high-speed services, including TGV and ICE utilize existing rail lines in addition to those designed for high-speed rail. For that reason, and due to differing national standards, trains that cross national boundaries need to have special characteristics, such as the ability to handle different power supplies and signalling systems. This means that not all TGVs are the same, and there are loading gauge and signalling considerations. Britain Britain has a history of high-speed rail, starting with early high-speed steam systems: examples of engines are GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro and the steam-record holder LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard. Later, high-speed diesel and electric services were introduced, using upgraded main lines, mainly the Great Western Main Line (GWML) and East Coast Main Line. The InterCity 125, otherwise known as the High-Speed Train (HST), was launched in 1976 with a service speed of and provided the first high-speed rail services in Britain. The HST was diesel-powered, and the GWML was the first to be modified for the new service. Because the GWML had been built mostly straight, often with four tracks and with a distance of 1 mile (about 1.6 km) between distant signal and main signal, it allowed trains to run at with relatively moderate infrastructure investments, compared to other countries in Europe. The Intercity 125 had proven the economic case for high-speed rail, and British Rail was keen to explore further advances. In the 1970s, British Rail began to explore new technologies for high-speed passenger rail services in the UK. While the Japanese and French railway authorities had decided to build completely new tracks for their respective Shinkansen and TGV high-speed rail systems, British Rail opted instead to develop a train capable of running on existing rail infrastructure: the Advanced Passenger Train (APT), with a top speed of . An experimental version, the APT-E, was tested between 1972 and 1976. It was equipped with a tilting mechanism which allowed the train to tilt into bends to reduce cornering forces on passengers, and was powered by gas turbines (the first to be used on British Rail since the Great Western Railway). The line had used Swiss-built Brown-Boveri and British-built Metropolitan-Vickers locomotives (18000 and 18100) in the early 1950s. The 1970s oil crisis prompted a rethink in the choice of motive power (as with the prototype TGV in France), and British Rail later opted for traditional electric overhead lines when the pre-production and production APTs were brought into service in 1980–86. Initial experience with the Advanced Passenger Trains was pretty good. They had a high power-to-weight ratio to enable rapid acceleration; the prototype set record speeds on the Great Western Main Line and the Midland Main Line, and the production versions vastly reduced journey times on the WCML. The APT was, however, beset with technical problems; financial constraints and negative media coverage eventually caused the project to be cancelled. Trains currently travel at 125 mph (200 km/h) on the East Coast Main Line, Great Western Main Line, Midland Main Line, parts of the Cross Country Route, and the West Coast Main Line. High Speed 1 (HS1) connects London to the Channel Tunnel, with international Eurostar services running from London St Pancras International to cities in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands at 186 mph (300 km/h). That line is also used by high-speed commuter services from Kent to the capital, operating at top speeds of 140 mph (225 km/h). Since 2019 construction has been ongoing on a major new purpose-built high-speed rail line, High Speed 2 (HS2) which will link London with major cities in the North and the Midlands at and reduce journey times to Scotland. HS2 is a more sustainable high-speed line critical for the UK's low carbon transport future, building several new railway stations and bridges. Government-backed plans to provide east-west high-speed services between cities in the North of England are also in stages of development, as part of the Northern Powerhouse Rail project. Germany Construction on first German high-speed lines began shortly after that of the French LGVs. Legal battles caused significant delays, so that the InterCityExpress (ICE) trains were deployed ten years after the TGV network was established. The ICE network is more tightly integrated with pre-existing lines and trains as a result of the different settlement structure in Germany, with a population more numerous by a third than that of France, on a territory smaller by a third, resulting in more than twice the population density of France. ICE trains reached destinations in Austria and Switzerland soon after they entered service, taking advantage of the same voltage used in these countries. Starting in 2000, multisystem third-generation ICE trains entered the Netherlands and Belgium. The third generation of the ICE reached a speed of during trial runs in accordance with European rules requiring maximum speed +10% in trial runs, and is certified for in regular service. In the south-west, a new line between Offenburg and Basel is planned to allow speeds of , and a new line between Frankfurt and Mannheim for speeds of is in advanced planning stages. In the east, a long line between Nuremberg and Leipzig opened in December 2017 for speeds of up to . Together with the fast lines from Berlin to Leipzig and from Nuremberg to Munich, which were completed in 2006, it allows journey times of about four hours from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south, compared to nearly eight hours for the same distance a few years ago. Italy The earliest high-speed rail line built in Europe was the Italian "Direttissima", the Florence–Rome high-speed railway (254 km/158 mi) in 1978, which used FS Class E444 3 kV DC locomotives. Italy pioneered the use of the Pendolino tilting train technology. The Italian government constructor Treno Alta Velocità has been adding to the high-speed network in Italy, with some lines already opened. The Italian operator NTV is the first open access high-speed rail operator in Europe, since 2011, using AGV ETR 575 multiple units. In March 2011, a contract for the second phase of construction on the Milan–Verona high-speed line was signed. This section will be 39 km long. Construction originally to be completed by 2015, it is open to Brescia since late 2016. The Italian high-speed railway network consists of 1342 km of lines, which allow speeds of up to 300 km/h. The safety system adopted for the network is the ERMTS/ETCS II, the state-of-the-art in railway signalling and safety. The power supply follows the European standard of 25 kV AC 50 Hz mono-phase current. The Direttissima segment is still supplied with 3 kV DC current, but it is planned that this will be conformed to the rest of the network. With the entering into service of the ETR1000 train-sets, which have a top speed of more than 400 km/h and a commercial speed of 360 km/h, the rail network speeds where thought to be upgraded to safely allow trains to run at such speeds. After its enter in service the Frecciarossa 1000 underwent several speed tests along the Turin-Milan route reaching the Italian rail speed record of on 26 February 2016. On 28 May 2018, the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport and the ANSF announced that no further tests will be carried out, as issues of ballast being suctioned by the train emerged at those speeds, and that the speed limit would be maintained at 300 km/h. The increasing success of Italy's high-speed rail networks since 2008 has been cited as one of the main reasons that flag carrier airline Alitalia, which focused on domestic flights, went bankrupt and ceased operations in October 2021 as high-speed train travel became faster, cheaper and more efficient. Spain The Alta Velocidad Española (AVE) high-speed rail system in Spain has been in service since 1992, when the Madrid–Seville route started running. Ten other lines have been opened since, including the 621-kilometre long Madrid–Barcelona line. By December 2021 the total length of the network was 3,622 kilometres, making it the longest in Europe, and the second longest in the world after mainland China. The ambitious AVE construction programme aims to connect with high-speed trains almost all provincial capitals to Madrid in less than 3 hours and to Barcelona within 6 hours. With an initial deadline set for 2020, the programme was slowed down by the financial crisis: the two main lines still under construction, the Mediterranean Corridor and the Lisbon Line, are currently expected to be completed by 2022. The Spanish and Portuguese high-speed lines are being built to European standard track gauge (UIC) of and electrified with 25 kV at 50 Hz from overhead wire. The first HSL from Madrid to Seville is equipped with the LZB train control system, and later lines with ETCS. Elsewhere in Europe, the success of high-speed services has been due in part to interoperability with existing normal rail lines. Interoperability between the new AVE lines and the older Iberian gauge network presents additional challenges. Both Talgo and CAF supply trains with variable gauge wheels operated by automatic gauge-changer equipment which the trains pass through without stopping (Alvias). Some lines are being constructed as dual gauge to allow trains with Iberian and UIC gauge to run on the same tracks. Other lines have been re-equipped with sleepers for both Iberian and UIC gauge, such that the track can be converted from Iberian to UIC gauge at a later time without changing the sleepers. The first AVE trains to link up with the French standard gauge network began running in December 2013, when direct high-speed rail services between Spain and France were launched for the first time. This connection between the two countries was made possible by the construction of the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line (a follow-up of the Madrid-Barcelona line), completed in January 2013, and its international section Perpignan-Figueres, which opened in December 2010 and includes a new tunnel under the Pyrenees. Another high-speed rail link connecting the two countries at Irun/Hendaye is also planned. Several new high-speed lines are under construction with a design speed of 300–350 km/h, and several old lines are being upgraded to allow passenger trains to operate at 250 km/h. The total length of lines is higher than 3000 km with long-term plans to expand it up to 7000 km. Three companies have built or will build trains for the Spanish high-speed railway network: Spanish Talgo, French Alstom and German Siemens AG. Bombardier Transportation is a partner in both the Talgo-led and the Siemens-led consortium. France will eventually build 25 kV TGV lines all the way to the Spanish border (there is now a gap between Nîmes and Perpignan), but multi-voltage trains will still be needed, as trains travelling to Paris need to travel the last few kilometres on 1.5 kV lines. To this end, RENFE decided to convert 10 existing AVE S100 trains to operate at this voltage (as well as the French signalling systems), which will cost €30,000,000 instead of the previously expected €270,000,000 for new trains. Integration of European High-speed rail network The Trans-European high-speed rail network is one of a number of the European Union's Trans-European transport networks. It was defined by the Council Directive 96/48/EC of 23 July 1996. The aim of this EU Directive is to achieve the interoperability of the European high-speed train network at the various stages of its design, construction and operation. The network is defined as a system consisting of a set of infrastructures, fixed installations, logistic equipment and rolling stock. On 5 June 2010, the European Commissioner for Transport signed a Memorandum of Understanding with France and Spain concerning a new high-speed rail line across the Pyrenees to become the first link between the high-speed lines of the two countries. Furthermore, high-speed lines between Helsinki and Berlin (Rail Baltica), and between Lyon and Budapest, were promoted. Cross-border infrastructure and passenger services Belgium Belgium's rail network is served by four high-speed train operators: Thalys, Eurostar, ICE and TGV trains. All of them serve Brussels South (Midi) station, Belgium's largest railway station. Thalys trains, which are a variant of the French TGV, operate between Belgium, Germany (Dortmund), the Netherlands (Amsterdam) and France (Paris). Since 2007, Eurostar has connected Brussels to London St Pancras, before which, trains connected to London Waterloo. The German ICE operates between Brussels, Liège and Frankfurt. The HSL 1 is a Belgian high-speed railway line which connects Brussels with the French border. 88 km long (71 km dedicated high-speed tracks, 17 km modernised lines), it began service on 14 December 1997. The line has appreciably shortened rail journeys, the journey from Paris to Brussels now taking 1:22. In combination with the LGV Nord, it has also affected international journeys to France and London, ensuring high-speed through-running by Eurostar, TGV, Thalys PBA and Thalys PBKA trainsets. The total construction cost was €1.42 billion. The HSL 2 is a Belgian high-speed rail line between Brussels and Liège, 95 km long (61 km dedicated high-speed tracks between Leuven and Ans, 34 km modernised lines between Brussels and Leuven and between Ans and Liège) it began service on 15 December 2002. Its extension to the German border (the HSL 3) is now in use, the combined high-speed line greatly accelerates journeys between Brussels, Paris and Germany. HSL 2 is used by Thalys and ICE trains as well as fast internal InterCity services. The HSL 3 is a Belgian high-speed railway line which connects Liège to the German border. 56 km long (42 km dedicated high-speed tracks, 14 km modernised lines), it began service on 13 December 2009. HSL 3 is used by international Thalys and ICE trains only, as opposed to HSL 2 which is also used for fast internal InterCity services. The HSL 4 is a Belgian high-speed railway line which connects Brussels to the Dutch border. 87 km long (40 km dedicated high-speed tracks, 57 km modernised lines). HSL 4 is used by Thalys trains since 13 December 2009 and it will be used starting 2010 by fast internal InterCity trains. Between Brussels and Antwerp (47 km), trains travel at 160 km/h on the upgraded existing line (with the exception of a few segments where a speed limit of 120 km/h is imposed). At the E19/A12 motorway junction, trains leave the regular line to run on new dedicated high-speed tracks to the Dutch border (40 km) at 300 km/h. The completion of the Channel Tunnel rail link (High Speed 1) and the completion of the lines from Brussels to Amsterdam and Cologne led to news reports in November 2007 that both Eurostar and Deutsche Bahn were pursuing direct services from London to Amsterdam and Cologne. Both journeys would be under 4 hours, the length generally considered competitive with air travel. The 25N line opened in 2012–2018 is designed for speeds up to 220 km/h, but is limited to 160 km/h until another existing line Mechelen-Antwerp will be upgraded. It's unknown when it will happen. Netherlands HSL-Zuid (, ) is a 125 km high-speed line in the Netherlands. Using existing tracks from Amsterdam Centraal to Schiphol Airport, the dedicated high-speed line begins here and continues to Rotterdam Centraal and to the Belgian border. Here, it connects to the HSL 4, terminating at Antwerpen-Centraal. Den Haag Centraal (The Hague) and Breda are connected to the high-speed line by conventional railway lines. Services on the HSL-Zuid began on 7 September 2009. It will be served by Thalys trains from Amsterdam to Brussels and Paris. HSL-Oost was planned, but was put on hiatus. It would connect Amsterdam Centraal via Utrecht Centraal and Arnhem to Germany. The existing line from Amsterdam to Utrecht is four-tracked. Two tracks out of four are capable of 200 km/h, but the available voltage is not high enough. The line is planned to be re-electrified to 25 000 V AC. Paris to Frankfurt Admission of ICE trains onto French LGVs was applied for in 2001, and trial runs were completed in 2005. In June 2007, the LGV Est from Paris to the middle of the Lorraine region of France was opened. For the first time, high-speed services over the Franco-German border were offered. SNCF operates the TGV service between Paris and Stuttgart via Strasbourg and a daily return journey from Paris to Frankfurt via Saarbrücken, while ICE trains operate the remaining Paris to Frankfurt. Channel Tunnel The construction of the Channel Tunnel, completed in 1994, provided the impetus for the first cross-border high-speed rail line. In 1993, the LGV Nord, which connects Paris to the Belgian border and the Channel Tunnel via Lille, was opened. Initial travel times through the tunnel from London to Paris and Brussels were about 3 hours. In 1997, a dedicated high-speed line to Brussels, HSL 1, was opened. In 2007, High Speed 1, the Channel Tunnel Rail Link to London, was completed after a partial opening in 2003. All three lines were built to the French LGV standards, including electrification at 25 kV. The Channel tunnel itself is geometrically achievable to provide 200 km/h speed, but it is limited to 160 km/h. In 1990s it was claimed that such speed restriction is temporary. London to Paris and Brussels Passenger trains built to specific safety standards are operated by Eurostar through the Channel Tunnel. Direct trains now travel from London St Pancras to Paris in 2h15, and to Brussels in 1h51. On 1 May 2015 Eurostar introduced a weekly service from London to Lyon, Avignon and Marseille. Thalys high-speed international trains serve the Paris to Brussels corridor, which is now covered in 1h20. Additional Thalys services extend to Amsterdam and Cologne in addition to Belgian cities. London to Amsterdam and Germany Both Deutsche Bahn (DB) and Eurostar have announced plans for direct services from London to new continental destinations in the Netherlands and Germany. DB have not set a date for any new service to begin, although the company did at one point hope to introduce a five-hour service to Frankfurt by 2017. A twice daily direct Eurostar service between London St Pancras and Amsterdam started running on 4 April 2018. The German manufacturer Siemens has designed trainsets to meet the strict safety standards of Channel Tunnel operation. Spanish-French Border A section of the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line across the Spanish-French border opened in January 2013. The line includes the new Perthus Tunnel under the Pyrenees and permits high-speed rail services between Spain and France. Since 15 December 2013 the French SNCF operates a TGV service between Paris and Barcelona and the Spanish AVE offers direct Madrid–Marseille, Barcelona–Lyon and Barcelona–Toulouse high-speed services. The journey time for the TGV Paris–Barcelona service is now 6h 25min. A 60 kilometer Nîmes–Montpellier bypass is under construction and will chop 20 minutes off travel times from Barcelona to Lyon and beyond. There is on the other hand currently no funding for the missing segment of high-speed line between Montpellier and Perpignan, which would cut journey times between the two countries by an additional hour. Another high-speed rail link connecting the two countries is planned via Irun/Hendaye, but is not currently funded. Crossing the Alps The north–south axis has been improved by the Swiss NRLA project already in 2007 with the Lötschberg Base Tunnel and in 2016 with the currently world's longest railway tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel. Further international links between Italy and France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia are under way. These links all incorporate extensive new tunnelling under the Alps. European Union funding has already been approved for the Turin–Lyon high-speed railway, which will connect the TGV and TAV networks, and for a link with Slovenia. In Slovenia, Pendolino-based trainsets are operated by Slovenian Railways as the InterCitySlovenija. Trains connect the capital Ljubljana with Maribor and also with Koper in the summer months. One unit operated as EC Casanova on the line Ljubljana–Venice, but this service was discontinued in April 2008. Between Austria and Italy, the Brenner Base Tunnel is being constructed to upgrade the Berlin–Palermo railway axis. Future projects adjacent to existing high-speed services Magistrale for Europe The Magistrale for Europe (MoE) is a Trans-European Networks (TEN) project for the creation of a high-speed railway line between Paris and Bratislava. It is TEN project No. 17 (Paris – Bratislava), and is already under way. MoE adds a connection from Vienna to Budapest. The project is planned to be completed by 2020. It will link 34 million people in five countries. The overall length of the route is 1,500 km. Austria The Western Railway between the capital Vienna and Salzburg is being upgraded. Most new sections have a continuous maximum design speed of 250 km/h. German and Austrian ICE trains operate at a maximum speed of 230 km/h, as do Austrian locomotive-hauled trains (called railjet) which were launched in 2008. The Brenner Base Tunnel under construction will allow speeds of up to 250 km/h. The first part of the New Lower Inn Valley railway was opened in December 2012 as part of an upgrade of the line connecting the future Brenner Base Tunnel and southern Germany, which is being upgraded from two tracks to four and to a maximum design speed of 250 km/h. The section is also part of the Berlin–Palermo railway axis. The Koralm Railway, the first entirely new railway line in the Second Austrian Republic has been under construction since 2006. It includes a new 33 km tunnel (the Koralm Tunnel) connecting the cities of Klagenfurt and Graz. Primarily built for intermodal freight transport, it will also be used by passenger trains travelling at up to 250 km/h. The time taken to travel from Klagenfurt to Graz will be reduced from three hours to one hour. The Koralmbahn is expected to be operational by 2025. Switzerland The French-Swiss co-operation TGV Lyria and German ICE lines extend into Switzerland, but given the dense rail traffic and the often difficult terrain, they do not attain speeds higher than 200 km/h (ICE3) or 160 km/h (TGV, ICE1, ICE2). The fastest Swiss train is the SBB RABe 501 also named Giruno. It is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways since May 2016. They can reach higher speeds than conventional trains on the curve-intensive Swiss network, however the top speed of 200 km/h can only be reached on high-speed lines. The former Cisalpino consortium owned by the Swiss Federal Railways and Trenitalia used Pendolino tilting trains on two of its international lines. These trains are now operated by the Swiss Federal Railways and Trenitalia. To address transalpine freight and passenger bottlenecks on its roads and railways, Switzerland launched the Rail2000 and NRLA projects. United Kingdom The United Kingdom's first dedicated high-speed line, High Speed 1 between London and the Channel Tunnel, opened 14 November 2007 on time and under budget. A second line, High Speed 2, is currently under construction between London and Birmingham with later extensions to Manchester and Nottingham. Like Finnish and Russian counterparts, the strongest reasons for new high-speed lines are to relieve congestion on the existing network and create extra capacity. New Class 374 trains were introduced in November 2015, and are able to carry passengers to destinations beyond the core routes to Paris and Brussels. A Class 374 train has 900 seats, roughly equivalent to six Airbus A320s or Boeing 737s (the aircraft typically used by low-cost airlines). The line speed was later restored to , and the flashing green system is no longer in use. The UK has six lines with a permitted speed of 200 km/h or more across at least one section, but only one has an operating speed of more than 250 km/h on at least one section. These are as follows: High Speed 1 () East Coast Main Line () West Coast Main Line () Great Western Main Line () Cross Country Route () Midland Main Line () Nordic Countries Denmark As of 2020, Denmark has a single high-speed line: Copenhagen–Ringsted Line, designed for a permitted speed of 250 km/h. The Øresund Bridge is designed for a maximum speed of 200 km/h, but pending a signalling upgrade, this is only achieved a few km into Denmark by using Swedish signalling. An upgrade of Sydbanen to 200 km/h is underway, and construction on the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link, which includes a 200 km/h rail tunnel, will begin in 2021. Denmark's two biggest cities, Copenhagen and Aarhus, are about 300 km apart, and there is a political target to reach a two-hour traveling time, and 200 km/h is set as a target speed. Some parts are planned to be rerouted because the present railway is curvy there and they are likely to be designed for higher than 200 km/h. The top speed of some parts of the main lines allow trains to travel at 180 km/h, these are however small sections of the main lines which are quickly passed onto slower sections around 140–160 km/h. Most parts of the rail network are unelectrified – thus slowing acceleration and top speed. Since 2007 it has been common practice for the infrastructure provider Banedanmark to pad the timetables with extra time to a near European record, resulting in railway companies which only utilize the top speeds to make up for lost time. Some of the rolling stock running on the Danish rail network are capable of reaching 200 km, the SJ 2000 and the IC4. Denmark's unique signalling system, which contains numerous obsolete components, is being replaced with a new one, the ERTMS 2, to be finished in 2030. This is a requirement for speeds higher than 180 km/h. A new 60 km Copenhagen–Ringsted Line was completed in 2019. It has maximum 180 km/h until ERTMS is installed in around 2023, then allowing speeds up to 250 km/h. The railway line from Ringsted towards the future Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link was upgraded to 160 km/h in 2010, and will be upgraded to a 200 km/h doubletracked line in 2021. Once this project is finished, Denmark would be able to link the Swedish high-speed lines with the rest of the European high-speed rail network. As Germany is electrifying and upgrading the Lübeck–Puttgarden railway from the current limit of between 100 and 160 km/h to 200 km/h, the only non-highspeed section will be Lübeck–Hamburg. In 2013 the Danish Government (consisting of the parties: the Social Democrats, the Danish Social Liberal Party and the Socialist People's Party) along with the supporting party Red–Green Alliance and the opposition party Danish People's Party entered an ambitious political agreement on the infrastructure project called "The Train Fund DK". The main component of the agreement is to raise taxes on the oil companies operating in the Danish parts of the North Sea in order to raise 2,8 billion pounds earmarked for railway upgrades. The first priority is to reduce the travelling time between Denmark's two biggest cities, Copenhagen and Aarhus to two hours. This includes upgrading all main lines to handle speeds up to 200 km/h and building three new high-speed lines with speeds up to 250 km/h, which later can be upgraded to 300 km/h. Furthermore, all main lines and many regional lines will be electrified. Finland In Finland the national railway company VR operates tilting Alstom Pendolino trains. The trains reach their maximum speed of 220 km/h in regular operation on a 60 kilometre route between Kerava and Lahti. This portion of track was opened in 2006. The trains can run at 200 km/h on a longer route between Helsinki and Seinäjoki and peak at that speed between Helsinki and Turku. The main railway line between Helsinki and Oulu is being upgraded between Seinäjoki and Oulu to allow for trains to run at speeds between 160 and 200 km/h. Other parts of the Finnish railway network are limited to lower speed. A new service called Allegro started between Helsinki and Saint Petersburg, Russia, in December 2010 with a journey time of 3½ hours. It utilizes a new Pendolino model, supporting both Finnish and Russian standards. Four new trains have been delivered, with a top speed of 220 km/h. Between 2007 and 2010 the Russian line from the Finnish border to Saint Petersburg was electrified and improved to allow higher running speeds. The Finnish line (Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway) was also upgraded where needed, mostly to 200 km/h. The planned Helsinki–Turku high-speed railway featuring new track from Espoo to Salo would be capable of maximum speeds of 300 km/h, making this the fastest railway in Finland once built. Iceland A long railway, the first in Iceland, is planned to link Keflavík International Airport to the capital city of Reykjavík in order to relieve one of the country's busiest roads. The railway will accommodate high-speed trains of up to 250 km/h, with an average speed of 180 km/h, which will enable the distance to be travelled within just 18 minutes. As of 2016, construction was to begin in 2020. As of 2019, construction was to begin in 2022. Note that the Airport Rail Link is fairly much on hold, with little written about it after 2017 (usually called in Icelandic). Norway Norway has several high speed stretches radiating from Oslo. These have speeds ranging from 200 km/h to 250 km/h. Several new railroad stretches are under construction and the complete Intercity triangle from Oslo will be finished by 2030. Norway's only high-speed line is the 64 km Gardermobanen (The Gardermoen Railway), which links Oslo Airport (OSL) with the metropolitan areas of Oslo. Here the Flytoget (the Airport Express Train) and some of the NSB (Norwegian State Railways) trains operate at speeds of up to . Gardermobanen contributes to give rail transport a relatively high market share. Almost 38% of the OSL passengers come by train, about 21% by bus, and about 40% by car. Some more new high-speed lines are planned to be built in the Oslo region, during the 2010 and 2020 decades. Today, however, only small parts of Norway's rail network do permit speed faster than 130 km/h. There is a political climate for building more high-speed railway services in Norway, including long-distance lines from Oslo to Trondheim, Bergen, Stavanger and Gothenburg. They are assumed to be dedicated single-track high-speed railways having up to . This is still at the feasibility planning stages. The Norwegian government is examining five lines radiating out from Oslo to Bergen, Kristiansand/Stavanger, Trondheim, Göteborg, and Stockholm. A sixth line would be a coastal line between Bergen, Haugesund and Stavanger. At least two investigations on cost and benefit have been made. A more indepth analysis covering route analysis of the 6 lines will be made on order by the Norwegian government beginning late 2010. The closest 50–100 km from Oslo on each of these lines have good potential for regional trains (except towards Stockholm). Upgrade and new construction to high-speed standard have to some extent already taken place like for Gardermobanen. More is being built and is planned, but with the present ambition it will take decades to have high-speed standard the closest 100 km from Oslo on all these lines. The ambition is to some day have 200 km/h or more to Halden, Skien, Hønefoss and Hamar. These projects have higher priority than the long-distance projects. They are also preconditions for the long-distance projects, since they will be used by long-distance trains. Parts of the new built route Drammen – Tønsberg is in operation with trains (Stadler FLIRT) capable of 200 km/h. Sweden Newly built lines such as the West Coast Line, the Svealand line and the Bothnia line of the network can be relatively easily upgraded to . This requires new signalling system, new trains and perhaps other minor efforts. The old main lines are difficult to upgrade due costs for increasing the bearing of the track. Most bridges and long sections of the main lines need to be rebuilt to allow 250 km/h. There are investigations regarding high-speed trains in Sweden, and to evaluate if the Western and Southern Mainline should be upgraded to 250 km/h or if a whole new network of high-speed railway for should be built between Stockholm–Linköping–Jönköping–Gothenburg and between Jönköping–Malmö–Copenhagen. The plan is to ease the situation on the existing railways that are relatively congested, combined with better travel times between both the largest three cities in Sweden, as well as fast regional trains between the cities along the routes (which today in many cases have no or slow railways). An informal date suggestion by the Banverket is operation by year 2030. For two parts (Södertälje–Linköping and Mölnlycke–Bollebygd) detailed planning is done, and they are expected to have construction start by around 2017 and be in operation by around 2025. Many of the newly built railway lines in Sweden are adapted for speeds up to 250 km/h, such as Botniabanan, Grödingebanan, Mälarbanan, Svealandsbanan, Västkustbanan, and Vänernbanan. The problem that is slowing down high-speed rail in Sweden is the present signaling system (ATC), which does not allow speeds over 200 km/h. It can be upgraded, but it will not be done since it shall be replaced by the European signaling system ERTMS level 2 on major lines in the near future, allowing high speeds up to 250 km/h. ERTMS level 2 has been installed and is being tried out on Botniabanan, and that railway allows 250 km/h, although no passenger train goes above 200 for now. The train set X55-Regina has been delivered to the rail company SJ with the max speed of 200 km/h but with the option to upgrade the EMU to 250 km/h when possible. Also the mix with freight trains slow down the practical speed. There are four major high-speed projects proposed in Sweden with speeds between . Norrbotniabanan, Umeå – Luleå, is a future major rail project that will be built for 250 km/h with mixed passenger and freight traffic in northern Sweden, mainly to relieve the highly congested and old single track Main Line Through Upper Norrland increase freight traffic, and greatly speed up passenger traffic along the coast. Ostlänken: Järna – Linköping, which would relieve the congested and slow conventional main lines on the stretch Järna-Linköping, Södra stambanan. Götalandsbanan: Gothenburg – Borås – Jönköping – Linköping, connecting to Ostlänken. It would reduce travel time Gothenburg-Stockholm from 3.05 h to 2h, and much improve some regional travel times. Europabanan: Jönköping – Hässleholm and Helsingborg. The discussed extension to Helsingør (Tunnel under Øresund) and Copenhagen, is now (2016) unlikely due to Danish resistance. The three first listed, but not Europabanan, have been prospected by Trafikverket. In several cases the detailed alignment have been decided. The Swedish Conservative government 2006–2014 showed little interest in major railway projects. But the socialist/environmentalist government has from 2014 started further negotiations on stations and other alignment. There is plan to start building Gothenburg – Borås and Ostlänken in 2019. The other railways are expected to be built some years after. South-east Turkey Turkey started building high-speed rail lines in 2003 aiming a double-track high-speed rail network through the country allowing a maximum speed of 250 km/h. Only the planned line between İstanbul, Edirne and Kapıkule is situated in the European part of the country. The first line that was built aimed to connect İstanbul to Ankara (via Eskişehir) reducing the travel time from 6 – 7 hours to 3 hours 10 minutes. The Eskişehir-Ankara line started operating regular services on 14 March 2009 with a maximum speed of 250 km/h, being the first High Speed Rail Service in Turkey making the Turkish State Railways the 6th European national rail company to offer HSR services (although these are situated in the Asian part of the country). The Eskişehir-İstanbul line is still under construction and was due in 2015. The Ankara – Konya line construction began in 2006. The travel time is projected to be decreased to 70 minutes on this route. The construction of the Ankara – Kırıkkale – Yozgat – Sivas line began in February 2009. Several other HSR line projects between major cities such as Ankara – Afyon – Uşak – İzmir, İstanbul – Bursa, İstanbul – Edirne – Kapıkule (Bulgarian border) have reached their final design and are expected to pass to the contraction phase soon. Ankara – Kayseri and Eskişehir – Afyon – Antalya lines are planned to be built in the coming years. The Konya – Mersin – Adana and Sivas – Erzincan – Erzurum – Kars lines were mentioned by the prime minister and the minister of transport. The total length of constructed lines is claimed to be 4,600 km, with long-term plans to expand the network to 11,000 km. The first 12 high-speed trainsets are ordered from CAF company, Spain. Several new trainsets from Siemens were also bought for the Ankara-Konya line. Greece Development of a modern rail network for Greece has been a major goal since the 1990s. In 1996, construction of what is currently known as the P.A.Th.E./P. was given the go-ahead. The line, which should have opened by 2004, will link Patras, Athens, Thessaloniki and the Greece–North Macedonia and Greece–Bulgaria borders in Idomeni and Promachonas respectively. The project faced lack of funding and construction difficulties. The Athens-Thessaloniki section has been finished, allowing a travel time of 3 hours 20 minutes, a reduction of three hours. Hungary and Romania The two countries have agreed in November 2007 to build a high-speed line between their capital cities Budapest and Bucharest which would be a part of a larger transportation corridor Paris-Vienna-Budapest-Bucharest-Constanța. There is no clear schedule for the project yet, but feasibility studies, ecological impact studies and right-of-way land purchase should not begin before 2009. The link will be designed to support speeds up to 300 km/h, but no technical details have been made public as of March 2008. At the moment railway from Bucharest to Constanța support speeds up to 160 km/h. The plan for a high-speed railway through Budapest-Arad-Sibiu-Brașov-Bucharest-Constanța was officially included in the revised TEN-T plan in October 2013 as part of the Rhine-Danube Corridor. Works are planned to be carried out between 2017 and 2025. Hungary and Serbia There are currently ongoing negotiations between two countries and China to build a high-speed line between their capital cities Budapest and Belgrade, as a part of a larger corridor Budapest-Belgrade-Niš-Skopje-Thessaloniki-Athens. It is expected to upgrade current Budapest–Belgrade railway line to 200 km/h. Construction of the railway line in Serbia started in September 2017, when construction of the tunnel Čortanovci began. The railway for speed up to 200 km/h between Stara Pazova and Novi Sad (43 km) is planned to be finished until November 2021 and the railway between Belgrade and Stara Pazova (34,5 km) till the end of 2020. Other high-speed projects Several other countries in Europe have launched or planned high-speed rail programmes. Due to geographic challenges, these projects are likely to remain national in scope for the foreseeable future, without international links to existing high-speed networks. Belarus In 2017 Belarus authorities agreed to offer land territories to Chinese corporation CRCC for construction of a high-speed corridor between the EU and Russia through country territory. Chinese engineering companies are also interested in building highways and Russian high-speed railways running in connection with this route with possible interchange with the Moscow-Kazan high-speed corridor. The Baltics A north/south Rail Baltica line from Tallinn to Kaunas is planned to be constructed starting in 2019 and in service by 2026. The line would connect Tallinn and Kaunas via Pärnu, Riga and Panevėžys, while also providing connections to airports and railway terminals. The railway will be the first high-speed, 1435mm standard gauge railway in the Baltics. From Kaunas, it will be connected to the already existing high-speed network in Poland. Project speeds are 240 km/h for passenger trains and 120 km/h for freight traffic. About 80% of construction costs (totalling ca. 5 billion €) will be covered by the European Union, the rest will be paid jointly by the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian governments. Indirectly the railway may also link Helsinki, as there are plans for a Tallinn-Helsinki railway tunnel. The project has been surrounded with controversy in all states, mainly due to environmental concerns and the cost of the project. According to surveys conducted to Estonia, public support remains around 60%, with the percent higher amongst people living in Tallinn and amongst people with higher education, while the percent drops in rural areas. Controversy has also surrounded the choice of route, with some proposing that the railway should also go through Tartu and Vilnius. However this has been dismissed as they are large detours, would increase the cost and bring no sufficient benefit. Croatia With the highway construction programme in its final stages, the Croatian parliament has passed a bill to build its first high-speed line, a new Botovo–Zagreb–Rijeka line, with an initial maximum planned speed of 250 km/h. Czech Republic Czech Railways have been running the Super City Pendolino from Prague to Ostrava since 2005. The Pendolino is capable of operating at , but trains that are in service are limited to 160 km/h due to the speeds the railways were constructed for. These limits may be raised in the future to , last parts of 4th transit corridor (Prague – České Budějovice) are already projected for . The railjet is also capable of 230 km/h and reaches that speed in Austria and Germany but is likewise limited to 160 km/h in the Czech Republic. The Velim railway test circuit contains a large 13.3-kilometre track with a maximum allowed speed of for tilting trains and up to for conventional trains. The Czech Ministry of Transportation is planning a high-speed rail network which will be roughly 660 km long. Several studies of a possible network have been completed, but there have not yet been any concrete proposals. There are no expectations for any operation before 2020, but Czech railway infrastructure manager (Správa železniční dopravní cesty) has a special budget for preparatory studies. There is also promotion from side of NGOs, e.g. Centrum pro Efektivní Dopravu Both the Czech Republic and the German state of Saxony have expressed interest in a high-speed line linking Dresden and Prague via Ústí nad Labem. The line would include a tunnel through the Ore Mountains and relieve the congested Dresden Děčin Railway through the Elbe valley, which currently (2016) is the only electrified line linking Germany and the Czech Republic and serves as an important freight link to the North Sea ports. However, the proposal for the Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015 (federal transportation plan) which lies out German transportation priorities until 2030 does not include the line in its highest priority category, making construction unlikely in the near term. Ireland In 2020 the Irish Government confirmed it will be launching a study into an approximately 500 km high-speed railway from Belfast via Dublin to Cork and Limerick, which could cost around €15 billion. Poland Today, the main cities of Poland are linked by railway transport reaching 160 km/h. On 14 December 2014, Polish State Railways started passenger service trains PKP Pendolino ED250 operating 200 km/h speed on 80 km line Olszamowice-Zawiercie (part of railway line called Central Trunk Line (CMK) from Warsaw to Katowice). Currently it is the line with highest railway speed in Poland. Several other sections of the Central Trunk Line will soon allow speeds of 200 km/h (with a current speed record set up by Pendolino Train on 21 November 2013 in Poland of 293 km/h). According to recent plans of PKP-PLK, sections of CMK between Warsaw and Gdańsk (145 km) and Warsaw-Kraków (additional 80 km) will be added to present section from no later than December 2015. That will make about 300 km of railways available for speed of 200 km/h. Other sections will start operating at 200 km/h in 2016. Polish Railways for many years did not possess the rolling stock to achieve speeds over 160 km/h. Polish Railways planned to buy Pendolino trains in 1998, but the contract was cancelled the following year by the Supreme Control Chamber due to financial losses by Polish Railways. However, a new contract with Alstom Transport worth 665 million euros was signed in May 2011 and since December 2014, 20 Pendolino units service the Katowice/Kraków – Gdynia line and Wrocław/Warsaw line. However, Pendolinos in Poland are not equipped with tilting system, which would not be very useful on the flat Polish Plains. The lack of a tilting system for the Pendolino train along with choosing Alstom Transportation despite domestic train producers was a subject of broad debate in media and Polish Railways were heavily criticised for that purchase. Other current plans call for a 'Y' line that will connect Warsaw, Łódź and Kalisz, with branches to Wrocław and Poznań. The geometric layout of the line will be designed to permit speeds of 360 km/h. Construction was planned to begin around 2014 and finish in 2019. In the centre of the city of Łódź the 'Y' line will travel through a tunnel which will link two existing railway stations. One of them, Łódź Fabryczna, will be reconstructed as an underground station, work being scheduled to start in July 2010. In April 2009, four companies qualified for the second phase of a public tender to prepare a feasibility study for construction of the line. In April 2010, the tender for a feasibility study was awarded to a consortium led by Spanish company Ingenieria IDOM. The feasibility study project has been granted €80 million in subsidy from European Union. The total cost of the line including construction and train sets has been estimated at €6.9bn and is planned to be financed partially by EU subsidies. In December 2013, the project was delayed. However, Łódź Fabryczna Railway Station which is the central point of the line is in its second phase of construction and is the largest such project in Central Europe. In November 2013 Sławomir Nowak, the Minister of Transport and opponent of Y-line was dismissed and consultations about the Y-line are undergoing. There are also many plans to upgrade existing lines. The "Y" line links will possibly be extended to Berlin from Poznań and Prague from Wrocław, most probably by upgrading existing lines. The European Train Control System is being introduced. A Warszawa-Toruń-Gdańsk high-speed railway is also in planning stages. New rolling stock of home companies (Newag, Pesa Bydgoszcz) have appeared in 2012 and 2013 such as Newag Impuls Train that exceed the speed of 160 km/h. In the day of 13 December 2020 speed limit was raised to 200 km/h on the line from Warsaw to seaport Gdynia by New Pendolino train. Animated GIF of highspeed trains plan from 2020 to 2034 Portugal Since the 1990s, the Italian tilting train, the Pendolino, runs the Alfa Pendular service, connecting Portugal's mainland from the north border to the Algarve, its southern counterpart, at a speed of up to . High-speed connections between Spain and Portugal have been agreed upon and planned, but initial works had yet to begin when the projects were cancelled in 2012. The Portuguese government had approved the construction of six high-speed lines from the capital Lisbon to Porto, from Porto to Vigo, from Aveiro to Salamanca, from Lisbon to Faro, from Faro to Seville and from Lisbon to Madrid, Spain, bringing the two countries' capital cities within three hours of each other, at a max speed of 350 km/h. On 8 May 2010, The Portuguese Transport Minister signed off the 40-year PPP covering the construction of the Lisbon–Madrid high-speed line. The total cost was then put at €1.359bn for a double-track standard gauge line from Lisbon to the Spanish border. Also included was a broad gauge line from the Portuguese port of Sines to the Spanish border. The line was expected to open by the end of 2013 and would reduce the journey time between Lisbon and Madrid to 2 hours 45 minutes, the project however, was cancelled in March 2012. In October 2020 the government proposed a 75-minute rail link between the country's two main cities, Lisbon and Porto. Also, the Atlantic Axis of the Northwestern Peninsula – Eixo Atlântico do Noroeste Peninsular high-speed railway connection between Portugal and Galicia (covering all the main cities between Setúbal-Vigo) was favoured as of 2020. Russia Two experimental high-speed trainsets (designed for 200 km/h operation) were built in 1974: locomotive-hauled RT-200 ("Russkaya Troika") and ER-200 EMU. The RT-200 set made only experimental runs in 1975 and 1980 and was discontinued due to unavailability of the ChS-200 high-speed locomotive – they were only delivered later. The ER-200 EMU was put into regular service in 1984. In 1992 a second ER-200 trainset was built in Riga. Both sets were in operation till 28 February 2009. Instead of these outdated domestic trainsets, imported trainsets have been in operation since March 2009. Siemens Velaro trainsets have operated since 2009 between Saint Petersburg and Moscow, at speeds of up to and since 2010 between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow, where service is limited to . The Pendolino Sm6, similar to Finnish high-speed trains, began operation in 2010 between Saint Petersburg and Helsinki at up to . In February 2010 RZhD announced it would shortly release a proposal for a new high-speed line to be built parallel to the existing line between Saint Petersburg and Moscow due to congestion on the existing line. In April 2010 it was confirmed that a new Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed line with length of 660 km and running speed of up to 400 km/h was envisioned, cutting the journey time from 3h 45m to 2h 30m. It is expected the line to include stops at both Saint Petersburg and Moscow region airports. On 28 January 2011, Russia announced that the high speed rail link between Moscow and Saint Petersburg will be finished on time for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The cost is expected to be "somewhere around" 10 to 15 billion euros, not including land purchases, said Denis Muratov, general director of High-Speed Rail Lines. The state will shoulder up to 70 percent of construction costs, with the remainder coming from outside investors. Most of that money is likely to come from international financial institutions, including the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Muratov said. Sberbank, VTB and VEB may also be interested. In fact, construction of this new Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed line didn't start. Instead of it, on 13 May 2015 the Russian government announced that China Railway Group Ltd will build a 400 km/h high speed rail link from Moscow to Kazan by 2018 in time for the 2018 FIFA World Cup where Kazan is one of the cities that will host some of the football matches. The cost of the Moscow–Kazan link is estimated at $21.4 billion. Train travel from Moscow to Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, will be shortened to just 3.5 hours instead of the more than 14 hours that it takes now. The opening date was later changed to 2020. In development Cross border Country-specific See also Rail transport in Europe Trans-European high-speed rail network References External links Level of service on passenger railway connections between European metropolises Report of the Transport and Spatial Planning Institute Rail Turkey photo report: High Speed Trains in Europe by P. Trippi, Switzerland

