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A police officer carries out hundreds of traffic stops every year. When his supervisor is reviewing the officer’s records for the past year, he notices that the officer is equally likely to stop people of various genders, ages, and races. However, he is significantly more likely to write tickets for middle-aged white males with dark hair and eyes. When confronted with this fact, the officer truthfully states that he has no idea why that is, and that it must simply be a coincidence. Unbeknownst to the officer, this behavior is tied to the fact that these men look like his father, with whom he had an abusive relationship as a child. What psychological framework would directly address the unconscious bias in his behavior?

1B

Question: A police officer carries out hundreds of traffic stops every year. When his supervisor is reviewing the officer’s records for the past year, he notices that the officer is equally likely to stop people of various genders, ages, and races. However, he is significantly more likely to write tickets for middle-aged black males with dark hair and eyes. When confronted with this fact, the officer truthfully states that he has no idea why that is, Answer: Humanistic

Who set the world record for the mile race in 1886?

3D

Question: Who set the world record for the mile race in 1885? Answer: WG George

Which of the following statements identifies a chemically based sensory system? I. Gustatory system II. Auditory system III. Olfactory system

3D

Question: III. Answer: I and III only

The complete resynthesis of phosphocreatine after very high intensity exercise normally takes:

3D

Question: The complete resynthesis of phosphocreatine after very moderate intensity exercise normally takes: Answer: about 4 minutes.

A race car attempting to jump a series of 8 buses is set up on a flat track with a ramp at the end. Engineers assigned to the project have determined that, in order to jump the buses, the car must reach a velocity of 130 km/h. If the distance of the track is 50m, at what rate must the car accelerate to reach this velocity?

0A

Question: Engineers assigned to the project have determined that, in order to jump the buses, the car must reach a velocity of 130 meters/s. If the distance of the track is 50m, at what rate must the car accelerate to reach this velocity? Answer: 26 m/s^2

Fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria bound to:

3D

Question: Fatty acids are not transported into the mitochondria bound to: Answer: carnitine.

Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," is characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] Based on the article, which of the following statements is the author likely to agree with?

0A

Question: Sauna bathing is used for energy production. Answer: Heart surgery patients who cannot run on treadmills may benefit from sauna use.

Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) binds to the active site of acetylcholinesterase (ACE) in the synapses of neurons. When DFP binds to ACE, the ACE enzyme is rendered permanently inactive. This makes DFP a potent toxin, with lethal amounts at less than 100 mg. The interaction between DFP and ACE can best be characterized as:

2C

Question: Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) binds to the active site of acetylcholinesterase (ACE) in the synapses of neurons but does not render ACE enzyme permanently inactive. This makes DFP a potent toxin, with lethal amounts at less than 100 mg. The interaction between DFP and ACE can best be characterized as: Answer: Partially competitive inhibition

The process of translation requires the presence of:

0A

Question: The process of translation requires the presence of but not Answer: DNA, mRNA and RNA polymerase.

Performance enhancing synthetic steroids are based on the structure of the hormone:

0A

Question: Steroids that enhance performance are based on the structure of the molecule: Answer: testosterone.

Perchloric acid (HClO4) is considered one of the stronger acids in existence. Which of the following statements corresponds most accurately with strong acids?

2C

Question: Perchloric acid (HClO4) is considered one of the weaker acids in existence. Answer: Ka is less than 1

A descript amount of 2-bromobutane is placed into a strong solution of ethanol and allowed to complete a reaction. The result of this reaction produces a major product of 2-butene and a minor product of 1-butene. Which of the following descriptions of the starting compound explains why 2-butene is the major product?

