johnearlesullivan/main · Datasets at Hugging Face

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motions to reconsider interlocutory decisions, but courts in this District have applied the “as justice
requires” standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). See, e.g., United States v.
Hassanshahi, 145 F. Supp. 3d 75, 80 (D.D.C. 2015); United States v. Hemingway, 930 F. Supp.
2d 11, 12 (D.D.C. 2013). “[A]sking ‘what justice requires’ amounts to determining, within the
Court’s discretion, whether reconsideration is necessary under the relevant circumstances.” Cobell
v. Norton, 355 F. Supp. 2d 531, 539 (D.D.C. 2005). Reconsideration may be warranted where the
court “patently misunderstood a party, has made a decision outside the adversarial issues presentedCCaassee 1 1:2:211--ccrr--0000002788--AEPGMS DDooccuummeenntt 56966 F Filieledd 0 011/2/244/2/222 P Paaggee 5 2 o of f8 5
to the Court by the parties, has made an error not of reasoning but of apprehension, or where a
controlling or significant change in the law or facts [has occurred] since the submission of the issue
to the Court.” Singh v. George Washington Univ., 383 F. Supp. 2d 99, 101 (D.D.C. 2005) (internal
quotation marks omitted). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating that
reconsideration is warranted. See Hassanshahi, 145 F. Supp. 3d at 80.
Caldwell makes no genuine attempt to meet this standard. He does not show that the court
patently misunderstood his or other Defendants’ arguments for dismissal, made a decision outside
the adversarial process, committed an error of apprehension, or that there has been an intervening
change in law. Instead, he urges reconsideration because neither this court nor any other judge in
this District—at least four have rejected similar challenges to charges brought under 18 U.S.C.
§ 1512(c)(2)—has “addressed the issues raised” by him. Def.’s Reply to Gov’t Opp’n to Def.’s
Mot., ECF No. 575 [hereinafter Def.’s Reply], at 2, 4 n.4. But a motion for reconsideration is “not
simply an opportunity to reargue facts and theories upon which a court has already ruled,”
Hassanshahi, 145 F. Supp. 3d at 80–81 (internal quotation marks omitted), and litigants who “have
once battled for the court’s decision, should not be permitted to battle for it again,” Arias v.
DynCorp, 856 F. Supp. 2d 46, 52 (D.D.C. 2012) (cleaned up). That is precisely what Caldwell
attempts to do with his motion. He asks the court to entertain a statutory construction argument
that he had ample opportunity to previously raise and present and which he seemingly conceived
of only after the court ruled. That is not a proper basis on which to seek reconsideration. For that
reason alone, Caldwell’s motion is denied.
II.
Nor would Caldwell prevail on the merits. He advances two arguments. First, he asks
“why Congress would have inserted the word ‘otherwise’ into § 1512(c)(2) for the purpose of
2CCaassee 1 1:2:211--ccrr--0000002788--AEPGMS DDooccuummeenntt 56966 F Filieledd 0 011/2/244/2/222 P Paaggee 6 3 o of f8 5
demarcating separate and independent conduct between subsections (c)(1) and (c)(2) when it could
have accomplished the same outcome—which it did twenty times in other areas of § 1512—by
using the word ‘or’ alone (without ‘otherwise’).” Def.’s Reply at 1–2; see also Def.’s Mot. at 3–
4. Second, he contends that the word “‘otherwise’ operates as a ‘conjunctive adverb’ in § 1512(c),
which, as a matter of basic grammatical rules, means that the adverbial clause (‘otherwise
obstructs, influences or impedes’) functions exclusively to modify the preceding clause.” Def.’s
Reply at 2; see also Def.’s Mot. at 5–9. Taken together, these arguments lead to the conclusion,
he says, that “subsection (c)(1) addresses the ‘letter of the law,’ while (c)(2) addresses the ‘spirit
of the law,’ i.e., to punish those who, with a nefarious purpose but in a way not specifically
enumerated by Congress in (c)(1), prevent tangible evidence from being obtained and accurately
considered by courts, Congress, and administrative agencies.” Def.’s Reply at 9.
As to Caldwell’s first point, there is an obvious answer why Congress used the word
“otherwise” in section 1512(c) in addition to the word “or” to separate subsections (c)(1) and
(c)(2): to emphasize that section 1512(c)(2) is a “catch-all” provision that reaches conduct not
specified in (c)(1). See, e.g., United States v. Burge, 711 F.3d 803, 809 (7th Cir. 2013). None of