61950645

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burino

Burino

Burino () is a rural locality (a village) in Gorod Vyazniki, Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 156 as of 2010. Geography Burino is located 17 km north of Vyazniki (the district's administrative centre) by road. Burino (settlement) is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Vyaznikovsky District

56485001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheanne%20Lugg

Rheanne Lugg

Rheanne Lugg (born 22 February 1990) is a retired Australian rules footballer who played in the AFL Women's (AFLW) for Adelaide, from 2018 to 2019, and for Brisbane, from 2020 to 2021. State football Lugg played with Swan Districts in the West Australian Women's Football League (WAWFL), alongside Chelsea Randall, and won a premiership with them. She played over 125 games for Swan Districts. In 2017, Lugg played for Riverina Lions in AFL Canberra. Lugg joined Wilston Grange, together with Brianna McFarlane, for the 2020 AFL Queensland Women's League (QAFLW) season. Lugg represented Western Australia four times, including the team who beat Victoria in 2015. Lugg has also played in the AFL Women's exhibition matches AFLW career Adelaide Lugg was drafted by Adelaide with their sixth selection and forty-second overall in the 2017 AFL Women's draft. The Australian Army let her transfer bases for six months so that she can work and play football simultaneously. She made her AFLW debut in the twelve point loss to Brisbane at Norwood Oval in the opening round of the 2018 season. In total, she played in six games over the season. After not playing a game the following year, she was delisted by Adelaide in April 2019. Brisbane Lugg signed as a free agent with Brisbane ahead of the 2020 season. In June 2021, Lugg retired from football. Personal life Lugg is from Perth, where she completed a four-year electrical apprenticeship. Lugg's father, Gary, played for St Kilda before suffering an anterior cruciate ligament injury. Lugg is a qualified electrician, and worked in the field in the Australian Army, as an electrical technician, servicing, maintaining, and repairing electrical equipment. References External links 1990 births Living people Adelaide Football Club (AFLW) players Australian rules footballers from the Australian Capital Territory Brisbane Lions (AFLW) players

22813503

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesler%20Creek

Yesler Creek

Yesler Creek is a stream that originates in the Bryant and Wedgwood neighborhoods of Seattle, Washington, and flows southward to empty into Union Bay of Lake Washington. Portions are daylighted, such as those flowing between 39th and 40th Avenue NE and through Burke Gilman Park. The stream also continues underground underneath Seattle Children's Hospital. Restoration Members of the Green Seattle Partnership and the University of Washington Restoration Ecology Network (UW-REN) have conducted work parties to mulch, clear invasive plants and plant native vegetation around the stream in Burke Gilman Park See also Ravenna Creek Thornton Creek References Landforms of Seattle Rivers of Washington (state) Rivers of King County, Washington

65937881

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Wilson%20%28Saint%20Lucian%20cricketer%29

Greg Wilson (Saint Lucian cricketer)

Greg Wilson (born 22 August 1972) is a Saint Lucian cricketer. He played in four first-class and two List A matches for the Windward Islands in 2000/01 and 2001/02. See also List of Windward Islands first-class cricketers References External links 1972 births Living people Saint Lucian cricketers Windward Islands cricketers

67878454

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevibuccidae

Brevibuccidae

Brevibuccidae is a family of nematodes belonging to the order Rhabditida. Genera: Brevibucca Goodey, 1935 Cuticonema Sanwal, 1959 Tarantobelus Abolafia References Nematodes

35060298

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Skelton

William Skelton

William Skelton (1763–1848) was an English engraver. Life He was born in London on 14 June 1763, the brother of the engraver Joseph Skelton. He studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, and was a pupil first of James Basire and later of William Sharp, becoming a line engraver. Skelton resided for many years at Stafford Place, Pimlico, London, and afterwards in Upper Ebury Street, where he died on 13 August 1848, having long previously retired. For fifty years he served on the committee of the Female Orphan Asylum. Works Skelton was employed on the illustrations of many of the fine publications of the day: John Boydell's Shakespeare, Thomas Macklin's Bible, Robert Bowyer's edition of David Hume's History of England, John Sharpe's British Classics, Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, 1797, the Museum Worsleyanum of Richard Worsley, Ancient Marbles in the British Museum, and Specimens of Ancient Sculpture published by the Dilettanti Society, 1810. Skelton is best known for his many portraits of contemporary notabilities, mainly from pictures by Sir William Beechey, most of which he published himself between 1790 and 1820. They included: a series of George III and his sons, which became extremely popular; Robert Markham, D.D., 1790; Thomas Denman, M.D., 1792; Jean François de La Marche, Bishop of St. Pol de Léon, 1797; Henry, Lord Mulgrave, 1808; Spencer Perceval, 1813; and Warren Hastings, 1817. One of his last plates was a portrait of the Queen of Würtemberg after P. Fischer, which he issued in 1828. Skelton executed in lithography portraits of himself and Beechey. References Attribution 1763 births 1848 deaths English engravers

61835539

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnaz%20Fatmi

Shahnaz Fatmi

Prof Dr Shahnaz Fatmi (; ; born Shahnaz Bano on 5 January 1949), is an Indian Hindi and Urdu language poet and writer. She used her takhallus (pen names) of Fatmi (Urdu: فاطمى; Hindi: फातमी). She is the daughter of Syed Sultan Ahmed (Behzad Fatmi) and is belong from Shekhpura Village, District Munger (Bihar), India. She was daughter of Urdu poet Syed Sultan Ahmed and grand-daughter of great poet Khan Bahadur Syed Ali Mohammad Shad Azimabadi and worked as Deputy Collector for Bihar Civil Service. She is also daughter-in-law of well known Urdu poet Raza Naqvi Wahi Life Being the daughter of well read family. She got guidance in the house. Her father Behzad Fatmi was in Civil Service and well educated, her big brother Aley Ahmed alias Prof. Anjum Fatmi, elder sister Mrs Imteyaz fatmi were well read and established writers. Hence Shahnaz Fatmi got initial education in the house under the umbrella of her parents/siblings. Education Completed her schooling from Siwan, Bihar and High School from Purnea Girl's High School in 1964 and Graduation (B.A Hons.) from Ranchi Women's College, Ranchi, Bihar, India in 1967 and Post Graduation(Political Science) from Patna University, Patna, Bihar in 1969 and Doctorate Degree(Political Science) from Magadh University Patna, Bihar in 1989. Career In 1972 Dr Shahnaz Fatmi taught Political Science in R.J.M College Saharsa, Mithila University, Darbhanga. Then she transferred to J.D.W. College Patna a constituent unit of Magadh University Bodh Gaya and promoted as Professor in 1991. Later she got appointed as University Head in Political Science Department in Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar. In year 2014 she got retired from the post of H.O.D Political Science from J.D.W. College, Patna, Bihar. Bibliography She has written many poetry and novels in Hindi, Urdu and English. Few of the books are: Magar Sushma Nahi Tuti (Urdu & Hindi) Lipsa (Urdu & Hindi) Darakte Rishte (Urdu & Hindi) Lamhon Ki Kasak (Urdu & Hindi) Churail (J.T.S. Printers,Patna 2000) Chand (Urdu & Hindi) Bolti Aankhein (Urdu & Hindi) Kalaam-e-Shaad Azimabadi Har Singar Ke Saaye(Urdu & Hindi) Chiraag teh e daama Directive Principles: An Appraisal (English) Din Jo Pakheru Hote (Upanayas) (Hindi, 2018) Sushma (Hindi & Urdu) Ka Se Kahun (Hindi) (Abhishek Prakashan), New Delhi, 2020 Translations Wahi Ki Hasya Vayang Rachnaye (J.T.S Printers), Patna, 1993 Taraksha-e-Wahi (J.T.S Printers), Patna, 1995 Bayaz-e-Behzad (J.T.S Printers), Patna, 1996 Kalam-e-Shad (J.T.S Printers), Patna, 1997 Aqqaye Dushyan (J.T.S Printers), Patna, 1998 Other published writings She has analysed more than 2 dozen on books, written almost four dozen of articles and did trails of several books, preface and opinions. Also she has translated many Urdu Poetry books in Hindi of well known poet Raza Naqvi Wahi. Other services Dr Shahnaz Fatmi worked as Controller of exams R.J.M college Saharsa. She also worked as N.S.S Program Officer in J. D. Women's College Patna Bihar and Chief editor of Dipti College Magazine. She appeared in many of the National Channel like Doordarshan, ETV, etc. Recoginition and awards Prabuddh Sanskrtik Manch – Hindi Novel Writers Award,1992 Sahiktyakar Raman Trust – Hindi Novel Writer Award, 1993 Savtantryotar Bihar Saahitya Samman – Ramnarayan Shastri,1996 Vishist Samman Patra- Akhil Bhartiy Bhasha Sahitye Sammelan, Patna,1998 Upaadhi praman patra- Akhil Bhartiye Bhasha Sahitye Sammelan, Bhopal,1998 Award – Urdu Academy Patna,2016 Award – I.C.W.A.,1997 Global Observer Award – Creative Writing(Hindi, Urdu), 2016 Urdu Academy, Bihar – Award Writer on Lamhon Ki Kasak, 2016 Sahitye Sammelan Shatabdi Award Recoginition Award- Govt of Bihar Lifetime Achievement Award- Akbar Raza Jamshed Urdu Zaban-o-Adab Award Urdu Directorate for Urdu Writing – Mehfil-e-Nuswan,2019 Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan – Shatabdi Samman Award, 2019 Ayyaam – Voice of Women on Literature Shahnaz Fatmi remember Acharya Shivpujan Sahay at a function at Arvind Mahila College in Patna Shahnaz Fatmi remember Shad Azimabadi on his 90th Death Anniversary in Patna Shahnaz Fatmi in Indian language-literature meet in Patna Shahnaz Fatmi in Ayaam – A women's literary organization See also List of Indian poets List of Indian writers List of women writers References External links http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/schemes/sanctionOrders/pdf/BPSO-08-09-16.pdf http://bolozindagi.com/tag/dr-shahnaz-fatmi/ http://www.hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&Uc=HB-411196 http://www.hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&Field=author&String=SHAHNAZ%20FATMI https://ompublications.in/product/books/OM31607 https://www.ibpbooks.com/din-jo-pakheru-hote-upanayas/p/32934 http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1023/to/21430/LCSH/Urdu%20fiction/LCSubjectHeading.html http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsresult.aspx?lg=0&c=IND&fr=8550 Poets from Bihar Hindustani-language writers Living people Indian Muslims Urdu-language poets from India Hindi-language writers Linguists of Hindi 1949 births Indian women poets 20th-century Indian poets 21st-century Indian poets People from Munger district Indian Marxist poets 20th-century Indian women writers 21st-century Indian women writers

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wogan%20%28disambiguation%29

John Wogan (disambiguation)

John Wogan (1588–1644) was a Welsh politician. John Wogan may also refer to: John Wogan (Justiciar of Ireland) (died 1321) John Wogan (MP died 1557), MP for Pembrokeshire John Wogan (MP died 1580) (1538–1580), MP for Pembrokeshire John B. Wogan (1890–1968), U.S. Army general

69744990

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20Day%20of%20My%20Life%20%28disambiguation%29

Best Day of My Life (disambiguation)

"Best Day of My Life" is a 2013 song by American Authors. Best Day of My Life may also refer to: "Best Day of My Life", a song by Aunty Donna from their 2018 album The Album Here and Now (2018 film), formerly known as Best Day of My Life See also "Best Days of Your Life", a 2008 song by Kellie Pickler

12263125

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernald

Fernald

Fernald is a French surname typical of 18th and 19th century wealthy French upperclass and aristocratic families of nobility from France and Monaco, also found in the United States, notably in the New England states. Fernald is a topographic name adapted from Olde French "four'nelle," the first French word for "furnace." Wealthy French immigrants in the United States Germanized the surname into a number of spellings to better fit in with the vast number of British descendants during the late 1880s. With the abolishment of entitlements, estates, and tax-exemption of the noble families in France, following the fall of the First French Empire after the year 1805, many descendants of the nobles, aristocrats, and wealthy left the country. The largest number of immigrants with the Fernald surname immigrated to North America from cities and wealthy towns in Northern-France, Southern-France and present-day Monaco to the United States and Eastern-Canada between the years 1790 and 1890, most of whom settled in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Montreal, New Hampshire, New York, and Quebec. Present-day, the Fernald surname is still almost exclusively associated with wealthy upperclass causcasian European and American academics, lawyers, physicians, businesspeople, and politicians. Alternative variations of the surname include, Fernault, Fernaux, Forneret, Fornerat, Varnault, Varnaux, Varnot, Vernet, Vernett, Vernette, and Vernes. People with the surname Anne Fernald, American professor of psychology at Stanford University Bert M. Fernald, former Governor and United States Senator from Maine, a 19th-century educator, farmer and entrepreneur Charles H. Fernald, 19th-century American economic entomologist, geologist and natural scientist Grace Fernald, 20th-century educational psychologist and literacy advocate Harold Allen Fernald, American publishing executive and philanthropist Henry T. Fernald, son of Charles H. Fernald, 20th-century American entomologist and natural scientist Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839-1919), American entomologist Merritt Lyndon Fernald, 20th-century American botanist Theodore B. Fernald, linguistics professor at Swarthmore College See also Fernald Ecological Reserve, a nature reserve in Quebec, Canada. Fernald Feed Materials Production Center, a Department of Energy facility near Fernald, Ohio where uranium was processed for use in nuclear weapons production reactors Fernald Hall, a lecture hall, laboratory and entomological museum for the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, Massachusetts Fernald Point, a small peninsula located in Southwest Harbor, Maine Elliot-Fernald Act, otherwise known as the Public Buildings Act, a governmental statute that provided legal ground for the construction and costs of federal buildings in the United States. Named for its primary Senate sponsor Bert M. Fernald. References

40907296

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie%20Parsons

Richie Parsons

Richie Parsons is an Irish former football player during the 1990s and 2000s and is one of only 42 players to score 99 goals. He made a scoring debut for Bray against Shamrock Rovers in the Leinster Senior Cup on 24 August 1988 His first of 100 league goals came on the opening day of the 1989–90 League of Ireland First Division season at Monaghan. Parsons made 2 substitute appearances against Trabzonspor in the 1990–91 European Cup Winners' Cup. On 20 March 1994 Parsons scored 4 for Longford Town against St James's Gate F.C. The 1995-96 League of Ireland season was a rewarding one for Parsons and Bray. On the opening night Wanderers hammered Monaghan United 5–1 at Gortakeegan with Parsons scoring the very first league hat trick for a Bray Wanderers player. He scored a total of 55 goals in his 3 spells at the Carlisle Grounds. Honours League of Ireland First Division Bray Wanderers A.F.C. 1995–96 League of Ireland First Division Shield Bray Wanderers A.F.C. 1995–96 F.A.I.CUP 1990 F.A.I.CUP 1999 Leinster Senior Cup Athlone Town 1992 References 1970 births Living people Association football forwards Republic of Ireland association footballers Association footballers from Dublin (city) League of Ireland players Bray Wanderers F.C. players Athlone Town A.F.C. players Longford Town F.C. players Finn Harps F.C. players Home Farm F.C. players

1745415

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine%20McGlade

Christine McGlade

Christine McGlade (born August 25, 1963) is a Canadian digital designer, strategist, and executive, lecturer, and former television producer and children's television host. Overview McGlade is best known for her long run as host of the internationally popular kids sketch comedy TV program You Can't Do That on Television. She was with the show from its very beginning as a local attraction on Ottawa, Ontario, television station CJOH-TV in 1979 until partway through the 1986 season. (In 1985 and 1986 Alasdair Gillis was her co-host.) She also served as host for Whatever Turns You On, the short-lived spinoff that aired on Canada's CTV network in the fall of 1979. For nine years, McGlade was the Director of Interactive at Ontario's public educational television network, TVOntario. During her tenure there, she was the executive in charge of production for TVO on successful and well-known Transmedia Projects such as Inside Disaster, Chocolocate, and Green Heroes. Her work has focused on social issues and she was Director of Interactive for Canada's largest volunteer network, getinvolved.ca and was a senior partner at communications firm Q Media Solutions. She is the founder and senior partner of Analytical Engine Interactive Inc., a service design and digital strategy consultancy and is a lecturer teaching digital strategy, data analytics and visualization at OCAD University and design and communications at Humber College, Centennial College, and Sheridan College. TV host and acting You Can't Do That on Television McGlade became a cast member on You Can't Do That on Television by "accident", according to fansite YCDTOTV.com. When show creator Roger Price held auditions for the show in the fall of 1978, McGlade went to the auditions only to support a friend. She had no ambitions in acting or show business, but Price insisted that she either audition or leave. McGlade auditioned and was chosen for the show, although her friend was not. During the live, local, hour-long episodes that aired on CJOH in 1979 and 1981, she often introduced the live contest segments and music videos. In later years, after the show was converted into a half-hour program devoted exclusively to comedy, McGlade became the focal point of many of the episodes' story lines. McGlade also hosted Whatever Turns You On in 1979, which was a half-hour network version of You Can't Do That on Television produced for the full CTV Television Network, without live or local content, and Something Else in 1982 which was a spin-off of You Can't Do That on Television consisting of live local and musical segments that were no longer part of YCDTOT'''s format. McGlade's nickname on the show was "Moose", which was also her nickname in real life. According to McGlade's personal blog, she was given the name by a sixth-grade classmate "based on the fact that I was always the smallest kid in the class. I think [the classmate] may have been referring to the character in the Archie comics, the giant blonde one, called 'Moose.'" After she mentioned this to Roger Price, he decided to write it into the show, and thereafter McGlade was known as "Moose" not only to her schoolmates, but to millions of viewers in the U.S., Canada and around the world. Though she frequently took her fellow cast members gently to task for referring to her by the nickname, and was referred to more often as "Christine" in later years, the nickname's use persisted among the veterans in the cast, most specifically Lisa Ruddy and Les Lye, until almost the end of her tenure. McGlade's tenure as host continued through "Garbage", the fifth episode of the 1986 season, by which time she was the last of the original cast members, other than Lye. (Ruddy had left at the end of 1985.) Though, in keeping with YCDTOTV custom, her departure was not overtly acknowledged on camera, some viewers have suggested that her final scene – in which she and her fellow cast members were carted off the set in garbage bags – may be a tongue-in-cheek reference to it. After McGlade's departure, Alasdair Gillis served as the show's primary host through the end of the 1986 season, at which time he left the cast as well. In all, McGlade was the third longest-serving member of cast, having appeared in ninety-one episodes of YCDTOTV, and hosting eighty-nine. (She made only a brief appearance in 1979's Episode Five, and her ninety-first appearance was the cameo in "Age".) Among cast members, only Les Lye (all 144 episodes) and Abby Hagyard (113) appeared in more episodes. Later acting career After leaving YCDTOTV, McGlade starred on Turkey Television, a comedy/variety show aired on Nickelodeon which was also created by Price. As well as acting on the show (along with former YCDTOTV castmates Kevin Kubusheskie, Adam Reid and Les Lye), McGlade also served as assistant producer. In 1983, she hosted Let Me Prove It'' on the short-lived pay television service, C Channel. Production and digital career McGlade moved to Toronto at age 21. She earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts and later a Master of Design from the OCAD University, where she now also teaches. In the 1990s, McGlade worked as a producer, director, and writer for adult current affairs programming at TVOntario and its sister station TFO and then was Director of Interactive and Digital Media at the network from 2005 to 2012. From 1999 to 2000, she was producer and director of the CBC Playground block of preschool programming at CBC Television, and then from 2000 to 2003 and devekoped the Vortex and Snit Station programming blocks at YTV. She was senior partner at media production company Q Media Solutions from 2012 until 2014, when she founded her own digital strategy company, Analytical Engine Interactive Inc. in 2016. Family McGlade has three children, two of whom are twins. References Works cited External links Official site LinkedIn profile Analytical Engine - McGlade's company 1963 births Actresses from Ottawa Canadian child actresses Canadian children's television personalities Canadian children's television presenters Canadian television directors Canadian television producers Canadian women television personalities Living people Canadian women television directors Women television producers OCAD University faculty OCAD University alumni TVOntario people CTV Television Network people CBC Television people

5070340

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20County%20Zoo

Orange County Zoo

The Orange County Zoo is a small zoo located within the Irvine Regional Park in the city of Orange, California, United States. The zoo is mainly home to animals and plants that are native to the Southwestern United States. History The current zoo is owned, staffed and operated by the County of Orange, and officially opened as the Irvine Park Zoo in 1985. However, there have been animals in captivity on the site since 1905, when red foxes were introduced and bred by J.A. Turner. In 1920, a small collection of animals featuring a pair of mule deer was started by Tustin rancher Sam Nau. Eventually Nau built a pen for the deer. The main attraction was an alligator exhibit until a bird exhibit including cockatoos, quail, doves, and parakeets was added in 1935. Animals Animals at the zoo are primarily from the Southwestern United States, and include, black bears, cougars, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, barn owls, great horned owls, porcupines, coyotes, mule deer, turkey vultures, coati, and bobcats. The zoos residents come to them injured, orphaned, abandoned, or as confiscated pets, and these animals help teach visitors about the animals they may encounter in the hill, canyons, and backyards of the area. The zoo includes a barnyard with domestic animals such as goats, jacob sheep, doves, and pheasants. Visitors can purchase grain to feed the animals here, and can even touch some of them. Other facilities The zoo offers cell phone audio tours. Visitors can hear information about the animals in the exhibit from the animal keepers, veterinarian, education coordinator, and curator, including their names, diet, where they came from, and why they are at the zoo. Notes External links Irvine Park Railroad Zoos in California Orange, California Tourist attractions in Orange County, California Zoos established in 1985 1985 establishments in California

42472714

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping%20in%20China

Kidnapping in China

Kidnapping in China has its history since the ancient times. Such issues have been heavily studied and discussed by investigators and researchers. Since at least the 1980s, kidnapping has become a bigger issue than ever in the country. Since the 1990s, tougher laws against the kidnapping have been established. Chinese authorities have also investigated in this regard. History Ancient Chinese text indicates the ransoming of hostages during the reign of Xia Dynasty (2070 BC - 1600 BC), they refer to the taking of princes and family members as hostages across the multiple dynastic periods as warrantor of negotiated treaties. There have been number of historical incidents of kidnapping in China, In 1523, when two Japanese rival delegations had arrived in Ningbo, they had looted and kidnapped Chinese civil servants. Due to such incident, the official relations with Japan were not restored until 1539. During the Second Opium War, when an estimated of 18,000 British and French Soldiers had returned to the coastal forts, Chinese' response included the kidnapping of 38 Anglo-French negotiating party members, 26 of them died in captivity. During World War II, thousands of Chinese were kidnapped by the Japanese and sent to Japan to work as forced laborers. Many Chinese were forced to work in deadly conditions at coal mines in Kyushu and Honshu. In 2015, the Chinese government launched QGDGXQ, a system for identifying and reuniting freed children. As of 2018, the Chinese government has notoriously kidnapped and imprisoned prominent businessmen including Yang Zhihui, Wu Xiaohui and Guo Guangchang. This is part of the crackdown on "market manipulation" yet critics condemn the actions of the Chinese government stating that they are breaking UN human rights regulations and censoring the freedom of speech in China. Studies During the 19th century, Johannes Von Gumpach had described the issue of kidnapping as "One of the most common crimes in China." According to Francis Dunlap Gamewell, kidnapping was a common crime in Shanghai; he noted that kidnappers were mostly female. Carl Crow, who traveled to China during the wars, he had described the prevalence of kidnapping in China as "well organized business in China carried out with a large degree of success". Prevalence Kidnapping has become a growing business in China. Steve Vickers of Kroll Associates has reportedly noted that some common scenarios of kidnapping in China includes the kidnapping for ransom, kidnapping of a foreigner(commonly in Hong Kong or Macau). Child abductions An estimated 70,000 children are kidnapped in China every year, although the Chinese government reported fewer than 10,000 kidnappings. According to the United States Department of State, estimates are closer to 20,000. Some children are reported to have been sold into adoption overseas. The adoption agencies of China receive considerable donations from foreign parents when they adopt, sometimes as much as $5,000; such agencies have been known to purchase children from human traffickers, although such cases are usually rare. Kidnapping of foreign businessmen In Guangdong, during the year 1994, the "economic crimes" topped the list of criminal cases, about 46 debt related hosted cases were acknowledged and investigated by the authorities. The chief procurator, Wang Jun had noted that at least 171 hostages involved in debt-related incidents had been freed by the authorities of Guangdong. Crackdown From the period of 1991 to 1996, Chinese police freed an estimated 88,000 kidnapped women and children. During this period, about 143,000 kidnappers were arrested. In 2011, Chinese police asserted that they rescued over 13,000 children and 23,000 women in the last two years. Government officials had noted that they would impose harsher punishments on those who purchase kidnapped children. In September 2013, Chinese security forces had rescued 92 children, and arrested 301 suspected kidnappers. According to a report from October 2013, Beijing has tried to combat kidnappings. According to Xinhua news agency, since 2009, police have rescued over 54,000 children and eliminated 11,000 traffickers. Law Kidnapping is illegal in China. By 1991, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress addressed for acting against the kidnapping for sale of women and children, kidnapping for blackmailing, purchase of abducted women and children, as well as the abuse of office to inhibit the rescue of kidnapped women and children. Such concerns led to the familiarization of a criminal law. Per Article 141, penalties for the abduction, purchase, sale, and trafficking of women and children have taken place. Later in 1997, the penalties were increased. See also Forced disappearance#China Extraordinary rendition#China Lee Ming-che disappearances Causeway Bay Books disappearances References External links Kidnapped and Sold: Inside the Dark World of Child Trafficking in China How To Avoid Getting Kidnapped In China Legal Protections of Women Rights in China Crime in China