0A

Question: 2-bromobutane is placed into a strong solution of water and allowed to complete a reaction. The result of this reaction produces a major product of 2-butene and a minor product of 1-butene. Which of the following descriptions of the starting compound explains why 1-butene is the minor product? Answer: 1-butene rearranges to 2-butene in solution

A hedonic teenager of wayward morals, in one night, sequentially i) has consensual sexual intercourse with his sister, ii) leaves no tip at the bar, iii) has non-censual sexual relations with an unknown woman, and iv) vomits on the steps to the door of a local church. The teenager has violated society’s norms sequentially (to the greatest degree) on the order of:

3D

Question: A hedonic teenager of abysmal morals, in one night, sequentially i) has consensual sexual intercourse with his sister, ii) leaves no tip at the bar, iii) has non-censual sexual relations with an unknown woman, and iv) vomits on the steps to the door of a local church. The teenager has respected society’s norms sequentially on the order Answer: mores, mores, the law, mores

The maximum sustainable power:

1B

Question: The maximum unsustainable power: Answer: is inversely related to muscle glycogen content.

A patient comes into the ER looking extremely agitated. They are acting aggressive, and claiming they need medication or “bad things will happen”. What is the likely state of this patient’s dopamine system?

1B

Question: A patient comes into the ER looking extremely relaxed. They are acting calm, and claiming they need medication or “good things will happen”. What is the likely state of this patient’s dopamine system? Answer: There is seizure-like activity in the dopamine brain areas.

A scientist carrying out experiments on hearing aids fits 30 mice that were genetically modified to lose their hearing with the latest technology and were tested to press a lever when they heard a bell. This was set to varying levels of power. At 80% power, 20 mice pressed the lever. At 70% power, 15 mice pressed the lever. At 60% power, 10 mice pressed the lever. Which of the following power levels corresponds to the absolute threshold for hearing the decibels produced by the bell?

1B

Question: A scientist carrying out experiments on hearing aids fits 30 mice that were genetically modified to retain their hearing with the latest technology and were tested to press a lever when they heard a bell. This was set to varying levels of power. At 80% power, 20 mice pressed the lever. At 70% power, 15 mice pressed the lever. At 60% power, 10 mice pressed the lever. Which of the following power levels corresponds to the absolute threshold for hearing the Answer: 80%

The transcription of DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA occurs:

2C

Question: The reverse transcription of DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA occurs: Answer: in the nucleus.

A new enzyme is found in a transgenic mice that participates in synthesis of an unknown product using two reactants. When using radiolabeled compounds to study the enzyme, it is found that the enzyme catalyzes a process that switches a nitrogen group on one reactant to the other reactant. Which of the following categories would this new enzyme fall under?

1B

Question: A new enzyme is found in a transgenic mouse that catalyzes a process that switches a nitrogen group on one reactant to the other reactant. When using radiolabeled compounds to study the enzyme, it is found that the enzyme catalyzes a process that switches a carbon group on one reactant to the other reactant. Which of the following categories would this new enzyme fall under? Answer: Lyase

For a very weak base, the pKb of a solution would likely be:

1B

Question: For a very strong base, the pKb of a solution would likely be: Answer: Lower than the pOH

The genome is:

1B

Question: The genome is: Answer: the entire DNA sequence of an organism.

Which of the following are steroid-based molecules? I. Testosterone II. Triglycerides III. Progesterone IV. DNA

2C

Question: Which of the following are not steroid-based molecules? Answer: I, III, and IV

Most of the free fatty acids are transported in the blood:

3D

Question: Most of the free fatty acids are not transported in the blood: Answer: as lipoproteins.

Which of the following factors can affect enzyme activity?

3D

Question: All of the following factors can affect enzyme activity. Answer: The presence of certain metal ions.

Living cells require constant interaction with the outside environment in order to attain the materials they need for survival, as well as to rid themselves of waste. Of the following processes, which uses only the gradient of material to control the direction in which the material moves across the cell membrane?

0A

Question: Living cells do not require constant interaction with the outside environment. Of the following processes, which uses only the gradient of material to control the direction in which the material moves across the cell membrane? Answer: Osmosis

Embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion are:

1B

Question: Embedded in the inner membrane of the kinetoplast is: Answer: the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs' cycle).

