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254046_0

The Takeover of American Industry

LEAD: Last summer, just after the Bridgestone Corporation of Japan bought the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, it said it would invest $1.5 billion in its new American property, raising spending for everything from research to plant modernization. To executives in Firestone's Chicago headquarters, who had watched the company steadily decline and shrink in the past decade, the purchase signaled a much-needed renaissance. Last summer, just after the Bridgestone Corporation of Japan bought the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, it said it would invest $1.5 billion in its new American property, raising spending for everything from research to plant modernization. To executives in Firestone's Chicago headquarters, who had watched the company steadily decline and shrink in the past decade, the purchase signaled a much-needed renaissance. ''Does this combination give us a new lease on life?'' said John J. Nevin, Firestone's chairman. ''You bet it does.'' Although foreign buyers of American companies have generated worries and xenophobia as their number skyrocketed - direct foreign investment in American companies climbed to $304.2 billion last year, from just $90 billion in 1980 - they are surprising some of the worrywarts. In most instances, they are not slashing operations, making off with American research and development to bolster factories at home, and cutting high-paying jobs here, as critics warned. Instead, foreign companies all across America's industrial landscape are using their deep pockets to transform once-sluggish operations into newly formidable players in their industries, helping to take the tarnish off many grand old names in American business: Firestone, National Steel, Inmont and General Tire. But new fears are beginning to replace the old ones. The new owners are creating serious competitive threats to the American companies that have hung on for years in the face of aggressive foreign competition - companies that now find rich, innovative foreigners competing with them on their own turf. Although there is sharp disagreement on how grave this new threat of foreign ownership is, there is no question that it is reshaping the competitive dynamics of a number of basic industries -chemicals, tires, steel and building materials, in particular. (See article, Page 9.) In tires, for example, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company is threatened by the new, more powerful Firestone. The automotive coatings business, once the domain of American companies, is under increasing pressure from the German-owned Inmont, and Pittsburgh-based PPG Industries is facing stiff competition from it. In

254209_3

U.S. Secretly Helped France Develop Nuclear Weapons, an Expert Writes

of French military independence from the United States and the public illusion that the French nuclear striking force was entirely home grown, Mr. Ullman said. A Step-Saving Road To Nuclear Weapons The guidance probably saved France great expenditures and effort by steering it away from research paths that the more mature United States nuclear weapons program had already found flawed. Mr. Ullman said it also probably permitted the French to develop independently targetable multiple warheads - the basis of modern nuclear striking power - much sooner than would have been the case othewise. In turn, the article said, French Presidents and generals had agreed to coordinate target plans for their nuclear warheads much more closely with United States plans. But the French did not forego a city-killing target plan that it would use against the Soviet Union in case the United States refuses to use nuclear weapons to forestall an invasion of France. According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, the French now have 96 multiple warhead nuclear missiles on six submarines, and 18 ballistic missiles capable of reaching the Soviet Union in ground silos. They also have 18 long-range Mirage bombers and 38 navy planes that could carry nuclear weapons to some targets. The army has 32 shorter-range surface-to-surface missiles. The French nuclear forces, like those of Britain, were not covered by the 1987 American-Soviet medium-range missile treaty. Keeping a Secret: 'A 1,000-Piece Puzzle' The French-American cooperation agreement has been of less significance in recent years as the French weapons research program has developed and become less dependent on outside assistance, Mr. Ullman said. Any taint of illegality may have been erased in 1985 when the United States and France negotiated a new executive agreement that permits sharing of restricted nuclear data. Pentagon officials told Mr. Ullman that the agreement was submitted to Congress, but Mr. Ullman said it was not clear that key figures on Capitol Hill had been aware of it or grasped its significance. Mr. Ullman said his article was based on over 100 interviews in two years here and in France with former and present offcials, including many in ''the most sensitive positions.'' All declined to permit the use of their names. An assistant to Mr. Kissinger said he was unable to comment on the article. Some high former officials were unavailable or declined to comment, but several seemed at least slightly