37804721

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20tricorder

Medical tricorder

A medical tricorder is a handheld portable scanning device to be used by consumers to self-diagnose medical conditions within seconds and take basic vital measurements. While the device is not yet on the mass market, there are numerous reports of other scientists and inventors also working to create such a device as well as improve it. A common view is that it will be a general-purpose tool similar in functionality to a Swiss Army Knife to take health measurements such as blood pressure and temperature, and blood flow in a noninvasive way. It would diagnose a person's state of health after analyzing the data, either as a standalone device or as a connection to medical databases via an Internet connection. The idea of a medical tricorder comes from an imaginary device on the science fiction TV show Star Trek from the 1960s which featured fictional character Dr. Leonard McCoy using it to instantly diagnose medical conditions. One description of the fictional device was as follows: Several reports suggest that there may be opposition to the development of such a device by national medical regulating authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, as well as possible opposition by doctors unwilling to permit consumers to do extensive self-diagnosis which might result in inappropriate self-medication. There is agreement that such a device could bring huge increases in productivity and cost-savings, and spur a billion dollar market. There are signs that over a hundred venture-capital firms have invested $1.1 billion in digital health technology in 2012. X Prize Competition An inducement prize from Qualcomm of , the Qualcomm Tricorder X Prize that was announced in 2012, has spurred the scientific and medical communities in a global competition. featuring 230 teams from 30 countries to create such a device. The X Prize Foundation launched the Tricorder X PRIZE at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas and promised to award $10 million to the first team to build a medical tricorder. According to the prize guidelines, the device should diagnose 15 different medical conditions, including a sore throat to sleep apnea to colon cancer. The prize will be awarded partially on the basis of which invention has the most consumer friendly interface. To win the prize, a successful medical tricorder will have to diagnose these conditions across "30 people in 3 days". Functions of a medical tricorder There is agreement that a device should be able to do the following: Diagnose disease. Show ongoing personal health metrics such as heart rate. Monitor ongoing health. Summarize a person's state of health. Confirm quickly if a person is healthy or not. This function would be similar to the check engine light on a car. How it might work In 2012, there are devices built for medical professionals to analyze specific diseases or take specific health measurements, but there is not one all-purpose consumer device to diagnose a variety of conditions. Numerous accounts speculate that the advent of high-power computer chips, cell-phone technology, and improved scanners means that such a device will likely be invented in the next few years. There are devices now which can perform a single function analysis, such as a thermometer measuring bodily temperature, but the idea of a medical tricorder is that it should be able to perform a variety of basic yet important tasks. For example, it may be possible to combine a high-power microscope with a cellphone and use it to analyze swab samples electronically. Two electrodes on a device may measure heart action and serve as a portable electrocardiogram. Glucose levels can be measured by sampling tiny blood samples. It may analyze polarized light coming from a person's skin to reveal information about cancer or the healing of a wound. Sensors may pick up on abnormalities with DNA as well as the presence of antibodies. An ultrasonic probe can plug into a smartphone, allowing it to be used to create ultrasound images. Medical tricorders may work by sensing "volatile organic compounds our bodies secrete" by some means of smell. A second report confirms that sensitive electronic "noses" may detect infections such as pneumonia from a person's exhaled breaths. Similar devices There are reports that medical tricorders may emerge from "diagnostic medical apps" via Tablet Computers and smartphones. Some existing smartphones have been used as medical devices in the sense that text reminders have been sent to a patient about prescription renewals, and downloadable apps allow cameras in cell phones to act as sensors to track heart and breathing rates. One neurologist uses iPhone smartphone apps entitled Liftpulse and iSeismograph to diagnose and measure tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease. Some apps take advantage of sensors built into the smartphone hardware, such as a microphone, camera, GPS, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, proximity sensor, luxmeter, and sensors for temperature and humidity. Physicians use a device called an otoscope to look inside the ear, and such a device could be made which clips onto an iPhone, according to one report. There was a report that a tricorder to detect atmospheric analysis has been built. There are reports of fitness scanners available which are worn on a person's wrist, which relay information such as heart rate. The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced a "standoff patient triage tool" which is laser-based which helps medics evaluate a patients' vital signs wirelessly from away. In the marketplace There are reports of products in development and in the marketplace. Scanadu. A device made by the firm Scanadu is a small hand-held sensor which is put next to a patient's forehead which detects vital signs such as heart rate, breathing rate, blood oxygenation, pulse transmit time and temperature, and has electrodes to measure heart signals, and works in conjunction with a mobile app. There was a report that it was being used by aquatic oceanographer and filmmaker Fabien Cousteau to monitor the health of underwater divers. The firm reportedly raised $1,664,574 from 8,500 backers through crowdfunding. Reporters described the Scanadu Scout: QuantuMDx Group. This British biotech firm is developing a device described as a "handheld DNA lab" to analyze malaria; the firm is raising capital by means of crowd funding. It developed a virus detection device called Q-POC which breaks open cells to analyze their DNA. Ibis Biosciences. This firm has developed an analysis machine that can "identify about 1,000 of the most common disease-causing bacteria, viruses and fungi within a few hours of taking a patient's blood sample" by comparing the genetic fingerprints of pathogens against a reference database. Verily Life Sciences announced a project called "Tricorder" in 2014, but as of 2016 development is "floundering". TRIMprob (Tissue Resonance InterferoMeter Probe) is a portable system for non-invasive diagnosis of biological diseases invented by Italian physicist Clarbruno Vedruccio. It consists of a computer-controlled radio frequency interferometer detecting differences in electromagnetic properties in cancerous tissue. Standoff Patient Triage Tool (SPTT) takes key physiological readings necessary to any diagnosis—pulse, body temperature, and respiration. SPTT uses a technology known as laser Doppler vibrometry, which has been used in aircraft and automotive components, acoustic speakers, radar technology, and landmine detection. When connected to a camera, the vibrometer can measure the velocity and displacement of vibrating objects. An algorithm then converts those data points into measurements emergency medical responders can use in their rapid assessment of a patient's critical medical conditions. Berkeley Tricorder A research project funded by the NIH which was capable of measuring a subject's ECG, EMG, Blood Oxygenation, Respiration (via Bioimpedance), and motion; open-sourced on completion. References Medical testing equipment

27500374

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimora

Cimora

Cimora is a Peruvian term used to describe a brew with hallucinogenic properties made from the “San Pedro” cacti (Trichocereus pachanoi) in South America, used traditionally for shamanic purposes and healing in Peru and Bolivia. The name is also used to describe a number of both hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic plants in the region, some of which are used in traditional medicines. Which plants go by the name Cimora is an ethnobotanical problem that has been debated at great length by ethnobotanists in many different journals. The term Cimora is said to refer to “algo malo”, meaning something bad. San Pedro goes by many names including Pachanoi, Aguacolla, El Remedio, Gigantón, and Cactus of the Four Winds. The ritualistic use of the brew is similar to Ayahuasca, which is a South American used as a traditional spirit medicine in Brazil, although while the active ingredient in Ayahuasca is DMT, the active ingredient in Cimora is mescaline. The use of Cimora and the rituals involved have evolved throughout history due to the influence of those who controlled Peru at different stages, although it has almost always involved the use of the San Pedro cactus and its mescaline content. Cimora (Drink) Plants and admixtures in the Cimora brew The main ingredient in the brew is the cactus Trichocereus pachanoi, also known as San Pedro, which contains Mescaline, which is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of Cimora. Other plants are commonly included in the mixture such as Neoraimondia macrostibas, Brugmansia, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, and Isotoma longiflora. Other ingredients such as powdered bones, archaeological dust from sacred sites or cemetery dust are added if the illness is thought to be caused by black magic. Effects of the brew Trichocereus pachanoi is the main ingredient in Cimora, which contains concentrations of mescaline. This ingredient causes a number of effects, which can include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses. Mescaline binds to serotonin and dopamine receptors, causing increased levels of serotonin and dopamine, which could explain the euphoria response to the brew. Additional admixtures can increase and/or alter the effects depending on which plants are added. Cimora (Plant Species) The term Cimora, as well as variants such as Cimorilla, have been used to describe many different types of plants in the Peruvian region. This has led to an ethnobotanical problem surrounding the correct identification of the plants, as discussed below. Types of plants The term ‘Cimora’ and its variations are used to describe many different plant species. The reason given for this by Bussmann and Sharon are that the many species names have come from indigenous names, and have been altered due to different dialects and different regions. The following are a number of different plants going by the name or similar names as Cimora in the Peruvian region, as well their use in traditional healing practices, if they have one. “Cimora Señorita”, also known as Iresine herbstii. This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of skin conditions, such as eczemas. “Cimorilla” or “Timorilla”, also known as Coleus blumei Benth. This plant is used externally on inflammation. “Cimora macanche”, also known as Sanchezia. “Cimora lanza”, also known as Iresine. “Cimora León” also known as Acalypha macrostachya. “Cimora Oso” also known as Coleus. There are also two unidentified species called “cimorilla dominadora” and “cimora colambu”. Use History Cimora has been used extensively throughout history, with historical references to the San Pedro Cactus in early Chavín culture dating as far back as 200 BC. In fact, Dobkin De Rios argues that the use of psychedelics such as Cimora shaped these people and their religion, which has in turn shaped the importance of Cimora in modern day ritualistic healing. The Spanish colonisation of South America involved the widespread suppression of local culture, medicine and religion by the conquistadors. Despite this, the traditions of San Pedro survived in the form of Cimora, though the ritual picked up elements of Catholicism as well as the traditional Mochican religion. The first attempt to document the use of hallucinogens in traditional shamanistic rituals in Peru was made by Chiappe and Millones. Preparation Traditionally, the preparation of the Cimora brew involves the collecting of four of the San Pedro Cacti, and slicing these into cross sections, similar to a loaf of bread. These slices are then boiled for several hours, creating the brew which can then either be consumed on its own, or with other boiled plants which can added to the mixture. While most of the San Pedro cactus used are the seven ribbed species, the rarer four ribbed cactus is often used for particularly difficult healing cases, as the four ribs are seen to symbolise what is known as the “four winds” and “four roads”, which are symbolic as they are said to have supernatural powers. In preparation for the healing ceremony, the patients must bring offerings such as a bottle of alcohol, a bag of sugar, scented water and red perfume. Traditional Traditionally, Cimora is used by Peruvian medicine men and women, or herbalists, known as curanderos, for the treatment of illnesses. This cult-like religion has elements of the ancient Mochican religion, combined with elements of the more modern Catholicism. This is seen, for instance, in their use of Christian elements such as crosses in the mesas of curanderos. The mesa is an altar-like table adorned with numerous “power objects” such as crosses, pictures of saints stones, swords and other such objects, which are said to have either a positive or negative nature, said to represent good and evil. The use of guinea pigs by healers as a tool to diagnose ailments has also been noted in Peruvian ceremonies. There are also a number of traditional elements involving the usage of Cimora by the South American Shamans. These elements include: A belief in 'spirit guardians'. The geographical significance, given supernatural power by animal features, such as a serpent. The disease or illness being engaged in physical combat. The use of magical plants with spiritual power. The belief that the cause of the illness is due to spiritual or supernatural causes. Modern Use Currently, the most common use of Cimora and San Pedro is to treat ailments that are thought to have been caused by witchcraft. However there are also recreational users of the brew, for the psychedelic effect of the mescaline found in the Trichocereus pachanoi cactus. While the growth of San Pedro is legal, the use of San Pedro for its mescaline is illegal in some countries, and decriminalised in others. Cimora and its healing properties have been attributed as the inspiration behind Tomás Tello’s album Cimora, showing how influential the brew is still up until today. Ethnobotanical Problems Many ethnobotanists have sought to define what species of plants that go by the term Cimora. Differing opinions have been the subject of discussion and journals, and Schultes has described accurately identifying what goes by the name of Cimora as “one of the most challenging problems in the ethnobotany of hallucinogenic plants”. The main source of the problem is differing uses of the word ‘Cimora’ to describe multiple things, both the brew as well as a range of other plants. For instance, Cruz-Sanchez used the term Cimora to describe a way of blending plants to brew an intoxicating broth, made from the San Pedro cactus amongst other things, as well as referring to a number of unidentified plants in the region by their Peruvian name that Sounded similar to Cimora. Friedberg suggested instead that it was not a brew made from cactus but instead labelled it as a Amaranthaceae plant of the Iresine genus. Later, Schultes questioned earlier work by Friedberg, in particular the use of the word 'timora' to describe a "magic and dangerous herb", and postulated that 'cimora' and 'timora' might instead be two versions of the same word. References Herbal and fungal hallucinogens Plant common names Chavin culture

10750747

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney%20Pitt

Courtney Pitt

Courtney Leon Pitt (born 17 December 1981) is an English retired footballer who played as a midfielder. He previously played for Portsmouth, Luton Town, Coventry City, Oxford United, Boston United, Cambridge United, York City, Weymouth and AFC Telford United. Career Pitt began his career with Premier League club Chelsea, progressing through the youth ranks at Stamford Bridge. Pitt joined First Division side Portsmouth on a three-year contract on 16 June 2001 when his former Chelsea coach Graham Rix took over as manager at Fratton Park, turning down the offer of a new three-year contract at Chelsea. Pitt made the switch for a tribunal set fee of £200,000 plus add-ons, and he finished his first season with the club, 2001–02, with 41 appearances and three goals. He made his debut for Pompey on the opening day of the season, in a 2–2 draw at Wolverhampton Wanderers and he went on to become a regular member of Portsmouth's squad, making a total of 39 League appearances during the course of the season (10 of those appearances coming as a substitute). He scored three goals during the campaign, all towards the end of the season, in a 3–0 home win over Millwall, a 1–1 draw at Birmingham City and a 3–1 loss at Manchester City. However, Rix left the club, and Harry Redknapp took over as boss of Pompey. He then brought in a number of new players, including Luton's home grown starlet Matthew Taylor, and this pushed Pitt out of the first-team squad. He failed to make an appearance during the entire 2002–03 season under Redknapp as Portsmouth gained promotion to the Premier League as Division One champions. He came to Luton Town for a trial towards the end of the season, and he was snapped up on loan just two days after Mick Harford returned to Kenilworth Road as director of football and first-team coach – he had seemingly impressed Harford during his trial and was recommended to Mike Newell. Pitt made his debut for Luton Town on the opening day of the 2003–04 season in a 3–1 home victory over Rushden & Diamonds and he went on to feature in a further five matches for the Hatters, netting his first – and only – goal for the club with a free-kick in a 4–1 home win over Yeovil Town in the League Cup first round. He helped the side to a 2–1 win at Stockport County and a 3–2 home win over Hartlepool United, but, unfortunately, he sustained an Achilles tendon injury and it meant he would be forced to miss two weeks of action. Manager Mike Newell therefore decided it would be silly to extend his loan spell, and he returned to his club, Portsmouth. However, on his return to Fratton Park, Pitt worked extremely hard to regain his fitness and he recovered from the Achilles tendon injury in a matter of a fortnight and satisfied that he was now fit to resume action, manager Mike Newell re-signed Pitt on loan for a second month. His second loan spell with the club wasn't quite as successful as his first – although he did help the Hatters to a couple of home wins. He featured as a substitute in a 1–1 home draw with Queens Park Rangers and in a 4–4 draw after extra-time at Premiership Charlton Athletic in the League Cup second round that only saw the Hatters lose in a penalty shootout. Returning to the starting line-up in the following match, a 3–0 loss at Oldham Athletic, Pitt remained in the team for the next five matches on the left-hand side of midfield as the side continued their good home form with 3–1 victories over both Tranmere Rovers and Wycombe Wanderers, but also saw their away form cost them with a 2–2 draw at Swindon Town and losses at Brentford (4–2) and AFC Bournemouth (6–3). In late October, following the heavy loss at Bournemouth, manager Mike Newell decided to allow Pitt to return to Portsmouth. With the club under a transfer embargo, Newell could not sign any new players unless he allowed one of his two loan players – Pitt or Gary McSheffrey – to return to their respective clubs. Wanting to sign an experienced goalkeeper, Newell took the decision to allow Pitt to return to Portsmouth with his thanks for his efforts during his time at Kenilworth Road. Pitt then enjoyed a brief loan spell with Coventry City. He linked up with his former manager Rix for a third time at Oxford United for an undisclosed fee on 25 March 2004. However, Pitt failed to make an impact at the Kassam Stadium, and after eight appearances for the U's, he was released at the end of the 2003–04 season and began the search for a new club. After a spell with Boston United, he signed for Conference National side Cambridge United prior to the start of the 2005–06 season. In May 2008, Pitt was one of five players released by manager Jimmy Quinn following the 2008 Conference National play-off Final loss to Exeter City but was brought back to the club by Gary Brabin, Quinn's successor, on 8 July 2008. He joined Conference Premier club York City on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season on 22 January 2010. He made his debut as a 75th-minute substitute in a 1–0 defeat at Ebbsfleet United on 13 February, nearly scoring an equaliser for York but was denied by goalkeeper Lance Cronin. He scored his first goal with the winner in a 1–0 victory over Mansfield Town on 16 March. He was to be released by Cambridge following the expiration of his contract on 30 June. He came on as a substitute on 73 minutes in the 2010 Conference National play-off Final at Wembley Stadium on 16 May, which was lost 3–1 to Oxford. He finished the season with 12 appearances and one goal for York. Pitt turned out as a triallist for Wrexham in their 3–2 friendly win at AFC Sudbury on 20 July 2010. On 17 September he joined Southern Football League Premier Division side Weymouth on non-contract terms, before being released by the club on 7 October. On 19 November Pitt joined Conference North side AFC Telford United on non-contract terms after a successful trial with the club. He finished the season having made four appearances for Telford and was invited back to the club for a pre-season trial, ahead of their first Conference season. He stayed with the club until January 2012 when he left by mutual consent. On 25 February, Courtney made his debut for Chasetown against Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League Premier Division. He joined Stafford Rangers in July 2012 ahead of the 2012/13 season. On 25 October Pitt left Stafford Rangers by mutual consent. Style of play Former York City FC Manager Martin Foyle described Pitt is a player who "can take people on, is great at set-pieces and can provide an outlet on that left side". Career statistics Footnotes A.  The "League" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Football League and Football Conference. B.  The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the FA Trophy and play-offs. References External links 1981 births Living people Footballers from Paddington English footballers Association football midfielders Chelsea F.C. players Portsmouth F.C. players Luton Town F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Oxford United F.C. players Boston United F.C. players Cambridge United F.C. players York City F.C. players Weymouth F.C. players AFC Telford United players Chasetown F.C. players Stafford Rangers F.C. players English Football League players National League (English football) players Southern Football League players Northern Football League players Black British sportspeople

30746731

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo%20Giovanelli

Riccardo Giovanelli

Riccardo Giovanelli (born 1946) is an Italian born astronomer. He is an emeritus professor of astronomy at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, United States. Background Born at Praticello, in central Italy, he spent his childhood years in western Argentina (in Mendoza and Tucuman) but returned with his family to Italy when he was ready to enter university. He studied physics first at the University of Parma and graduated with his laurea cum laude in physics from the University of Bologna in 1969. His parents were partisans during World War II. After graduation, he entered the graduate program at Indiana University, in the United States, as a Fulbright fellow and received his PhD in astronomy in 1976. He undertook his PhD research as a graduate student in residence at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1972 and 1973. From 1974 to 1976, he served as a civil volunteer teaching physics at the National University of El Salvador, in substitution of his Italian military service. Upon completion of his PhD, he joined the staff of the Arecibo Observatory of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center in Puerto Rico, eventually serving as head of the radio astronomy group as well as observatory site director. In 1991, he joined the faculty at Cornell University as professor of astronomy. He is an expert in observational cosmology, galaxy evolution and the application of radio spectroscopy for studies of large scale structure and galaxy evolution. He has been a driving force behind the development of the Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope project of which he served as a director. He was a principal scientist on the ALFALFA survey at Arecibo. He is also a strong proponent in support of science in developing countries in South America. He is married to astronomer Martha Haynes. Awards In 1989 Giovanelli and Martha Haynes were awarded the Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences for their work on mapping the local universe. References External links Riccardo Giovanelli, Cornell University ALFALFA: The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey. Team members 20th-century Italian astronomers Living people 1946 births Cornell University faculty

504929

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th%20Street%20bridges

14th Street bridges

The 14th Street bridges refers to the three bridges near each other that cross the Potomac River, connecting Arlington, Virginia and Washington, D.C. Sometimes the two nearby rail bridges are included as part of the 14th Street bridge complex. A major gateway for automotive, bicycle and rail traffic, the bridge complex is named for 14th Street (U.S. Route 1), which feeds automotive traffic into it on the D.C. end. The complex contains three four-lane automobile bridges—one northbound, one southbound, and one bi-directional — that carry Interstate 395 (I-395) and U.S. Route 1 (US 1) traffic, as well as a bicycle and pedestrian lane on the southbound bridge. In addition, the complex contains two rail bridges, one of which carries the Yellow Line of the Washington Metro; the other of which, the only mainline rail crossing of the Potomac River to Virginia, carries a CSX Transportation rail line. The five bridges, from west to east are the George Mason Memorial Bridge, the Rochambeau Bridge, the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge, the Charles R. Fenwick Bridge and the Long Bridge. At the north end of the bridges, in East Potomac Park, the three roadways connect to a pair of two-way bridges over the Washington Channel into downtown Washington, one connecting to traffic (including northbound US 1) north onto 14th Street, and the other connecting to I-395 traffic on the Southwest Freeway. The Metro line connects to a tunnel in the East Potomac Park, and the main line railroad from the Long Bridge passes over I-395 and runs over the Washington Channel just downstream of the 14th Street approach before turning northeast along the line of Maryland Avenue. On January 13, 1982, 78 people were killed when Air Florida Flight 90 crashed into the northbound I-395 span of the 14th Street bridge during rush hour. The repaired span was renamed in honor of Arland D. Williams Jr., a passenger on the plane who survived the initial crash, but drowned after repeatedly passing a helicopter rescue line to other survivors. Bridges Each of the complex's five bridge spans has its own name. From east to west, the bridges are: The 1904 (rebuilt ) Long Bridge carries CSX, Amtrak and Virginia Railway Express rail traffic over the river. The name was "derived from its planned size and not as a memorial to any particular individual." The 1983 Charles R. Fenwick Bridge—named for the Virginia state senator who helped create the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority—carries the Yellow Line of the Washington Metro across the river. The northbound span was originally named the 14th Street Bridge when it opened in 1950, renamed the Rochambeau Bridge eight years later, and renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge in 1983 for a passenger of Air Florida Flight 90 who died saving others from the freezing water. At that time, the Rochambeau Bridge name was moved to the previously unnamed center bridge, which opened in 1971 and carries traffic in both directions. The southbound span, opened in 1962, is named the George Mason Memorial Bridge. A side path is on the upstream side of the bridge for pedestrians and cyclists. History Long Bridge The name "Long Bridge" was given to a series of bridges across the Potomac dating back to 1809. At times, some of the bridges were referred to as the Bridge at 14th Street, but more often by other names. The first bridge opened as the Washington Bridge on May 20, 1809 and originally carried vehicle, pedestrian and horse traffic. By the 1830s it began to be called the "long Bridge across the Potomac" to distinguish it from the bridge near Little Falls, but over time, the colloquial name was shortened to just the "Long Bridge". Rails had been built to the bridge from the Washington side in 1855 and from the Virginia side in 1857, but there weren't placed on the bridge until the Civil War. In 1864, a new bridge was built adjacent to the original bridge. When the U.S. Military railroad Charles Minot fell through one of the spans of the old bridge on February 18, 1865, the rails were moved to the new bridge and the old bridge became used for non-rail traffic only, as had been recommended in the prior year. To some the old bridge became the "turnpike bridge" and the new one the "railroad bridge." For others the two bridges were referred to separately as the Long Bridge and the railroad bridge or as two parts of one "Long Bridge". An October 1, 1870 flood damaged the bridges beyond repair so a replacement bridge was built over the next two years and the old Washington Bridge was removed. The new bridge opened on May 15, 1872. The day the new bridge opened, the old railroad bridge, which had been partially repaired, was closed. On July 2, the Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railway opened, providing the first direct all-rail connection between the north and Richmond, Virginia. Despite the new design, the 1872 bridge continued to be damaged by freshets, it blocked river traffic and was not wide enough for two tracks; so two new bridges were built. A new railroad bridge was constructed in 1904 and a new Highway Bridge opened in December 1906. The 1872 bridge was closed on December 18, 1906 and demolished in 1907. The current railroad bridge opened on August 28, 1904, about 150 feet (45 m) upriver from the old bridge. In the early years, the bridge was often referred to as the "Railroad Bridge" to distinguish it from "Highway Bridge". It was also sometimes known as the "14th Street Railroad Bridge". It wasn't until the 1980s, during planning of the Virginia Railway Express (VRE) system, that the railroad bridge again began to be called by the old "Long Bridge" name. VRE began using the bridge in 1992. The bridge was substantially reconstructed starting in mid-1942, with 11 new supplemental piers between the original truss spans and steel plate girders replacing the iron and steel truss spans. Work completed on November 9, 1943. When the Mason Bridge was completed in 1962, it put an end to almost all use of the Long Bridge's draw span. The last time it was opened was March 1969 to allow barges used in the removal of the old Highway Bridge to pass through. The tender's control house, or shanty, on top of the draw remained - often used as a billboard for Georgetown crew races until it was removed in late 1982 or early 1983. The bridge was rehabilitated in 2016 and CSX determined that it was sufficient to meet their freight needs, but in 2019 DDOT and FRA reported that a second bridge was needed to serve increased passenger rail needs. A third bridge was also proposed to create a new bicycle/pedestrian crossing. In 2019, Virginia announced that they would pay to build a new rail bridge over the Potomac River north of the Long Bridge. Highway Bridge A new swing-span through-truss bridge called the Highway Bridge or sometimes the 14th Street Bridge, 500 feet (150 m) upriver from the Long Bridge, opened December 15, 1906, to serve streetcars and other non-railroad traffic. The yellow trolleys of the Mount Vernon Railway used the bridge until 1931 when the line was replaced by buses that eventually became part of the Alexandria, Barcroft and Washington (AB&W) Transit Company. After the George Mason Bridge was opened in 1962, the Highway Bridge was closed, but there was considerable discussion of reusing the Highway Bridge, perhaps for rush hour only automobile traffic. Nonetheless, the Highway Bridge was finally removed from the site in 1967–1968, and was taken to the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, for bombing practice. In order to remove the Highway Bridge piers, the Williams and Long Bridges were opened for the last time on March 3, 1969. They were opened to remove barge and crane equipment that had been floated upriver in 1967 to remove the old Highway Bridge piers and install new center bridge piers. A few years prior to 1967, the railroad bridge had been welded shut, and in order to open it for the crane, that had to be reversed. Pontoon Bridge On July 1, 1942, after two months of work, the War Department opened a pontoon bridge located between the Railroad and Highway bridges. It connected Ohio Drive, then Riverside Drive, to US Highway 1. The bridge was constructed of 30 plank covered pontoons with an asphalt coating for the 12 foot-wide floor. A fixed steel span on the Virginia side provided an opening 30 feet wide and 21 feet high for boats to pass under. Two more fixed spans carried it over the George Washington Parkway. The bridge was built for emergency movement of troops and though it was to allow for civilian use, it never did. Once World War II was over, the bridge was removed in the summer of 1945. Modern 14th Street Bridges Despite the different names of the Rochambeau, Mason and Williams bridge, and the fact that there were all built separately, the three are often called "The 14th Street Bridge" together. Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge Planning for a replacement of the Highway Bridge started in the 1940s to deal with expanded traffic in the automobile age. Work on a new single-span, northbound-only 14th Street Bridge began on August 21, 1947 and the new bridge opened on May 9, 1950 with the ribbon cut by Miss D.C., Mary Jane Hayes. The Highway Bridge then became southbound-only, but a 2nd bridge was planned to replace it. The new bridge span incorporated draw spans with a control houses that was designed to complement those on the Arlington Memorial Bridge upstream and on the railroad bridge's swing span downstream. In 1956, while planning the Jones Point Bridge Congress began to debate what to name it. While one of the first suggestions was to name it after Woodrow Wilson, which eventually it was, Rep. Joel Broyhill (R-VA) suggested naming it for George Mason, or failing that naming the new Highway Bridge for him. This prompted a letter to the editor of the Washington Post suggested it be named for revolutionary war hero Lafayette, since it was near where he led soldiers across the river on the way to Yorktown. A few days later, Charles Parmer a Rochambeau enthusiast and head of Virginia's short-lived Rochambeau Commission, suggested the bridge instead be named for Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau. Another letter followed that suggested attaching the name Rochambeau instead to the 14th Street Bridge and that letter caught the attention of Congress member Harry F. Byrd of Virginia who submitted it to the Congressional Record. Broyhill submitted a bill naming the bridge for Mason and Byrd submitted one naming it for Rochambeau, and by the middle of summer a compromise had been worked out naming one span for each. Broyhill resubmitted the compromise bill in 1957 and it passed. The new bridge was dedicated in honor of Rochambeau on October 19, 1958 at 2pm, at time and date meant to correspond with the time and date that Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in 1781. The last time Williams Bridge was opened was on March 3, 1969 to remove barge and crane equipment that had been floated upriver in 1967 to remove the old Highway Bridge piers and install new center bridge piers. The Williams bridge underwent extensive repair in 1975-1976 which resulted in a closure of more than a year. Workers gave the bridge a new deck, removed the bascule draw span and replaced the sidewalks with shoulders. The control house remained. On January 13, 1982, the Williams Bridge was damaged by the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. The Boeing 737-222, which had accumulated ice while idling on the runway at National Airport, stalled soon after takeoff, fell on the bridge, and slammed into the iced-over Potomac River. The crash killed 74 passengers and crew, plus four people in cars on the bridge. The repaired span was renamed the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge on March 13, 1985 – following a December 4, 1984 vote – after one of the passengers, who passed a lifeline to five survivors before permitting himself to be rescued. He succumbed to hypothermia and drowned while rescuers worked to rescue the last of the survivors. The name Rochambeau Bridge was then shifted to the Center Highway Bridge. After a series of inspections from 2005 to 2009, the District of Columbia's District Department of Transportation (DDOT) began a $27 million rehabilitation of the northbound main span in 2010. Construction, scheduled to last only a few months, was finally completed in 2011. A 2014 inspection found more problems. Citing the expense and the need to replace or repair several deficient bridges elsewhere in the District, DDOT pushed the date for fixing these problems to 2020. George Mason Memorial Bridge The new George Mason Memorial Bridge opened upstream on January 26, 1962, replacing the old Highway Bridge (then southbound only). The Mason Bridge, unlike the bridges upstream and downstream, could not open for river traffic, thus Potomac River traffic by sea-going vessels traveling above the Long Bridge ceased in 1961. During the late 1960s, new ramps were constructed between the westbound Shirley Highway and the southbound George Washington Parkway and these eliminated the path between the bridge and the Pentagon. In 1969, the path was connected to the Arlington Memorial Bridge via the Lady Bird Trail and on April 15, 1972 it was connected to Alexandria via the Mount Vernon Trail, of which the Lady Bird Trail became part. In 1984, the Mason Bridge was closed for several months for a $5.9 million overhaul. The bridge was resurfaced and widened to provide shoulders. The sidewalk was widened and new safety railings were installed between the walkway and the roadway. On July 25, 1989, the George Mason Bridge gained national notoriety as the scene of the 1989 DC Prostitute Expulsion. In late 2018, the National Park Service rebuilt and improved the trail ramp between the George Mason Bridge path and East Basin Drive. Rochambeau Bridge On April 5, 1971, a third bridge opened immediately downstream of the Mason Bridge, carrying two express lanes in each direction. Work began in March 1967, but wasn't entirely completed until 1972. The express lanes lead directly to the high-occupancy vehicle lanes on Virginia's section of I-395, though these lanes are only HOV during rush hour. At the time it opened it was only open for bus traffic, making it the longest exclusive busway in the Country, but over the years the express lane rules have gradually been reduced. In late 1973, carpoolers were allowed to use the bus lanes during rush hour if the car had at least four passengers. In 1975, cars with four passengers were allowed to use the express lanes at all hours. In 1983, Congress passed a law to open the express lanes to all vehicles except during rush hour, when they were restricted to buses, car pools and emergency vehicles and that went into effect in 1985. In 1987, due to increased congestion, the Virginia Department of Transportation extended the HOV end time from 6pm to 6:30pm, but later that year it was rolled back after Rep. Stan Parris passed a federal law that would deny Virginia $2.4 million if the rush hour extension remained. In the same year, the VDOT opened the northbound HOV lanes on the bridge to all users to alleviate congestion caused by reconstruction of the SE-SW Freeway. In early 1989, Virginia, in a deal with Rep. Parris, lowered the HOV restrictions from four people per vehicle to three in order to regain control over the management of the HOV lanes. In late 2019, the HOV lanes on 395 changed to High-Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes, and as a result the northbound lane on the Rochambeau Bridge became a HOT lane as well. When it opened, the bridge was known as the Center Highway Bridge. On March 13, 1985, following the 1982 Air Florida Flight 90 crash, the downstream bridge was renamed the Arland D. Williams, Jr. Memorial Bridge to honor one of the passengers who died saving the lives of other survivors during the crash. The name Rochambeau was simultaneously transferred to the Center Highway Bridge. However, the bronze marker naming the bridge was not shifted with the name. Charles R. Fenwick Bridge The final bridge, the Charles R. Fenwick Bridge, carrying the Yellow Line, opened on April 30, 1983. Based on the recommendation of Washington Post reporter Jack Eisen, the bridge was named for Fenwick by the Metro Board on September 22, 1983. Fenwick was a Virginia state legislator from the Washington suburbs who sponsored legislation to create Metro. He died in 1968. See also List of crossings of the Potomac River Bridge Tender's House (artwork), an installation on the bridge's old watchtower List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Washington, D.C. References External links Roads to the Future – 14th Street Bridge Complex (I-395 and US-1) PRR Chronology Federal 2012 environmental impact statement documents Railroad bridges in Virginia Railway bridges in Washington, D.C. Road bridges in Virginia Bridges completed in 1809 Bridges completed in 1835 Bridges completed in 1865 Bridges completed in 1904 Bridges completed in 1906 Bridges completed in 1943 Bridges completed in 1950 Bridges completed in 1962 Bridges completed in 1971 Movable bridges on the Interstate Highway System 014 CSX Transportation bridges Bridges over the Potomac River Buildings and structures in Arlington County, Virginia Transportation in Arlington County, Virginia Road bridges in Washington, D.C. Historic American Engineering Record in Washington, D.C. Bridges on the Interstate Highway System Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System Former toll bridges in Virginia Former toll bridges in Washington, D.C. Rapid transit bridges Interstate 95 Bascule bridges in the United States 1809 establishments in the United States

64322688

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20K.%20Mackar%20Pillay

M. K. Mackar Pillay

Manadath Kunju Mackar Pillay (1880 – 1966) was an Indian industrialist, banker, philanthropist, and politician who served in the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly. He was a leading cashew and lemongrass exporter, and founder of the eponymous Mackar Pillay and Sons Limited. Pillay was the promoter of the Bank of Alwaye, Alwaye Municipality's primary financial institution, before it was merged into the State Bank of Travancore in 1965. Biography Mackar Pillay was born to Manadath Kunju, an Aluva agriculturalist and trader, as the second of three sons. In 1941, Pillay founded Mackar Pillay & Sons, one of the largest trading firms in the Kingdom of Travancore. The company was the first to challenge the monopoly of British trading firms in the Malabar coast by directly exporting essential oils. Pillay's older brother, M. K. Khader Pillay was the first President of the Alwaye Municipality, which was chartered in 1921. Khader Pillay was also bestowed the Khan Sahib title by the British Raj for his service during the Great Flood of 99. Philanthropy Mackar Pillay was instrumental in the establishment of co-operatives that strengthened Aluva's local economy, including the Keezhmad Khadi and Village Industries Co-operative Society, and the Keezhmad Co-operative Bank. Pillay was also a proponent of the education of Muslim women. He presented a considerable scholarship endowment to the Aligarh Muslim University for funding the education of the institution's female students. Namesakes MES M. K. Mackar Pillay College of Advanced Studies, Edathala M. K. Mackar Pillay Pay-ward at the Aluva Government Hospital Descendants M. M. Abdul Hameed - industrialist, philanthropist, and final managing director of Mackar Pillay & Sons Limited Naureen Hassan - first vice president and chief operating officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York References Indian industrialists 20th-century Indian businesspeople Businesspeople from Kerala People from Aluva Members of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly Manadath family 1880 births 1966 deaths

64202048

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Borges

Hugo Borges

Hugo da Conceição Medeiros Borges Alves (born 1 January 1998), commonly known as Hugo Borges, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Super League Greece 2 club Kalamata. Career statistics Club References 1998 births Living people Brazilian footballers Brazilian expatriate footballers Association football forwards CR Vasco da Gama players Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players C.D. Jorge Wilstermann players Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Bolivia Expatriate footballers in Bolivia

