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The sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells acts as a:

3D

Question: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells is not a: Answer: store of digestive enzymes.

Alterations in which neurotransmitters in the brain by pharmacological agents has been shown to influence fatigue development?

3D

Question: Alterations in neurotransmitters in the brain by pharmacological agents has not been shown to influence fatigue development? Answer: Glutamate and serotonin.

Oxygen is used:

1B

Question: An oxygen-free atmosphere: Answer: in glycogenolysis.

Mutations are errors in DNA that:

3D

Question: Errors in DNA that: Answer: occur spontaneously at a low rate.

The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the:

2C

Question: The enzymes of glycolysis are not located in the: Answer: nucleus.

Rational choice theory is premised on the concept that actions are chosen based on the benefit to the individual. The three main assumptions of rational theory are completeness, transitivity, and independence of variables. This is most accurately described as what kind of system?

0A

Question: Actions are chosen based on the benefit to the group. The three main assumptions of rational theory are completeness, transitivity, and dependence of variables. This is most accurately described as what kind of system? Answer: Oligarchic

Which products of ADP degradation increase in concentration in the blood during multiple sprint sports?

0A

Question: Which products of ADP degradation decrease in concentration in the blood during multiple sprint sports? Answer: Ammonia, urea and creatinine.

The rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis is:

3D

Question: The linsing enzyme of glycolysis is: Answer: phosphofructokinase.

A fundamental cause of fatigue in high intensity exercise is:

2C

Question: A fundamental cause of energy production in high intensity exercise is: Answer: a fall in the cell concentration of ADP.

The rate of blood lactate accumulation is determined by:

3D

Question: The rate of blood lactate depletion is determined by: Answer: the difference between the rate of lactate appearance and the rate of lactate clearance.

Type I muscle fibres have the following characteristics:

3D

Question: Type II muscle fibres have the following characteristics: Answer: red, oxidative, fast contracting.

If a gas occupies 0.1L at 200atm, what will its volume be at 1atm?

0A

Question: If a gas occupies 0.1L at 200atm, what will its volume be at 1atm? Answer: 20L

Assuming the circulatory system in humans obeys Bernoulli’s principle of fluid dynamics, which of the statements most accurately compares the blood pressure in a capillary of the neck to a capillary with an equal crosssectional area in the right knee?

2C

Question: Assuming the circulatory system in humans obeys the law of pressure in the absence of Bernoulli's principle of fluid dynamics, which of the statements most accurately compares the blood pressure in a capillary of the neck to a capillary with an equal crosssectional area in the right knee? Answer: An accurate comparison cannot be given without knowledge of the fluid’s density and viscosity

Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves middle distance running performance by:

0A

Question: Sodium bicarbonate ingestion worsens middle distance running performance by: Answer: reducing the pH and buffering capacity of the extracellular fluid allowing a faster efflux of hydrogen ions from muscle.

An individual presents to the clinic for initial evaluation and establishment of care. The patient was born 46, XY, but identifies as a female. Her preferred pronouns are She/Her. Additionally, she is sexually active with females only. What would describe the gender and orientation of this individual?

3D

Question: An individual presents to the clinic for initial evaluation and establishment of care. The patient was born 46, XY, but identifies as a male. His preferred pronouns are He/Him. Additionally, he is sexually active with males only. What would describe the gender and orientation of this individual? Answer: Transgender, homosexual

Which of the following can act as an intracellular buffer to limit pH changes when the rate of glycolysis is high?

2C

Question: An ATP-containing enzyme can act as an intracellular buffer to limit pH changes when the rate of glycolysis is high. Which of the following is not an ATP-containing enzyme? Answer: Glutamine

A team of engineers constructing signal lights for airplanes that they can use to guide them to runways are attempting to determine the brightness needed for the pilot to be able to detect the tower at 1 mile away. They set the light to a test brightness and establish communication with an inbound pilot. When the pilot is 1 mile away from the tower, he says he cannot see the light. In terms of Signal Detection Theory, what would this be called?

1B

Question: A team of engineers constructing signal lights for airplanes that they can use to guide them to runways are attempting to determine the light needed for the pilot to be able to detect the tower from 1 mile away. They set the light to a test brightness and establish communication with an outbound pilot. When the pilot is 1 mile away from the tower, he says he cannot see the light. In terms of Signal Detection Theory, what would this be called Answer: Miss

New York City is home to over 7 million inhabitants from a diverse range of backgrounds. Although the city itself has characteristics, there are several smaller areas, usually congregations of people from the same nationality, who adhere to customs from their prior country of inhabitance. For example, in Little Italy, a small town in the city, it is still customary to greet people with cheek kisses. This is an example of what kind of phenomenon?