253967_2

As The Arts Contribute More to the Economy, They Must Be Protected

and highly skilled people necessary to a growing services sector and technology-based industries are attracted and retained by distinctive amenities like the arts. These services and a state's human capital are, in turn, key to the state's capacity to invent or evolve new export bases. In other words, the short-term benefits of the arts in expenditures, taxes and jobs are balanced by their long-term benefits. They enhance Connecticut as a place to live and work for the human-resource base that is essential to increasing our comparative economic advantage. It is a nice combination and one that confirms the arts as a valuable asset to the state. Against this backdrop, it is useful to look at the recent study of Connecticut's art industry with an eye to determining the relative health of this asset. The first thing to notice is the fiscal effect of the extraordinary rise in admissions, which was 50 percent more than the population growth in that decade. Box-office earnings grew substantially as a result. The portion of total operating income derived from such earnings rose 6 percent. The second point, though, is that admissions accounted for only 48 percent of total industry income. More than 50 percent of the operating income for the nonprofit arts had to be raised from contributions. Contributions that finance the nonprofit arts industry is from two sources: government and private. Private sources that included foundations, businesses, individuals and transfers from operating endowments provided 37 percent in 1987. Consistent with growing admissions, individuals provided the largest segment, amounting to 45 percent of the entire private portion. During the same period, the government portion of total operating income plunged to 15 percent, from 28 percent, although the actual dollar amount increased. The combination of box-office earnings and private contributions have risen to the point where they finance 85 percent of the operating costs of Connecticut's nonprofit arts activity. At a casual glance this appears to be a healthy development, and it has been. But a closer examination reveals some danger signs for the future. On one hand, contributions from business and foundations have clearly topped out for the foreseeable future. On the other, the remarkable rise in admissions - along with resulting growth in earnings and individual gifts - is highly unlikely to be sustained. It has already attained the level of 2.61 admissions for every person in the state. Given both the short-

254042_4

Foreign Owners Are Shaking Up the Competition

the industry is girding for a battle of the titans following other acquisitions - General Tire was bought four years ago by the West German Continental A.G. and Armstrong Tire was bought last year by Italy's Pirelli S.p.A. Worldwide, the industry has evolved into a handful of powerful players - Goodyear, Michelin, Bridgestone, Continental and Pirelli - and analyts say smaller companies will be able to survive by focusing on special market niches. At the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, struggling to remain the largest of the Goliaths, executives publicly insist that their investment in plants and equipment will enable them to retain their dominant position. Yet some company executives privately acknowledge that their dominance is more threatened now than ever. With Bridgestone making no secret of its aspirations to become the world leader by the early 1990's, Goodyear executives worry that their resources might not prove sufficient. Indeed, following its acquisition of Firestone, Bridgestone posted sales of $9.454 billion in 1988, while Goodyear had sales of $10.81 billion. ''We have to follow our strategy of spending on research and development and new products,'' said one executive at Goodyear, who requested anonymity. ''It would be hypocritical for us to complain about foreign investment here when we have been investing overseas for decades.'' Analysts say Goodyear's size will enable it to remain a formidable competitor. But they say it is under pressure because rivals are attacking it at home and it has had trouble establishing much of a presence in Asia. They also wonder how the Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company, the nation's second-largest producer, will fare because it has not teamed with any big global player. Automobiles At the beginning of the 1980's, there were no Japanese automobiles built in the United States. But import restrictions and the dollar's decline against the yen forced Japanese companies to shift strategy. Although they did not buy their American rivals, they set up a number of joint operating agreements - including Mazda with Ford and Toyota with General Motors - and opened assembly plants here. There are now eight major Japanese assembly plants and more than 200 foreign - mostly Japanese - suppliers of auto parts in the United States and Canada. Douglas P. Woodward, co-author of ''The New Competitors,'' estimates that by 1990, Japanese auto producers will account for about 10 percent of vehicle production here. Analysts predict that demand for automobiles and light

254029_0

Thai Policy Promotes Piracy Against Refugees

LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Your May 7 report of a savage pirate attack against Vietnamese refugees off the Malaysian coast shows clearly the seriousness of the refugee crisis in Southeast Asia and the awful consequences of the Southeast Asian first-asylum countries' restrictive policy toward asylum seekers, especially Vietnamese boat people. The increasing piracy is attributable to the Thai Government's strict exclusionary policy. Though Thailand's antipiracy program is supposedly still in effect, the Thai Navy's pushbacks of refugee boats have sent a contradictory message to the pirates that such asylum seekers are fair game. More serious, Thai officials have justified such actions by hinting that making the boat people's journey safer might hurt Thailand's interests by encouraging more to come. This attitude is obviously unacceptable. Though one can understand the apprehension that such Southeast Asian countries feel regarding the growing number of asylum seekers on their soil, one cannot but condemn ''deterrence policies'' that lead to more pirate attacks, drownings and deaths. The first-asylum countries should take a more humanitarian stance toward asylum seekers by stopping their pushbacks of refugee boats and strengthening their antipiracy efforts. RAPHAEL CUNG Alexandria, Va., May 18, 1989