A segment of DNA from a lab mouse is determined to be 5’ – GGATCCTCATG – 3’. Which of the following DNA segments would be the result of this original DNA sequence experiencing both a point mutation and a deletion?

2C

Question: A segment of DNA from a lab mouse is determined to be 5’ – GGGATCTCAG – 3’. Which of the following DNA segments would be the result of this original DNA sequence experiencing only a point mutation? Answer: 5’ – GCATCCTCATG – 3’

While working on a scene for an action movie, a sound technician is given the task of changing the frequency of a gunshot to more accurately reflect the normal speed of sound. The gunshot came from an actor inside a car traveling 108 km/h, and it was recorded by a camera on a platform 200 meters away traveling at 72 km/h in the same direction. If the frequency of the gunshot is normally 800Hz, what is the perceived frequency which the camera picks up the gunshot at?

2C

Question: While working on a scene for an action movie, a sound technician is given the task of changing the frequency of a gunshot to more accurately reflect the speed of sound. The gunshot came from an actor inside a car traveling 108 km/h, and it was recorded by a camera on a platform 200 meters away traveling at 72 km/h in the same direction. If the frequency of the gunshot is normally 800Hz, what is the perceived frequency which Answer: 787 Hz

An object rests on a plane, with an angle of incline, ?, an acceleration due to gravity, g, and a coefficient of friction µ between the object and the plane. Which of the following gives the acceleration of the object?

3D

Question: The plane rests on a plane, with an angle of incline,, an acceleration due to gravity, g, and a coefficient of friction between the object and the plane. Which of the following gives the acceleration of the object? Answer: a = g (sin ? – cos ?)

David is a nationally ranked cellist who recently accepted a scholarship to a major college to perform in the orchestra. Over the summer, he has been given a packet of sheet music to be proficient in by fall semester. David is a perfectionist when it comes to his craft. He always compares himself to better players, and is very hard on himself when he cannot master a section of one of his pieces. Which of the following answers best describes David?

0A

Question: David is a nationally ranked cellist who recently declined a scholarship to a major college to perform in the orchestra. Over the summer, he has been given a packet of sheet music to be proficient in by fall semester. David is a perfectionist when it comes to his craft. He always compares himself to better players, and is very hard on himself when he cannot master a section of one of his pieces. Answer: High self-esteem, strong self-efficacy, internal locus of control

A common heart defect in humans is a ventricular septal defect, in which there is a hole in the septum between the right and left ventricles. If a patient were to have this defect, which of the following statements is correct?

3D

Question: If a patient were to have a ventricular septal defect, they would not have a hole in the septum between the right and left ventricles. Answer: The percentage of CO2 in the right ventricle would be higher.

When preparing for the MCAT exam, a student begins studying electrochemical cells. He learns the basic information needed by actively relating it to previous information he has learned about redox reactions. He then builds from that knowledge to learn the advanced concepts needed. The student’s process is best characterized as:

3D

Question: When preparing for the MCAT exam, a student begins studying genetics. She learns the basic information needed by actively relating it to previous information she has learned about redox reactions. She then builds from that knowledge to learn the advanced concepts needed. The student’s process is best characterized as: Answer: Elaborative rehearsal

Two scientists at a conference on evolution take to the stage on day 3 to argue their theories against one other. Each is a devout student of their own philosophy. The first scientist contends that organisms evolved via the increase of organs that were used the most during their time. They would then pass these on to subsequent generations. The second scientist, however, believed that advantages each organism possessed were absent for a long time, randomly occurred, and when they were beneficial, that organism would rapidly populate the population over a short period of time, evolutionarily speaking. Which of the following statements would strengthen the second scientist’s argument?

1B

Question: The first scientist’s theory won out by a few votes. Answer: A study that shows that bodybuilders who train more have larger children.

A source emits a sound from one medium with a certain velocity, intensity, frequency and wavelength. When the sound exits the first medium and enters a denser medium, all of the following changes EXCEPT:

2C

Question: A source emits a sound from one medium with a certain frequency and wavelength. When the sound exits the first medium and enters a less dense medium, all of the following changes EXCEPT: Answer: frequency

The energy charge of the cell is:

3D

Question: The energy charge of the cell is: Answer: the overall rate of energy use by the cell.