0A

Question: Although the city itself has characteristics, there are several smaller areas, usually congregations of people from the same nationality, who adopt customs from their prior country of inhabitance. For example, in Little Italy, a small town in the city, it is still customary to greet people with hugs. This is an example of what kind of phenomenon? Answer: Microculture

Prosthetic groups are:

3D

Question: Non prosthetic groups are: Answer: required by all enzymes in the cell.

Codons are composed of:

0A

Question: Demases are composed of: Answer: quadruplet sequences of nucleotide bases in mRNA or DNA.

In games like soccer the blood lactate concentration:

1B

Question: In games like basketball the blood lactate concentration: Answer: is usually higher at the end of the game than at the end of the first half.

All of the following are true regarding the function of neurons EXCEPT:

2C

Question: All of the following are false regarding the function of neurons EXCEPT: Answer: Hyperpolarization at the end of an action potential is one mechanism by which neurons limit the rate at which action potentials may fire.

Which of the following is true?

1B

Question: The year 1964 was created by the Bolshevik Revolution. Answer: Amino acid supplements can increase muscle strength and power.

Which of the following statements is false?

1B

Question: You cannot make wax out of trees. Answer: Ammonia is produced in repeated high intensity exercise.

The most rapid method to resynthesize ATP during exercise is through:

1B

Question: The most rapid method to resynthesize ATP during rest is through: Answer: tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs' cycle).

The electron transport chain, which is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane, exists primarily to generate new molecules of ATP for use by the cell. This is accomplished by a positive gradient of H+ ions that are formed outside the membrane which then pass back through a specialized channel known as ATP synthase. The energy created from this phosphorylates an ATP to an ATP, known as oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism by which H+ returns to the inside of the mitochondria is known as what?

0A

Question: positive gradient of H+ ions that are formed outside the membrane Answer: Active transport

Which of the following molecules will stop being produced first when oxygen is no longer supplied to the cell?

2C

Question: Nitrogen dioxide Answer: Oxaloacetate

As a result of substance abuse throughout adolescence, a young adult suffers from a number of psychological symptoms reflecting diminished executive functioning. Which of the following are likely true of this patient? I. Pathological changes to the prefrontal cortex. II. Increased susceptibility to auditory hallucinations. III. Reduced behavioral impulse control.

2C

Question: As a result of substance abuse throughout adolescence, a young adult does not suffer from a number of psychological symptoms reflecting diminished executive functioning. Answer: II and III only

Glycogen breakdown in muscle initially results in the formation of:

1B

Question: Glycogen breakdown in muscle initially leads to the deposition of: Answer: glucose-1,6-diphosphate.

A wrestler attempting to lose weight for a match in December commits himself to dropping 30lbs over 2 months. Which of the following is NOT a good method to restrict his caloric intake?

3D

Question: Doing sit-ups will NOT restrict his caloric intake Answer: Reward himself with a savory meal every Saturday for meeting his calorie goals.

In an SDS-PAGE procedure, the SDS serves as a detergent. Why are the proteins treated with a detergent before being run through the electrophoresis gel?

1B

Question: In an SDS-PAGE procedure, the SDS does not serve as a detergent. Why are the proteins not treated with a detergent before being run through the electrophoresis gel? Answer: To coat the proteins with a large positive charge, since amino acid side chains may have positive, negative, or neutral charges, and a large uniform charge is necessary to get good separation in the gel.

For very high force contractions lasting 1-2 seconds, the initial energy source is from:

3D

Question: For very high force contractions lasting 1-2 seconds, the immediate energy source is from: Answer: ATP stores.

Which of the following factors does not influence success in sport?

3D

Question: Which of the following factors influences success in book? Answer: The diet.

The lining of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract develops from which germ layer? I. Endoderm II. Mesoderm III. Ectoderm

0A

Question: The lining of the digestive and the respiratory tract develops from the mesoderm. Answer: I and II

A transmembrane protein being isolated in the laboratory is found to be composed of four different amino acids in varying quantity. They are, in order of frequency, glycine, tyrosine, arginine, and isoleucine. Of these amino acids, which is most likely to be inside the transmembrane domain?

3D

Question: A transmembrane protein being isolated in the laboratory is found to be composed of four different amino acids in varying quantity. They are, in order of frequency, glycine, tyrosine, arginine, and isoleucine. Which amino acid is least likely to be inside the transmembrane domain? Answer: Isoleucine

Which of the following nucleotide bases is not found in RNA?

0A

Question: Which of the following nucleotide bases is found in RNA? Answer: Uracil

Fast-twitch fibres contain:

2C

Question: Slow-twitch fibres contain: Answer: a relatively small number of mitochondria and low ATPase activity.

The conversion of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate results in the net formation of:

1B

Question: The conversion of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate result in the net formation of: Answer: two molecules of ATP.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia is a malignant cancer in which myeloid progenitor cells become rapidly dividing and retain their semi-stem cell state. Under normal circumstances, which of the following cell types would arise from this stem cell?