the other provisions within section 1512(c) contain such a catch-all. Rather, sections 1512(a), (b),
and (d) contain a finite list of proscribed ways in which to violate the statute. See 18 U.S.C. § 1512.
Section 1512(c) is structured differently. It does not itemize multiple ways to commit an offense.
It identifies one way in which to commit obstruction with regard to “a record, document, or other
object,” followed by a broad prohibition on obstructive acts that affect an official proceeding.
Thus, as the court ruled, Congress meant for the word “otherwise” to “connect[] the two provisions
[while] underscor[ing] that the acts prohibited by (c)(1) are ‘different’ from those prohibited by
(c)(2).” United States v. Caldwell, No. 21-cr-28 (APM), 2021 WL 6062718, at *12 n.6 (D.D.C.
3CCaassee 1 1:2:211--ccrr--0000002788--AEPGMS DDooccuummeenntt 56966 F Filieledd 0 011/2/244/2/222 P Paaggee 7 4 o of f8 5
Dec. 20, 2021). Thus, the word “otherwise” is not under the court’s interpretation, as Caldwell
suggests, acting as surplusage. See Def.’s Mot. at 4, 9.
Nor does Caldwell’s insistence that the word “otherwise” in section 1512(c)(2) is a
conjunctive adverb change the court’s understanding. Caldwell asserts that, as a conjunctive
adverb, “otherwise” acts as a modifier, such that subsection (c)(2) “modifies” subsection (c)(1).
Id. at 9. But “otherwise” as a modifier, or conjunctive adverb, operates differently than Caldwell
posits. It looks something like this: “You need to finish your homework; otherwise, you will not
make a passing grade,” or “Jaimie needs to clean her room; otherwise, she will not be allowed to
have her friends come over.” How to Use Otherwise in a Sentence, Study.com,
https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-use-otherwise-in-a-sentence.html (last visited Jan. 21,
2022). In those examples the clause following “otherwise” modifies, or further explains, the clause
that precedes it: the failure to finish homework will result in a failing grade or not cleaning a room
will lead to friends not coming over. But that is not how “otherwise” operates in section 1512(c).
The verbs of (c)(2) in no sense modify the object of (c)(1): “obstructs, influences, influences, or
impedes” in subsection (c)(2) does not supply additional meaning to “record, document or other
object” in subsection (c)(1). The far more natural reading is the one the court adopted: “otherwise”
means “in a different way or manner.” See Caldwell, 2021 WL 6062718, at *12. Understood in
that sense, section 1512(c)(2) means “that a crime will occur in a different (‘otherwise’) manner
compared to § 1512(c)(1) if the defendant ‘obstructs, influences, or impedes any official
proceeding’ without regard to whether the action relates to documents or records.” United States
v. Petruk, 781 F.3d 438, 446–47 (8th Cir. 2015).
In truth, Caldwell does not read “otherwise” as a modifier. He reads it as a word of
limitation that restricts offenses under subsection (c)(2) to those “involving the integrity and
4CCaassee 1 1:2:211--ccrr--0000002788--AEPGMS DDooccuummeenntt 56966 F Filieledd 0 011/2/244/2/222 P Paaggee 8 5 o of f8 5
production of documentary evidence,” Def.’s Mot. at 10, or “tangible evidence,” Def.’s Reply at 9.
But Caldwell points to no court that has read section 1512(c)(2) so narrowly and, in fact, courts
have rejected that reading. See, e.g., Petruk, 781 F.3d at 446 (8th Cir. 2015) (rejecting argument
that section 1512(c)(2) “is limited to obstruction involving documents or physical evidence”);
United States v. Ring, 628 F. Supp. 2d 195, 224 (D.D.C. 2009) (rejecting assertion that “18 U.S.C.
§ 1512(c)(2) applies only to acts involving ‘tampering with documents or physical evidence’”).
The court leaves it to grammarians to say whether “otherwise” as it appears in section
1512(c)(2) is properly classified as a conjunctive adverb. Whether it is or not does not alter this
court’s reading of the statute.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the court denies Defendant Caldwell’s motion for
reconsideration.
Dated: January 24, 2022 Amit P. Mehta
United States District Court Judge
5
Case 1:21-cr-00078-EGS Document 69 Filed 03/02/22 Page 1 of 4
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA :
:
v. : Criminal No. 1:21-cr-00078-EGS

motions to reconsider interlocutory decisions, but courts in this District have applied the “as justice

requires” standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). See, e.g., United States v.