30873725

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult%20learner

Adult learner

An adult learner or, more commonly, a mature student, is a person who is older and is involved in forms of learning. Adult learners fall in a specific criterion of being experienced, and do not always have a high school diploma. Many of the adult learners go back to school to finish a degree, or earn a new one. Malcolm Knowles's work distinguished adult learners as distinct from adolescent and child learners in his principle of andragogy. He established 5 assumptions about the adult learner. This included self-concept, adult learner experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, and motivation to learning. Criteria In the US, adult learners fall into the category of nontraditional students, whom the National Center for Education Statistics defines as meeting at least one of the following seven criteria: Delays enrollment (does not enter post secondary education in the same calendar year that he or she finished high school). Attends part time for at least part of the academic year. Works full time (35 hours or more per week) while enrolled. Is considered financially independent for purposes of determining eligibility for financial aid. Has dependents other than a spouse (usually children, but sometimes others). Is a single parent (either not married or married but separated and has dependents). Does not have a high school diploma (completed high school with a GED or other high school completion certificate or did not finish high school). Not all nontraditional students are adult learners, but adult learners are considered nontraditional students. This can be due to the wide range of cultural, job, and educational backgrounds. In the UK, a student is normally classified as a mature student if he or she is an (undergraduate) student who is at least 25+ years old at the start of his or her course, or in the Irish case on the first of January of the year of entry, and usually having been away from school for at least two years. The normal entry requirements for school-leavers wishing to start an undergraduate degree are often not applied to mature students. In higher education The impact of a rapidly changing society is reflected in the growing number of adults engaged in a formal part-time course of study at an institution of higher education. Studies have shown that during the last few decades, there has been a shift from postsecondary degree seekers, from traditional student to a more diverse population who normally work part-time, full-time and/or have family commitments. This phenomenon has created a larger bank of adult learners who attend colleges and who face a myriad of challenges committing to their education. Adult students are frequently referred to as nontraditional students in higher education. Adult students are contrasted with traditional students, who are typically under 25, attend full-time, do not work full-time when enrolled in courses, and have few, if any, family responsibilities. In 2008, 36 percent of postsecondary students were age 25 or older and 47 percent were independent students. Special characteristics Adult learners are considered “in a state of transition”, trying to improve themselves by achieving a higher level of education in order to move up in the professional environment.  Their expectations are greater than those of a traditional student, because they have a better idea of what they want and what they expect from their education.  However, they also have higher levels of anxiety and pressure to fulfill the required expectations in a shorter amount of time, while navigating other responsibilities. Adult learners typically have more life experiences. When confronted with new knowledge or an experience, adult learners construe new meaning based on their greater life experiences. Potential challenges faced by adult learners There are many challenges faced by adult learners such as family commitments, work, financial barriers, lack of time, support, and a clear understanding of how to balance it all, especially if they still would like to have some kind of social life. Another big challenge is the ever changing technological world in which we now live.   For an adult learner who is past his/her 40s, they grew up in a world where our dependency in technology was nonexistent. Distant learning was something that was not available, but it is now one of the main sources of adult education. References Further reading Brookfield, S. D. (1991). Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis of Principles and Effective Practices. 2nd edition. Jossey-Bass. Crimaldi, Laura, "Older residents follow Pathway to college", Boston Herald, Sunday, January 4, 2009. About students successes in the College Pathways program at ABCD Learning Works in Boston, Massachusetts. Galbraith, M. W. (2004). Adult learning methods: a guide for effective instruction. 3rd edition. Krieger Publishing. Rogers, Alan, Non-formal Education: Flexible Schooling or Participatory Education?, Springer, 2005. External links Adult Learners and New Traditions in Higher Education — WorldWideLearn.com National Center for Education Statistics BBC Bitesize with websites including Skillswise and raw Academia Age and society Educational stages Types of students

535103

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surry%20County

Surry County

Surry County is the name of two counties in the United States: Surry County, North Carolina Surry County, Virginia See also Surrey

45324599

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Lindner

Jason Lindner

Jason Lindner (born February 1, 1973) is an American pianist, keyboardist, synthesist, sound designer, composer, arranger and producer. Life and career Lindner was brought up in Brooklyn, New York City. His father played the piano and sang, and Jason began playing the piano at the age of 2. As a child, he liked heavy metal, then bebop and blues as a teenager. He attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts. Lindner "made his mark during the 1990s", in part as leader of a big band that played at Smalls Jazz Club in New York City. He was also the club's house pianist around the time it opened in 1994. This band recorded the album Premonition in 1998 and it was released in 2000, by which time Lindner had changed to leading a quintet. He performed and arranged for vocalist Claudia Acuña's first album, Wind from the South. By 2004, Lindner was leading an electric group that consisted of Jacques Schwarz-Bart (sax), Avishai Cohen (trumpet), Reggie Washington (bass), and Gene Jackson (drums). His Now Vs. Now band began in 2006 as a quintet, with Cohen, Baba (beatbox, rap), Panagiotis Andreou (bass), and Mark Guiliana (drums). Lindner commented that "I wasn't playing jazz quartet gigs anymore. I was playing in a place where we could really experiment sonically, using electric bass, the drummer playing more groove-oriented beats and less straight ahead swing. [...] I wanted to appeal to ordinary people and not just a jazz audience." In the first three months of 2015 he participated in recordings sessions for David Bowie's Blackstar. For this recording, he used nine keyboards and a grand piano. Lindner reported that his subsequent production work was influenced by the presence of Tony Visconti for the Bowie sessions. Compositions A 2004 observer commented that Lindner's compositions are often "buoyant, singable melodies enlivened by circular, interlocking rhythms that often coalesce, swell and burst into euphoric exclamations [...with] a mesmerizing, transportive vibe that seamlessly reconciles elements of Afro-Cuban, modern and modal jazz with R&B, hip-hop and house music." Between the release of Now Vs. Now's first and second albums, Lindner's compositions became influenced more by electronica. Awards In 2009, Lindner's band was the winner of the Big Band Rising Star category in Down Beat magazine's critics' poll. Lindner was Down Beat'''s critics' poll winner of the Keyboard Rising Star category in 2013. In 2015, his band again won the Big Band Rising Star category in the Down Beat'' critics' poll. Discography An asterisk (*) indicates that the year is that of release. As leader/co-leader As sideman References 1973 births Living people American jazz pianists American male pianists Musicians from New York City Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni Pharaoh's Daughter members Jazz musicians from New York (state) 21st-century American pianists 21st-century American male musicians American male jazz musicians Sunnyside Records artists Fresh Sounds Records artists

32040241

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyncina%20sulcidentata

Lyncina sulcidentata

Lyncina sulcidentata, common name the square-toothed cowry or groove-toothed cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. Description The shells of these quite uncommon cowries reach on average of length, with a minimum size of and a maximum size of . The dorsum surface is smooth and shiny, the basic color is reddish or brown-orange, with three wide blue-gray transversal bands. The base is white or light brown, with long teeth furrowing the base (hence the Latin name sulcidentata). The shell is quite similar to Lyncina schilderorum, Lyncina carneola and Lyncina ventriculus. In the living cowries mantle is brownish, with long bluish tree-shaped sensorial papillae. Mantle and foot are well developed, with external antennae. The lateral flaps of the mantle may hide completely the shell surface and may be quickly retracted into the shell. Distribution This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Habitat These cowries live on coral reef in tropical intertidal and subtidal water up to 40 metres. They can be found in ledges and small coral caves at night, as they start feeding only at dusk. Subspecies Cypraea sulcidentata var. xanthochrysa Melvill, 1888 References Lorenz F. & Hubert A. (2000) A guide to worldwide cowries. Edition 2. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 584 pp World Register of Marine Species (WORMS) - Lyncina sulcidentata External links Biolib Underwater Cypraeidae Gastropods described in 1824 Taxa named by John Edward Gray

14518569

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie%20%C3%84mter

Freie Ämter

The Freiamt or Freie Ämter ( or Free Administrative Unit, though it is not usually translated into English) is a region in Switzerland and is located in the southeast of Canton of Aargau. It comprises the area between the Lindenberg and Heitersberg and from the terminal moraine at Othmarsingen to Reuss river in Dietwil. Today the area of the Bremgarten and Muri Districts are called the Freiamt. Previously, the area around Affoltern District in the canton of Zurich was called the (Zurich) Freiamt. Bremgarten, Muri, Sins, Villmergen and Wohlen are among the main towns of the Freiamt. The metropolitan area around the Mutschellen pass is another important population center. According to statistical criteria, there is only one city, Wohlen. During the Middle Ages, Bremgarten had city rights, but it is not currently classed as a city. The Freiamt lies in a central position in the Swiss plateau. The large cities of Zurich, Zug and Lucerne are all within a half-hour's drive from the Freiamt. Origin of the name A Freiamt in the Middle Ages is not a specified area, but a union of persons or free peasants who had a local court or limited self-government. The term is found in the Alamanni populated areas, including the Black Forest of southern Germany (from the 3rd century) and the Swiss plateau (from the 6th Century). The term comes from the Alemannic legal breakdown between free and unfree, which in the Early Middle Ages included the rights of autonomy. The Aargau Freie Ämter were territories that were under Habsburg rule but were independent with respect to low justice and common law, and so under the medieval definition, they were "free". History Before 1415 In the Frankish-Carolingian era the territories to the left of the Reuss belonged to Aargau, while those to the right were part of Thurgau. Starting in the mid 9th century this area became known as the Zürichgau. After the extinction of the Counts of Lenzburg in 1170, their land in the Aargau went to the Habsburgs. During the 10th century, they acquired vast tracts of land in the region. The Habsburgs granted the low justice rights over many of the villages to Hermetschwil and Muri Abbeys. After the Swiss Confederation became independent from the Habsburgs, the new Confederation began to expand. After the expansion to the Acht Orte (Eight Cantons), they began looking for additional territory. As the city of Lucerne grew in power, they became interested in the southern portion of what would become the Freie Ämter. In 1394 they acquired the Amt of Merenschwand which gave Lucerne an exclave west of the river Reuss. In the Battle of Sempach, the Habsburg villages of Aristau and Meienberg were destroyed. Following the defeat of 1386, and despite the 1394 peace between the Habsburgs and the Confederation, the Habsburg city of Bremgarten entered into an alliance with Bern in 1407. Conquest of the Aargau On 16 November 1414, Emperor Sigismund called the Council of Constance to settle the Western Schism between the three popes (Benedict XIII, Gregory XII, and John XXIII), all of whom claimed legitimacy. Frederick IV of Habsburg sided with John XXIII. When John XXIII was declared an antipope, he fled the city with Frederick's help. The emperor then declared the Habsburg lands forfeited and ordered the neighboring countries to conquer those lands for the emperor. The city-state of Bern had already pledged their support of the emperor against the Habsburgs in 1414, and so they were ready to invade. The rest of the Confederation quickly followed. The territory was quickly conquered in 1415 by the Confederation. Under Habsburg rule Aargau was divided into multiple sections (), which were maintained under the Confederation. Bern, Lucerne and Zurich were each given a portion of the conquered region to administer. The rest of the Freie Ämter were collectively administered as subject territories by the rest of the Confederation – effectively a condominium. Muri Amt was assigned to Zurich, Lucerne, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Glarus, while the Ämter of Meienberg, Richensee and Villmergen were first given to Lucerne alone. The final boundary was set in 1425 by an arbitration tribunal and Lucerne had to give the three Ämter to be collectively ruled. The four Ämter were then consolidated under a single Confederation bailiff into what was known in the 15th century as the Waggental Bailiwick (). In the 16th century, it came to be known as the Vogtei der Freien Ämter. While the Freien Ämter often had independent lower courts, they were forced to accept the Confederation's sovereignty. Finally, in 1532 the canton of Uri became part of the collective administration of the Freien Ämter. From the Reformation to the creation of Aargau At the time of Reformation the majority of the Ämter converted to the new faith. In 1529 a wave of iconoclasm swept through the area and wiped away much of the old religion. After the defeat of Zurich in the second Battle of Kappel in 1531, the victorious five Catholic cantons marched their troops into the Freie Ämter and reconverted them to Catholicism. In the First War of Villmergen, in 1656, and the Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712, the Freie Ämter became the staging ground for the warring Reformed and Catholic armies. While the peace after the 1656 war did not change the status quo, the fourth Peace of Aarau in 1712 brought about a reorganization of power relations. The victory gave Zurich the opportunity to force the Catholic cantons out of the government in the county of Baden and the adjacent area of the Freie Ämter. The Freie Ämter were then divided in two by a line drawn from the gallows in Fahrwangen to the Oberlunkhofen church steeple. The northern part, the so-called Unteren Freie Ämter (lower Freie Ämter), which included the districts of Boswil (in part) and Hermetschwil and the Niederamt, were ruled by Zurich, Bern and Glarus. The southern part, the Oberen Freie Ämter (upper Freie Ämter), were ruled by the previous seven cantons but Bern was added to make an eighth. During the Helvetic Republic (1798-1803) the county of Baden, the Freie Ämter and the region known as the Kelleramt were combined into a new Canton of Baden. In 1803 the cantons of Baden and Fricktal merged into the canton of Aargau. Since the creation of Aargau In 1830 Aargau was rocked by the Freiämtersturm, an uprising of the rural population in the region. Many residents of the Freie Ämter marched on the cantonal capital of Aarau to demand changes in the cantonal constitution. After the Freie Ämter militia surrounded government buildings, the government quickly negotiated an end of the uprising. They agreed to a full revision of the constitution and all the other demands of the militia. This, together with other uprisings in 1830–31 led to the end of the Restoration period and the beginning of the liberal Regeneration period. The changes during the Regeneration led to the creation of the Federal State in 1848. References External links Erlebnis Freiamt - Portalseite für das Freiamt mit Verzeichnis der Freiämterwege Aargau Former condominiums of Switzerland Former vassal states 15th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy 1410s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 1415 establishments in Europe 18th-century disestablishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy 1798 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire

22758954

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahran%20Abu%20Raiya

Mahran Abu Raiya

Mahran Abu Raiya (, ; born 22 January 1983, is an Arab-Israeli professional association football player who plays for Ironi Tiberias. At international level, Abu Raiya was capped at under-21 level. References 1983 births Living people Arab citizens of Israel Arab-Israeli footballers Israeli footballers Israel under-21 international footballers Bnei Sakhnin F.C. players Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C. players Hapoel Acre F.C. players Hapoel Haifa F.C. players Hapoel Iksal F.C. players F.C. Tzeirei Kafr Kanna players Ironi Tiberias F.C. players Association football defenders Liga Leumit players Israeli Premier League players Footballers from Sakhnin People from Sakhnin

6194828

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illgau

Illgau

Illgau is a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. History Illgau is first mentioned in 1370 as Ilgoe. Geography Illgau has an area, , of . Of this area, 62% is used for agricultural purposes, while 31.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (4%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). It consists of the village sections of Illgau, Vorder Oberberg and Hinter Oberberg as well as scattered farm houses. All of the farm houses, up to about the level are occupied throughout the year. Demographics Illgau has a population (as of ) of . , 1.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 7%. Most of the population () speaks German (99.2%), with Albanian being second most common ( 0.3%) and Russian being third ( 0.3%). the gender distribution of the population was 50.8% male and 49.2% female. The age distribution, , in Illgau is; 242 people or 33.6% of the population is between 0 and 19. 241 people or 33.4% are 20 to 39, and 166 people or 23.0% are 40 to 64. The senior population distribution is 45 people or 6.2% are 65 to 74. There are 19 people or 2.6% who are 70 to 79 and 8 people or 1.11% of the population who are over 80. there are 248 households, of which 71 households (or about 28.6%) contain only a single individual. 31 or about 12.5% are large households, with at least five members. In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 53.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (36.4%), the SPS (5.5%) and the FDP (1.7%). The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Illgau about 55.2% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Illgau has an unemployment rate of 0.96%. , there were 70 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 28 businesses involved in this sector. 63 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 8 businesses in this sector. 71 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 14 businesses in this sector. From the , 698 or 96.8% are Roman Catholic, while less than 5 people belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 6 (or about 0.83% of the population) who are Islamic. 9 (or about 1.25% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 6 individuals (or about 0.83% of the population) did not answer the question. The historical population is given in the following table: References External links Municipalities of the canton of Schwyz

50527459

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandra%20Little

Leandra Little

Leandra Faye Little (born 8 November 1984) is an English former professional footballer who most recently played as a defender for Sheffield United of the FA Women's Championship. A former PE teacher, she is the education lead at the Liverpool F.C. Women's Academy and an education welfare officer for The Football Association. Basketball Prior to her football career, Little represented the England women's national basketball team and played for the City of Sheffield Hatters from 2003 to 2007. Disappointed to be left off the longlist for the Great Britain women's national basketball team at the 2012 London Olympics, Little decided to play football instead. Football In 2007 Little joined Lincoln Ladies, becoming an important defender in the team which consistently challenged for promotion from the FA Women's Premier League Northern Division. When Lincoln were accepted into the FA WSL, Little performed well in the inaugural 2011 season, being named Manager's Player of the Year. In December 2011, Little transferred to Lincoln's FA WSL rivals Doncaster Rovers Belles. In six years with the South Yorkshire outfit, she rose to captain status and grew to love the club: "They hold a dear place in my heart". Although Little helped Doncaster win the 2017–18 FA WSL 2 title, the impecunious fallen giants were refused a WSL license for the following season and consigned to the FA Women's National League. References External links Doncaster Rovers Belles player profile 1984 births Living people English women's footballers Women's association football defenders FA Women's Super League players Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C. players Liverpool F.C. Women players Sheffield United W.F.C. players English women's basketball players FA Women's National League players People from Brixham Notts County L.F.C. players

13623919

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Tuffery

Michel Tuffery

Michael "Michel" Cliff Tuffery (born 27 May 1966) is a New Zealand artist of Samoan, Tahitian and Cook Islands descent. He is one of New Zealand's most well known artists and his work is held in many art collections in New Zealand and around the world. Early life His mother is Samoan Bula Tuffery (nee Paotonu) and his biological father was Cook Island Tahitian. His step father was Denis Tuffery and European decent. He attended Newlands College in Wellington, and has a Diploma in Fine Arts (Hons) from the School of Fine Arts at Otago Polytechnic (1989). He lives and works in Wellington. Career One of his distinctive sculptures from 1994 is the life-sized work, entitled Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000), which was constructed from flattened and riveted re-cycled corned beef tins. His work is shaped by his research into, and encounters with his Polynesian heritage while making use of Māori design. Many of his works explore colonialism and people's treatment of the environment. Renowned as a printmaker, painter and sculptor, Tuffery has gained national and international recognition, and has made a major contribution to New Zealand art. Awards He was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to art, in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours. In 2010 he was awarded the Contemporary Pacific Art Award at the Creative New Zealand Arts Pasifka Awards, while in 2020 he received the Senior Pacific Artist Award from the same organisation. List of works and exhibitions Tuffery has exhibited extensively in New Zealand and internationally. 1989 Tautai Artists, Gallery 33 1/3 and Louise Beale Gallery, Wellington 1990 Te Moemoea no Iotefa, Sarjeant Art Gallery, Whanganui 1990 Three Polynesian Artists, Robert McDougall Art Gallery, Christchurch 1990 Anti Drift Net Series, ASA Gallery, Auckland 1994 Bottled Ocean City Gallery Wellington and touring 1994 Woodcuts on Tapa, Claybrook Gallery, Auckland 1994 Pisupo Lua Afe, Wellington 1994 Povi Tau Vaga - The Challenge, Wellington 1996 7th Festival of Pacific Arts group exhibition, Samoa 1997 Pacific Diaries, Hogarth Gallery, Sydney 1997 Common Ground, Page 90 Art Gallery, Taranaki 1998 Recent Works, Portfolio Gallery, Auckland 1998 Paringa Ou, Fiji Museum, Fiji 1998 Testing Traditions, Aotea Centre, Auckland 1999 O le Vasa Loloto ma le Laloa, Christchurch 1999 Povi Lua Noumea, and Faga Ofe E'a, in collaboration with artist Patrice Kaikilekofe, New Caledonia 2001 Asiasi, Jane Land Gallery, Wellington 2001 Out of the Blue, Hawkes Bay Exhibitions Centre, Hastings 2002 Mata Mata, Toi o Tamaki, Auckland City Art Gallery 2002 Diaspora - Art of the Asia Pacific, Portfolio Gallery, Auckland 2002 Pasifika, The Lane Gallery, Auckland 2003 Voyages, The Lane Gallery, Auckland 2003 Animated Effigy, MacKay Art Gallery, North Queensland 2012 First Contact, multi-media work for the opening of the 2012 New Zealand International Arts Festival 2012 Siamani Samoa, Pataka Museum and Gallery, Porirua 2012 50 Years of Friendship: New Zealand & Samoa, commemorative NZ coin design issued by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. 2013 Made in Oceania: Tapa – Art and Social Landscapes, Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum, Germany 2015 World War I Remembered: A Light and Sound Show, multi-media installation with Ngataiharuru Taepa, Pukeahu National War Memorial Park, Wellington References External links Artist's website Works from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Interview with Michael Tuffery about his project commemorating the anniversary of World War One Standing Room Only, Radio New Zealand National, 2015 New Zealand painters New Zealand people of Cook Island descent New Zealand people of French Polynesian descent New Zealand people of Samoan descent Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit Living people Otago Polytechnic alumni 20th-century New Zealand sculptors 21st-century New Zealand sculptors 21st-century male artists 1966 births

64540319

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso%20Garzoni

Tommaso Garzoni

Tommaso Garzoni, (born Ottaviano, Bagnacavallo, 1549 – 1589), was an Italian Renaissance writer. Life Tommaso Garzoni was born in March 1549 in Bagnacavallo (a village in the Papal States near Ravenna) to a humble family, who however succeeded to pay for his education. He briefly studied law in Ferrara, then logic in Siena. At the age of seventeen, on 18 October 1566, he entered in the Canons Regular of the Lateran, the religious order who held the Santa Maria in Porto Basilica in Ravenna. On that occasion he took the religious name of Tommaso (or Tomaso). With a prodigious inventive faculty, in the last six years of his short existence he wrote all the works - bizarrely encyclopedic - that would make him famous. Garzoni's eclectic work had a vast European success (numerous translations and reprints), to the point of consecrating him among the most popular Italian authors of the late sixteenth century. Today, after a long oblivion, Garzoni is again discovered and analyzed by critics. He was also the first to write in Italian a complete biographical catalog of women in the Bible (Le vite delle donne illustri della Sacra Scrittura). Returned to his birth town to preach on the Bible, he died on 8 June 1589, and he was buried in the local church of Saint Francesco. Works In Italian Il Theatro de' vari, e diversi cervelli mondani, Venezia, 1583 La piazza universale di tutte le professioni del mondo, Venezia, 1585 L'hospidale de pazzi incurabili, Venezia, 1586 Le vite delle donne illustri della Scrittura sacra, Venezia, 1586 La sinagoga de gl'ignoranti, Venezia, 1589 Il mirabile cornucopia consolatorio, Bologna, 1601 (posthumous) L'huomo astratto, Venezia, 1604 (posthumous) Il serraglio de gli stupori del mondo, Venezia, 1613 (posthumous) Translations in French Le Théâtre des divers cerveaux du monde, translated by Gabriel Chappuys, Paris, J. Houzé, 1586 L'Hospital des fols incurables, où sont déduites de poinct en poinct toutes les folies et les maladies d'esprit, tant des hommes que des femmes, translated by François de Clarier, sieur de Longval, Paris, F. Julliot, L. Sevestre, 1620 L'hospidale de’ pazzi incurabili, 2001 Translations in English The Hospital of Incurable Madness. L'Hospedale de' Pazzi Incurabili (1586), by Tomas Garzoni, 2009 Translations in German Spital unheylsamer Narren und Närrinnen Herrn Thomasi Garzoni, auss der italiänischen Sprach teutsch gemacht durch Georgium Fridericum Messerschmid, Strassburg, J. Carolo, 1618 Piazza universale, das ist allgemeiner Schawplatz, Marckt und Zusammenkunfft aller Professionen, Künsten, Geschäfften, Händeln und Handtwerken... erstmaln durch Thomam Garzonum italianisch zusammengetragen, anjetzo [...] verdeutscht Frankfurt am Mayn, W. Hoffmanns Buchdruckerei, 1641 Translations in Latin Emporium universale, translated by Nic. Belli, Francfort, 1614 Translations in Spanish Plaza universal de todas sciencias y artes, parte traduzida de toscano [de Thomaso Garzoni] y parte compuesta por el doctor Christóval Suárez de Figueroa, Perpiñan, 1630 Notes References 1549 births 1589 deaths Italian Renaissance writers Italian Renaissance humanists 16th-century Italian writers 16th-century male writers People from the Province of Ravenna

57217253

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllomydas%20parvulus

Phyllomydas parvulus

Phyllomydas parvulus is a species of mydas fly in the family Mydidae. References Mydidae Articles created by Qbugbot Insects described in 1841

52651684

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulch%20Hvoschevataya

Gulch Hvoschevataya

Gulch Hvoschevataya is a protected area, botanical reserve of regional importance on the territory of Krasnensky District, Belgorod Oblast. Geographical position The total area of the reserve is . It is located in Krasnensky District of the Belgorod region, on the territory of rural settlement Raskhovets. The reserve is located within the beam of the same name. It is a left spur of the beam, which stretches from east to west between the villages and Rashovets hop and opens into the valley of the river Kamyshenko. From the first village on the reserve deleted in a northeasterly direction, and the second - by in the north-west. The north side of the reserve adjacent to the forest Hvoschevoye. Vegetation Within the reserve the vegetation is represented by motley-feather grass steppe. Along the perimeter of reserve surrounded by fields where crops are grown. Arable land covers a protected area from the east and the west, and from the south. That is, the mouth plowed beams. Horsetail tract north of the reserve is bayrak (gully) forest. History of formation For the first time the status of specially protected area Hvoschevataya first received in 1991. Then the decision of the executive committee of Belgorod Oblast Council of People's Deputies in its territory botanical reserve was created. The reason for arming was of rare species of plants, including stipa. Later, the status of the reserve was confirmed in 1995 and in 2016 the provisions of the Head of Administration and the Government of the Belgorod region. References Protected areas of Russia Geography of Belgorod Oblast

18487116

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click%20and%20Clack%27s%20As%20the%20Wrench%20Turns

Click and Clack's As the Wrench Turns

Click and Clack's As the Wrench Turns is an adult animated sitcom produced by Atomic Cartoons and airs on PBS. The series follows the adventures of the brothers Click and Clack from their auto repair shop, Car Talk Plaza. It stars Tom (Click) and Ray Magliozzi (Clack), also known as the Tappet Brothers, from National Public Radio's Car Talk. The show was the first primetime animated series for a general audience to be produced and aired by PBS. The series debuted on July 9, 2008, and additionally in various time slots depending on local station scheduling. The series aired its ten-episode season in two-episode blocks for five weeks. It ended on August 13, 2008 with 10 episodes. Cast Tom Magliozzi - Click Tappet Ray Magliozzi - Clack Tappet Kelli O'Hara - Beth Totenbag Juan Carlos Hernández - Fidel Cornell Womack - Crusty Barbara Rosenblat - Sal Production Executive producer Howard Grossman began pitching a television series based on Car Talk in 2001. On July 11, 2007, PBS announced that it had greenlit the series for debut in the summer of 2008. This is the first prime-time animated series in the history of PBS. While at first a direct adaptation of the radio show had been proposed, the final product is an animated sitcom featuring a new cast of fictional characters alongside the radio-show hosting Click and Clack. The opening theme and other music for the series are produced by Carl Finch and composed, arranged, and performed by Finch and his Grammy-award-winning band, Brave Combo. Episodes DVD releases PBS Home Video and Paramount Home Entertainment released the entire run of As the Wrench Turns on DVD. The two-disc set was released in the United States and Canada on September 30, 2008. Reception Click and Clack's As the Wrench Turns received a largely negative response, with The New York Times commenting that "television seems to flatten and confine" Tom and Ray's spontaneity and that while the series is "indisputably adorable" it "lacks the magic of the Magliozzis unplugged." The Boston Herald opined that fans of Car Talk will be "excited to hear that Tom and Ray Magliozzi have expanded to PBS and television. Until they see the show." The show is described as "silly like a bad Saturday morning cartoon" and that the Magliozzi brothers are portrayed as "low-grade scam artists instead of the cheery, charming guys we know they are." Christopher Kulik of DVD Verdict wrote in his review of the 2008 Paramount DVD release: "As a long-time devotee of Car Talk, I found this series to be a mixed bag. The humor is certainly there, and the Magliozzis' comic punch is still hitting hard, except their famous improvisation and spontaneity is practically thrown out the window. The result is Click & Clack 2.0, as the friendly voices are there but not the belly laughs or jolly merriment the boys' audibly display every Saturday morning. The out-there stories themselves set up some big laughs, like when the boys' discover pasta as an alternative energy source for automobiles, [pissed] off the local Mafioso in the process. Others lack any ingenuity whatsoever. The animation itself harks back to the 60s and 70s: very dim and dry, lacks real color and pizzazz, occasionally rough around the edges. Nothing special, unless you want to return to that old-fashioned, old-school look which was prevalent in George of the Jungle. Since the humor will whisk over children's heads, it's clear this show was created specifically for the older crowd, ones who are too slow to catch every gag in Family Guy. The show does earn points for its rich character design, courtesy of Stephen Silver, who also did the Clerks series with Kevin Smith. References External links 2000s American adult animated television series 2000s American sitcoms 2000s American workplace comedy television series 2008 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings 2000s Canadian adult animated television series 2000s Canadian sitcoms 2000s Canadian workplace comedy television series 2008 Canadian television series debuts 2008 Canadian television series endings American adult animated comedy television series American animated sitcoms Animated television series about brothers Canadian adult animated comedy television series English-language television shows PBS original programming Television shows set in Massachusetts

42475299

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940s%20World%20War%20II%20Era%20Ball

1940s World War II Era Ball

1940s World War II Era Ball is an annual historical reenactment event in Boulder, Colorado. The event is a ball, which features swing music from the 1940s and impersonators of musicians and entertainers such as Bob Hope, Frank Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland and the Andrews Sisters. The ball is held in a hangar at the Boulder Airport and features World War II-era airplanes including C-45 Expeditors and B-25 Mitchells. The ball also holds an annual 1940s White Christmas Ball. Net proceeds from the event are donated to local charities including those that support World War II veterans and the preservation of aviation history. The 1940s World War II Era Ball was first held in 2008. The ball was founded by Khyentse James, who previously founded the Decibelle Music and Culture Festival. The ball was created in honor of James' grandparents, who were radio performers and met while they were working at a radio station together in the 1940s. In 2016, the ball expanded to two nights for its ninth annual event. The theme was "Our Troops Bring Home Paradise: A Tiki Explosion" and included car shows, film screenings and other events. References Further reading "Behind the Scenes of the 1940s Ball: An Interview with Khyentse James" "Swing back in time: 1940s Ball" Historical reenactment events 2008 establishments in Colorado World War II Boulder, Colorado

60174513

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar%20Duggan

Lar Duggan

Lar Duggan is an American jazz pianist, best known as an early, influential music teacher of Phish keyboardist Page McConnell. In his 1987 Goddard College thesis, McConnell wrote that Duggan was “the single most important person” in helping improve his improvisational playing. Background Born in Washington, DC, Duggan moved with his family to the suburbs of New York City at the age of five. He began playing piano early on, taking a couple years of classical lessons in grade school, followed by several years of jazz lessons with Joel Forbes in high school. Duggan's first job was at age fifteen, sitting in for Dave McKenna. Living close to New York City in the late 1950s, Duggan went to hear the jazz icons of that era, but ended up going to college in Boston where he studied for a few months with Margaret Chaloff. Since that time, Duggan has continued to work and compose, with various non-musical jobs interspersed throughout. Career In 1978, Duggan received a grant from the Vermont Council on the Arts to write music, which resulted in The Lake Studies, a series of sixteen eponymously named songs recorded by Charles Eller and released on Duggan's Aerie label. Two years later, Philo records re-recorded half the songs and released an album in 1980, which was reviewed by Keyboard in October 1981. In 2001, Duggan re-released his original 1978 recording. The Lake Studies remains Duggan's sole recorded material, as he has eschewed a typical musician's life of travelling and recording. Duggan has given private piano lessons over the years, including to Page McConnell when the latter was starting in Phish. McConnell credits Duggan for teaching him fundamental improvisational techniques and methods. Personal life Duggan has lived in the Burlington area of Vermont since 1967, and rarely ventures outside the area. Discography The Lake Studies (1978; partially re-recorded in 1980) References External links http://larduggan.com American jazz pianists 1942 births Living people

28913417

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Glacier

Anthony Glacier

Anthony Glacier () is a glacier which flows in an east-southeast direction to the east coast of Palmer Land where it terminates opposite the south tip of Hearst Island. The upper part of this glacier was seen by a sledge party of the British Graham Land Expedition under John Riddoch Rymill in 1936–37. The glacier was seen from the seaward side in 1940 by a sledging party from the East Base of the United States Antarctic Service, and in 1947 was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE). It was named by Finn Ronne for Alexander Anthony of the J.P. Stevens Company, New York City, which contributed windproof clothing to the RARE. Mount Martin sits immediately north of the head of the glacier. See also List of glaciers in the Antarctic Glaciology References Glaciers of Palmer Land

35591316

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprosma%20rotundifolia

Coprosma rotundifolia

Coprosma rotundifolia is a native forest shrub of New Zealand found on the North, South, and Stewart Islands. Description Coprosma rotundifolia can grow to a large bushy shrub of up to tall. It has small, wide-angled divaricated branches. The branches bear small, tapered leaves to that end in a sharp tip. The leaves are opposite each other. At the base of the leaf, the stalk is subtended by a small, tooth-like stipule that is blunt and rounded at the base. The leaves are mainly pale green, often with purple blotches, and covered in short to long soft hairs, particularly on the edges of the leaf. The lamina is very thin with veins that are visible on both sides of the leaf. Domatia are present on the surface of leaves between veins, on the midrib, and near the edges on the underside of the leaf. It produces orange to red fruit. This fruit is about in diameter and grows on short branches separate from other branches supporting foliage. Flowers occur in clusters between September and November. Etymology The Maori name for the small-leaved, divaricating forms of coprosma is mikimiki. The word Coprosma originates from the Greek kopros meaning "dung" and osme meaning "odour", because some Coprosma species smell like dung. The word rotundifolia originates from two Latin words: rotundus meaning "round" and folium meaning "leaf". Range C. rotundifolia is one of about 60 species of Coprosma found in New Zealand in the North Island from Kaitaia south, and throughout the South and Stewart Islands. Habitat It occurs from lowland to montane habitats, particularly in alluvial soils and damp lowland forests. It is most common in riparian forest and scrubland. It has also been planted as a horticultural plant and may be encountered in a wide range of habitats. Plants are hardy, fast-growing and low-maintenance, but require winter pruning. Typically, they are found in ornamental gardens for their unique form. It grows best in moist, well-drained, fertile soil. The plant also thrives in soils with higher calcium carbonate levels, such as a soil which is limestone rich. Life cycle C. rotundifolia produces flowers between September and November in axillary clusters of 2–4. Female and male flowers are produced on separate trees. Male flowers do not have a calyx. The corolla is funnel-shaped, with the lobes widest at the base and ovate with a sharp tip furthest from the tube. The fruit is orange to red. Fruits are a globe-shaped drupe formed on short branches 4–5 mm in diameter. The fruit contains two seeds. These are predominantly dispersed by birds that eat the fruit. The seeds germinate in favourable conditions such as soils with higher levels of calcium carbonate, and can grow up to a small tree. Herbivores C. rotundifolia is currently not classified as threatened. Common herbivores include introduced grazers such as possums, rats, deer and goats. Other pests include foliage invertebrates and leaf pathogens. References Flora of New Zealand rotundifolia Divaricating plants

66504630

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned%20surveillance%20and%20reconnaissance%20aerial%20vehicle

Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle

An unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle, is an unarmed military UAV that is used for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance. Unlike unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV), this type of system is not designed to carry aircraft ordnance such as missiles, ATGMs, or bombs for drone strikes. The main purpose is to provide battlefield intelligence. Current models Future models and technology demonstrators Belgium The Belgians were early adopters of reconnaissance UAVs, introducing the "Epervier (Sparrowhawk)" UAV in the early 1970s. It was built by Manufacture Belge De Lampes Et De Materiel Electronique SA (MBLE) of Belgium. Epervier prototypes were propeller-driven, but the production Epervier UAV, the "X.5" model, was fitted with a Rover TJ125 turbojet with 510 N (52 kgf / 114 lbf) thrust. It was launched by a RATO booster and recovered by parachute. It had a boxy fiberglass fuselage with a rear-mounted truncated-delta wing, a single tailfin, and winglet fins at the end of each wing. It had a length of 2.25 meters (7 feet 4 inches), a wingspan of 1/72 meters (5 feet 8 inches), and a launch weight of 142 kilograms (313 pounds), The Epervier has now been replaced by the IAI Hunter, which was obtained by the Belgian military with Belgian-specified systems. Croatia Croatia has fielded a series of tactical UAVs, beginning with the MAH-1 in early 1993 built by Igor Pongrac. Later on Israels IAI Malat tactical UAVs were built and developed on behalf MAH-1. France Matra BAe Dynamics developed a UAV named "Dragon". The Dragon was roughly the same size as and similar to the SAGEM Crecerelle, with the same pusher-prop delta configuration, except that instead of having a single tailfin mounted on the fuselage, the Dragon had a tailfin on each wingtip. It was intended as a jamming platform. It seems to have dropped out of sight, possibly because the French Army acquired the Crecerelle for the jamming mission. Georgia Georgia's defence research center developed a series of small for infantry purpose unmanned areal vehicles, including multiple fixed-rotor variants. After a financial dispute with Israel over the delivery of UAV systems, the center in cooperation with TAM started to develop new medium-sized drones which would compensate the need of modern systems equipped with latest technology. Even though these projects are still in development stage, one variant was exposed in April, 2012. Pakistan Pakistan developed a number of reconnaissance UAVs. Pakistan's "Air Weapons Complex (AWC)" has completed development of their "Bravo" battlefield surveillance UAV, and is now in service with law enforcement and border security organizations. The Bravo is apparently a fairly conventional piston-powered small UAV, has a composite airframe, a maximum payload of 20 kilograms (44 pounds), and a radius of action of up to . It is guided by a preprogrammed navigation system. The AWC "Vision-1" is an improved version of the Bravo, and AWC also makes a high-altitude reconnaissance drone, the "Vector", as well as two target drones, the "Nishan" and the "Hornet". Russia Yakovlev is currently working on two new tactical UAVs: The "Albatros" is a tiltrotor design along the lines of the Bell Eagle Eye, except that it has an inverted-vee tail. It will have a 120 kW (160 hp) engine, seven-hour endurance. The range is limited to by the command-data radio link. It is primarily focused on shipboard applications. Details of the "Expert" are unclear, but it appears to be a small battlefield surveillance UAV, of the sort usually launched by a bungee catapult. Multinational EADS Orka: The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) company is currently promoting a number of UAVs. One, the "Orka", is a UAV helicopter with an airframe length of 6.2 meters (20,3 feet) and a weight of about 700 kilograms (1543 pounds) for use by the army and on naval vessels. It is currently favoured as the likely replacement for the larger and heavier SEAMOS helicopter UAV that was abandoned by the Germans. The Orka is derived from a light helicopter the Cabri built by Hélicoptères Guimbal of France. It has a conventional helicopter configuration, with a three-bladed main rotor with a diameter of 7.2 meters (23.6 feet), an enclosed "fenestron" tail rotor favoured by the French, and landing skips. There is a sensor turret under the nose and an antenna or sensor drum under the belly between the landing skids. The production Orka is expected to have an endurance of 8 hours and a payload of 150 kilograms (331 pounds). EADS Scorpio: The EADS "Scorpio" is a much smaller reconnaissance helicopter UAV, focused on special operations. It is also of conventional helicopter configuration, with a two-blade main rotor with Hiller-type stabilization paddles, an exposed two-blade tail rotor, and landing skids. A sensor turret may be fitted between the landing skids. There are several variants in the Scorpio line. The 13 kilogram (29 pound) "Scorpio-6" flies at 35 km/h (22 mph) and has an endurance of an hour. The 40 kilogram (88 pound) "Scorpio-30" flies at 50 km/h (31 mph) and has an endurance of two hours. References

10738059

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack%20Hample

Zack Hample

Zachary Ben Hample is an 44-year-old American baseball collector. He claims that he has collected more than 11,000 baseballs from Major League stadiums in North America, including Alex Rodriguez's 3,000th career hit and Mike Trout's first career home run. Hample has faced criticism from sportswriters, players, and fans, some of whom have pointed out that he has been seen bumping children out of his way in efforts to grab baseballs. The New York Post referred to him as "baseball's most hated fan." Baseball collection On April 18, 2013, Hample caught two home run balls in a single game at Yankee Stadium, including the first career homer of Arizona Diamondbacks shortstop Didi Gregorius. Criticism Hample's baseball collecting habit has caused a great deal of controversy inside and outside the game of baseball. Hample's aggressive tactics have resulted in sportswriters describing him as "baseball's most hated fan", an "ego-maniacal weasel", a "jackass", and a "baby-punching souvenir-monger". Clayton Kershaw once refused to give Hample a ball; Hample tweeted that when he asked Kershaw for the ball, Kershaw told him no because Hample already had "7000 of 'em." Hample acquired a ticket to the Fort Bragg Game on July 3, 2016, at Fort Bragg Stadium that was meant for active duty military personnel and their friends and families. Hample had publicly offered $1000 to anyone who would give him a ticket. After he came under widespread criticism for taking the ticket, Hample quickly announced that he would donate $100 for every ball he collected to a charity for military veterans. Hample claimed to have caught 11 balls and claimed he would donate $1,100 to AMVETS. He posted a lengthy apology on Twitter, which CBS Sports writer Mike Axisa stated "boils down to 'I'm sorry but I really wanted to go. Other activities Helicopter stunts On July 2, 2012, Hample attempted to catch a baseball dropped from a helicopter 1,000 feet above LeLacheur Park in Lowell, Massachusetts. Wearing catcher's gear that was donated by Rawlings, Hample caught a softball dropped from a height of 312 feet. He then caught baseballs dropped from heights of 562 feet and 822 feet before the Federal Aviation Administration called off the stunt due to strong winds. The 822-foot catch was initially thought to be 762 feet, but a discrepancy in the altimeter settings, which was captured on video and discovered months later, added 60 feet to the altitude. On July 13, 2013, Hample made another attempt at LeLacheur Park and succeeded in catching a baseball dropped from an altitude of 1,050 feet. The catch is not recognized as a record by Guinness World Records, as no one from the organization was in attendance to verify the attempt. Video games Hample, a competitive video game player, appeared briefly in the 2007 documentary The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters. According to Twin Galaxies, he holds official world records on half a dozen classic video games including Breakout (896 points) and Arkanoid (1,658,110 points). Fundraising According to Pitch in for Baseball, a non-profit charity that provides baseball and softball equipment to underprivileged children, Hample has raised "tens of thousands" of dollars for the organization. He raises the money with help from his fans, who pledge money for every baseball that he snags at Major League stadiums, and from BIGS Sunflower Seeds, who sponsored him during the 2013 season. In July 2015, Hample gave Alex Rodriguez the ball from his 3,000th hit in exchange for the Yankees donating $150,000 to Pitch In For Baseball; Hample also personally received an autographed jersey and two autographed bats as part of his deal. Personal life Hample is the son of author, performer, playwright and cartoonist Stoo Hample. Hample's family owns and operates Argosy Book Store, and was the focus of the 2019 documentary The Booksellers. References External links Official blog Official website 1977 births 21st-century American non-fiction writers American bloggers American booksellers American sportswriters Baseball spectators Baseball writers Collectors Guilford College alumni Living people Writers from New York (state)

56902373

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriston%20School

Warriston School

Warriston School was an independent preparatory school for boys in Moffat, Scotland. From September 1963 the school catered for pupils from ages 9–18. Warriston School was ultimately owned and run by Brian Larmour and his wife. Age group was from 10 to 18 years old. Warristonschool.com. History Warriston School was established by F.W. Gardiner in 1899 and named after Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston. The school was situated at 'Holmpark' in Ballplay Road and started with 5 boys. In 1932 Mr and Mrs Gardiner retired after 33 years. In December 1919 Captain Ross Smith and his brother Keith, flying with two companions became the first people to fly from England to Australia. There were three Smith brothers educated at Warriston, Colin having fallen during the war. The Scotsman reported: From 1932-1935 the Essex cricketer and Walker Cup golfer, Leonard Crawley, was the headmaster of Warriston. On 5 July 1933 Sir Jack Hobbs the Surrey and England cricketer played in a match at Warriston School sports grounds for an L.G. Crawley XI v H.B. Rowan XI. Hobbs and Crawley put on 140 for the first-wicket partnership but lost the match by 26 runs. The Edinburgh Evening News reported in 1933 that the former Wales rugby union scrum-half D. E. A. Roberts was teaching at Warriston. In April 1935 Crawley relinquished the headmastership of Warriston, but the school remained his property. Furthermore, a board of governors was appointed. The board included General Sir Archibald Cameron General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Scottish Command; Admiral J. E. Cameron, late Commander-in-Chief, Rosyth; Mr Angus Forsyth, hon. secretary of Old Warristonians; Dr Stanley Honeyman; Mr Finlay Ramage, W.S.; Mr G. B. Smith, headmaster Sedbergh School; Mr L. G. W. Wilkinson, chairman of the governors of Tynemouth School; and Mr Crawley. Crawley was succeeded as headmaster by Mr A.B. Carter. On 13 July 1984 Warriston School was advertised for sale as a going concern in The Times by Arthur Young McClelland Moores and Co, Glasgow. Notable alumni Professor Ian Donald (1910-1997), Scottish physician who pioneered the use of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine. Hugh Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of Allander (1903-1966), owner and chairman of House of Fraser. Bill Nicholson (1909-2001), Scottish cricketer and president of the Scottish Rugby Union from 1968-1969. Ken Oliver (1914-1999), racehorse trainer with over 1,000 winners. Sir Keith Macpherson Smith (1890-1955), Australian aviator who with his brother and two other men became the first people to fly from England to Australia. Sir Ross Macpherson Smith (1892-1922), Australian aviator. Sir Victor Warren (1903-1953), Lord Provost of Glasgow from 1949-1952. References Educational institutions established in 1899 Defunct independent schools in Scotland Defunct preparatory schools in Scotland Defunct boarding schools in Scotland Defunct schools in Dumfries and Galloway Defunct boys' schools in Scotland 1899 establishments in Scotland Moffat

22531598

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal%20perforation

Corneal perforation

Corneal perforation is an anomaly in the cornea resulting from damage to the corneal surface. A corneal perforation means that the cornea has been penetrated, thus leaving the cornea damaged. The cornea is a clear part of the eye which controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye. Damage to the cornea due to corneal perforation can cause decreased visual acuity. Signs and symptoms Corneal perforation may cause difficulty in seeing and persistent eye pain. Physical examination may reveal discoloration of the cornea. Causes Perforation of the cornea may occur due to diseases of the cornea, injury during eye surgery, or infection of the eye, which may occur after surgery or procedures. Pellucid marginal degeneration may cause corneal thinning, leading to perforation. Diagnosis Corneal perforation can be diagnosed by using the Seidel test. Any aqueous leakage is revealed during the Seidel test confirms corneal perforation. A fluorescence strip is wiped over the wound. If the clear aqueous humor from the eye runs through the yellow stain, the patient tests positive for corneal perforation. Treatment The treatment of corneal perforation depends on the location, severity and the cause of damage Tissue adhesive can be used to seal small perforation, but this method cannot be used to treat perforations larger than 1 mm. Non infected corneal perforation generally heals when a pressure bandage is used. For certain types of corneal perforations, lamellar keratoplasty is used as treatment. References Further reading http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/reprint/90/3/ECR15.pdf http://www.lasermyeye.org/patients/learning/cornealperf.html http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=1983;volume=31;issue=5;spage=667;epage=668;aulast=Raju Diseases of the eye and adnexa

33772362

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouds%20in%20My%20Head

Clouds in My Head

Clouds in My Head is the debut album by Norwegian jazz bassist and composer Arild Andersen recorded in 1975 and released on the ECM label. Reception The Allmusic review awarded the album 3 stars. Track listing All compositions by Arild Andersen "305 W 18 St" - 3:49 "Last Song" - 3:09 "Outhouse" - 7:49 "Song for a Sad Day" - 7:02 "Clouds in My Head" - 3:26 "Cycles" - 6:14 "SIV" - 3:34 "The Sword Under His Wings" - 9:44 Recorded at Arne Bendiksen Studio in Oslo, Norway in February 1975 Personnel Arild Andersen - bass Knut Riisnæs - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute Jon Balke - piano Pål Thowsen - drums References ECM Records albums Arild Andersen albums 1975 albums Albums produced by Manfred Eicher

19633775

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorierd%C5%91%20train%20collision

Monorierdő train collision

The Monorierdő train collision occurred on 6 October 2008, near Monorierdő, Hungary. A regular passenger train coming from Cegléd collided with the Hajdú InterCity train, on its way from Nyíregyháza to Budapest. At 10:20 CEST (08:20 UTC), the regular train's control car crashed into the last car of the Intercity train; its engine driver survived, because he ran back into the first car to warn the passengers when he realized the accident could not be avoided. The tragedy was caused by an error in the train control system and by the error of the passenger train's driver. Four travelers died as a result of the accident (three people on the site, and one of them in the hospital). 27 people were in need of additional hospital treatment. Pál Szabó, the traffic minister of Hungary offered his resignation shortly after the tragedy, and Miklós Kamarás, the president of MÁV (Hungarian State Railways Co.) did the same. Prime minister Ferenc Gyurcsány accepted both, however, he didn't accept the resignation of István Heinczinger, CEO of MÁV. References CNN Monorierdő rail crash atv.hu (Hungarian) Railway accidents in 2008 Railway accidents and incidents in Hungary Pest County 2008 in Hungary October 2008 events in Europe

62249040

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSS%20Defence

SSS Defence

Stumpp Schuele & Somappa Defence (SSS Defence) is an Indian company that deals in military small arms sectors. It is a subsidiary of Stumpp Schuele & Somappa Springs. Its current focus area is small arms, ammunition and accessories related to small arms. History In 2016, Stumpp Schuele & Somappa Springs, the biggest Indian manufacturer of springs, started deliberating on ways to diversify its business. This led to the creation of SSS Defence. This foray into the business of small arms and ammunition was primarily targeted onto the foreign markets located in Asia, apart from those in India. It became the first private Indian firm to have developed sniper rifles when it’s Viper and Saber rifles were released. In October 2021, the firm received an order to upgrade some of Indian army's AK-47 rifles to special operations standard. This was the first time a private Indian company received a firearms order, Products and facilities Products Sniper rifles SSS Defence has developed two sniper rifles and plans to offer them for trials to Indian special forces, being the Viper and the Saber. SSS Defence says that these rifles have been designed to be compatible with the body structures of Indian soldiers. Viper is a sub-MOA sniper rifle chambered for 7.62×51mm or .308 cartridges. It has a proven range of more than . Saber is a sniper rifle chambered for .338 Lapua Magnum. Its length and height can be adjusted at its butt stock. It has a range of around . The picatinny rail system on the rifle has a MIL-STD-1913 rail at a total of 4 positions. It has a weight of around 7 kilograms. When fully equipped with accessories, the Sabre weighs around 9 kilograms. The rifle has an ambidextrous magazine release. It can be equipped with three different types of barrels with lengths of 24, 26, and 27 inches respectively, its RH Twist being 1:11.25". The receiver system of the rifle is made up of aluminium alloy and the surface of the receiver is coated with cerakote and black oxide. Assault rifles The company has developed a family of rifles comprising an assault rifle based on the 7.62×39mm cartridge, a carbine, and a designated marksman rifle. It is also developing a light machine gun. Facilities SSS Defence is projected to become the second Indian company to operate a small arms manufacturing facility by the end of 2020. This facility will eventually be capable of producing 80,000 arms per year, starting with an initial 15,000 per year. By 2021, it also plans to operationalise an ammunition manufacturing in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. The firm has established a joint venture with Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos for this purpose. This facility will produce ammunition of calibres such as the 12.7 mm, 9 mm, 7.62×51 mm, 7.62×39 mm, .338 Lapua Magnum. References Firearm manufacturers of India Manufacturing companies based in Bangalore 2017 establishments in Karnataka Indian companies established in 2017 Manufacturing companies established in 2017

24029290

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jucati

Jucati

Jucati is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Located at 217 km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. Has an estimated (IBGE 2020) population of 11,485 inhabitants. Geography State - Pernambuco Region - Agreste Pernambucano Boundaries - São Bento do Una (N); Garanhuns and São João (S); Jupi (E); Capoeiras (W) Area - 120.65 km2 Elevation - 820 m Hydrography - Una and Mundaú rivers Vegetation - Caatinga Hiperxerófila Clima - Hot and Humid Annual average temperature - 20.8 c Distance to Recife - 217.6 km Economy The main economic activities in Jucati are based in food & beverage industry, commerce and agribusiness, especially manioc, beans; and livestock such as cattle and poultry. Economic indicators Economy by Sector 2006 Health indicators References Municipalities in Pernambuco

760055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash%20Johar

Yash Johar

Yash Johar (6 September 1929 – 26 June 2004) was an Indian film producer and founded Dharma Productions in 1976. His films featured lavish sets, were often set in "exotic" locations, and incorporated Indian traditions and family values. He is the father of Karan Johar, now a noted producer himself. Personal life Johar was born on 6 September 1929 in Amritsar, Punjab, British India in a Punjabi family. He was married to Hiroo, sister of filmmaker Yash Chopra. He died on 26 June 2004 in Mumbai, aged 74, of a chest infection, though he had also been fighting cancer. After his death, his son took over Dharma Productions. Career Johar began his career in Bollywood in 1962 in Sunil Dutt's production house Ajanta Arts. He was associated with films like Mujhe Jeene Do and Yeh Raaste Hai Pyaar Ke. He helped filmmaker Dev Anand handle the production of his film Guide (film), which was successful at the box office. He continued with Dev Anand's Navketan Films and handled production of films like Jewel Thief, Prem Pujari and Hare Rama Hare Krishna. In 1976, Johar launched his own banner, Dharma Productions. The first film produced by the company, Dostana, directed by Raj Khosla, was a huge box office success. They produced a handful of other films in the 1980s and early 1990s, most notably Agneepath, Gumrah and Duplicate. They had unprecedented success with their 1998 award-winning film Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, the directorial debut of his son Karan Johar. The film starring Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol and Rani Mukerji was one of the biggest hits of the year including the overseas market. The film was critically acclaimed as well, winning major awards. Karan's second directorial, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham, was also immensely successful. Johar was also involved in the production and distribution company Dreamz Unlimited founded in 1999 by Shah Rukh Khan, Juhi Chawla and Aziz Mirza. He helped set up the company as well as handling the production process of their first film, Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani. Kal Ho Naa Ho, was the last film he was involved in, which was a critical and commercial success, becoming the second top-grossing movie domestically and the top-grossing Bollywood film in the overseas market that year. Selected filmography Producer Dostana (1980) Duniya (1984) Muqaddar Ka Faisla (1987) Agneepath (1990) Gumrah (1993) Duplicate (1998) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001) Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) See also Cinema of India Lists of Indians by state References External links Dharma Productions, Yash Johar's production company 1929 births 2004 deaths Businesspeople from Amritsar 20th-century Indian businesspeople Hindi film producers Film producers from Mumbai Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award Punjabi people

45622353

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Stephens%20%28cricketer%29

Frank Stephens (cricketer)

Frank Garfield Stephens (26 April 1889 – 9 August 1970) was an English amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket for Warwickshire from 1907 to 1912. On his first-class debut, against Yorkshire in 1907, Stephens top-scored in the second innings with 15 not out as Warwickshire were dismissed for 47. He made his highest score, 144 not out, against Lancashire in 1912, preventing defeat after Warwickshire had trailed by 282 runs on the first innings. His twin brother, George, captained Warwickshire in 1919. Both brothers played in Warwickshire's first County Championship victory in 1911 and later served on the Warwickshire committee. References External links Frank Stephens at CricketArchive 1889 births 1970 deaths English cricketers Warwickshire cricketers

21147458

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82a%C5%BCejewo

Połażejewo

Połażejewo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Środa Wielkopolska and south-east of the regional capital Poznań. The village has a population of 190. References Villages in Środa Wielkopolska County

312506

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffin

Muffin

A muffin is an individually portioned baked product, however the term can refer to one of two distinct items: a part-raised flatbread (like a crumpet) that is baked and then cooked on a griddle (typically unsweetened), or an (often sweetened) quickbread (like a cupcake) that is chemically leavened and then baked in a mold. While quickbread "American" muffins are often sweetened, there are savory varieties made with ingredients such as corn and cheese, and less sweet varieties like traditional bran muffins. The flatbread "English" variety is of British or other European derivation, and dates from at least the early 18th century, while the quickbread originated in North America during the 19th century. Both types are common worldwide today. Etymology One 19th century source suggests that "muffin" may be related to the Greek bread "maphula", a "cake baked on a hearth or griddle", or from Old French "mou-pain" ("soft bread"), which may have been corrupted into "mouffin". The word is first found in print in 1703, spelled moofin; it is of uncertain origin but possibly derived from the Low German Muffen, the plural of Muffe meaning a small cake, or possibly with some connection to the Old French moufflet meaning soft, as said of bread. The expression "muffin-man", meaning a street seller of muffins, is attested in a 1754 poem, which includes the line: "Hark! the shrill Muffin-Man his Carol plies.." Quickbread muffins Quickbread muffins (sometimes described in Britain as "American muffins") are baked, individual-sized, cupcake-shaped foods with a "moist, coarse-grained" texture. Muffins are available in both savoury varieties, such as cornmeal and cheese muffins, or sweet varieties such as blueberry, chocolate chip, lemon or banana flavours. Sweetened muffins range from lightly sweetened muffins to products that are "richer than many cakes in fat and sugar." They are similar to cupcakes in size and cooking methods, the main difference being that cupcakes tend to be sweet desserts using cake batter and which are often topped with sugar icing (American frosting). Muffins may have solid items mixed into the batter, such as berries, chocolate chips or nuts. Fresh baked muffins are sold by bakeries, donut shops and some fast food restaurants and coffeehouses. Factory baked muffins are sold at grocery stores and convenience stores and are also served in some coffeeshops and cafeterias. History The use of the term to describe what are essentially cupcakes or buns did not become common usage in Britain until the last decades of the 20th century on the back of the spread of coffee shops such as Starbucks. Recipes for quickbread muffins are common in 19th-century American cookbooks. Recipes for yeast-based muffins, which were sometimes called "common muffins" or "wheat muffins" in 19th-century American cookbooks, can be found in much older cookbooks. In Fannie Farmer's Boston Cooking-School Cook Book, she gave recipes for both types of muffins, both those that used yeast to raise the dough and those that used a quick bread method, using muffin rings to shape the English muffins. Farmer indicated that stove top "baking", as is done with yeast dough, was a useful method when baking in an oven was not practical. Over the years, the size and calorie content of muffins has changed: the "3-inch muffins grandmother made had only 120 to 160 calories. But today’s giant bakery muffins contain from 340 to 630 calories each." Manufacture Quickbread muffins are made with flour, sieved together with bicarbonate of soda as a raising agent. To this is added butter or shortening, eggs and any flavourings (fruit, such as blueberries, chocolate or banana; or savouries, such as cheese). Commercial muffins may have "modified starches", corn syrup (or high-fructose corn syrup), xanthan gum, or guar gum to increase moisture content and lengthen shelf life (as well, these gums can make added solids, such as chocolate chips, disperse more evenly in the batter). Bran muffins Bran muffins use less flour and use bran instead, as well as using molasses and brown sugar. The mix is turned into a pocketed muffin tray, or into individual paper moulds, and baked in an oven. Milk is often added, as it contributes to the appealing browning appearance. The result are raised, individual quickbreads. The muffin may have toppings added, such as cinnamon sugar, streusel, nuts, or chocolate chips. Poppyseed muffins Poppyseed muffins (or poppy seed muffins) contain poppy seeds. Poppy seeds were already popular in most parts of the world for their taste and texture—as well as the narcotic characteristics of the opium poppy plant they are harvested from. In modern times, growing poppy seeds is a difficult business for American farmers, due to the risk of heroin production. Other countries have fewer difficulties with permitting the growth of poppies for the seeds alone, which have very low (but still present) levels of opium alkaloids, such as morphine. As other countries began imitating the American muffin, the occasional use of poppy seeds to flavor them spread as well. Although poppy seeds cannot be used as a narcotic due to very low levels of opium alkaloids, they do have enough that drug tests are often fooled and give out false positives after an otherwise drug-free person consumes just a few poppyseed muffins. Because of this, all poppyseed pastries place the person who consumes them prior to a test at a high risk of being inaccurately considered a drug user. Nutrition Harvard University's Nutrition Source states that while many fruit muffins may seem "...to be a better breakfast than their donut neighbors" at your local coffeeshop, with their ' "...often refined flours, high sodium, and plenty of added sugar...and large portion size, they’re far from the optimal food choice to start your day." Consumers think that commercial muffins are a healthier choice than donuts; however, according to Registered Dietician Karen Collins, yeast or raised donuts have from 170 to 270 calories each (cake doughnuts have from 290 to 360 calories), while large bakery muffins have from 340 to 630 calories each and 11 to 27 grams of total fat. "Most muffins are deceptively high in fats", with up to 40% fat content, which many consumers are not aware of. The type of muffin can have a big impact on its fat and sugar content; one major fast food chain's low-fat berry muffin has 300 calories, whereas the same restaurant's chocolate chunk muffin has 620 calories. Harvard's Nutrition Source recommends smaller-sized, whole-grain muffins with reduced sugar content, liquid plant oil instead of shortening or butter, and added wholesome foods such as nuts (or nut flour) or beans (or bean flour) or fresh fruit or vegetables. Muffin tops The muffin top is the crisp upper part of the muffin, which has developed a "browned crust that's slightly singed around the edges". They were the focus of a 1997 Seinfeld sitcom episode, "The Muffin Tops" (episode 21 of season 8), where the character Elaine, who only eats the tops when she buys a muffin, realizes that a bakery selling just the tops could be successful. Once the business is running, she has to figure out what to do with the muffin bottoms, which proves difficult. In 2018, McDonald's restaurant announced they were planning to sell muffin tops as part of their McCafe breakfast menu. Bakeware and baking aids Muffin tins and muffin pans are typically metal bakeware which has round bowl-shaped depressions into which muffin batter is poured. Muffin tins or pans can be greased with butter or cooking spray, to lessen the issue of batter sticking to the pan. Alternatively, muffin cups or cases are used. Cups or cases are usually round sheets of paper, foil, or silicone with scallop-pressed edges, giving the muffin a round cup shape. They are used in the baking of muffins to line the bottoms of muffin tins, to facilitate the easy removal of the finished muffin from the tin. The advantage to cooks is easier removal and cleanup, more precise form, and moister muffins; however, using them will prevent a crust from forming. A variety of sizes for muffin cases are available. Slightly different sizes are considered "standard" in different countries. Miniature cases are commonly in diameter at the base and tall. Standard-size cases range from in diameter at the base and are tall. Some jumbo-size cases can hold more than twice the size of standard cases. Australian and Swedish bakers are accustomed to taller paper cases with a larger diameter at the top than American and British bakers. Gallery of quickbread muffin flavors Flatbread muffins Flatbread muffins (known in the United States and elsewhere as "English muffins"; in Britain simply as "muffins" or "bakery muffins") are a flatter disk-shaped, typically unsweetened yeast-leavened bread; generally about round and tall. It is of English or European origin. Rather than being entirely oven-baked, they are also cooked in a griddle on the stove top and flipped from side-to-side, which results in their typical flattened shape rather than the rounded top seen in baked rolls or cake-type muffins. "Cornmeal and bran are sometimes substituted for some of the flour." These muffins are popular in Commonwealth countries and the United States. Flatbread muffins are often served toasted for breakfast. They may be served with butter or margarine, and topped with sweet toppings, such as jam or honey, or savoury toppings (e.g., round sausage, cooked egg, cheese or bacon). Flatbread muffins are often eaten as a breakfast food (e.g. as an essential ingredient in Eggs Benedict and most of its variations), accompanied by coffee or tea. History English muffins were first mentioned in literature in the early 18th century, although the product is undoubtedly older than that. In the Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson states that "[t]here has always been some confusion between muffins, crumpets, and pikelets, both in recipes and in name." The increasing popularity of flatbread muffins in the 19th century, is attested by the existence of "...muffin men [who] traversed the town streets at teatime, ringing their bells" to sell them. The bell-ringing of muffin men became so common that by the 1840s, the British Parliament passed a law to prohibit bell ringing by muffin men, but it was not adhered to by sellers. "Mush muffins (called slipperdowns in New England) were a Colonial [American] muffin made with hominy on a hanging griddle." Theses and other types of flatbread muffins were known to American settlers, but they declined in popularity with the advent of the quickbread muffin. The English muffin was re-introduced to the American market in 1880 as "English muffins" by English-American baker Samuel Beth Thomas (whose baked-goods company Thomas survives to this day). Thomas called the product "toaster crumpets", and intended them as a "more elegant alternative to toast' to be served in fine hotels. The English muffin has been described as a variant form of a crumpet, or a "cousin", with the difference being the location of the holes; in a crumpet, the holes go all the way to the top, whereas with an English muffin, the holes are inside. In 1910, Fred Wolferman of Kansas City, Missouri began making denser English muffins at his family grocery, using empty tin cans as molds. Bakeware Muffin rings are metal cookware used for oven-baking or griddle-cooking flatbread muffins. They are circle-shaped objects made of thin metal. The rings are about one inch high. A Muffineer was originally a sugar shaker, looking like a large salt cellar with a perforated decorative top, for spreading powdered sugar on muffins and other sweet cakes. Later, in the 19th century, the term was also used to describe a silver, or silver-plated, muffin dish, with a domed lid and a compartment below for hot water, used to keep toasted English muffins warm before serving. In popular culture "The Muffin Man" is a traditional nursery rhyme, children's song or children's game of English origin from 1820. A well-known reference to English muffins is in Oscar Wilde's 1895 play The Importance of Being Earnest. As symbols Note: these are American muffins The corn muffin is the official state muffin of Massachusetts. The blueberry muffin is the official state muffin of Minnesota. The apple muffin is the official state muffin of New York. See also American cuisine Breakfast foods Croissant Cruffin Crumpet Cupcake Dessert Donut Jiffy mix List of baked goods Mantecadas The Muffin Man Scone References American breads British breads Quick breads Sweet breads Snack foods

13185171

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Stuart

Paul Stuart

Paul Stuart is a men's and women's luxury clothing brand founded in 1938 in New York City by haberdasher Ralph Ostrove, who named the company after his son, Paul Stuart Ostrove. The company has four standalone boutiques in the US, and two in Japan. Since 2012, it has been owned by Mitsui. The Paul Stuart logo is Dink Stover sitting on the Yale fence. Paul Stuart has been described as a blend of “Savile Row, Connecticut living and the concrete canyons of New York.” Its creative director is Ralph Auriemma. History The company was helmed by the legendary merchant and CEO Clifford Grodd from 1958 until his death in 2010. The retailer remained a privately-held family business until December 2012, when it was sold to its long-time Japanese partners, Mitsui. In fall 2007, Paul Stuart launched its Phineas Cole range, which is clothing with a slimmer silhouette. Paulette Garafalo, formerly of Brooks Brothers and Hickey Freeman, became CEO of Paul Stuart on June 14, 2016, marking the first time someone unrelated to the Ostrove family led the company. In 2019, the company began offering a lower-priced made-to-measure service branded as customLAB, and a luxury MTM jeans service branded as denimBAR. In 2019, the company celebrated the redesign of its omnichannel e-commerce website with home delivery via vintage Packard automobile. Retail locations Paul Stuart has shops in New York City, Chicago, Washington DC, Osaka and Tokyo. Since 1938, the original New York City flagship store has been located at the corner of Madison Avenue and 45th Street. It has grown to and remains the company's largest store. In the fall of 2008, Paul Stuart relocated its Chicago store from the John Hancock Center on Michigan Avenue to Oak Street. In the spring of 2011, Paul Stuart opened a second Chicago location in The Loop, at the corner of LaSalle Street and Adams Street in the historic Continental and Commercial National Bank building designed by Daniel Burnham, currently anchored by JW Marriott Hotels. Both Chicago stores were broken into and looted during the George Floyd protests in Chicago, and the Loop store in the JW Marriott was permanently closed. The store in Washington, D.C. opened in spring 2015 in CityCenterDC. Tokyo boutique stores are located in Omotesandō (Shibuya) and Ginza, and the Osaka boutique is in Shinsaibashi. Paul Stuart shoes and boots are sold at Bloomingdales and Saks Fifth Avenue. On 1 September 2020, Paul Stuart opened a second store in New York City. The 846 ft2 CustomLab store is located at 505 Broome Street and focuses on the brand's entry-level made-to-measure tailored clothing. Clientele The brand has been described as a blend of “Savile Row, Connecticut living and the concrete canyons of New York.” Michael Bloomberg, Cary Grant, Frank Sinatra, Paul Newman, Miles Davis, Art Blakey, Ron Carter, and Billy Taylor were customers of the brand. Paul Stuart dressed Cary Grant in Hitchcock's North by Northwest. Paul Stuart has been worn in Succession. See also Oxxford Clothes Brooks Brothers J. Press Hartmarx Hickey Freeman References External links Clothing brands of the United States Clothing retailers of the United States Shops in New York City Suit makers Clothing companies established in 1938 Retail companies established in 1938 1938 establishments in New York City Commercial buildings in Manhattan

14828716

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rog%C3%B3w%20Sob%C3%B3cki

Rogów Sobócki

Rogów Sobócki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sobótka, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. The village has a population of 980. References Villages in Wrocław County Oficjalna strona Rogowa Sobóckiego

11992333

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magik%20Three%3A%20Far%20from%20Earth

Magik Three: Far from Earth

Magik Three: Far From Earth is the third album in the Magik series by well-known trance DJ and producer Tiësto. As with the rest of the Magik series, the album is a live turntable mix. Track listing DJ Tiësto – "Theme from Norefjell" [Magikal Remake] – 6:29 Maracca – "Invocation" – 3:14 Dove Beat – "La Paloma" [Ocean Remix] – 2:26 Chicane – "Lost You Somewhere" [Heliotropic Mix] – 5:06 Alex Whitcombe and Big C – "Ice Rain" [Solid Sleep's Cyper Rain Mix] – 5:31 Ayla – "Ayla" [Original DJ Taucher Mix] – 6:29 Hidden Sound System – "I Know" – 6:10 Hammock Brothers – "Sea" – 4:47 Dominion – "Lost Without You" [Zanzibar's Main Room Mix] – 5:27 Allure – "Cruising" – 3:26 Art of Trance – "Madagascar" [Cygnus X Remix] – 4:12 Tekara – "Breathe In You" [Tekara's M&M Dub] – 5:00 Classified Project – "Resurrection" – 3:30 Scoop – "Wings Of Love" – 3:23 Gouryella – "Gouryella" [Magik Version] – 3:23 Pob – "The Awakening" [Quietman Remix] – 4:51 Tiësto compilation albums 1998 compilation albums Black Hole Recordings albums

44422392

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsoropha%20monilis

Hypsoropha monilis

Hypsoropha monilis, the large necklace moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae found in the southeastern United States. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1777. Description Adults Adult wings are brown with a postmedial band of white spots meeting at the inner margins, like a white necklace. The specific epithet monilis is a Latin word meaning necklace or collar, referring to this spot band. The species is similar in appearance to the smaller small necklace moth (Hypsoropha hormos), and the ranges of the two species broadly overlap. Larvae Caterpillars are mostly gray with yellow or green segmental rings and white spots on the abdominal segments. The head is yellow orange with two large, black spots, and the top of the thorax just behind the head is black. Range The species' occurrence range extends from Texas and Kansas in the west to Florida and Maryland in the east. Life cycle Adults Adults have been reported from February to October, with most sightings from March to May. References Moths described in 1777 Hypocalinae