The body compensates for increased environmental temperature by:

3D

Question: The body does not compensate for increased environmental temperature. Answer: increasing water lost through skin

Which of the following releases most energy when completely oxidised in the body?

1B

Question: Which of the following releases least energy when completely oxidised in the body? Answer: One gram of alcohol

An individual is born with a mutation causing her to partially retain a form of fetal hemoglobin into adulthood. Compared to a normal individual, this person would exhibit:

3D

Question: An individual is born without a mutation causing her to partially retain a form of fetal hemoglobin into adulthood. Compared to a normal individual, this person would exhibit: Answer: no differences from a normal adult.

Women's world record performances have improved rapidly in recent years mainly because:

3D

Question: Women's world record performances haven't improved rapidly in recent years mainly because: Answer: women have evolved a greater muscle mass.

During muscular contraction, interactions between myosin and actin allow for shortening of each sarcomere. In addition to the power stroke, what other process of muscle contraction requires ATP?

3D

Question: During muscular relaxation, interactions between myosin and actin allow for lengthening of each sarcomere. In addition to the relaxation stroke, what other process of muscle contraction requires ATP? Answer: Myosin-actin interaction

The activity of creatine kinase is:

0A

Question: The activity of creatine phosphate is: Answer: increased after a period of endurance training.

A teacher sets up a reward system for her elementary school students. At the end of each day, she gives a sticker to each student who showed up on time that morning. At the end of each week, she gives a sticker to any student who got above a 90% on three quizzes in a row. After months of this regimen, she finds that performance on the quizzes has increased significantly but that tardiness has only decreased slightly. Which of the following best explains the teacher’s observation?

2C

Question: After months of this regimen, the teacher finds that performance on the quizzes has decreased significantly. Answer: The students had more intrinsic motivation to do well on quizzes than to show up on time.

The net production of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis is:

0A

Question: The net production of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation in the liver is: Answer: 3 from glucose and 2 from glycogen.

Pregnancy tests are extremely sensitive and function by detecting levels of B-hCG, or human chorionic gonadotropin, in urine. This hormone is secreted by what tissue, and what is its function?

3D

Question: Pregnancy tests are not sensitive, and function by detecting levels of hCG, or human chorionic gonadotropin, in urine. This hormone is secreted by ovulation, and is its function? Answer: Blastocyst, corpus luteum maintenance

The son of a bricklayer goes to college and i) becomes a teacher at a medical school, ii) gets promoted to tenured professor, and iii) moves across the country for a new tenured professor position at a different school. Sequentially, this man has experienced:

2C

Question: The son of a bricklayer goes to college and i) gets a job at a farm, ii) moves back to his hometown, and iii) works as a firefighter. Sequentially, this man has experienced: Answer: intragenerational mobility with respect to the son, horizontal mobility, upward mobility

DNA polymerase creates new DNA by adding complimentary nucleotides to a template strand from the original double-stranded DNA. If a section of the template strand had a ration of 3:2 of A:T bases, what is the ration of A:T in the newly synthesized complimentary strand of DNA?

2C

Question: DNA polymerase creates new DNA by adding complementary nucleotides to a template strand from the original double-stranded DNA. If a section of the template strand had a ration of 3:2 of A:T bases, what is the ration of A:T in the newly synthesized complimentary strand of DNA? Answer: 1:01

How many CO2 and ATP molecules are formed during one complete turn of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs' cycle)?

3D

Question: How many ATP molecules are formed during one complete turn of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs' cycle)? Answer: 2CO2 and 1ATP

A young child is brought to a psychologist for evaluation of their home situation. The child is placed in the middle of the floor, with the mother on one side and the psychologist on the other. The mother then leaves for a short while, and then returns. Which of the following would be a concerning sign during this evaluation?