253936_0

THE HISTORIAN KEPT HIS COOL

LEAD: ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE A Life. By William H. McNeill. Illustrated. 346 pp. New York: Oxford University Press. $24.95. ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE A Life. By William H. McNeill. Illustrated. 346 pp. New York: Oxford University Press. $24.95. In the 1960's most educated Americans had heard of Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975); many had sampled his diverse historical writings, if only in excerpts. In 1947 he had appeared on the cover of Time magazine; the caption beneath his portrait held out the hope that ''Our civilization is not inexorably doomed,'' and Time's article about his theories elicited unprecedented interest. As his work was being assigned in courses and selling briskly in bookstores, he himself traveled around the country lecturing to audiences that came great distances to hear him; in 1955 he delivered 43 lectures and three talks in a mere six weeks, for lecture fees showing that even academic work could ''sell,'' at least in the form that Toynbee was able to present it. William McNeill's biography explains and analyzes the reasons, both emotional and intellectual, for Toynbee's extraordinary, though apparently ephemeral success. Toynbee began with the assets of a capacity for concentration, abundant energy and an excellent basic education in the classics, which he acquired (on scholarships) at Winchester school and Balliol College, Oxford. After a year of walking through Greece, trying to imagine the events he had read about, he returned to Balliol as a fellow of the college, but almost immediately found teaching ancient history too confining, because he was eager to explore and understand the determining patterns behind historical development. Exempted from military service, because he had suffered from dysentery on his trip to Greece, during World War I Toynbee drafted intelligence policy on the Ottoman Empire and the Muslims of Central Asia. His war experience helped him to qualify for and win the chair in Byzantine history at the University of London. But this position also proved unsatisfactory, once its sponsors objected to Toynbee's criticism of Greek behavior in the war against Turkey in 1921. But soon Toynbee was able to find a position for which he proved to be ideally qualified, as director of the newly formed Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), which he supplemented with a professorship in international studies at the University of London. In the process of writing and editing the institute's ''Survey of International Affairs'' series, Toynbee was able to

253970_1

Graduations Will Carry On Family's Legacy

the benefit of not having to drive to colleges several times a year. One child attended a university one and a half hours from home, and another attended college three hours from home. Our third child chose a university a mere 10 minutes from our door, saving wear and tear on us and our automobiles. Of course, the most important benefits to the graduates will be their hard-won knowledge and the degrees, which we hope will open the doors to employment and income. Our children will reap another intangible benefit - that of carrying on a legacy. My husband and I have often talked of the change in attitude toward education and work from our parents' generation to the present one. My husband's father was a factory worker; his mother a homemaker, devoting her time and energy to her four children. My parents immigrated to this country when they were teen-agers and went to work in factories. ''I was 14 years old when I came here,'' my mother told me. ''They put me in second grade, but I couldn't learn.'' My father, an avid reader with a photographic memory, was self-taught. There were no high school diplomas or college degrees in our parents' futures, only years of hard work with the hope of creating greater opportunities for their children. Our parents' message to my husband and me was: ''Go to high school so you can get a good, clean job in an office and wear nice clothes. We don't want you to work in a factory like us.'' And so, in the mid-50's, armed with our high school diplomas, we went to work in nice clean offices. I became a legal secretary, and my husband worked his way up from truck driver to manager in a large corporation. Our expectations for our children exceeded those of our parents for us. We planted the seed early. ''When you go to college,'' we repeated from the time they were in grammar school. Today, with the need for a bachelor's degree being outrun by the need for still higher education, we do not regret our parental prodding. At their commencement ceremonies, as we watch our future manager, paralegal and graphic artist march up to the podium to receive their degrees, our feelings of pride and relief will mingle with thoughts of our own parents and the legacy their grandchildren are fulfilling. CONNECTICUT OPINION

254196_1

France's New Attack Of National Insecurity

to Africa. It had immense cultural influence. ''I reject categorically the argument of decline,'' he said. The full-dress news conference launched a particularly intense phase of French diplomacy. Mr. Mitterrand zoomed off to a meeting with President Bush at Kennebunkport, Maine; last week he was in Senegal for a summit gathering of French-speaking nations; today he attends NATO's summit gathering in Brussels and next week he opens a 35-nation human rights conference in Paris. June holds visits to Poland and Tunisia, and a European Community summit meeting in Madrid. In July, France takes over the community's rotating presidency, welcomes Mikhail S. Gorbachev to Paris and then - in the blaze of the celebrations of the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution - plays host to the leaders of the seven leading industrialized democracies. So why should the French be fretting about their place in the world? The easiest answer is: Germany. The French are fearful that the Federal Republic of Germany -hailed as their closest ally, but remembered as the latest incarnation of their most ancient foe - has not only outstripped them economically, but may be slipping out of the diplomatic embrace that has bound the two nations for 25 years. Symptoms of muscle-flexing by the most powerful nation in Western Europe deeply trouble France. Moreover, momentous upheavals in East-West relations are not playing to French strengths. As an independent nuclear power, France has regarded itself as overshadowing West Germany militarily. But it is difficult to translate France's nuclear force de frappe into political suasion when the fear of war is receding and East-West barriers are coming down. Indeed, as attention shifts to conventional weapons, the 490,000 West German servicemen loom much larger than French nuclear missiles. Meanwhile, Mr. Mitterrand last week was obliged to make guns-or-butter choices and trim France's defense budget. The Keys to Power The real instruments of power today are dollars, marks and yen, not missiles. West Germany is already the dominant force in the European Community and stands to extend its sway when frontiers are virtually abolished in 1993. Its economic might has also become a potent means for extending its influence into Eastern Europe. The key to French clout in Europe has been its close alliance with West Germany. But lately the two partners have not been seeing eye to eye. At his news conference, Mr. Mitterrand went so far as to speak