18619244

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS%20language

SMS language

Short Message Service (SMS) language, textspeak, or texting language is the abbreviated language and slang commonly used with mobile phone text messaging, or other Internet-based communication such as email and instant messaging. Features of early mobile phone messaging encouraged users to use abbreviations. 2G technology made text entry difficult, requiring multiple key presses on a small keypad to generate each letter, and messages were generally limited to 160 characters (or 1120 bits). Additionally, SMS language made text messages quicker to compose, while also avoiding additional charges from mobile network providers for lengthy messages exceeding 160 characters. Once it became popular, it was often used outside of texting, such as formal emails or letters. History SMS language is similar to telegraphs' language where charges were by the word. It seeks to use the fewest letters to produce ultra-concise words and sentiments in dealing with the space, time, and cost constraints of text messaging. It follows from how early SMS permitted only 160 characters and that carriers began charging a small fee for each message sent (and sometimes received). Together with the difficulty and inefficiency in creating messages, it led the desire for a more economical language for the new medium. It shares some characteristics with internet and Telex speak following from how its evolution is rather symbiotic to the evolution of use of shorthand in chat rooms. Likewise, such a change sought to accommodate the small number of characters allowed per message, and to increase convenience for the time-consuming and often small keyboards on mobile phones. Similar elliptical styles of writing can be traced to the days of telegraphese 120 years back, when telegraph operators were reported to use abbreviations similar to modern text when chatting amongst themselves in between the sending of official messages. Faramerz Dabhoiwala wrote in The Guardian in 2016: "modern usages that horrify linguistic purists in fact have deep historical roots. 'OMG' was used by a septuagenarian naval hero, admiral of the fleet Lord Fisher, in 1917". In general, SMS language thus permits the sender to type less and communicate more quickly than one could without such shortcuts. One example is the use of "tomoz" instead of "tomorrow". Nevertheless, there are no standard rules for the creation and use of SMS languages. Any word may be shortened (for example, "text" to "txt"). Words can also be combined with numbers to make them shorter (for example, "later" to "l8r"), using the numeral "8" for its homophonic quality. SMS language as a multilingual entity Some may view SMS language to be a dialect of the English language, that is a dialect strongly if not completely derivative of the English language. This may not be so. Such generalization may have risen from the fact that mobile phones had only been able to support a limited number of default languages in the early stages of its conception and distribution. A mobile operating system (OS) such as Symbian and language packs enable the linguistic localization of products that are equipped with such interfaces, where the current Symbian release (Symbian Belle) supports the scripts and orthographies of over 48 languages and dialects, though such provisions are by no means fully comprehensive as to the languages used by users all over the world. Researcher Mohammad Shirali-Shahreza (2007) further observes that mobile phone producers offer support "of local language of the country" within which their phone sets are to be distributed. Nevertheless, various factors contribute as additional constraints to the use of non-English languages and scripts in SMS. This motivates the anglicization of such languages, especially those using non-Latin orthographies (i.e. not using Latin alphabets) following for instance, the even more limited message lengths involved when using for example, Cyrillic or Greek letters. On the other side, researcher Gillian Perrett observes the de-anglicization of the English language following its use and incorporation into non-English linguistic contexts. As such, on top of the measures taken to minimize space, time and cost constraints in SMS language, further constraints upon the varied nature and characteristics of languages worldwide add to the distinct properties and style of SMS language(s). Linguistic properties and style The primary motivation for the creation and use of SMS language was to convey a comprehensible message using the fewest characters possible. This was for two reasons: first of all, telecommunication companies limited the number of characters per SMS and charged the user per SMS sent. To keep costs down, users had to find a way of being concise while still communicating the desired message. Secondly, typing on a phone is normally slower than with a keyboard, and capitalization is even slower. As a result, punctuation, grammar, and capitalization are largely ignored. In many countries, people now have access to unlimited text options in their monthly plan, although this varies widely depending on country and operator. However, screens are still small and the input problem persists, so SMS language is still widely used for brevity. Observations and classifications as to the linguistic and stylistic properties of SMS language have been made and proposed by Crispin Thurlow, López Rúa, and David Crystal. Although they are by no means exhaustive, some of these properties involve the use of: Initializations (acronyms and abbreviations composed of initials) Reductions and shortenings, and omission of parts of speech Pragmatics and context in interpretation of ambiguous shortenings Reactive tokens Pictograms and logograms (rebus abbreviation) Paralinguistic and prosodic features Capitalization Emoticons Variations in spelling Punctuation, or lack thereof Initializations (acronyms and abbreviations composed of initials) There are many examples of words or phrases that share the same abbreviations (e.g., lol could mean laugh out loud, lots of love, or little old lady, and cryn could mean crayon or cryin(g)). Reductions and shortenings, and omission of parts of speech For words that have no common abbreviation, users most commonly remove the vowels from a word, and the reader is required to interpret a string of consonants by re-adding the vowels (e.g., dictionary becomes dctnry and keyboard becomes kybrd). Omission of words, especially function words (e.g., determiners like "a" and "the") are also employed as part of the effort to overcome time and space constraints. The advent of predictive text input and smartphones featuring full QWERTY keyboards may contribute to a reduction in the use of shortenings in SMS language. Pragmatics and context in interpretation of ambiguous shortenings Recipients may have to interpret the abbreviated words depending on the context in which they are being used. For instance, should someone use ttyl, lol they may mean talk to you later, lots of love as opposed to talk to you later, laugh out loud. In another instance, if someone were to use omg, lol they may mean oh my god, laugh out loud as opposed to oh my god, lots of love. Therefore, context is crucial when interpreting , and it is precisely this shortfall that critics cite as a reason not to use it (although the English language in general, like many other languages, has many words that have different meanings in different contexts). SMS language does not always obey or follow standard grammar, and additionally the words used are not usually found in standard dictionaries or recognized by language academies. Reactive tokens The feature of "reactive tokens" that is ubiquitous in Internet Relay Chat (IRC), is also commonly found in SMS language. Reactive tokens include phrases or words like "yeah I know", which signifies a reaction to a previous message. In SMS language, however, the difference is that many words are shortened unlike in spoken speech. Pictograms and logograms (rebus abbreviation) Some tokens of the SMS language can be likened to a rebus, using pictures and single letters or numbers to represent whole words (e.g., "i <3 u", which uses the pictogram of a heart for love, and the letter u replaces you). The dialect has a few hieroglyphs (codes comprehensible to initiates) and a range of face symbols. Paralinguistic and prosodic features Prosodic features in SMS language aim to provide added semantic and syntactic information and context from which recipients can use to deduce a more contextually relevant and accurate interpretation. These may aim to convey the textual equivalent of verbal prosodic features such as facial expression and tone of voice. Indeed, even though SMS language exists in the format of written text, it closely resembles normal speech in that it does not have a complicated structure and that its meaning is greatly contextualised. Capitalization In the case of capitalization in SMS language, there are three scenarios: No capitalization Capitalization of only the first word Full capitalization as appropriate that conforms to all grammatical rules Most SMS messages have done away with capitalization. Use of capitalizations on the first word of a message may in fact, not be intentional, and may likely be due to the default capitalization setting of devices. Capitalization too may encode prosodic elements, where copious use may signify the textual equivalent of raised voice to indicate heightened emotion. Emoji, asterisk emoting, and emoticons Just as body language and facial expressions can alter how speech is perceived, emoji and emoticons can alter the meaning of a text message, the difference being that the real tone of the SMS sender is less easily discerned merely by the emoticon. Using a smiling face can be perceived as being sarcastic rather than happy, thus the reader has to decide which it is by looking at the whole message. Use of punctuation and capitalization to form emoticons distracts from the more traditional function of such features and symbols. Nevertheless, uses do differ across individuals and cultures. For example, overpunctuation may simply be used to communicate paralinguistic aspects of communication without the need to create an emotion from it like so: "Hello!!!!". Punctuation, or lack thereof While vowels and punctuation of words in SMS language are generally omitted, David Crystal observes that apostrophes occur unusually frequently. He cites an American study of 544 messages, where the occurrence of apostrophes in SMS language is approximately 35 percent. This is unexpected, seeing that it is a hassle to input an apostrophe in a text message with the multiple steps involved. The use of apostrophes cannot be attributed to users attempting to disambiguate words that might otherwise be misunderstood without it. There are few cases in English where leaving out the apostrophe causes misunderstanding of the message. For example, "we're" without the apostrophe could be misread as "were". Even so, these are mostly understood correctly despite being ambiguous, as readers can rely on other cues such as part of sentence and context where the word appears to decide what the word should be. For many other words like "Im" and "Shes", there is no ambiguity. Since users don't need to use apostrophes to ensure that their message is understood accurately, this phenomenon may in part be attributed to texters wanting to maintain clarity so that the message can be more easily understood in a shorter amount of time. The widespread mobile phone auto-correct feature contributes to the frequency of the apostrophe in SMS messages, since, even without user awareness, it will insert an apostrophe in many common words, such as "I'm", "I'll", and "I'd". Tone Variations in spelling Users may also use spellings that reflect their illocutionary force and intention rather than using the standard spelling. For example, the use of "haha" to signify "standard" laughter, and "muahaha" to encode perhaps more raucous or evil sound of laughter. In this, regional variations in spelling can also be observed. As such, SMS language, with its intergroup variations, also serves as an identity marker. Conventional examples and vocabulary SMS dictionaries SMS language has yet to be accepted as a conventional and stable form, either as a dialect or as a language. As a result, (as much as it is also a consequence), notable lexicographical efforts and publications (e.g., dictionaries) dealing specifically with SMS language have yet to emerge. Some experts have suggested that the usage of "ungrammatical" text message slang has enabled SMS to become a part of "normal language" for many children. Many informal attempts at documenting SMS have been done. For example, service provider Vodacom provides its clients with an SMS dictionary as a supplement to their cell phone purchase. Vodacom provides lists of abbreviations and acronyms with their meanings in its web site. Many other efforts have been made to provide SMS dictionaries on the Internet. Usually an alphabetical list of "words" used in SMS language is provided, along with their intended meanings. Text messages can also be "translated" to standard language on certain web sites as well, although the "translations" are not always universally accepted. Whole word or phrase abbreviation Many people are likely to use these abbreviations in lower case letters. A single letter or digit can replace a word, syllable, or phoneme Entire sounds within words would often be replaced by a letter or digit that would produce a similar sound when read by itself: Combinations can shorten single or multiple words: Overall observations and criticisms Frequency of use In one American study, researchers found that less than 20% of messages used SMS language. Looking at his own texting history, the study's author, linguist David Crystal, said that just 10% of his messages used SMS language. Positive Effect on verbal language use and literacy According to research done by Dr. Nenagh Kemp of University of Tasmania, the evolution of textese is inherently coupled to a strong grasp of grammar and phonetics. David Crystal has countered the claims that SMS has a deleterious effect on language with numerous scholarly studies. The findings are summarized in his book Txtng: the Gr8 Db8. In his book, Crystal argues that: In a typical text message, words are not abbreviated as frequently as widely thought Abbreviating has been in use for a long time, and thus is not a novel phenomenon only found in SMS language. Furthermore, some words such as "sonar" and "laser" that are accepted as standard words in the dictionary are originally acronyms. Both children and adults use SMS language, so if adults do not display the errors seen in children's written work, they cannot be attributed to SMS language alone. Use of abbreviations in written work and examinations is not that prevalent among students. A prerequisite to using SMS language is the knowledge of spelling, so use of SMS language does not necessarily imply low literacy. He further observes that this is by no means a cause for bad spelling, where in fact, texting may lead to an improvement in the literacy of the user. There are others who feel that the claims of SMS language being detrimental to English language proficiency are overrated. A study of the written work of 100 students by Freudenberg found that the actual amount of use of SMS language found in the written work was not very significant. Some features of SMS language such as the use of emoticons was not observed in any of the written work by the students. Of all the errors found, quite a substantial amount cannot be attributed to use of SMS language. These included errors that have already appeared even before the advent of SMS language. There are also views that SMS language has little or no effect on grammar. Proponents of this view feel that SMS language is merely another language, and since learning a new language does not affect students' proficiency in English grammar, it cannot be said that SMS language can affect their grammar. With proper instruction, students should be able to distinguish between slang, SMS language and correct English and use them in their appropriate contexts. Efficiency According to a study, though SMS language is faster to write, more time is needed to read it compared to conventional English. Negative Effect on verbal language use and communication Although various other research supports the use of SMS language, the popular notion that text messaging is damaging to the linguistic development of young people persists and many view it as a corruption of the standard form of language. Welsh journalist and television reporter John Humphrys has criticized SMS language as "wrecking our language". The author cites ambiguity as one problem posed, illustrating with examples such as "lol", which may either be interpreted to mean "laughing out loud", "lots of love", and "little old lady" depending on the context in which it is being used. Ambiguous words and statements have always been present within languages. In English for example, the word "duck" can have more than one meaning. It could be referring to either the bird or the action, and such words are usually disambiguated by looking at the context in which it was written. The proliferation of SMS language has been criticized for causing the deterioration of English language proficiency and its rich heritage. Opponents of SMS language feel that it undermines the properties of the English language that have lasted throughout its long history. Furthermore, words within the SMS language that are very similar to their English-language counterparts can be confused by young users as the actual English spelling and can therefore increase the prevalence of spelling mistakes. Use in schoolwork Use of SMS language in schools tended to be seen as negative effects. There have been some reports in the media of children using SMS language for essays in school. The New Zealand Qualifications Authority refuted press reports that they had authorized the use of text abbreviations in exam answers, with a spokesperson saying that "there had been no change to guidelines and there was no specific policy about text language." SMS language and identity According to Sean Ó Cadhain, abbreviations and acronyms elicits a sense of group identity as users must be familiar with the lingo of their group to be able to comprehend the SMS language used within the group. The ability to use and understand these language short forms that are unique to each group indicates that an individual is part of the group, forging a group identity that excludes outsiders. SMS language is thus thought to be the "secret code of the youth" by some. The fact that sometimes, shortened forms are used for reasons other than space constraints can be seen as interlocutors trying to establish solidarity with each other. Differences between male and female use of SMS language According to Norwegian researcher Richard Ling, there are differences in the SMS language of females and males. The lexical, morphological and syntactic choices of male and female SMS users suggested to Ling that women are more "adroit" and more "literary" texters. Richard Ling observes: Women's messages tend to be "longer" Women used more "complex structure" and grammar Men's messages tend to comprise "one-sentence", "one-clause" or "one-thought" constructions (the latter is markedly observable among male users within the ages 16 to 19) More greetings and words of parting were observed in women's messages Women had messages with emotional and practical (e.g., arranging a meeting) content unlike men, who mostly used SMS language for practical content only. Women and the younger users (across gender) tend to use more shortened forms and emoticons than men per se While women observed conventional rules more than men, the difference is marginal. This involves the use of correct spelling, punctuation, capitalization, etc. Use in advertisements Circa 2005, advertisements have been increasingly influenced by SMS language. The longer the message in the advertisement, the less the impression it will leave. Hence, short messages that are more catchy, cost and space-saving are more commonly used. The visual effect elicited by SMS language also lends a feeling of novelty that helps to make the advertisement more memorable. For example, an advertisement of a book uses the SMS language: EAT RIGHT 4 YOUR TYPE. Companies focusing on the teen market have the tendency to make use of SMS language in their advertising to capture the attention of their target audience. Since teenagers tend to be the ones using SMS language, they are able to relate to advertisements that use SMS language. Unilever's advertisement for their novel range of deodorant for teenage girls uses the phrase "OMG! Moments." David Lang, president of the team who created the advertisement commented that they desired to bring across the impression that they identify with youth culture and discourse. Many other companies like McDonald's have also attempted to pursue the teenage market by using SMS language abbreviations in their commercials. McDonald's in Korea has an online video commercial which concludes with: "r u ready?". See also LOL Sexting Newspeak (Fictional "impoverished" language featured in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four) Cupertino effect (Erroneous replacement of words by spellcheckers) Jejemon English language spelling reform Tironian notes, scribal abbreviations and ligatures (Roman and medieval abbreviations used to save space in manuscripts and epigraphs) Internet slang Cyberculture Leetspeak References Notes External links SlangLang Abbreviations – Slang Words: 2,700 abbreviations and their meanings Internet slang Mobile phone culture Online chat Text messaging

53321056

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Robinson%20%28footballer%29

Samuel Robinson (footballer)

Samuel Blighton Robinson (born 1878) was an English professional footballer who played as a full-back. References 1878 births Footballers from Grimsby English footballers Association football fullbacks Humber Rovers F.C. players Grimsby Rovers F.C. players Grimsby Town F.C. players Grimsby Rangers F.C. players Grimsby St John's F.C. players English Football League players Year of death missing

27624834

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosterella%20robertreadii

Fosterella robertreadii

Fosterella robertreadii is a plant species of the genus Fosterella. It is endemic to Peru. References robertreadii Endemic flora of Peru Plants described in 2009

49757702

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulkeytown%20Christian%20Church

Mulkeytown Christian Church

Mulkeytown Christian Church located in the Southern Illinois town of Mulkeytown, within the county of Franklin, State of Illinois. History Original congregation began to meet in the home of John Kirkpatrick in the year 1818, but the church organized only in 1823. Thus, the Mulkeytown Christian Church is the 4th oldest continuous congregation of the Christian Church in the State of Illinois. References Churches in Franklin County, Illinois Churches in Illinois Churches in the United States Buildings and structures in Franklin County, Illinois

2950270

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickwitu

Stickwitu

"Stickwitu" is a song by American girl group the Pussycat Dolls, taken from their debut studio album, PCD (2005). The song was written by Franne Golde, Kasia Livingston and Robert Palmer and produced by Ron Fair. The song is a pop ballad with soul influences and finds the group celebrating monogamous relationships, with music critics drawing comparions to fellow girl groups, Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation, and the Spice Girls. It was chosen to released as the album's second single on September 26, 2005, to contemporary hit radio stations in the United States to appeal to younger audiences. A remix featuring American singer Avant was released in December 2005. Upon its release, the single received mixed reviews from critics, with some complimenting the production and vocal performances, while others criticized its placement on the album. The track received a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. "Stickwitu" was a chart success, becoming the Pussycat Dolls' second consecutive number one in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. In the US, the single peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked atop the Mainstream Top 40, making them the first girl group since Destiny's Child in 2001 to top the chart. It received platinum certifications in Australia and the United States. Nigel Dick directed the music video for "Stickwitu" in various places of Los Angeles including the Orpheum Theatre and depicts the Pussycat Dolls performing the song on a rehearsal stage while they prepare to go on a tour. To further promote "Stickwitu", the group performed the song during several televised appearances, and in two of their concert tours, their most recent, at the Doll Domination Tour (2009). Composition and release "Stickwitu" was written by Franne Golde, Kasia Livingston and Robert Palmer in the key of A major and a slow tempo, swinging 72 beats per minute. The song was composed using time and follows a simple chord progression of D - A(9)/C♯ – Bm7 – A7 – Bm7 and A/C♯. Production was overseen by Ron Fair with co-producer Tal Herzberg, who engineered the song with Mike Hogue's assistance. The Pussycat Dolls' vocals were recorded by Mike "Angry" Eleopoulos, which span F♯3 – E5. Lead singer Nicole Scherzinger was noted for using the "thin end of [her] alto-into-soprano register". Fair arranged and conducted the strings which were recorded by Allen Sides. Moreover, it is accompanied by bass, harmonica, organ, piano, and the Rhodes piano. The song was eventually mixed by Peter Mokran at The Record Plant in Hollywood, California. "Stickwitu" is a pop song with soul influences. Kalefah Sanneh of The New York Times found the melody to be simple adding, "the beat keeps dropping out and returning and growing and shrinking, confounding expectations". Chuck Taylor of Billboard magazine noted that "Stickwitu" is reminiscent to the works of fellow girl groups Cover Girls and Sweet Sensation, while Tony Heywood from musicOMH compared the song to the works of the Spice Girls. An ode to monogamous relationships, the Pussycat Dolls croon during the chorus, "Nobody gonna love me better / I'ma stickwitu forever". In July 2005 MTV News reported that "Beep" featuring will.i.am was a "potential second single". However, on September 26, 2005, A&M Records and Interscope Records serviced "Stickwitu" to contemporary hit radio stations as the second single from PCD. Jeff Leeds of The New York Times noted the release of the song coincided with the label strucking a deal with the toymaker Hasbro to create a line of dolls modeled after the group. "Stickwitu's" aim was to appeal to a wider and younger demographic, managing to receive airplay on outlets such as Radio Disney. In response to "Stickwitu's" release, Scherzinger felt it was a strong move for them, as opposed to coming out with "Beep", noting: "occasionally we get the skeptical people, but we go, 'Give us a chance'." An urban remix featuring Avant singer Avant was released in December 2005. The remix has identical credits to the original "Stickwitu" with the addition of Avant as a songwriter and Mokran as a remixer. Scherzinger recorded new vocals and duets with Avant in a similar way Avant sang with Keke Wyatt on "My First Love". The remix was included on PCDs reissue, PCD: Tour Edition (2006) and on Avant's fourth studio album, Director (2006). Critical reception Jim Carroll of the Irish Times wrote that "Stickwitu" is "one of the best pop ballads of recent years". Taylor was surprised of "Stickwitu"'s release following "Don't Cha" and praised for being "beautifully sung, craftily produced and refreshingly gimmick-free". He continued praising the "catchy" chorus noting the "track is unlike anything else on the air". Sanneh felt that the song "might be even better" than 'Don't Cha'. Paul Scott of Stylus Magazine agreed with Sanneh adding that it's "pretty enough but just sort of mills around without getting up the courage to go [over the top], and that's actually a good thing". Although musicOMHs John Murphy appreciated the group's vocal performances and harmonies, he noted that "[none of the group members] have a particular strong vocal" and the song "doesn't particularly stick in the mind very much". Spence D. of IGN shared similar thoughts with Murphy writing that although Scherzinger "has a pleasing enough voice" she "never really presents anything that could come close to being called a signature sound". Spence D. also criticized the song's placement on the album. Similarly, Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine lamented the inclusion of "Stickwitu" in the album. "PCD seems like it will be that rare thing: a mainstream club/dance album devoted to nothing but dance songs. Then, reality comes crashing in with the fourth song, 'Stickwitu', the inevitable romantic slow jam whose sappiness undercuts the joyous carnal celebration of the first three songs." Sal Cinquenmani from Slant Magazine found it difficult to take the album's ballad's seriously—"Stickwitu" and "How Many Times, How Many Lies"— , "when followed by a song that begs a man to 'loosen up my buttons'". Kat Bein of the Miami New Times wrote that the song was "in the running for most trite lyrics of all time". Nathan Rabin from The A.V. Club described it as a "saccharine, sleepy ballad". Writing for Sputnikmusic, Nick Butler described "Stickwitu" as a "limp, lifeless ode". However he did note that "it's nowhere near as sickly or disgustingly submissive and sexist as something like Destiny's Child's 'Cater 2 U'". Kevin Courtney of the Irish Times gave "Stickwitu" two out of five stars, noting that "they don't want to be one-hit wonders". Accolades On Billboards 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks, the single was placed at number 68. Taylor Weaterby wrote that the Pussycat Dolls "created one of the most heartfelt ballads in modern girl group history". Weaterby added, "the song is likely still making couples everywhere sway along and fall deeper in love" for years to come. In 2007, "Stickwitu" was nominated for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards. The remix featuring Avant was nominated for Best R&B/Soul Single – Group, Band or Duo at the 21st Annual Soul Train Awards. In May, the song was listed as one of the recipients of BMI Pop Awards. Chart performance In the United States, "Stickwitu" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 85 on the issue dated October 22, 2005. On the issue dated November 26, 2005, it leaped from 18 to nine entering the top ten. In its eleventh week, the song peaked at number five. The song became the Pussycat Dolls' first number one on the Mainstream Top 40, making the group the first girl group to peak atop since Destiny's Child in 2001. On the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, the remix featuring Avant charted, debuting at number 73 with 3.6 million audience impressions (up by 37%); it ultimately peaked at number 63. In May 2007, the song received a BDS Certified Spin Award for receiving 300,000 radio spins in the United States. Across Europe, "Stickwitu" performed strongly, debuting at number two on the European Hot 100 Singles and attaining the same position in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Scotland, number three in Norway, number five in Belgium (Flanders), number six in Italy and Switzerland, number seven in France, and number eight in the Czech Republic. On the UK Singles Chart, "Stickwitu" debuted at number one with sales of 43,989 copies for the week of December 10, 2005, becoming the Pussycat Dolls' second consecutive number-one song in the region after "Don't Cha" debuted atop 12 weeks before. In its second week, the song remained at number one for a final week, with a 28.8% sales decrease, selling 31,311 copies. The Official Charts Company (OCC) ranks "Stickwitu" as the Pussycat Dolls fourth most successful song on their singles chart, and the 74th best-selling song by a girl group. "Stickwitu" also peaked at number one in New Zealand for two non-consecutive weeks. It received platinum certifications in Australia and the United States, and gold certifications in New Zealand the United Kingdom. Music video The song's music video, directed by Nigel Dick, premiered on MTV.com on October 13, 2005. According to MTV, the clip was filmed in different places across Los Angeles including the Orpheum Theatre over the course of two days. The Pussycat Dolls enlisted Dick to direct the video as they wanted to maintain their momentum garnered from their debut single, "Don't Cha". Dick admitted that he felt pressure to deliver. "This video establishes the way they want to be seen from now on. But that's the way it's always been for me. I've been very lucky in my career to do videos for people that are very crucial in artist's careers." The group felt "Stickwitu" would help each girl be more identifiable by showing different sides of their personalities. Scherzinger elaborated that "this video shows much more vulnerability. Part of it is [showing] the strength to do what we do [as performers]; the other is to show that we have our vulnerabilities in life with trying to hold up relationships while we're on the road. We wanted to make sure that each of us was identifiable in this video, that you got to know each girl a little bit more, and get to see what we're like on and off tour." MTV's James Montgomery said that the video manages to be "high-fashion and low-brow, glamorous and, um, gritty at the same time", where, according to Scherzinger, it's "a day in the life of the Pussycat Dolls on the road." The director added that the music video is "a photographic [rendition of] the life of the Pussycat Dolls: traveling around, getting ready for gigs, being on the tour bus, doing a photo session, waking up in a motel, talking to the boyfriend on the phone, sound-checking. It's informal but beautiful. It's not rock and roll; it's the urban-pop world." Live performances On December 7, 2005, the Pussycat Dolls performed at the annual KIIS-FM Jingle Ball at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California with some members wearing "festive candy-cane-striped belly shirts and red-and-green capri pants." The set list included "Stickwitu", "Don't Cha", and "Wait a Minute". On March 4, 2006, the Pussycat Dolls and Avant performed "Stickwitu" at the 20th Soul Train Music Awards. On June 30, 2006, the group performed "Don't Cha", "Buttons" and "Stickwitu" on Good Morning America as part of its Summer Concert Series. On July 7, 2007, the Pussycat Dolls together with other artists performed at the Live Earth Concerts, which were held to raise awareness of global warming. They performed "Don't Cha", "Stickwitu", and "Buttons". "Stickwitu" was included on the group's first live album PCD Live from London (2006). The song was part of the set list while opening for The Black Eyed Peas' Honda Civic Tour (2006), Christina Aguilera's Back to Basics Tour (2007), and The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009) as well as their own headline tours, PCD World Tour (2006–07) and Doll Domination Tour (2009). While reviewing the latter tour, Alex Macpherson of The Guardian praised Scherzinger's "inventive and versatile" vocals which are "gently crooning the sweet ballad." In 2012, Scherzinger performed "Stickwitu" as part of a Pussycat Dolls medley throughout her first solo tour in support of her debut studio album, Killer Love (2011). Track listings Digital download "Stickwitu" – 3:27 "Santa Baby" (Non LP version) – 3:00 "Stickwitu" (Avant Mix) featuring Avant – 3:27 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of PCD. Mixing Mixed at The Record Plant (Hollywood, California). Personnel Mike "Angry" Eleopoulos – recording Ron Fair – producer, arrangement, conductor, harmonica, organ, piano, rhodes Franne Golde – songwriter Tal Herzberg – co-producer, engineering, Pro Tools, bass Mike Hogue – assistant mix engineer Cori Jacobs – rhodes Kasia Livingston – songwriter Peter Mokran – mixing Robert Palmer – songwriter, original drum programming Allen Sides – string recording The PCD orchestra – strings Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts Certifications Release history See also List of number-one singles from the 2000s (New Zealand) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2006 References The Pussycat Dolls songs 2005 songs 2005 singles Songs written by Franne Golde Song recordings produced by Ron Fair Pop ballads Contemporary R&B ballads 2000s ballads Number-one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number-one singles Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Articles containing video clips Hip hop soul songs Songs composed in A major

30151930

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20NAIA%20Football%20National%20Championship

1999 NAIA Football National Championship

The 1999 NAIA Football Championship Series concluded on December 18, 1999, with the championship game played at Jim Carroll Stadium in Savannah, Tennessee. The game was won by the Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers over the Georgetown Tigers by a score of 34–26. Tournament bracket  * denotes OT. References NAIA Football National Championship Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers football Georgetown Tigers football December 1999 sports events in the United States NAIA football

11780604

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy%20Kuntner

Rudy Kuntner

Rudy Kuntner (June 10, 1908 in Vienna, Austria – December 16, 1982 in Rego Park, New York) was a U.S.-Austrian soccer forward who was a member of the U.S. team at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He is also known as a long time stage manager for the Metropolitan Opera and is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame Youth Kuntner immigrated to the U.S. with his family when he was seven. His family settled in the New York City area where he began playing soccer. However, he was an all around athlete and played baseball, football, basketball and tennis at Gorton High School in Yonkers, New York. Professional soccer Kuntner signed with the New York Giants of the American Soccer League during the 1927–1928 season. He played five games, all in the second half of the season, scoring three goals. In 1928, he moved to the New York Hungaria in the short lived Eastern Soccer League. After the collapse of the ESL in 1929, Kuntner moved to First Vienna (also known as Wiener Sports Club and New York Vienna F.C.) of the German American Soccer League. In 1930, he was back in the ASL with Bridgeport Hungaria, but the team moved to Newark after ten games, then folded. He then moved to the New York Giants of the American Soccer League (ASL). The Giants folded in 1932 and Kuntner moved to New York Americans of the second ASL. In 1937, the Americans fell in the National Challenge Cup final to St. Louis Shamrocks. In 1939, he was playing with Brooklyn St. Mary's Celtic when it won the National Cup final over Chicago Manhattan Beer. Kuntner was still going strong in the 1942–1943 season when he scored nine goals in seventeen games with Brookhattan. In 1945, he was still active with Brookhattan when it won the triple, the league title, Lewis Cup (league cup) and National Challenge Cup. National and Olympic teams Kuntner earned two caps with the U.S. national team in 1928. At the time, the Olympic soccer games counted as full internationals and his first cap with the national team came in the 1928 Summer Olympics. That game, an 11–2 loss to Argentina saw Kuntner score in his debut with the national team. Following the tournament, the team traveled to Poland where it tied the Polish national team 3–3. Kuntner again scored, joining a handful of U.S. players who scored in their first two international games. Despite his scoring success, Kuntner was never again called into the national team. Metropolitan Opera In addition to his success on the soccer field, Kuntner found great success as a stage hand at the Metropolitan Opera. He began as an electrician, but over the years moved into areas of greater responsibility including lighting and stage management. According to the Soccer Hall of Fame profile, he "received wide acclaim for his role in the staging of Tristan and Isolde in 1971." In 1963, Kuntner was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. References External links Soccer Hall of Fame bio 1908 births 1982 deaths United States men's international soccer players Olympic soccer players of the United States Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States American Soccer League (1921–1933) players Bridgeport Hungaria players New York Giants (soccer) players New York Giants (soccer, 1930–1932) players American Soccer League (1933–1983) players New York Americans (soccer) (1933–1956) players Brooklyn St. Mary's Celtic players New York Brookhattan players German-American Soccer League players National Soccer Hall of Fame members Soccer players from New York (state) American soccer players Association football forwards

34890727

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20awards%20and%20nominations%20received%20by%20Secret

List of awards and nominations received by Secret

Secret is a four-member South Korean girl group formed by TS Entertainment in 2009. Secret debuted with the song "I Want You Back" on October 13, 2009. In 2010, the group released their hit single "Magic" which was nominated at the 12th Mnet Asian Music Awards for Best Dance Performance by a Female Group. The same year, the group released their number one hit single "Madonna" which won them a Bonsang award at the 20th Seoul Music Awards. With the success of "Magic" and "Madonna", the group received the "Newcomer award" at the 25th Golden Disk Awards. "Shy Boy" earned the group's first win in Mnet's M! Countdown and SBS's Inkigayo. The song was their first Triple Crown in KBS's Music Bank and garnered them multiple awards and nominations. The song was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Dance Performance by a Female Group at the 13th Mnet Asian Music Awards. The song won a Bonsang award at the 21st Seoul Music Awards and at the 3rd Melon Music Awards. The song also won the Songs of the Year Award at the 1st Gaon Chart Awards for the month of January. Following the success of "Shy Boy", Secret released Starlight Moonlight in June 2011. The song earned them their second win in Inkigayo and won them a Digital Bonsang award at the 26th Golden Disk Award. In 2012, "Starlight Moonlight" won the Songs of the Year Award in the 1st Gaon Chart Awards for the month of June. Major awards Asia Model Festival Awards The Asia Model Festival Awards is an award shows that honors people who have excelled in the entertainment industry such as in music, modelling, movies and dramas. In 2011, Secret won the "Popular Singer Award" at the 2011 Asia Model Festival Awards. Gaon Chart Awards The Gaon Chart Awards is major music awards show that is held annually in South Korea by the music portal Gaon Chart. The awards show is reported to differentiate themselves from other music awards in that it will focus more on songs and albums rather than musicians. Secret has won two awards. Golden Disk Awards The Golden Disk Awards is an awards show founded in 1986 that is presented annually by the Music Industry Association of Korea for outstanding achievements in the music industry in South Korea. It is dubbed as the Korean Grammy Awards. Secret has been nominated four times and has won two awards. Note: In South Korea, a bonsang award is given to the top 10 best performing artists, albums or singles during that year. Korean Culture Entertainment Awards The Korean Culture Entertainment Awards show was first held in 1992 with the purpose of improving the quality of Korean culture and art, as well as promoting and developing local cultural content. Secret won the "New Generation Popular Teen Singer Award" in 2010. Melon Music Awards The Melon Music Awards is a major music awards show that is held annually in South Korea. It is known for only calculating digital sales and online votes to judge winners. Secret has been nominated three times and has won one award. Note: In South Korea, a bonsang award is given to the top 10 best performing artists, albums or singles during that year. Mnet Asian Music Awards The Mnet Asian Music Awards is a major music award show that is held by Mnet Media annually in South Korea, involving the participation of some of the most well-known actors and singers. Secret has been nominated three times. Seoul Music Awards The Seoul Music Awards is an awards show founded in 1990 that is presented annually by the Sports Seoul for outstanding achievements in the music industry in South Korea. Secret has won three awards. Note: In South Korea, a bonsang award is given to the top 10 best performing artists, albums or singles during that year. Other awards SBS MTV Best of the Best Awards See also Secret discography Secret videography List of songs by Secret Notes References Secret (South Korean band) Secret