Hassanshahi, 145 F. Supp. 3d 75, 80 (D.D.C. 2015); United States v. Hemingway, 930 F. Supp.

2d 11, 12 (D.D.C. 2013). “[A]sking ‘what justice requires’ amounts to determining, within the

Court’s discretion, whether reconsideration is necessary under the relevant circumstances.” Cobell

v. Norton, 355 F. Supp. 2d 531, 539 (D.D.C. 2005). Reconsideration may be warranted where the

court “patently misunderstood a party, has made a decision outside the adversarial issues presentedCCaassee 1 1:2:211--ccrr--0000002788--AEPGMS DDooccuummeenntt 56966 F Filieledd 0 011/2/244/2/222 P Paaggee 5 2 o of f8 5

to the Court by the parties, has made an error not of reasoning but of apprehension, or where a

controlling or significant change in the law or facts [has occurred] since the submission of the issue

to the Court.” Singh v. George Washington Univ., 383 F. Supp. 2d 99, 101 (D.D.C. 2005) (internal

quotation marks omitted). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating that

reconsideration is warranted. See Hassanshahi, 145 F. Supp. 3d at 80.

Caldwell makes no genuine attempt to meet this standard. He does not show that the court

patently misunderstood his or other Defendants’ arguments for dismissal, made a decision outside

the adversarial process, committed an error of apprehension, or that there has been an intervening

change in law. Instead, he urges reconsideration because neither this court nor any other judge in

this District—at least four have rejected similar challenges to charges brought under 18 U.S.C.

§ 1512(c)(2)—has “addressed the issues raised” by him. Def.’s Reply to Gov’t Opp’n to Def.’s

Mot., ECF No. 575 [hereinafter Def.’s Reply], at 2, 4 n.4. But a motion for reconsideration is “not

simply an opportunity to reargue facts and theories upon which a court has already ruled,”

Hassanshahi, 145 F. Supp. 3d at 80–81 (internal quotation marks omitted), and litigants who “have

once battled for the court’s decision, should not be permitted to battle for it again,” Arias v.

DynCorp, 856 F. Supp. 2d 46, 52 (D.D.C. 2012) (cleaned up). That is precisely what Caldwell

attempts to do with his motion. He asks the court to entertain a statutory construction argument

that he had ample opportunity to previously raise and present and which he seemingly conceived

of only after the court ruled. That is not a proper basis on which to seek reconsideration. For that

reason alone, Caldwell’s motion is denied.

II.

Nor would Caldwell prevail on the merits. He advances two arguments. First, he asks

“why Congress would have inserted the word ‘otherwise’ into § 1512(c)(2) for the purpose of

2CCaassee 1 1:2:211--ccrr--0000002788--AEPGMS DDooccuummeenntt 56966 F Filieledd 0 011/2/244/2/222 P Paaggee 6 3 o of f8 5

demarcating separate and independent conduct between subsections (c)(1) and (c)(2) when it could

have accomplished the same outcome—which it did twenty times in other areas of § 1512—by

using the word ‘or’ alone (without ‘otherwise’).” Def.’s Reply at 1–2; see also Def.’s Mot. at 3–

4. Second, he contends that the word “‘otherwise’ operates as a ‘conjunctive adverb’ in § 1512(c),

which, as a matter of basic grammatical rules, means that the adverbial clause (‘otherwise

obstructs, influences or impedes’) functions exclusively to modify the preceding clause.” Def.’s

Reply at 2; see also Def.’s Mot. at 5–9. Taken together, these arguments lead to the conclusion,

he says, that “subsection (c)(1) addresses the ‘letter of the law,’ while (c)(2) addresses the ‘spirit

of the law,’ i.e., to punish those who, with a nefarious purpose but in a way not specifically

enumerated by Congress in (c)(1), prevent tangible evidence from being obtained and accurately

considered by courts, Congress, and administrative agencies.” Def.’s Reply at 9.

As to Caldwell’s first point, there is an obvious answer why Congress used the word

“otherwise” in section 1512(c) in addition to the word “or” to separate subsections (c)(1) and

(c)(2): to emphasize that section 1512(c)(2) is a “catch-all” provision that reaches conduct not

specified in (c)(1). See, e.g., United States v. Burge, 711 F.3d 803, 809 (7th Cir. 2013). None of

the other provisions within section 1512(c) contain such a catch-all. Rather, sections 1512(a), (b),

and (d) contain a finite list of proscribed ways in which to violate the statute. See 18 U.S.C. § 1512.