2C

Question: A young child is brought to a psychologist for evaluation of their home situation, but the mother always stays. Answer: Decreased exploration when the mother is out of the room.

In a fit of passion, the spectator of a political debate exclaims that “welfare recipients are all lazy.” The spectator’s thought process is an example of:

0A

Question: In a fit of passion, the spectator of a political debate exclaims that “it’s bad to receive aid.” The spectator’s thought process is an example of: Answer: conflict theory

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) is a serious complication seen in infants born prematurely who have a compromised ability to facilitate oxygen diffusion across their alveolar membranes. This is caused by inadequate surfactant production. What role does surfactant play in facilitating oxygen diffusion?

1B

Question: Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) is a serious complication seen in infants born prematurely who do not have a compromised ability to facilitate oxygen diffusion across their alveolar membranes. This is caused by adequate surfactant production. What role does surfactant play in facilitating oxygen diffusion? Answer: Maintains alveoli in an open state

Using this formula, if a reaction was provided with 84g of ethane and unlimited oxygen, how many grams of carbon dioxide would result (Carbon atomic weight: 12amu, Hydrogen atomic weight: 1amu, Oxygen atomic weight: 16amu)?  The unbalanced reaction of ethane gas to carbon dioxide and water is as follows: C2H4 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O

2C

Question: Using this formula, if a reaction was provided with 84g of methane and unlimited oxygen, how many grams of water would result (Carbon atomic weight: 12amu, Hydrogen atomic weight: 1amu, Oxygen atomic weight: 16amu)? The unbalanced reaction of methane gas to carbon dioxide and water is as follows: C2H4 + O2 —> CO2 + H2 Answer: 264g

Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," is characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] Based on the article, what would be an important thing for a person to do after sauna use?

3D

Question: The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing. Answer: Replenish fluids with filtered water.

Which of the following is not an amino acid?

3D

Question: Which of the following is an amino acid? Answer: Glutamic acid

Approximately how many kJ of energy are expended if an athlete's steady-rate oxygen uptake averages 3.0 l/min for 5 minutes of exercise?

2C

Question: Approximately how many kJ of energy are retained if an athlete's steady-rate oxygen uptake averages 3.0 l/min for 5 minutes of exercise? Answer: 300 kJ

The low intake of carbohydrate in the diet:

2C

Question: The high intake of carbohydrate in the diet: Answer: may impair high intensity exercise performance.

Which of the following processes is not used to modify protein structure after translation has occurred?

1B

Question: Translation is not used to modify protein structure after translation has occurred. Answer: Glycosylation.

Which of the following promotes glucose and amino acid uptake by muscle?

1B

Question: The following promotes glucose and amino acid uptake by fat Answer: Insulin

When branched chain amino acids are deaminated in muscle, the ammonia produced is mostly:

1B

Question: When branched chain amino acids aren't deaminated in muscle, the ammonia produced is mostly: Answer: converted into urea and released from the muscle.

A certain molecule acts by binding to cytochrome oxidase A3, the final enzyme in the electron transport chain. Administration of a large dose of this substance to a human would likely:

0A

Question: A certain molecule does not act by binding to cytochrome oxidase A3, the final enzyme in the electron transport chain. Administration of a large dose of this substance to a human would likely: Answer: Lead to death due to an inability of the cell to pass electrons to oxygen, thus stopping aerobic respiration and asphyxiating the cells.

In response to period of extreme psychological trauma, a patient begins experiencing a feeling of detachment. He says, “I felt like it wasn’t real while it was happening. I was just watching myself do it without any control. I mean, you know, I knew it was happening but I didn’t feel like it was.” The patient is describing:

2C

Question: After experiencing extreme psychological trauma, a patient doesn’t feel anything. Answer: Depersonalization disorder

Endurance training increases the muscle's capacity to:

2C

Question: Endurance training decreases the muscle's capacity to: Answer: contract faster.

Metabolism is determined by the:

2C

Question: Metabolism is determined by: Answer: proteins formed as dictated by the genetic material.