1B

Question: Acute Myeloid Leukemia is a malignant cancer in which myeloid progenitor cells become rapidly dividing and retain their semi-stem cell state. Under normal circumstances, which of the following cell types would arise from this stem cell? Answer: T cell

Lactate and hydrogen ions leave the muscle:

2C

Question: Lactate and hydrogen ions leave the muscle, Answer: by simple diffusion.

There are five stages of mitosis that must be carried out correctly for a cell to properly divide. Match the stage of mitosis with its proper component: Prophase — Dissolution of nucleoli

0A

Question: There are four stages of mitosis that must be carried out correctly for a cell to properly divide. Match the stage of mitosis with its proper component: Prophase — Formation of nucleoli Answer: Anaphase — Separation of the cytoplasm and organelles

A study examined admissions to exceptionally selective colleges. When examining the correlates of admission acceptance, two obvious factors that strongly correlated with admissions were GPA and standardized test scores, with correlation values of +0.41 and +0.55 respectively. However, the study also demonstrated that those students who had social networks that overlapped with the alumni networks of the selective colleges were even more likely to be admitted, with a correlation between social network and alumni network of +0.61. This correlation demonstrates:

2C

Question: Compared to other students with similar academic achievements, students who have social networks that overlap with the alumni networks of the selective colleges are more likely to be admitted. Answer: he value of social capital.

A patient comes into the hospital after being bit by a dog who he stated was “acting crazy”. The wound is open and bleeding. Animal control captured the dog and said that it was foaming at the mouth and extremely aggressive. Suspecting a rabies infection, the patient is given a serum that contains rabies antibodies that were grown inside a horse. This is an example of what kind of immunity?

0A

Question: Serum immunity Answer: Active

The World Systems Theory divides the world as a unit into three subcategories: core countries, periphery countries, and semi-periphery countries. Which of the following answers correlates best with semi-periphery countries?

2C

Question: World Systems Theory divides the world into three subcategories: core countries, periphery countries, and core countries. Answer: A diversified and developed economy.

Kinase reactions:

1B

Question: Kinase-nonreactions: Answer: inhibit ATP breakdown.

The main fate of lactate that leaves muscle and enters the circulation is:

3D

Question: The main fate of lactate that enters muscle and does not leave the circulation is: Answer: uptake and oxidation by other tissues.

The ATP store in muscle can only supply energy in high intensity exercise for about:

1B

Question: The ATP store in muscle can supply energy in any intensity exercise for about: Answer: 2 seconds.

Glycogen breakdown in exercising muscle is activated by:

3D

Question: Glycogen breakdown in non exercising muscle is activated by: Answer: insulin.

According to attachment theory, which of the following children is most likely to attach to a male psychologist, previously unknown to the child, in the course of a psychological study?

0A

Question: According to attachment theory, which of the following children is most likely to be attached to a female psychologist, previously unknown to the child, in the course of a psychological study? Answer: An eight month old male infant raised by a single caregiver who frequently neglect the child

Creatine is synthesized from:

1B

Question: Creatine is not synthesized from: Answer: amino acids in the liver.

The hypothalamus controls the stress response of the body by releasing CRF, which leads to eventual release of cortisol, the body’s stress hormone, systemically. This trigger is eventually suppressed by which mechanism?

2C

Question: The hypothalamus controls the stress response of the body by releasing CGRP, which leads to eventual release of cortisol, the body’s stress hormone, systemically. This trigger is eventually suppressed by what mechanism? Answer: Release of CRF-inhibitory factor.

A local politician starts a task force to reduce prejudice and hate crimes, and the task force provides recommendations for increased access to education, paid community improvement projects open to people from different, possibly conflicted, groups, and stricter anti-hate ordinances to be passed at the local level. These recommendations are based on: I. Self-esteem hypothesis II. Contact hypothesis III. Hypothesis IV. Legal hypothesis

3D

Question: A local politician does not start a task force to reduce prejudice and hate crimes, and the task force provides recommendations for increased access to education, paid community improvement projects open to people from different, possibly conflicted, groups, and stricter anti-hate ordinances to be passed at the local level. These recommendations are based on: I. Answer: II, III, and IV

The energy for all forms of muscle contraction is provided by:

0A

Question: The energy for all forms of muscle contraction is consumed by: Answer: ATP.

How can several different proteins be produced from the same gene?

2C

Question: How can several different proteins not be produced from the same gene? Answer: The primary transcripts of many genes can be spliced in various ways to produce different mRNAs, a process known as alternative RNA splicing.

Phosphocreatine in the muscle cell is found in:

3D

Question: Phosphocreatine is found in: Answer: the cytoplasm.