1338015

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20to%20Cairo%20Road

Cape to Cairo Road

The Cape to Cairo Road or Pan-African Highway, sometimes called the Great North Road in sub-Saharan Africa, was a proposed road that would stretch the length of Africa, from Cape Town to Cairo, through the Cape to Cairo Red Line of British colonies. The proposal was similar to the Cape to Cairo Railway, another proposed infrastructure project through the same colonies. Neither were completed before British colonial rule ended in the colonies. In the 1980s the plan was revived with modifications as the Cairo–Cape Town Highway, known as Trans-African Highway 4, in the transcontinental road network being developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Development Bank (ADB), and the African Union, as part of the Trans-African Highway network. While it uses most of the same roads as the original Cape to Cairo Road, it uses different routes in a few places. History From about 1890, some in the British Empire envisioned a road that would stretch across the continent from south to north, running through the British colonies of the time, such as the Union of South Africa, Southern and Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt. The road would create cohesion between the British colonies of Africa, it was thought, and give Britain the most important and dominant political and economic influence over the continent, securing its position as a global colonial power. The road would also link some of the most important cities on the continent, including Cape Town, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Harare (then Salisbury), Lusaka (the main street through the centre of Lusaka was part of this route and is how it got its name, Cairo Road), Nairobi, Khartoum and Cairo. One of the main proponents of the route was Cecil John Rhodes, though his preference was for a railway. German East Africa (Tanganyika, now Tanzania) was a gap in the British territories, but Rhodes, in particular, felt that Germany ought to be a natural ally. Shortly before his death he had persuaded the German Kaiser to allow access through his colony for the Cape to Cairo telegraph line (which was built as far north as Ujiji but never completed). In 1918 Tanganyika became British and the gap in territories was filled. One of the biggest problems was the decline of the Empire and fragmentation of the British colonies. Even though Egypt became independent in 1922, British influence there was strong enough for Cairo to be viewed as part of the British sphere of interest, and the idea of a road continued. After Egypt, Sudan was the next to become independent in 1956, putting an end to the colonial motivation of the dream. France had a rival strategy in the late 1890s to link its colonies from west to east across the continent, Senegal to Djibouti. Southern Sudan and Ethiopia were in the way, but France sent expeditions in 1897 to establish a protectorate in southern Sudan and to find a route across Ethiopia. The scheme foundered when a British flotilla on the Nile confronted the French expedition at the point of intersection between the French and British routes, leading to the Fashoda Incident and eventual diplomatic defeat for France. The first known attempt to drive a vehicle from Cape Town to Cairo was by a Captain Kelsey in 1913-14 but this came to an untimely end when he was killed by a leopard in Rhodesia. The first successful journey was Court Treatt expedition of 1924 led by Major Chaplin Court Treatt and described by his wife Stella Court Treatt in Cape to Cairo (1927), which drove two Crossley light trucks leaving Cape Town on 23 September 1924 and arriving in Cairo on 24 January 1926. The original route today Starting from the south, the first section of the road that runs through South Africa is called the N1, linking Cape Town in the south with Beit Bridge on the Limpopo River between South Africa and Zimbabwe. It passes through Johannesburg and Pretoria. There are numerous alternative routes in South Africa, including a route through Mahikeng and Gaborone, as an alternative to reach Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe, the road continues as the Chirundu-Beitbridge Regional Road Corridor, which consists of the A4 road (R1 road) to Harare and the A1 road (R3 road) to Chirundu Border Post on the Zambezi River thereafter, continuing as the T2 Road in Zambia to Lusaka. An alternative route is the A6 and A8 roads, which connect the South African Border with the Zambian Border at Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River via Bulawayo. The alternative route continues as the T1 Road in Zambia towards Lusaka. From Lusaka, Zambia's Great North Road continues the route to Tanzania as the T2 Road. (No alternative route; Also known as the Tanzam Highway and consisting of a right turn at Kapiri Mposhi towards Tanzania) In Tanzania there are a number of roads could be deemed to be part of the route, the clear definitions and markings that are characteristic of the Pan-African Highway do not apply here. Most would consider it to be the road from Tunduma on the Tanzania-Zambia border, through Iringa and Morogoro to the Arusha turnoff at Chalinze, and north to Arusha (although there is now a shorter route from Iringa to Arusha through Dodoma and Babati), then to Nairobi in Kenya. This route is now all paved. There was a marker in the 1930s in Arusha, Tanzania, to indicate the midpoint of the road. Kenya has a tarred highway to its border with Sudan but the roads in southern Sudan are very poor and made frequently impassable, so that even without the conflicts that have afflicted Sudan, the route through Ethiopia is generally preferred by overland travellers. The route from Isiolo in Kenya to Moyale on the Ethiopian border through the northern Kenyan desert has sometimes been dangerous due to bandits, but is now paved. Through Ethiopia the route is tarred but some sections may have deteriorated severely. A paved road from Lake Tana to Gedaref takes the route into Sudan. The most difficult section in the whole Cape to Cairo journey was across the Nubian Desert in northern Sudan between Atbara and Wadi Halfa, but this has been bypassed by a paved road on the west side of the Nile, Dongola-Abu Simbel Junction-Aswan. Tarred highways continue the route to Cairo. As a result, the Cape to Cairo Road is fully paved. Cairo–Cape Town Highway The Cairo–Cape Town Highway follows much of the Cape-to-Cairo Road's route but it has a few differences. Firstly, the Cairo–Cape Town Highway passes through Addis Ababa, Ethiopia while the Cape-to-Cairo Road goes directly through South Sudan from Kenya. Secondly, the Cairo–Cape Town Highway passes through Livingstone (Victoria Falls), Bulawayo, Francistown and Gaborone and not through Harare, Pretoria and Johannesburg. This new route has a length of 10,228 km. As South Sudan has a paved link to its border with Kenya, ultimately a route through southern Sudan via Khartoum and South Sudan may provide a shorter alternative to the Ethiopian route. The modern revival of the plan occurred in the 1980s. South Africa was not originally included in the route which was first planned in the Apartheid era, but it is now recognized that it would continue into that country. The consultants' report suggested Pretoria as end, which seems somewhat arbitrary and as a major port, Cape Town, is regarded as the southern end of regional highways in Southern African Development Community countries. The highway may be referred to in documents as the Cairo–Gaborone Highway or Cairo–Pretoria Highway. As the Cairo-Cape Town Highway passes through south-eastern Botswana, the route does not pass through Pretoria as the Cape-to-Cairo Road does. After Gaborone, the road proceeds into the western side of South Africa. See also Cape to Cairo (disambiguation) Cape to Cairo Railway Cape to Cairo Red Line The Rhodes Colossus Scramble for Africa Fashoda Incident North–South Corridor Project References Bibliography British Empire Road transport in Africa 4

66717

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto%20%28disambiguation%29

Pashto (disambiguation)

Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language, spoken by the Pashtun tribes in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pashto or Poshtu may also refer to: Poshtu, Bushehr, a village in Bushehr Province, Iran Poshtu, Hormozgan, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran Pashto, Battagram, a union council town in Battagram District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan See also Pashto alphabet Pashto grammar Pashto literature and poetry Pashto media Pashto music Pashtuns Pashtunwali

47162273

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes%20micrantha

Tagetes micrantha

Tagetes micrantha is a North American species wild marigolds within the daisy family (Asteraceae), common name licorice marigold. It is widespread across much of Mexico from Chihuahua to Oaxaca, and found also in the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas). Tagetes micrantha is an annual herb sometimes reaching as much as 35 cm (14 inches) tall. Leaves are up to 35 mm (1.4 inches) long, pinnately compound very narrow leaflets. The plant generally produces only one flower head per stem, each head usually with no ray florets but occasionally 1 or 2, along with 5-6 disc florets. The plant is found in disturbed sites as well as in open woodlands with scattered pines and junipers. References External links Vascular Plants of the Gila Wilderness, Tagetes micrantha Cavanilles (Marigold, Licorice Marigold) micrantha Flora of Arizona Flora of Mexico Flora of New Mexico Flora of Texas Plants described in 1797

16053771

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhlenberg%20legend

Muhlenberg legend

The Muhlenberg legend is an urban legend in the United States and Germany. According to the legend, the single vote of Frederick Muhlenberg, the first ever Speaker of the US House of Representatives, prevented German from becoming an official language of the United States. The story has a long history and has been told in several variations, which may be based in part on actual events. The United States, however, has no statutory official language; English has been used on a de facto basis because of its status as the country's predominant language. At times, various states have passed their own official language laws. History and basis There are several versions of the story. One source of the legend may be a vote in the US House of Representatives in 1794 after a group of German immigrants had asked for the translation of some laws into German. The petition was debated by the House of Representatives but was not acted upon. A vote to adjourn and to reconsider it later was defeated 42 to 41. Muhlenberg, who was of German descent himself and had not voted in the roll call, was later quoted as having said that "the faster the Germans become Americans, the better it will be." Other accounts credit Franz von Löher as the source of the legend. Löher was a German visitor to the United States who published the book (History and Conditions of the Germans in America) in 1847. Löher seemingly placed the crucial vote only in Pennsylvania to make German the official language of that state, not the United States as a whole. (Philadelphia was the city in which the US Congress then sat, but it was also the capital of Pennsylvania. To confuse matters further, Muhlenburg had served as Speaker of the Pennsylvania House before he served in that title in the US Congress.) According to Löher, the vote was a tie, which Muhlenberg broke for English. Another version of the myth, which puts the vote in 1774 by the Continental Congress, appeared in Ripley's Believe It or Not! as early as 1930. Ripley's included the myth in a 1982 book as well. Ripley's version credits the story to an alleged letter by Heinrich Melchior Muhlenberg published in Halle in 1887. The legend has a long history and led to a number of analyses and articles published from the late 1920s to the early 1950s explaining that the story was false. The story was dubbed the "Muhlenberg Legend" by the late 1940s. Nevertheless, the legend persists. For example, in 1987, a letter from a former Missouri election official emphasized the importance of voting in an Ann Landers column. He included a list of events allegedly decided by one vote from his local election manual, one of which was a claim that "in 1776, one vote gave America the English language instead of German." (In fact, versions of the error-filled list long had predated the 1987 Ann Landers mention.) That led to another round of news stories again pointing out that it was a myth. Oblivious to corrections of that sort, Ann Landers ran the same list again in November 1996. A chorus of dismayed responses caused Landers to clear up the matter in a subsequent column. According to one letterwriter, who begged Landers to "stomp out that piece of fiction wherever you encounter it," the myth gained traction in the 1930s by the work of Nazi propagandists. See also German language in the United States Languages of the United States List of U.S. communities where English is not the majority language spoken at home References External links Von Löher, Franz. ''Geschichte und Zustände der Deutschen in Amerika (1847) (in German) via archive.org American folklore German folklore Urban legends German-American culture German-American history 1794 in American politics Linguistic rights German language in the United States German as official language Pennsylvania folklore

18828063

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th%20meridian%20east

95th meridian east

The meridian 95° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 95th meridian east forms a great circle with the 85th meridian west. From Pole to Pole Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 95th meridian east passes through: {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" width="120" | Co-ordinates ! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea ! scope="col" | Notes |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |-valign="top" | ! scope="row" | | Komsomolets Island, Severnaya Zemlya, Krasnoyarsk Krai |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Red Army Strait | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |-valign="top" | ! scope="row" | | Cape October — October Revolution Island, Severnaya Zemlya, Krasnoyarsk Krai |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kara Sea | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |-valign="top" | ! scope="row" | | Nordenskiöld Archipelago and Taymyr Peninsula, Krasnoyarsk Krai Tuva Republic — from |- | ! scope="row" | | |-valign="top" | ! scope="row" | | Xinjiang Gansu — from Qinghai — from Tibet — from |-valign="top" | ! scope="row" | | Arunachal Pradesh — partly claimed by Assam — from Nagaland — from |- | ! scope="row" | (Burma) | |-valign="top" | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of the islands of Breueh and Sumatra, |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |- | ! scope="row" | Antarctica | Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by |- |} e095 meridian east

60723049

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913%20Haskell%20Indians%20football%20team

1913 Haskell Indians football team

The 1913 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In its third season under head coach A. R. Kennedy, Haskell compiled a 10–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 419 to 31. The team's victories included games against Texas A&M and Christian Brothers; the sole loss was to Nebraska. Schedule References Haskell Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians football seasons Haskell Indians football

50591891

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrontis%20%28gastropod%29

Phrontis (gastropod)

Phrontis is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Nassariinae of the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks. Species Species within the genus Phrontis include: Phrontis alba (Say, 1826) Phrontis antillara (d'Orbigny, 1847) Phrontis candidissima (C. B. Adams, 1845) Phrontis complanata'' (Powys, 1835) Phrontis hotessieriana (d'Orbigny, 1842) Phrontis karinae (Nowell-Usticke, 1971) Phrontis luteostoma (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829) Phrontis nassiformis (Lesson, 1842) Phrontis pagoda (Reeve, 1844) Phrontis polygonata (Lamarck, 1822) Phrontis tiarula (Kiener, 1841) Phrontis versicolor (C. B. Adams, 1852) Phrontis vibex (Say, 1822) Species brought into synonymy Phrontis compacta (Angas, 1865): synonym of Reticunassa compacta (Angas, 1865) Phrontis crassus (Philippi, 1849): synonym of Nassarius semisulcatus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848) Phrontis nodicostata (A. Adams, 1852): synonym of Nassarius nodicostatus (A. Adams, 1852) Phrontis obockensis Jousseaume, 1888: synonym of Nassarius deshayesianus'' (Issel, 1866) References External links Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Galindo L.A., Puillandre N., Utge J., Lozouet P. & Bouchet P. (2016). The phylogeny and systematics of the Nassariidae revisited (Gastropoda, Buccinoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 337-353 Nassariidae Gastropod genera

59147162

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT%20UK%20TakeOver%3A%20Blackpool

NXT UK TakeOver: Blackpool

NXT UK TakeOver: Blackpool was the inaugural NXT UK TakeOver professional wrestling event produced by WWE. It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's NXT UK brand division. The event aired exclusively on the WWE Network and took place on 12 January 2019 at the Empress Ballroom in Blackpool, Lancashire, England. It was also the first event under a subseries of UK TakeOvers titled TakeOver: Blackpool. Five matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Pete Dunne retained the WWE United Kingdom Championship against Joe Coffey in what would be his final successful title defence of his 685 day reign. After the match, Walter made his debut and attacked Coffey before having a stare-down with Dunne. Other matches included Zack Gibson and James Drake defeating Moustache Mountain to become the inaugural NXT UK Tag Team Champions, Toni Storm defeated Rhea Ripley to win the NXT UK Women's Championship, and Finn Bálor, who made a surprise appearance to replace an injured Travis Banks, defeating Jordan Devlin. Production Background TakeOver was a series of professional wrestling shows that began on 29 May 2014, when WWE's NXT brand held their second live special on the WWE Network. The NXT UK brand debuted in June 2018 and subsequently adopted the TakeOver name for their live WWE Network specials, beginning with NXT UK TakeOver: Blackpool, held on 12 January 2019 at the Empress Ballroom in Blackpool, Lancashire, England. Like with several of NXT's TakeOvers, the event was named after the city it was held in. Storylines The card included five matches that resulted from scripted storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the NXT UK brand, while storylines are produced on their weekly television programme, NXT UK. After winning the 2018 Mae Young Classic, Toni Storm declared in her promo that she can challenge for any championship of her choosing. She went on to state that she wanted to face NXT UK Women's Champion Rhea Ripley. General Manager Johnny Saint granted her match and it was later revealed that Toni Storm would face Rhea Ripley for the title at TakeOver: Blackpool. On the 2 January 2019 edition of NXT UK, Moustache Mountain defeated Gallus (Mark Coffey and Wolfgang) to advance in the finals of the NXT Tag Team Championship tournament. The team of Zack Gibson and James Drake defeated Flash Morgan Webster and Mark Andrews to also advance to the finals on the 9 January 2019 edition of NXT UK. At TakeOver: Blackpool, it was made official that Moustache Mountain would face Gibson and Drake for the inaugural NXT UK Tag Team Championships. On the 28 November edition of NXT UK, Joe Coffey, Mark Coffey and Wolfgang attacked Moustache Mountain (Tyler Bate and Trent Seven) after a match between Joe and Bate ended in a no-contest. Pete Dunne then attacked Joe and it was later revealed that Dunne would defend the WWE UK Championship against Joe. On the 2 January 2019 episode of NXT UK, a contract signing was held between the two with their championship match being made official for TakeOver: Blackpool. On the 2 January 2019 edition of NXT UK, Dave Mastiff and Eddie Dennis fought to a no contest. Other officials and Sid Scala, assistant to General Manager Johnny Saint, failed to separate the two. This resulted in General Manager Johnny Saint announcing that at TakeOver: Blackpool, Dave Mastiff and Eddie Dennis would face each other in a No Disqualification match. On the 9 January 2019 edition of NXT UK, a match between Travis Banks and Jordan Devlin was scheduled for TakeOver: Blackpool. Event Preliminary matches In the opening match, Moustache Mountain (Trent Seven and Tyler Bate) faced Zack Gibson and James Drake to determine the inaugural NXT UK Tag Team Champions. Drake and Gibson performed a "Ticket to Mayhem" on Seven to win the title. Next, Jordan Devlin was scheduled to face Travis Banks. Before the match, Banks performed a Suicide Dive on Devlin but Devlin threw Banks into the steel steps. After Banks was removed by officials, Assistant General Manager Sid Scala announced Devlin would compete, with his opponent revealed to be Finn Bálor. Bálor performed a "Coup De Grâce" on Devlin to win. After that, Eddie Dennis faced Dave Mastiff in a No-Disqualification match. Mastiff performed "Into The Void" through a table on Dennis to win. In the penultimate match, Rhea Ripley defended the NXT UK Women’s Championship against Toni Storm. Ripley performed a "Riptide" on Storm for a near-fall. Storm performed a "Storm Zero" on Ripley for a near-fall. Storm performed a second "Storm Zero" on Ripley to win the title. Main event In the main event, Pete Dunne defended the WWE United Kingdom Championship against Joe Coffey. Dunne performed the "Bitter End" on Coffey for a near-fall. Coffey performed a Discus Clothesline on Dunne for a near-fall. Coffey performed a second Discus Clothesline and a third Discus Clothesline on the floor on Dunne. Coffey performed a Pumphandle Side Slam on Dunne for a near-fall. Dunne performed a second "Bitter End" on Coffey. Dunne performed a Discus Clothesline and a third "Bitter End" on Coffey for a near-fall. Dunne forced Coffey to submit to a Triangle Choke whilst executing a Finger Snap to retain the title. After the match, Walter made his NXT UK debut. Walter performed a Big Boot on Coffey before confronting Dunne as the event ended. Aftermath The 2019 TakeOver: Blackpool would be the first in a subseries of UK TakeOvers titled TakeOver: Blackpool and held at the Empress Ballroom. NXT UK TakeOver: Blackpool II was held the following year, also in January. This second Blackpool event, however, would be the last of only three UK TakeOvers held due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Results NXT UK Tag Team Championship tournament bracket References External links Blackpool 2019 WWE Network events Events in the United Kingdom January 2019 events in the United Kingdom Blackpool WWE international 2019 in England

1082279

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardrona%20River

Cardrona River

The Cardrona River is in Otago in the South Island of New Zealand. It is one of the first tributaries of the Clutha River / Mata-Au, which it meets only from the latter's origin at the outflow of Lake Wānaka. The Cardrona flows north for down the steep narrow Cardrona Valley. Its headwaters are near New Zealand's highest main road, the Crown Range route. The river runs past the settlement of Cardona and the Cardrona skifield, then south of Wanaka township. The original name of the river is the . It was a traditional Māori route linking Whakatipu Waimāori (Lake Wakatipu) with lakes Wānaka and Hāwea. Ngāi Tahu recorded Ōrau as a kāinga mahinga kai (food-gathering place) where tuna (eels), pora ('Māori turnip') and weka were gathered. References Rivers of Otago Rivers of New Zealand

40640701

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolasius

Prolasius

Prolasius is a genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae. Of the genus' 19 species, 18 are known from Australia (one of which is also found in Papua New Guinea) and one from New Zealand. They nest in soil under rocks or logs, sometimes in trees. Species Prolasius abruptus Clark, 1934 Prolasius advenus (Smith, F., 1862) Prolasius antennatus McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius bruneus McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius clarki McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius convexus McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius depressiceps (Emery, 1914) Prolasius flavicornis Clark, 1934 Prolasius formicoides (Forel, 1902) Prolasius hellenae McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius hemiflavus Clark, 1934 Prolasius mjoebergella (Forel, 1916) Prolasius nitidissimus (André, 1896) Prolasius pallidus Clark, 1934 Prolasius quadratus McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius reticulatus McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius robustus McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius wheeleri McAreavey, 1947 Prolasius wilsoni McAreavey, 1947 References External links Formicinae Ant genera

2288487

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xesibeland

Xesibeland

Xesibeland was a region in South Africa lying between Griqualand East and Pondoland the area around Mount Ayliff. Xesibeland was the traditional region of the Xesibe people (AmaXesibe), closely related to the Mpondo people and the Mpondomise. History Xesibeland had been formerly part of Mpondoland. On 20 October 1886 armed Mpondo people invaded Xesibeland, burning kraals and causing much disorder. They resented the loss of Xesibeland, an area that was not so crowded as other parts of Mpondoland and thus could have supported a greater population. About 10,000 more Mpondos concentrated on the border after the invasion, but after occasional battles and retreats by the Mpondo, order was eventually restored in December that same year. At that time the leader of the Mpondos was Umquieka. Xesibeland was annexed by the British to Cape Colony in 1886. References External links European Traders and the Mpondo Paramountcy, 1878-1886 The origin of the Qwathi History of South Africa Xhosa 1886 establishments in the British Empire

7804145

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pringle%20of%20Scotland

Pringle of Scotland

Pringle of Scotland is a fashion brand specialising in cashmere knitwear and holds the royal warrant as manufacturers of knitted garments. It is one of the world's oldest continually operating fashion companies. The company has its flagship stores in London's Mount Street, Edinburgh's George Street, Shanghai, Beijing and is sold by retailers in 20 countries. History Robert Pringle established Pringle of Scotland in 1815 in the Scottish Borders. Initially the company simply produced hosiery and underwear, and have been producing cashmere since as early as 1870. Otto Weisz was appointed as the first full-time designer in the knitwear industry in 1934. The twinset and the ancient-Scottish Argyle adapted pattern were designed under Weisz's creative direction, which became very popular with several celebrities and screen stars including Jean Simmons, Brigitte Bardot and Grace Kelly. In 1967, Pringle of Scotland was acquired by Joseph Dawson (Holdings) Limited, who were later renamed Dawson International Plc. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s leisure and sportswear played a key role within the Pringle of Scotland brand with top British golf players including Nick Faldo and Colin Montgomerie being sponsored by the group. It was during the early to mid 1980s that Pringle become a household name on the football terraces and still holds a nostalgic place in the heart of the casual movement. In 2000, the brand which was losing around £4.5m per annum was bought for £6m by Hong Kong-based S.C. Fang & Sons Company, Ltd. Pringle has headquarters in Hawick, Scotland and a Design Studio based in London, England. They strive to continue to produce as much as possible in Scotland. Despite its slightly vulnerable position, Pringle gained a fresh lease of life in the new millennium, under the leadership of newly appointed chief executive Kim Winser formerly of Marks & Spencer. Winser and Stuart Stockdale led the company's efforts to return to the high-fashion status it had formerly enjoyed, exhibiting at London Fashion Week with new designs based on the company's trademark twinset and Argyle pattern. In 2005, both Winser and Stockdale left the company, and having so far invested over £35m Kenneth Fang handed over control to his children, Jean and Douglas Fang. By this stage sales had risen to almost £25m with losses running at around £8m due to the expansion. After Clare Waight Keller was appointed the new Creative Director, 2007 saw the introduction of a luxury accessories range. In March 2011 ex-Balenciaga designer Alistair Carr was named as Design Director following the resignation of Clare Waight Keller. Fran Stringer was announced as the Womenswear Design Director in 2016 and Giuseppe Marretta joined as Menswear Design Director in 2019 The Pringle of Scotland Autumn Winter 2016-17 campaign was shot by photographer Harley Weir and art directed by Christopher Simmonds in Scotland. In 2019 there were collaborations with H&M worldwide (Pringle of Scotland X H&M) and skater brand Palace (Pringle of Scotland X Palace). In 2020 Pringle of Scotland celebrated her 205th anniversary. References External links Company website Clothing companies of Scotland Scottish brands High fashion brands British Royal Warrant holders Hawick Knitwear manufacturers Manufacturing companies established in 1815 1815 establishments in Scotland Companies based in Edinburgh Cashmere wool

51260305

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko%20Carrillo

Marko Carrillo

Marko Carrillo (born 4 July 1988) is a Peruvian sports shooter. He competed in the men's 10 metre air pistol event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. References External links 1988 births Living people Peruvian male sport shooters Olympic shooters of Peru Shooters at the 2016 Summer Olympics Shooters at the 2020 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people) Pan American Games medalists in shooting Pan American Games bronze medalists for Peru Shooters at the 2015 Pan American Games South American Games gold medalists for Peru South American Games silver medalists for Peru South American Games medalists in shooting Competitors at the 2018 South American Games Shooters at the 2019 Pan American Games Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games

27929690

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Zamfara%20State

Religion in Zamfara State

Religion in Zamfara State of Nigeria is mainly Islam. The Sharia is valid in the entire state. No Roman Catholic diocese has its seat in the state. Zamfara State declared Sharia Law on the 28th October 1999 as the law governing the state. It was made by the then-Zamfara State Governor, Ahmed Sani Yerima. Shari'a is the Islamic code of law that for centuries has provided a complete guide to life for Muslims. The argument however is that Nigeria is made an equal distribution of Christian and Muslims so the implication of imposing the law was detrimental to the non-Muslim faithfuls. The question of its legality was considered as it was seen to be against the constitution. See also Nigerian sectarian violence References Zamfara State Religion in Nigeria

60307227

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesnoye%2C%20Astrakhan%20Oblast

Lesnoye, Astrakhan Oblast

Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a selo) in Limansky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 2,115 as of 2010. There are 12 streets. Geography Lesnoye is located 25 km east of Liman (the district's administrative centre) by road. Olya is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Limansky District

56162716

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20singles%20of%202018%20%28Ireland%29

List of number-one singles of 2018 (Ireland)

The Irish Singles Chart ranks the best-performing singles in Ireland, as compiled by the Official Charts Company on behalf of the Irish Recorded Music Association. Number-one artists References Number-one albums Ireland Singles 2018

23256655

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale%2C%20Skye

Glendale, Skye

Glendale () is a community-owned estate on the north-western coastline of the Duirinish peninsula on the island of Skye and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. The estate encompasses the small crofting townships of Skinidin, Colbost, Fasach, Glasphein, Holmisdale, Lephin, Hamaraverin, Borrodale, Milovaig and Waterstein, Feriniquarrie, Totaig, Glasphein, Hamara, and others Etymology The Gaelic name, Gleann Daill, is derived from gleann, meaning "valley", which usually refers to a harsher environment that can be steep and/or rocky, and dail meaning "field, dale, meadow, plain or river-meadow", which usually refers to fertile, arable land beside water. The Ordnance Survey (2005) suggest that dail may also mean "level field by a river". This makes the English translation read: "valley of river-meadows" or "valley of level fields by a river". Mac an Tàilleir (2003) suggests that dail is derived from the Norse dalr, giving a tautological name, where both parts simply mean "valley". Geography The crofts are strung out along a small strath of oolitic loam, which is the basis for the good quality of the farming land. The hills above are underlain by basalt, which also provides good grazing for cattle and sheep. History During the unsettled times of the late nineteenth century, when the local crofters sought land reform, this area played an important part in the struggle. After the Battle of the Braes in 1882, the unrest spread to Glendale. The landlords refused to allow the local population to collect wood from the shore for heating, and they had to use straw to thatch the houses as they were forbidden to cut rushes. Land was in short supply as the holdings had been sub-divided 40 years earlier to provide for those cleared from better land. Led by John MacPherson, the crofters demanded the return of the common grazing land that had been taken from them. Taking direct action, they began grazing their cattle on this land, court orders for their removal notwithstanding. Police action in January 1883 proved ineffective and eventually a government official was sent to Skye on board the navy gunboat HMS Jackal to conduct negotiations. Five crofters including MacPherson agreed to stand in a token trial. They were sentenced to two months in jail and became known as the "Glendale martyrs", and are commemorated by a memorial in the village. It was also agreed that a Royal Commission, which became the Napier Commission, would be set up to investigate the crofters' grievances, which eventually resulted in the far-reaching Crofters Act of 1886. Historian Neil Oliver stated that "what happened in Glendale was a hugely significant part of what was going on in the Highlands. The events that unfolded there were extraordinary. For communities to remember and teach the wider community about their own history is terrific". In July 2010 there was a homecoming of the Glendale diaspora during which local man Iain MacPherson blew the horn once used by his great-grandfather John. See also Highland Land League Battle of Glendale (Skye), a battle fought near Glendale, by combined forces of MacDonalds and MacLeods Footnotes Populated places in the Isle of Skye Highland Estates Community buyouts in Scotland

41775394

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball%20at%20the%202011%20All-Africa%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20team%20rosters

Basketball at the 2011 All-Africa Games – Women's team rosters

This article displays the rosters for the participating teams at the 2011 All-Africa Games (women's basketball tournament). |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} |} | valign="top" | Head coach Assistant coach Legend (C) Team captain Club field describes current club |} See also 2011 FIBA Africa Championship for Women squads References Squads African Games basketball squads

45075506

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipline%20of%20Love

Discipline of Love

"Discipline of Love" is a song by English singer Robert Palmer. It was released as a lead single from his eight studio album, Riptide. Critical reception On its release, Roger Morton of Record Mirror wrote, "Slabs of hollow, rattling bass, punctuated by raunchy guitars and shots of brass leaves little room for Robert's vocal subtleties. Too much chant, and not enough chart." Charts References External links 1985 singles Robert Palmer (singer) songs Song recordings produced by Bernard Edwards 1985 songs Island Records singles Songs written by David Batteau

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenilworth%20Square

Kenilworth Square

Kenilworth Square is a Victorian square in the Rathgar area of Dublin 6, Ireland. It was developed by several different developers between 1858 and 1879. Unlike the larger city squares such as Fitzwilliam Square, Kenilworth developed more organically around a central square plot of land. The houses are in a variety of different styles although all are finished in red brick. The Ordnance Survey map of 1867 shows that most plots surrounding the square had already been laid out and built upon at that stage. Development of the surrounding area had begun initially after the establishment of the township of Rathgar and Rathmines in 1847. St Mary's College privately own the green area inside the square which they acquired in 1948. This area contains rugby pitches and a cricket pitch as well as some changing rooms. Kenilworth bowling club was established in the square in 1892 in the back garden of Charles Eason, founder of Eason & Son at 29 and 30 Kenilworth Square. The club acquired a 25-year lease on nearby Grosvenor Square in 1909 and have remained there ever since despite retaining the Kenilworth name. Notable residents Ludwig Hopf - lived at number 65 References Squares in Dublin (city)

57999548

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomidol

Necronomidol

Necronomidol, stylized as NECRONOMIDOL, is a Japanese idol heavy metal group, formed in 2014. They have been on more than three international tours and have currently performed in over 12 countries. Overview The group is a prominent act in the alternative idol and kawaii metal movements. Their name is taken from the Necronomicon, the famous fictional grimoire featured in the work of H. P. Lovecraft, combined with the Japanese words for magic (魔, ma) and necromancy (ネクロ魔, nekuro ma), and "idol". Necronomidol has performed at the H.P. Lovecraft Film Festival and twice at CthulhuCon twice, in 2018 and 2020. A number of composers have worked with them, such as Mr. Perkele, who has worked on tracks such as "Ritual" and "Dawnslayer". The group is managed by Ricky Wilson, an American expat living in Tokyo. They began with visuals inspired by a traditional Japanese "shrine maiden" look with "haunting" overtones, first seen in their earliest videos from 2014, but their image later incorporated elements of the Cthulhu mythos as well as modern Japanese and Western horror. Musical style Necronomidol's style has been described as fusing J-pop with genres ranging from industrial music to punk rock to dark wave to witch house to shoegazing to, most notably, heavy metal, specifically the style of black metal. Because of this, they have been described as kawaii metal and post-black metal. Discography Studio albums Nemesis (2016) Deathless (2017) Voidhymn (2018) vämjelseriter (2021) EPs From Chaos Born (2016) Dawn Slayer (2017) Strange Aeons (2018) Scions of the Blasted Heath (2019) Singles Ikotsu Moufubuki (2015) Reikon Shoumetsu (2015) Etranger (2015) Exitum (2015) TUPILAQ (2020) Santa Sangre (2020) Members Current Himari Tsukishiro (2017–present) Meica Mochinaga (2021-present) Malin Kozakura (2021-present) Towa Amou (2021-present) Past Kaede (2014) Kagura Nagata (2014) Aisa Miyano (2014) Rio Maeda (2014) Setsuko Henmei (2014–2015) Rū Tachibana (2014–2015) Karen Kusaka (2015–2016) Hotaru Tsukumo (2014–2016) Sari (2014–2019, left to focus on solo work) Hina Yotsuyu (2015–2019, left to join MANACLE) Kunogi Kenbishi (2019) Risaki Kakizaki (2014-2020 left to join MANACLE) Rei Imaizumi (2016–2020, left to join MANACLE) Michelle (2019–2020) Shiki Rukawa (2020-2021, left to focus on solo work, her YouTube channel) Roa Toda (2020-2021, left after originally going on hiatus, has collaborated with Shiki on Shiki's YouTube channel) Maria Hoshizora (2021, left because of health issues) Nana Kamino (2020-2021) Timeline References 2014 establishments in Japan Child musical groups Japanese musical groups Japanese girl groups Japanese idol groups Japanese pop music groups Japanese heavy metal musical groups Japanese black metal musical groups Japanese-language singers Musical groups established in 2014

43059702

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Shapiro

Les Shapiro

Leslie Mark Shapiro (March 4, 1956 – January 29, 2022) was an American sports media figure, an anchor for CBS Sports, and a host of the ESPN radio talk program in Denver, Colorado. He was the play-by-play voice of the Bradley University athletic teams in Peoria, Illinois, before obtaining the post of sports anchor on the Denver CBS affiliate, KCNC-TV, and later the Fox TV affiliate KDVR, both of which featured him as the voice of the Denver Broncos. He was a frequent master of ceremonies for charitable events in the Denver area. Early life Shapiro was born in 1956 in Chicago, Illinois, and was raised in Morton Grove, Illinois, Skokie, Illinois, and Wilmette, Illinois. He was graduated from Arizona State University with a degree in mass communication. Career Shapiro started his career as a news writer and producer for KPNX-TV in Phoenix, Arizona. He subsequently worked as a sports anchor for WEEK-TV in Peoria, Illinois, before moving to Denver in 1983. He was employed as a sports reporter and anchor by KCNC-TV for fifteen years from 1984 to 1999. After his departure from KCNC-TV, Shapiro first worked for KDVR, before working at ESPN Radio and Mile High Sports radio. He covered the Broncos' Super Bowl victories in 1998 and 1999, the Avalanche’s first Stanley Cup championship, the inaugural season of the Colorado Rockies, and performed the play-by-play for the station’s coverage of the University of Colorado Boulder football. Shapiro was noted for mentoring other local reporters and broadcasters, such as Adam Schefter and Vic Lombardi. He also served as the master of ceremonies for many charitable functions around Denver, at which he would also display his considerable singing talent. Shapiro left Mile High Sports in February 2020 after relocating to Arizona. Two months later, he partnered with Lombardi – a prostate cancer survivor – to create a podcast called We Are Unstoppable. It was intended to "shar[e] inspirational stories from great athletes, celebrities, and the most brilliant minds in medicine on how to beat adversity to win in life", and included guests such as Joe Theismann and Verne Lundquist. It was paused in the spring of 2021 when Shapiro's health deteriorated. Personal life Shapiro was married to Paula for 38 years until his death. They met while in high school. Together, they had two children: Jessie and Cary. In February 2020, he and his wife moved to Scottsdale, Arizona, where he later died on the afternoon of January 29, 2022, having suffered from lung cancer in the five years leading up to his death, although he was never a smoker. References 1956 births 2022 deaths People from Morton Grove, Illinois American sports announcers American people of Jewish descent Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni ESPN announcers Radio personalities from Denver Radio personalities from Chicago People from Wilmette, Illinois People from Scottsdale, Arizona People from Skokie, Illinois Deaths from lung cancer Deaths from cancer in Arizona