In order to determine the doppler shift in perceived sound frequency, the following variables must be known: I. speed of sound in medium II. Time of interaction between sound source and detector III. distance between source and detector IV. frequency of emitted sound

3D

Question: In order to determine the delta shift in perceived sound frequency, the following variables must be known: I. speed of sound in medium II. Time of interaction between sound source and detector III. distance between source and detector IV. frequency of emitted sound Answer: I and IV

The key attribute in successful marathon running is:

3D

Question: The key attribute in unsuccessful marathon running is: Answer: strength.

Which of the following phases are common to cells undergoing meiosis and mitosis? I. G0 II. phase G2 III. phase S phase

2C

Question: Which of the following phases are not common to cells undergoing meiosis and mitosis? Answer: I only

If the mean rate of oxygen consumption of a male athlete during a training session is 2 l/min, then his rate of energy expenditure is approximately:

3D

Question: If the mean rate of oxygen consumption of a male athlete during a training session is 1 l/min, then his rate of energy expenditure is approximately: Answer: 40 kJ/min.

In a double stranded molecule of DNA, the ratio of purines : pyrimidines is:

3D

Question: In a single stranded molecule of DNA, the ratio of purines : pyrimidines is: Answer: always 1:1.

Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," is characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] The review article sources a lot of data from Finland population studies, where the incidence of sauna use is substantially higher than most countries. Using the data, which of the following is something that is more plausible in Finland than elsewhere?

1B

Question: Men who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders Answer: More gold medals in adolescent skiing.

Karen is a college student working on developing a stronger sense of self-esteem and self-efficacy with her therapist. She has noticed a great change in her ability to handle situations after 3 months of therapy. Which of the following would NOT be a strategy that her therapist would ask her to employ to raise her sense of self-efficacy?

3D

Question: Karen is a college student working on developing a weaker sense of self-esteem and self-efficacy with her therapist. She has noticed a great change in her ability to handle situations after 3 months of therapy. Which of the following would NOT be a strategy that her therapist would ask her to employ to raise her sense of self-esteem? Answer: Avoid potential pitfalls by withholding from tasks she is not proficient in.

Phophocreatine resynthesis during recovery from exercise is inhibited by:

3D

Question: Phophocreatine resynthesis during recovery from exercise is stimulated by: Answer: a lack of oxygen.

A thin layer chromatography is performed on both the reactants and products of a reaction. It is found that the products have an Rf value that is significantly higher than the reactants. Which of the following could adequately describe this reaction:

3D

Question: A thin layer chromatography is performed on both the reactants and products of a reaction. It is found that the products have an Rf value that is significantly lower than the reactants. Answer: SN2 reaction converting an alkyl bromide to an alkyl chloride

The synthesis of glucose from lactate, glycerol, or amino acids is called:

3D

Question: The synthesis of glucose from nothing is called: Answer: gluconeogenesis.

After what period of time does maximal dynamic exercise become predominantly aerobic?

2C

Question: After what period of time does maximal aerobic exercise become predominantly anaerobic? Answer: 30 seconds

Which of the following best accounts for the negative slope of the liquid-solid equilibrium line in the phase diagram for water?

2C

Question: The hot region of the liquid-solid equilibrium line on the diagram for water best accounts for the positive slope of the liquid-solid equilibrium line. Answer: H2O(s) has a greater density than H2O(l), which results from the hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules.

Mg(OH)2 is slowly dissolved in 500 mL of 25 oC water until the solution becomes fully saturated. Which of the following occurs when 10.0 mL of 0.1 M HCl is added?

3D

Question: The water hardness decreases Answer: [H2O] increases

Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) is an extremely rare disorder that affects neuromuscular systems. MERRF results from a mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that impairs protein synthesis, oxygen consumption, and energy production. When an affected male and a normal female reproduce, which of the following best predicts the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring?

0A

Question: When an affected male and a normal female reproduce, which of the following best predicts the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring? Answer: One-fourth of the offspring will be affected

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are:

2C

Question: Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are not: Answer: steroid drugs that act on androgen receptors mimicking the effects of natural steroid hormones.