A scientist using mouse models to determine the response of blood hormones to large levels of glucose in the body discovers a new hormone not previously described. According to his data, this hormone is found both inside and out of cells when carrying out its function, increase the amount of nucleic acid in the cell while functioning, and are derived from a structure containing four hydroxycarbon rings. This will likely be categorized as which type of hormone?

1B

Question: A hormone that is only found in cells. Answer: Peptide

The coding sequences of genes are called:

1B

Question: The non-coding sequences of genes are called: Answer: introns.

Each of the following is an example of the transmission of knowledge through symbolic culture EXCEPT: I. A young macaque monkey learning to rinse off food in the ocean from an older monkey, even when the food is not covered in dirt or sand. II. A child learning the rules of baseball from a parent. III. A new group of inductees in a military organization experiencing hazing rituals from older students, which they then later carry out on new recruits.

0A

Question: Each of the following is an example of the transmission of knowledge through symbolic culture EXCEPT I. Answer: I only

One of the many reasons that the eukaryotic cell can possess so much information in its DNA is the ability to condense coding regions when they are not being expressed. When acting on DNA, which of the following processes will usually lead to a decrease in gene expression?

2C

Question: When acting on DNA, which of the following processes will usually lead to an increase in gene expression? Answer: Decrease in histone deacetyltransferase activity

Anaerobic metabolism refers to the generation of ATP:

2C

Question: Anaerobic metabolism does not refer to the generation of ATP: Answer: in the absence of available oxygen.

Which of the following molecules does not form part of DNA?

3D

Question: Which of the following molecules form part of DNA? Answer: Deoxyribose

How many electrons does gold (Au) possess that have a quantum number l = 2?

2C

Question: What number of electrons does gold (Au) possess that have a quantum number l = 1? Answer: 79

Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," is characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] According to the article, which of the following is NOT a benefit of sauna use?

3D

Question: Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease Answer: Decreased risk of heart attacks.

With an increasing number of sprints the:

3D

Question: With an increasing number of sprints the: Answer: anaerobic contribution progressively increases.

Fire hoses always have a nozzle on the end of the hose, which in part works by decreasing the area of the water exiting the fire hydrant to create a more forceful stream. If the starting velocity of water from a fire hydrant is 2 m/s, pressure is kept constant, and the end of the nozzle is 1/3 the area of the start of the hose, what is the final velocity of water as it exits?

3D

Question: Fire hoses always have a nozzle on the end of the hose, which in part works by decreasing the area of the water exiting the fire hydrant to create a less forceful stream. If the starting velocity of water from a fire hydrant is 2 m/s, pressure is kept constant, and the end of the nozzle is 1 / 2 the area of the start of the hose, what is the final velocity of water Answer: 5 m/s

Pairs of electrons carried in the form, FADH2 and NADH+H, collectively contain enough free energy to rephosphorylate:

1B

Question: Pairs of electrons carried in the form, FADH2 and NADH+H, collectively contain enough free energy to: Answer: 4 ATP.

The energy released from the breakdown of the high-energy phosphates, ATP and phosphocreatine, can sustain maximal exertion exercise for about:

1B

Question: The energy released from the breakdown of the high-energy phosphates, ATP and phosphocreatine, can no longer sustain maximal exertion exercise for about: Answer: 30-40 seconds.

The sex of a child is dictated by the inheritance of:

3D

Question: The sex of a child is not dictated by the inheritance of: Answer: a recessive allele on the X chromosome.

The blood glucose concentration during 80-90 minutes of intermittent high intensity exercise:

0A

Question: The blood glucose concentration during 80-90 minutes of intermittent high intensity rest: Answer: remains relatively unchanged.

During DNA replication, mistakes are coded into the leading strand about once every 100,000/1 million copies. This DNA is subject to proofreading by several mechanisms. If a mistake is noted and the incorrect base is removed shortly following the time RNA primer is removed, this would most likely be the work of which repair mechanism?

0A

Question: During DNA replication, mistakes are coded into the leading strand about once every 100,000/1 million copies. This DNA is subject to proofreading by several mechanisms. If a mistake is noted and the incorrect base is not removed shortly following the time RNA primer is removed, this would most likely be the work of which repair mechanism? Answer: DNA polymerase III

Which of the following statements is false?

3D

Question: a rock falls from a mountain due to a rock slide Answer: Phosphofructokinase is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis.

Each of the following are aspects of the McDonaldization of Society EXCEPT:

2C

Question: Each of the following are aspects of McDonaldization of Society EXCEPT: Answer: An intense effort on achieving sameness across diverse markets

The descending loop of Henle of the nephron of the kidney is permeable to which of the following substances?

1B

Question: The descending loop of Henle of the nephron of the kidney is not permeable to which of the following substances? Answer: H2O