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Stewart%20MacPhail

Katherine Stewart MacPhail

Katherine Stewart MacPhail OBE (30 October 1887 - 11 September 1974) was a Scottish surgeon. During World War I, she served as Chief Medical Officer of two units of the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service. She cared for the wounded in Serbia, France, and the Thessaloniki Front. In 1921, during her stay in Serbia, she founded the country's first children's hospital. While she is remembered as a national hero in Serbia, she was criticized by some for providing her expertise in Serbia rather than in her own country. Her honors include several medals, plaques, and a postage stamp. Early years and education Katherine Stewart MacPhail was born in Glasgow on 30 October 1887, the third of four daughters of Jesse PacPhail and Dr Donald MacPhail, a doctor. MacPhail was the only daughter in the family who showed an interest in her father's work. As a young girl, she entered the father's office and watched him examine the patients or treat wounds; she also went with him to visit patients on remote farms. In addition, her decision to dedicate her life to medicine was probably influenced by her uncles who were successful doctors: James led the missionary hospital in India, and Alex was a professor of anatomy at the University of Glasgow. MacPhail and her siblings' were initially home schooled by private teachers. Once they were old enough they attended the distant elementary school in Coatbridge, going on to study at Hillhead Academy in Glasgow. All four children successfully completing their studies at the academy, and later at the University of Glasgow. At that time in Scotland, it was unusual for women to study at all, and especially medicine. Of the well-educated womeny from reputable families, they expected only to lead the household well and deal with art. Probably for this reason, her father was against his daughter's desire to study medicine. However, she had already demonstrated decisive determination and persistence, and he could not stand in the way of her decision. Her parents understood the importance of education, and on 26 April 1906 she enrolled to study medicine at the University of Glasgow. She was an excellent student, and received numerous awards for her studies: prizes in physiology (first class) and second class in practical zoology, anatomy and surgery. She graduated on 12 October 1911 with an MB ChB from University of Glasgow Medical School. MacPhail began her medical career at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in Glasgow, and she was also an assistant doctor at her father's clinic. World War I Scotland, 1914 When World War I broke out, MacPhail decided to volunteer for active service in the British Army and sent a letter to the Ministry of War requesting to do so. The answer was fast, declining her request and explaining that the Royal Army Medical Corps did not accept women. She turned to the Red Cross, and received a similar response, as it too did not accept female doctors. She contacted Dr Elsie Inglis, who was recruiting women doctors and other medical staff for a women's volunteer medical units. Dr Inglis offered her hospital team to the British Ministry of War, but was rejected by the sentence: "My dear lady, go home and sit still." Dr Inglis then sent letters to the embassies of France, Belgium, Russia and Serbia, who accepted this offer immediately and with gratitude. From then, she began active work for the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service which affiliated itself with the suffrage movement. As the units for France and Belgium had already been filled, MacPhail was in a dilemma whether to go to Serbia, which was little known in the United Kingdom at that time. MacPhail later said: "I really hardly knew where Serbia was, but from what I read, I knew it was very difficult for them." MacPhail accepted the offer and joined as the youngest in a group of 30 women who comprised the staff of the first unit of the Scottish Women's Hospital in Serbia. Her sister Isabel accompanied her to function as an orderly. Serbia, 1915 In mid-December 1914, MacPhail's group boarded a transport boat in Southampton. On the way to Malta, most members of the unit spent time learning Serbian. Immediately after Christmas, they boarded the ship "Nile", which sailed to Piraeus. They arrived in Thessaloniki on 1 January 1915, and the next day boarded a train for Kragujevac, which was the headquarters of the Serbian army and military medical team. Though she was a junior doctor, she felt her skills were not being used appropriately. In the year 1915, an epidemic of typhoid fever emerged among the Serbian army. In June 1915, when the epidemic was in decline, MacPhail became seriously ill with a severe form of the infection. Her hearing was damaged long-lasting high temperatures, and she lost her hair, so covered wore a hat or a scarf for a long time. When she was healed, on the insistence of Admiral Ernest Troubridge, she left Serbia and returned to Scotland in order to recover completely. She reached Scotland in September 1915. France, 1916 As soon as she had recovered sufficiently, MacPhail contacted the Serbian Support Fund in London and began a campaign to help the organization. She traveled all over Scotland, attended charity meetings and held lectures about her experiences in Serbia, appealing for help for the country. As she was unable to return to Serbia, which at the time was behind enemy lines, in January 1916, she joined the charity "Friends", which worked in France. She worked at Shalona in Marni, in the Champagne region, northeast of Paris. In April 1916, she was offered a job in Corsica, and in May 1916, arrived in Bastia to work at a hospital. A few days after her arrival she went to Ajaccio, visiting a Scottish Women's Hospital. There, she met with several acquaintances she knew from Serbia, and they told her what was happening to their old unit. Finding that there were opportunities to return to Serbia, she interrupted her stay in Corsica, in order to try to organize the accommodation of Serbian orphans in the "Friends" home in the High Savai. Unfortunately, this failed. "Friends" took over a hotel in Samoan, about from the Swiss border, and turned it into a refugee camp. At the end of September 1916, MacPhail took over the duties of a doctor in this home. During her stay in France, Dr. Sondermayer, chief of the Sanitary Department of the Serbian Army, offered her a place in a hospital and MacPhail, immediately accepted the offer. Serbia, 1917 In the early spring of 1917, MacPhail was on the Thessaloniki front. In Thessaloniki, MacPhail located her younger sister, Isabel, who arrived there earlier with the Scottish Women's Hospital. Dr Sondermayer offered MacPhail and Isabel an opportunity to work in a newly formed large hospital, which France provided to the Serbian army, named the Serbian Hospital of Crown Prince Alexander. A few days later, they received an invitation from the head of the Serbian Relielf Fund in Thessaloniki to come to their hospital in Sorović (today the Greek town of Amyntaio, near the Greek-Macedonian border) to help care for the injured civilian population during the bombing of Bitola and the surrounding area. MacPhail and Isabel as well as two other nurses and a cook were sent to the village of Brod, on the south-eastern side of the Bitola area. Isabel soon left Brod and returned to Thessaloniki to work in the Serbian hospital of Crown Prince Alexander, while MacPhail remained behind. At the end of the year, she traveled to Thessaloniki, returning to Brod with a serious illness. She was sure that it was a disease that was caused by long-term poor nutrition, and later it was identified as pellagra, then a little-known disease caused by a diet insufficient in vitamins. At the end of 1917, the hospital of the Serbian Support Fund was moved from Sorović to Germijan near Brod, where MacPhail's outpatient clinic was closed to this village. At the same time, she approached her deadline to report to her post at the Serbian Hospital of Crown Prince Alexander in Thessaloniki. MacPhail was firmly convinced that her medical help was far more needed in the villages, so she managed to persuade Dr Sondermayer to let her remain in Bitola. At that time, MacPhail was visited by her friend, Dr Edward W. Ryan, whom she showed the poor living conditions in the nearby villages. Seeing this, Ryan immediately began collecting aid through the American Red Cross, and managed to obtain a mobile outpatient unit, which was supplied with drugs and food supplies so that MacPhail could expand her work to improving the nutrition of vulnerable children. During the winter of 1917/18, MacPhail was invited to a celebration where she first saw and met Crown Prince Alexander. In the Macedonian mountains, conditions were harsh and cold, but MacPhail with her mobile outpatient unit visited the surrounding villages regularly and did her job. In the meantime, her family and friends in Scotland collected warm clothes and footwear which Katherine shared with impoverished women and children. Scotland, 1918 In the summer of 1918, MacPahil returned to Scotland for a short time to assist her father, Dr Donald MacPhail, who was working alone attending to patients who had contracted Spanish flu. When he contracted the flu, MacPhail and Isabel left, and the responsible parties accepted their reasons. MacPhail was distinguished by the Order of St. Sava IV class and the Medal of the Serbian Red Cross, while Isabel received the Cross of Mercy. In August 1918, the sisters MacPhail left Thessaloniki and returned to their native Scotland. In Scotland, MacPhail cared for her sick father and some of his patients. On 15 August 1918 MacPhail became an honorary citizen of Coatbridge, and at a special ceremony received the town's charter, and a gold watch. MacPhail followed news of the offensives on the Tessaloniki front and the allies breakthrough in September 1918. Interwar period Return to Serbia At the end of November 1918 MacPhail returned to Serbia. Clothing, footwear and other supplies to help Serbia, were collected by her family, friends and patients, were packaged and sent separately via the Red Cross. From London, MacPhail traveled to Paris and Toulon where she waited to board a ship to Dubrovnik. At that time Tulon was then crowded with refugees from Serbia, soldiers and civilians trying to return home. In Toulon she met Darinka Grujic, who had been taking care of Serbian orphans and refugees in France since the beginning of the war, which she wanted to return to Serbia. After several days waiting in Toulon, she embarked for Dubrovnik, then traveled for three days to Sarajevo, Zemun and finally Belgrade. After her arrival in Belgrade MacPhail applied to the Ministry of the Interior and was granted permission to stay to carryout charity work. First Children's Hospital in Belgrade At the beginning of 1919, she opened the first children's hospital in Belgrade. This was facilitated by Darinka Grujic securing five military barracks in Studenicka Street, near the Military Hospital, and giving one of the barracks to MacPhail to establish a children's hospital. British marines, under the command of Admiral Troubridge, cleaned, repaired and outfitted the barrack. A steriliser was installed along with 25 military beds, bedding, blankets and other supplies from Red Cross. Drugs and military supplies came from the American Red Cross. The Serbian Support Fund opened a charity kitchen for a nearby school, so MacPhail managed to arrange to supply this kitchen with food as well as for children at the hospital, while firewood was provided by the city government. Troubridge received many toys and Florence Harvey offered to provide a car for free. At the end of January 1919, the hospital received its first patients. During the first months of operation, every bed in the hospital was filled, and a large number of children attended the outpatient clinic. MacPhail performed all the medical work because there were few doctors as only about 100 had survived the war. Because of her work, MacPhail was popular in Belgrade, and was able to provide various types of assistance and donations for those who lacked financial means. Her efforts were supported by £1000 donations by Elsie Cameron Corbett and the Peter Coats Trust. Pavilion in Topčider By spring of 1919, the hospital was already too small in particular due to an increase in the number of children with tuberculosis. MacPhail learned that there was an empty and abandoned open pavilion that was previously used for children at Topčider, from Belgrade/ The pavilion was located on a hill, at the edge of a forest, so it was ideal for a treatment consisting of fresh air and sun, which, in addition to good food and rest, was at that time the only medicine for tuberculosis. MacPhail was granted a permit from the city government to arrange necessary repairs for the building and to procure equipment. By Easter 1919 the 40 bed pavilion received its first patients. It was managed by Mary Baker and soon proved to be successful with many children recovering. As an open pavilion it was only used in the summer months. It closed in 1924. Anglo-Serbian Children's Hospital As the work expanded, MacPhail realized that the existing capacities would soon be insufficient for an increasing number of patients, especially because the top of the pavilion made it unusable in the winter, so she began to think about expanding the hospital. An enlarged building in Kneza Milosa Street, near the Military Hospital, was left empty when British marines left Belgrade and MacPhail immediately started the action to get that house for her hospital. It was a large, bright, well-built and preserved building that had enough space to accommodate 50 beds, especially when MacPhail succeeded in replacing large military beds for children's beds. In addition, a small operating room for easy surgical cases was formed, while severe surgical cases were sent to the state hospital. A large department for outpatient patients was also established. This new hospital began operating in November 1919, though it officially opened in February 1921. It was no longer an improvised institution, but a real medical institution. It was officially recognized by the Government of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the first Children's Hospital in Serbia, called the Anglo-Serb Children's Hospital, abbreviated ASCH. It was the only children's hospital in what was now Yugoslavia. Shortly after the opening of this hospital, the Ministry of Health asked MacPhail to receive infants and newborns, so a special nursing department was also set up with treatment provided by the most experienced nurse. By 1921, MacPhail was hopeful to not only perfect this hospital, but to encourage the foundation of others and to train native nurses to work in them. Dubrovnik As the number of patients at Topcider had been steadily increasing, MacPhail came to the idea of finding a place on the seashore where she could accommodate children with tuberculous. She learned that there is a villa in Dubrovnik that would be ideal for this purpose. MacPhail contacted Zivojin Mišić who was then the head of the generalštab and whom MacPhail knew from the Thessaloniki front. When MacPhail explained to him that this villa in Dubrovnik should serve as a health center and a children's rest home, he immediately ordered the villa to be handed over to the English-Serbian children's hospital for further use. MacPhail's sister, Isabel, who was already doing volunteer work at the Children's Hospital in Belgrade, traveled to Dubrovnik to see the building and to try and find the equipment for her. While she was in Dubrovnik, Isabel heard of an abandoned Austrian hospital near Zelenika in Boka Kotorska and traveled there to see what it was about. To her surprise, she found a deserted but fully equipped hospital, with beds, bedding and other material, and a young Serbian officer who kept all of this with his soldiers. It was Vasa Srdi. He offered for Isabel to take everything she needed, and in addition, he immediately arranged shipping and transport of equipment to Dubrovnik. Isabel chose 60 beds together and other equipment and returned to Dubrovnik. As the building itself was well preserved, the hospital was established in February 1920. Sremska Kamenica In the early 1930s, a report was submitted regarding the Anglo-Serbian Children's Hospital stating that during the preceding two years, 115 hospital patients were hospitalized (hospitalization of some patients lasted up to 24 months), and 160 children were treated clinically, or outside the hospital. There were also 25 surgical procedures, 194 punctures and 113 X-ray imaging, and 84 immunizations with gypsum were performed. Fifty children left the hospital as successfully cured, 12 of them had improved health status during discharge, and the rest was on further treatment. The conclusion was that in spite of the small number of beds and a limited fund owned by the Anglo-Yugoslav hospital, she managed to fulfill all the tasks. The enormous costs of maintaining a hospital in Belgrade had become increasingly high year after year, and this, among other reasons, influenced MacPhail to start thinking about moving the hospital somewhere in the interior of the country, but not too far from Belgrade, which would be in open air with fresh air and sun. She even thought about buying one of the abandoned Fruška Gora monasteries. Darinka Grujic advised her to try to find a suitable building or to build a new building in Sremska Kamenica, which according to its natural conditions, was the most suitable place for this purpose. As MacPhail already had a holiday home in Sremska Kamenica, she immediately started making plans for the establishment of a new hospital. MacPhail's old friend, Eng. Vasa Srdić had been an officer of the Serbian army in Zelenika in the early 1920s He had helped Isabel and subsequently became a great friend of the sisters MacPhail. After the war, as a graduate engineer of agronomy, he got land in Temerin, where he settled and was engaged in farming and fruit growing. Being aware of MacPhail's plans, he soon learned that on the hill Čardak, just above Sremska Kamenica, an old and abandoned vineyard was being sold which could suit MacPhail's plans. She was thrilled with the position of the city itself and its surroundings and bought the land, which was officially conveyed to her on August 1, 1933, and immediately began preparations for the construction of the hospital. According to Ketrin's idea and with the help of an engineer of the Hygienic Institute in Belgrade, an old Russian architect made plans for a three-winged building with a central courtyard and a long terrace along the north and west wing so that children can be in the sun all day. In the spring of 1934, the work on the new hospital was completed, all necessary equipment was ordered, and lists of patients scheduled to start treatment were compiled. The Royal Commission of the Danube Banovina approved the opening of the children's sanatorium. The building consisted of a main frontal area and two symmetrically situated wings. The main part consisted of three departments of the hospital, a patient unit, a workshop, a radiotherapy department, a pharmacy section, a space intended for patients with infectious diseases and rooms for the sterilization of instruments and appliances. Also, there was an area for the administration of the hospital, as well as a warehouse for medicines and instruments. In the wings of the buildingm there was a kitchen with a pantry and a dining room for children. On the first floor were four-room dormitories for doctors and nurses. There were also four bathrooms and toilets arranged in the wings of the building. The hospital was built in accordance with the needs of patients who anticipated a longer stay for treatment. There were terraces in front of the south and west wings. Even the courtyard was fenced and decorated like a park. The orchard and vineyard were also located within the yard. The principal treatment of bone and joint tuberculosis at the time when antibiotics and antituberculotics did not exist consisted of increasing the general resistance of patients with hygienic and dietary regimen, fresh air therapy, heliotherapy (exposure to the sun during the day, during the winter exposure to artificial light), immobilization and various surgical procedures. Special attention was also paid to hospital hygiene. School-age children attended daily classes that corresponded to their age and curriculum, after which they would receive a certificate at the end of the school year. The hospital also organized workshops that were part of the work therapy, where children attended art classes. Once a week, the Orthodox priest would come to provide the children with religious instruction. The hospital also had a library that was equipped with a large number of children's books, which were both educational and entertaining, and there were a handful of toys. English-Yugoslav Hospital for Treatment of Osteoarticular Tuberculosis was officially opened on September 23, 1934, under the auspices of Her Majesty Queen Maria Karađorđević. The first patients were transferred from a Belgrade hospital as early as August 1. The treatment was focused on patients suffering from tuberculosis of the bones and joints, rachitis. The treatment consisted of fresh air, sun exposure, good food, rest, massage, immobilization with plaster and surgery if there was a need for it. The hospital received children under 14 years of age. During the year, there were up to 50 children, and over the winter, 32. The head of the hospital was MacPhail, the main surgeon was Svetislav Sojanović, the main nurse was Agnes Hardy, and Alice Murphy was a secretary. Among the staff, there were two other nurses, one teacher and auxiliary staff. One of the main problems of the hospital was funding, because the children were mostly treated for free. The cost of the hospital was covered by many donors. Among the donors, there was also the Ministry of Social Affairs and Public Health of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Child Protection Fund, as well as various other organizations. All of this was not enough to cover the cost of the hospital, so for this reason, MacPhail had to constantly run a fundraising campaign in order to keep the hospital in operation.One of the earliest financial supporter was the Honourable Elsie Cameron Corbett, who donated £1000 in 1921. She continued to endow a bed at an annual cost of £50 until at least 1935. In 1940, the situation in the region became serious and the sanatorium staff began to prepare with the military against an enemy attack. In February 1941, MacPhail had a plan to evacuate children from the hospital. Three weeks before the war, all children were sent from the hospital to their homes, and all the hospital equipment was packed and sheltered in the basements to be protected in the event of a bombing. The situation become very serious and the British Embassy advised all British citizens to leave the country. Not leaving in time, she and other British residents became the prisoners of the Germans before she was repatriated to Britain. Soon thereafter, 120 soldiers were placed in the hospital for anti-aircraft patrols. The building was soon turned into a local hospital. The hospital staff often helped the partisan movement in the form of providing medical care and food, which was one of the reasons why the hospital was attacked. After that, the building was abandoned and destroyed. During the war years, the hospital also used hostile forces for its soldiers. Post-WWII MacPhail returned to Belgrade after the liberation in 1945, as leader of a special unit of relief workers sent by Save the Children Fund. In a report published in the Daily Record in March 1945 which also includes a photograph of her, she described the local conditions-noting that of a thousand beds, 920 were bare, Hospital equipment such as X-Ray machines had been shattered or thrown into the Danube. When she went to visit Sremska Kamenica, she encountered a building that was without a door and windows, empty and ruined. There was no longer any medical or electrical equipment in it. In July, MacPhail began negotiations over the reopening of a hospital in Sremska Kamenica with the help of the Child Protection Fund from London. The Ministry of Public Health of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia gave permission to start the reconstruction on August 15. With the help of staff, MacPhail managed to procure medical equipment and medical supplies as well as other necessary things to carry out the operation. From humanitarian organizations from Canada and the United Kingdom came bedding and blankets. The complete equipment from the surgery was found in a military hospital in Sremski Karlovci and was soon returned. Katherine also received 46 boxes of clothes and bedding for children from friends. The complete repair of the hospital was financed by the Government of the Autonomous Welfare of Vojvodina, and the hospital was restarted on December 19, 1945. During the war, the number of children who suffered from tuberculosis increased. The hospital now operated with a capacity of 75 beds and was permanently filled. The working conditions were difficult at that time due to the lack of equipment and food, as the supply of the hospital was very difficult. During this period, the fruit trees and vineyards that were around the hospital were of great help. Soon, life and work at the hospital returned to normal. However, the new government slowly increased the amount of mistrust towards MacPhail and her associates. She proposed to the Ministry of Health to turn the hospital into a rehabilitation center for children with disabilities, as well as for children who became disabled due to tuberculosis or other illnesses. She also planned to build a workshop where adults with disabilities would help in the production of orthopedic aids. In 1947, the new regime decided to nationalize all hospitals and the Anglo-Yugoslav (Anglo-Serb.) Children's Hospital was handed over to the Yugoslav authorities in the autumn of that year. After nationalization, the hospital continued to exist as a state sanatorium for bone tuberculosis. The hospital in Sremska Kamenica became a state property and as such, was part of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Medical Faculty in Belgrade, led by Professor Svetislav Stojanovic. Realizing that nothing could prevent the implementation of the communist regime, MacPhail returned to Scotland in 1949, settling in St Andrews. On 22 September 1954, to mark the 20th anniversary of the hospital's establishment, MacPhail visited the hospital in Sremska Kamenica and was greeted warmly:— "The hospital looked like before, fresh, exposed to the sun and surrounded by rich vineyards. The children attended school classes, freshly-prepared meal awaited the children every day thanks to the staff from the kitchen." A memorial plaque was placed in the entrance hall with the inscription that she was its founder. This memorial plaque was a great sign of gratitude for her contribution during the war. Apart from MacPhail, the ceremony were attended by Alice Marfi and Flora Sands. MacPhail died in St Andrews, 11 September 1974. Honors and legacy During the World War I, MacPhail was distinguished by the Order of St Sava of the Fourth and Fifth degrees, and due to the humanitarian activities that followed the war, she received the Order of the Third Degree. In 1932, she was awarded the Russian Red Cross insignia for her work. Great Britain awarded her one of her greatest awards, the Order of the British Empire in 1928. When it was 1954, for the last time, she came to Serbia to visit her hospital in Sremska Kamenica on the occasion of twenty years since its founding, MacPhail became an honorary citizen of Sremska Kamenica and the lifelong president of the Karlovac Red Cross. In the courtyard of the hospital, two memorial plaques were placed in her honor, and on June 15, 1988, a monument in her honor was also erected. In December 2015, the Serbian Post issued commemorative stamps in her honor in partnership with the British Embassy in Belgrade, along with fellow doctors Elsie Inglis, Isobel Galloway Hutton, Evelina Haverfield and Elizabeth Ross and Cpt Flora Sandes, commemorating British women's First World War efforts and 'universal suffrage, solidarity and gender equality and the part they played building relationships with leaders and communities in Serbia.' Her biography, Ever yours sincerely: the life and work of Dr Katherine S. MacPhail (Cambridge, 2007), was translated from Serbian to English by Želimir Dj. Mikić, from the original version in Serbian, Uvek vaša: život i delo dr Ketrin Makfejl. (Novi Sad, 1998). See also Serbian Campaign of World War I References Citations Attribution Bibliography External links Foster, Samuel. (2013). British Medical Volunteers and the Balkan Front 1914-1918: The Case of Dr Katherine Stuart MacPhail. University of Sussex Journal of Contemporary History. 14: 4–16. Retrieved 21 April 2020. Leah Leneman (1994), In the Service of Life: The Story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women's Hospitals. Mercat Press ISBN 1-873644-26-4 Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh, Special Collections has her photo-album, now titled Scottish Women's Hospitals 'Newnham and Girton Unit' in Thessaloniki (Salonika), 1916 Note the images are subject to copyright restrictions. 1887 births 1974 deaths 19th-century Scottish women 20th-century Scottish women Recipients of the Order of St. Sava Scottish women medical doctors British women in World War I Members of the Order of the British Empire Scottish surgeons Medical doctors from Glasgow Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service British paediatricians Women pediatricians 20th-century surgeons

66085156

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd%20Division%20%28Spain%29

32nd Division (Spain)

The 32nd Division was one of the divisions of the Spanish Republican Army that were organized during the Spanish Civil War on the basis of the Mixed Brigades. It was deployed on the Aragon and Segre fronts. History The unit was created on April 28, 1937, as a reserve division of the Eastern Army. Subsequently, the 32nd Division was integrated into the XI Army Corps, being placed in the rear. Command of the unit fell to Alfonso Arana Vivanco, who was replaced in July 1937 by Manuel Gancedo Sáenz. During the Aragon Offensive, the 32nd Division was forced to withdraw, establishing its new defensive positions on the Segre front . On September 8, 1938, the forces of the unit relieved the 55th Division in the Agramunt-Artesa de Segre-Tornabous sector. After the start of the Catalonia Offensive the 32nd Division, faced with strong enemy pressure, was forced to withdraw. In the course of the fighting, it suffered a severe loss. In January 1939 it was briefly added to the X Army Corps, although during the rest of the campaign it did not play a relevant role and ended up withdrawing to the French border. Command Commanders Alfonso Arana Vivanco; Manuel Gancedo Sáenz; Commissars Cristóbal Albadetrecu, of the CNT; Francisco Señer Martín, of the CNT; Andrés Semitiel Rubio, of the PSOE; Chiefs of Staff Emilio Bosch Montes; Felipe Félix Moreno Gómez; Order of battle References Bibliography Military units and formations established in 1937 Military units and formations disestablished in 1939 Divisions of Spain Spanish Civil War Military history of Spain Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic

22454208

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBDS

HBDS

HBDS may stand for : heparin-based delivery system various other acronyms. See also : HBD, Hemoglobin subunit delta honey bee deaths, due to colony collapse disorder

11142145

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayanadan%20Thamban

Vayanadan Thamban

Vayanadan Thamban is a 1978 Indian Malayalam-language horror film directed by A. Vincent and produced by S. Hariharan a Director of Radio Advertising Services, starring Kamal Haasan and Latha . Kamal Haasan plays the role of a 100-year-old warlock. The film was dubbed in Tamil-language as Kanni Vettai and later Hindi-language as Pyasa Shaitan with added scenes by director Joginder. The horror theme was the first of its kind when it was released. The movie is about an old warlock who seduces women for a devil to gain youth in return. Latha paired with Kamal Haasan in first time in this movie and acting without makeup. The film hit at box office. Plot The plot starts in a period set in early 19th century, in a ruined fortress of an old feudal warlord, Vayanadan Thamban who is in his fag end of his life. He resorts to devil worship and appeases the Devil- Karimuthey who appears before him. He requests him to provide everlasting youth. The devil grants his wish, on the condition that he must be appeased by offering 10 virgin girls at every specific interval of his life. Upon offering each virgin girl, the devil grants him nectar of youth, that can reverse his age back to youth and warns, failing to do so, he will absorb all energy of Thamban and his body shall be rotten. Based on his word, Karimuthey grants him the first glass of nectar, which makes him young. He then resorts to seducing young girls for Karimuthey. The first victim was Kochammani, Heiress of an aristocratic Nair family of Tharayil Kurups. She was the only young lady in the family through which family lineage has to move on. Thamban appears in front of them as a rich young prince of Wayanad. He meets, the elder uncle of the girl and express his desire to marry. Though he and Kochammani's elder brother Kunjambu agrees to the proposal, they asked him to wait for getting the horoscope fixed. Thamban seduces Kochammani and was in a hurry to get her to his fort to offer to Karimuthey as the time was fast approaching. So instead of waiting for marriage, he kidnaps her, by seducing her with his magical powers. Kochamani's young brother Ananthu saw this and reports it to the elders, who rush with their men to rescue. However, Thamban overpowers them with his magical powers and drags her to the palace. By this time, his mask of youth got withered away and he forcibly offers Kochammani to Karimurthy who gives him the second glass of nectar to regain youth. The men of the Tharyil family seek the whereabouts of the mysterious Prince and come to know that such a man or place doesn't exist. However, a few tribal men reported that they saw an old man rushing on horseback with a young girl matching to description of Kochammani, which confuses the Tharayil men. They thought, some magician might have killed the young Thamban and drove away with Kochammani. They pledge to themselves that all male members of the family will never forgive Thamban for this atrocity and will take revenge for it. As years passed, Thamban identifies his next target- Nabissa, a daughter of a rich Muslim trader- Kannamparambathu Koyambadu Haji (Balan K. Nair), whom he saw at a railway station (signifies that time has moved to an age when commercial trains started). He appears in front of them as Ibrahim, a young trader and seduces Nabissa. At the same time, Thamban disguises himself as son of Kochammani and Thamban and appears before the Tharayil Family citing himself as an orphan after his mom died. The current head- Kunjambu welcomes young Thamban, thinking of him as his nephew. Koyambadu Haji and his son Abdulla (Janardanan) fixes Nikkah for Nabissa and Thamban who disguises himself as Ibrahim elopes with Nabissa. However, Koyambadu Haji's guards spot them and block them. However, Thamban attacks them and even wounds Abdulla. Hearing of this, Koyambadu Haji and his men with guns rush to hunt for the mysterious young man. They learn that the young man was living in Tharayil House and they rush there. Spotting his nephew also missing, Kunjambu felt suspicious about the young man who lived with them for days as his nephew. As he claimed himself to be the son of Thamban, they assumed he too did the same with Nabissa as was done to his sister Kochamani. The combined men of both Tharayil and Koyambadu mutually pledge to assist each other and hunt for the mysterious man. They also learn from tribals that an old man rode in a horse cart with young girl, so both assume, it's some black magician who inflicted damages to their family. Both families further pledge to track down and do revenge even after generations. Time further passes and Thamban kept on poaching girls in nearby localities under varied identities and names. The new target for Thamban is Annamma (Latha), a Christian girl on her matriculation. Thamban appears before her as Thomas, a college lecturer. He seduces her as usual, and brings her to his fort. However, as a devoted Christian, she felt suspicious about the voices of devils inside and escape from him by flashing her cross. However, Thamban as Thomas came before her the next day and made her believe, it was all just a trick to scare her and give a surprise, which she believed. Thamban felt, to bring her again to the fort, he must earn her trust, so he married her at the register office. However, Annamma seduced Thamban on their wedding night and entered into a sexual relationship with Thamban, losing her virginity, thus making her unfit to sacrifice for Karimurthy. Thamban seriously felt love with Annamma, thus his devil lord Karimurthy started warning that he is losing patience. In time, Anna became pregnant and Thamban enjoyed life with her. One day when he woke up, he saw himself in his original identity as old fragile man and Anna was horrified to see the old man lying next to her. Thamban ran away from Anna's home and surrendered himself to Karimurthy. Karimurthy gave one last chance to him and offered him youth again, on assurance that he won't enter into any relationship and will offer virgin girls to the devil. Anna realizes there was no man called Thomas working in the college as said by Thamban and she connected with her experience earlier at Thamban's fort to reach a conclusion that her husband was a black magician. Anna gave birth to a daughter and she put her in a boarding school to avoid speaking on details of her husband. The current generation of the Tharayil Family and Abdulla in his old age are still keeping in good relations to gather any information on the mysterious man. They soon realize several families in other villages had similar experiences decades before and thus form a joint committee to carry out a search. Years later, Thamban continued his antics, this time with a local tribal community girl. By now, India was under British rule and Malabar Police was investigating on missing of this tribal girl, which came in local newspapers. This brings Abdulla and Tharayil Kurups to meet the parents of missing girl and understand the modus operandi is very similar. Annamma also reads this news and connects this to her incident. As time passes again, Thampan identifies his latest target Elisy (Shobha) who he finds in a picnic place. Elisy and Thamban who now appears as Frankie, a photographer' they become good friends and form a close friendship. He gives a photograph of him with Elisy to her which she kept in her book. Unbeknownst to Thamban, Elisy is the daughter of Annamma and Anna finds the photograph of young Thamban in Elisy's book, which shocks her. She understands, he is now behind her daughter. To confirm the identity of Thamban, she takes the photograph and shows it to the parents of a missing tribal girl, who confirms the same. Old Members of Tharayil family as well as Abdulla also confirms the identity, thus they all realize, they are all searching one man, not multiple magicians etc. While Anna was coordinating with other affected members, Thamban, now as Frankie seduces Elisy and brings her to his fort. Hearing her daughter missing, Anna along with Abdulla, his men as well as other men of affected families rush to the Thamban's palace as she knew where it was out of her experience going there once. While they enter, Thamban was about to offer Elisy to Karimurthy and Abdulla's men started firing at Thamban. He escapes to the backyard of the palace along with Elisy and then enters again to the Devil's chamber. By this time, Anna comes in front of Thamban and reminds him that Elisy is his daughter. Dilemma struck Thamban, who now changes into old man, and loses his ability to fight with other men. In this confusion, Anna forcibly takes Elisy and rushes out of the house. Karimurthy now got angry with Thamban, thus he absorbs all his energy and his body gets rotten down instantly to his original century old decay condition. Cast Kamal Haasan Latha KPAC Lalitha Nilambur Balan Prathapachandran Alummoodan Balan K Nair Chandrakala Girija Gupta Janardanan Leena Mallika Sukumaran P. K. Abraham Philomina Meera Soundtrack The music was composed by G. Devarajan and lyrics was written by Sasikala Menon. References External links Indian films 1970s Malayalam-language films Indian horror films Indian fantasy films 1970s fantasy films 1978 horror films 1978 films

27274273

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg%20State%20Gorillas

Pittsburg State Gorillas

The Pittsburg State Gorillas are the sports teams of Pittsburg State University in Pittsburg, Kansas. They participate in the NCAA Division II and the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA). Sports sponsored Football The Pitt State football program began in 1908 under head coach Albert McLeland. Since that time, the program has produced the most wins in NCAA Division II history. It has been National Champions on four occasions; 1957, 1961, 1991 and 2011. Pittsburg State defeated Wayne State University, MI, 35-21 to claim its most recent national championship in 2011. During the 2004 season, the Gorillas finished 14–1, losing 31–36 to Valdosta State University in the NCAA Division II National Football Championship. Pittsburg State has won, outright or shared, a total of 27 conference championships during the 96-year history of its intercollegiate program, including 13 conference titles in the last 19 seasons under Coach Chuck Broyles PSU reached the Division II National Championship game in 2004, 1995, and 1992. Its games with fellow MIAA Division II powerhouse Northwest Missouri State University were played at Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, in the Fall Classic at Arrowhead from 2002 until 2013. 26,695 attended the 2002 game—the most of any Division II game. Mascot The official mascot of Pitt State Athletic teams is Gus the Gorilla, designed in by L. Michael Hailey in 1985. Pitt State is the only college in the nation with the Gorilla as its official mascot for its men's and women's teams. Notable alumni John Brown, NFL wide receiver, Buffalo Bills Eldon Danenhauer, Offensive tackle for the Denver Broncos. Ralph Earhart, former Green Bay Packers halfback Dennis Franchione, former head football coach of Texas State University (and former coach of Pittsburg State) Kendall Gammon, former Kansas City Chiefs longsnapper (currently employed by Pittsburg State) Don Gutteridge, Major League Baseball player and Manager Sherm Lollar, Major League Baseball player Ronald Moore, former NFL running back, 1992 Harlon Hill Trophy winner Brian Moorman, former NFL punter, Buffalo Bills Germaine Race, former NFL running back, San Diego Chargers References External links