An action potential arriving at the motor endplate causes release of:

0A

Question: An action potential arriving at the motor endplate causes release of: Answer: acetylcholine which traverses the neuromuscular junction.

All of the following are example of sensory, or neural, adaptation EXCEPT:

2C

Question: All of the following are example of sensory, or neural, adaptation except Answer: After putting on a shirt, you eventually no longer feel the sensation of the fabric on your back.

A scientist, using electrodes, is stimulating a group of neurons in the hypothalamus and recording their membrane potential changes. She observes a sharp rise in membrane potential when she first stimulates them, the the difference of 100mV. When she tries another stimulation immediately after the first, there is no response. However, when she increase the amount of voltage she supplies to the second shock, she observes a similar response to the first. What time period of stimulation would the second shock be characterized in regards to membrane potential?

2C

Question: A scientist, using electrodes, is stimulating a group of neurons in the hypothalamus and recording their membrane potential changes. She observes a sharp fall in membrane potential when she first stimulates them, the the difference of 100mV. Answer: Depolarization

The β-oxidation of a molecule of palmitic acid, CH3(CH2)14CO2H:

0A

Question: The -oxidation of a molecule of fatty acid, CH3(CH2)14CO2H: Answer: yields 8 molecules of acetyl-CoA and some ATP and water.

What is the most likely outcome of this modification?  An RNA strand that normally produces a transmembrane protein that facilitates potassium entry into muscle cells is modified to produce a different strand. The original strand is as follows: GAAUAGAUGGGAAGCGCCAGAUACAGUAACAGA… The modified sequence is as follows: GAAUAGAUGGGAAGCGCCAGAUACAGUACCAGA…

3D

Question: What is the least likely outcome of this modification? An RNA strand that normally produces a transmembrane protein that facilitates potassium entry into muscle cells is modified to produce a different strand. The original strand is as follows: GAAUAGAGGAAGCGCCAGAACACGUAACAGA... The modified sequence is as follows: GAAUAGAGGAAGCGCCAGAACACGUACCAGA... Answer: No change

Glycolysis is the name given to the pathway involving the conversion of:

2C

Question: Glycolysis is the name given to the pathway involving the production of: Answer: glycogen or glucose to pyruvate or acetyl CoA.

A psychologist conducts an experiment in which subjects are asked to learn a series of “facts” which are actually statements that have been fabricated by the research team. The subjects consist of undergraduate students at the university where the experiment is being conducted. The subjects are randomly assigned to groups that are compensated either $10 or $20 for their participation, are given either 15 minutes or 30 minutes to learn the facts, and are asked to recall the facts either in the same room in which they learned the facts or in a very different, unfamiliar setting. Which of the following are dependent variables in this experiment? I. The amount the subjects were compensated. II. The room in which the subjects were asked to recall facts. III. The number of facts the subjects can recall. IV. The time the subjects were given to learn the facts.

1B

Question: III. Answer: I and III and IV only

Which of the following is thought to be implicated in the development of peripheral muscle fatigue during multiple sprint activities?

0A

Question: Which of the following is thought to be implicated in the development of peripheral muscle fatigue during sustained activities? Answer: An accumulation of inorganic phosphate.

A muscle fibre relaxes when:

0A

Question: A muscle fibres are shortened when: Answer: the nerve stimulus is removed.

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:

1B

Question: The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cannot: Answer: catalyses the conversion of lactate to pyruvate.

Hydrogen ions are formed when:

3D

Question: Hydrogen ions are broken down when: Answer: pyruvate is converted to lactate.

Our genetic material is made up of:

0A

Question: Our genetic material is made of nothing. Answer: ribonucleic acid.