Section 1512(c) is structured differently. It does not itemize multiple ways to commit an offense.

It identifies one way in which to commit obstruction with regard to “a record, document, or other

object,” followed by a broad prohibition on obstructive acts that affect an official proceeding.

Thus, as the court ruled, Congress meant for the word “otherwise” to “connect[] the two provisions

[while] underscor[ing] that the acts prohibited by (c)(1) are ‘different’ from those prohibited by

(c)(2).” United States v. Caldwell, No. 21-cr-28 (APM), 2021 WL 6062718, at *12 n.6 (D.D.C.

3CCaassee 1 1:2:211--ccrr--0000002788--AEPGMS DDooccuummeenntt 56966 F Filieledd 0 011/2/244/2/222 P Paaggee 7 4 o of f8 5

Dec. 20, 2021). Thus, the word “otherwise” is not under the court’s interpretation, as Caldwell

suggests, acting as surplusage. See Def.’s Mot. at 4, 9.

Nor does Caldwell’s insistence that the word “otherwise” in section 1512(c)(2) is a

conjunctive adverb change the court’s understanding. Caldwell asserts that, as a conjunctive

adverb, “otherwise” acts as a modifier, such that subsection (c)(2) “modifies” subsection (c)(1).

Id. at 9. But “otherwise” as a modifier, or conjunctive adverb, operates differently than Caldwell

posits. It looks something like this: “You need to finish your homework; otherwise, you will not

make a passing grade,” or “Jaimie needs to clean her room; otherwise, she will not be allowed to

have her friends come over.” How to Use Otherwise in a Sentence, Study.com,

https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-use-otherwise-in-a-sentence.html (last visited Jan. 21,

2022). In those examples the clause following “otherwise” modifies, or further explains, the clause

that precedes it: the failure to finish homework will result in a failing grade or not cleaning a room

will lead to friends not coming over. But that is not how “otherwise” operates in section 1512(c).

The verbs of (c)(2) in no sense modify the object of (c)(1): “obstructs, influences, influences, or

impedes” in subsection (c)(2) does not supply additional meaning to “record, document or other

object” in subsection (c)(1). The far more natural reading is the one the court adopted: “otherwise”

means “in a different way or manner.” See Caldwell, 2021 WL 6062718, at *12. Understood in

that sense, section 1512(c)(2) means “that a crime will occur in a different (‘otherwise’) manner

compared to § 1512(c)(1) if the defendant ‘obstructs, influences, or impedes any official

proceeding’ without regard to whether the action relates to documents or records.” United States

v. Petruk, 781 F.3d 438, 446–47 (8th Cir. 2015).

In truth, Caldwell does not read “otherwise” as a modifier. He reads it as a word of

limitation that restricts offenses under subsection (c)(2) to those “involving the integrity and

4CCaassee 1 1:2:211--ccrr--0000002788--AEPGMS DDooccuummeenntt 56966 F Filieledd 0 011/2/244/2/222 P Paaggee 8 5 o of f8 5

production of documentary evidence,” Def.’s Mot. at 10, or “tangible evidence,” Def.’s Reply at 9.

But Caldwell points to no court that has read section 1512(c)(2) so narrowly and, in fact, courts

have rejected that reading. See, e.g., Petruk, 781 F.3d at 446 (8th Cir. 2015) (rejecting argument

that section 1512(c)(2) “is limited to obstruction involving documents or physical evidence”);

United States v. Ring, 628 F. Supp. 2d 195, 224 (D.D.C. 2009) (rejecting assertion that “18 U.S.C.

§ 1512(c)(2) applies only to acts involving ‘tampering with documents or physical evidence’”).

The court leaves it to grammarians to say whether “otherwise” as it appears in section

1512(c)(2) is properly classified as a conjunctive adverb. Whether it is or not does not alter this

court’s reading of the statute.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the court denies Defendant Caldwell’s motion for

reconsideration.

Dated: January 24, 2022 Amit P. Mehta

United States District Court Judge

5

Case 1:21-cr-00078-EGS Document 69 Filed 03/02/22 Page 1 of 4

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA :

:

v. : Criminal No. 1:21-cr-00078-EGS