A dentist that is performing procedures in his clinic is brought out to the front desk one day to handle a dispute between one of his patients and the clerk. The patient is a middle-aged businessman who is irate and creating a scene because he was told he would have to see the dental hygienist instead of the dentist. The patient loudly rants that he makes too much money to be subjected to treatment by a half-trained associate. The clerk explains to the dentist that the patient was 40 minutes late to his appointment, and the only opening now was with the hygienist. The patient snaps back that his time is worth more than any of the people in the office. What personality disorder is this patient likely exhibiting?

2C

Question: The patient is a middle-aged businessman who is angry and calm. Answer: Narcissistic

Vygotsky’s sociocultural development theory attempts to describe the interaction between the mental function children are born with and how they develop those into what they possess as adults. One of the important components of this is the zone of proximal development. Which of the following statements accurately describes an individual in the zone of proximal development?

3D

Question: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory describes how all mental functions of children are innate, but how they develop and differ from child to child. Answer: A baseball player hits baseballs from a tee in order to build muscle memory.

A young man working with a therapist on becoming more productive is expressing many of his desires throughout growing up and how he feels that it has affected him. Through discernment, the therapist states that he believes the young man’s development is stuck in a stage that reflects itself by his inability to keep his house clean. According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, what stage would this young man be fixated in?

1B

Question: A young man working with a therapist on becoming more productive is expressing many of his desires throughout growing up and how he feels that it has not affected him. Through discernment, the therapist states that he believes the young man’s development is stuck in a stage that reflects itself by his ability to keep his house clean. According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, what stage would this young man be set free from? Answer: Latent

What type of covalent bonds link the amino acids in a protein?

0A

Question: Arginine to amino acid covalent bonds link the amino acids in a protein? Answer: Peptide bonds

Walking down a street late at night, an adult male pedestrian notices a young female on the ground, not moving. The female is on the opposite side of the street. Crossing the street, the pedestrian notices that the young woman appears both much wealthier than he is and is of a different ethnicity. Seeing no one else present, the pedestrian renders aid. According to the bystander effect, which of the following would change how the pedestrian reacts?

3D

Question: The pedestrian does not see anyone else around to render aid. Answer: The presence of one other person who is already approaching the girl

Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," is characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] Which of the following is a likely paragraph that follows this excerpt in the article?

0A

Question: In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 50 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. Answer: A paragraph on a protein that facilitates intracellular function in response to heat.

Muscle lactate production increases when:

3D

Question: Muscle lactate production decreases when: Answer: the pH of the muscle falls.

Triacylglycerides consist of I. A ribose backbone II. a glycerol backbone III. three phosphodiester linkages IV. three ester linkages

3D

Question: I. Answer: II and IV

Noncompetitive inhibition differs from uncompetitive inhibition in that a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme and prevents it from catalyzing a reaction, whereas uncompetitive inhibitors bind to the enzymesubstrate complex and prevent catalysis. Increasing the substrate concentration would have which of the following effects?

2C

Question: A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme and prevents it from catalyzing a reaction, uncompetitive inhibitors bind to the enzymesubstrate complex and prevent catalysis. Increasing the substrate concentration would have which of the following effects? Answer: Increasing impact of uncompetitive inhibitor

Tyler is a high school student who is planning on becoming an engineer. In his calculus II class sophomore year, he receives an F on his first test. Which of the following responses to this event would indicate that Tyler has a higher likelihood of improving in subsequent exams?

0A

Question: Tyler is not planning on becoming an engineer. Answer: He decides that the first test is always harder than the others.

In nerve cells, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), most notably MAP2 and MAP tau, act to stabilize microtubules. In a mouse model, a mutant is developed that vastly reduced function across all families of MAPs, leading to increased microtubule degradation. Which cellular activity would likely be most affected?

3D

Question: In nerve cells, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that stabilize microtubules. In a mouse model, a mutant is developed that vastly reduced function across all families of MAPs, leading to increased microtubule formation. Which cellular activity would likely be most affected? Answer: Meiosis

The trigger to initiate the contractile process in skeletal muscle is:

3D

Question: The inhibitor of the contractile process in skeletal muscle is: Answer: ATP binding to the myosin cross bridges.