252420_0

Doomed Project Won't Die

LEAD: A high-rise building wracked by two demolition blasts leaned precariously but did not fall today, prompting officials to evacuate nearby residents while wrecking crews moved in with a crane. A high-rise building wracked by two demolition blasts leaned precariously but did not fall today, prompting officials to evacuate nearby residents while wrecking crews moved in with a crane. ''We've got one building leaning and one building leaning against it,'' said Maj. John Power of the Police Department. ''It's a hazardous condition and I don't know what could happen.'' A cloud of smoke rose from the bottom of the building when the 500 pounds of dynamite was detonated around 8:30 A.M., but the 10-story tower remained standing. Patrolman John Egan said demolition crews were not sure why the implosion did not work. The demolition experts staged a second effort, after which part of the building tipped slightly and leaned against another tower, but the structure remained standing. Stephen O'Rourke, head of the city's housing authority, said it could take up to two weeks for the wrecking crews to dismantle the listing building. Major Power said a few families living nearby would have to find somewhere else to stay until the building was brought down. Those without a place to go would be accommodated, officials said. The two towers and one other are the subject of a Federal lawsuit filed by Project BASIC, a housing advocacy group, against the Providence Housing Authority. United States District Judge Raymond Pettine allowed the tower to be demolished after architects ruled that the building was made unsafe when being prepared for demolition.

252387_0

Bicycle Oldies Are Making Good

LEAD: NOSTALGIA for the wide-tire bicycles of the 1950's has returned cycling to a bygone era. Updated versions of the old gear - bikes with upright handlebars and balloon tires - now come equipped with multiple gears, index shifting and improved braking systems. The cycles are known by a variety of names: mountain bikes, all-terrain bikes, off-road bikes and city bikes. NOSTALGIA for the wide-tire bicycles of the 1950's has returned cycling to a bygone era. Updated versions of the old gear - bikes with upright handlebars and balloon tires - now come equipped with multiple gears, index shifting and improved braking systems. The cycles are known by a variety of names: mountain bikes, all-terrain bikes, off-road bikes and city bikes. The first of these updated models were developed in the late 1970's in Marin County, California, by a group of competitive road cyclists who resurrected fat-tire bikes from the dusty recesses of garages and basements. The cyclists added better brake and gear components, and switched to lighter, steel alloy frames. Gary Fisher, president of Fisher Mountain Bikes, was one of the early mountain-bike cyclists. His company was among the first to begin manufacturing the bikes for the mass market. The Bicycle Institute of America estimates that by 1983 more than 200,000 people were riding mountain bikes in the United States. Last year, there were more than 7.5 million riders. Nyle Nims, a vice president at Ross Bicycles, a manufacturer based in Rockaway Beach, Queens, says that 40 percent of bicycle sales are mountain bikes. ''We see a lot of people who previously owned the dropped bar, 10-speed bike buying the wide-tire bikes,'' he said recently. ''They are people who don't want to ride fast; they want to ride for recreation.'' Generally sturdier than the skinny-tire road bike, the mountain bicycle can be ridden over rougher terrain. But when it comes to upkeep, the mountain bike needs just as much care. Here are a few tips, especially helpful before you take that first springtime ride: 1: Wash your bike. The dirt and grime that settle in the chain links, rings and sprockets of the free wheel can wear away metal surfaces. Dishwashing detergent in a bucket of water will do the job. Hard-to-reach places are best attacked with a toothbrush or bottle brush, or a rag wrapped around the end of a screwdriver. Use a commercial degreaser to remove oily

253230_0

Researchers Say Age at Menopause Appears to Be a Gauge of Longevity

LEAD: The age at which women reach menopause has been linked to their risk of early death in a study of more than 5,000 women. The age at which women reach menopause has been linked to their risk of early death in a study of more than 5,000 women. The study found that women who underwent natural menopause relatively early in life were more likely to die earlier than those who stopped menstruating from the ages of 50 to 54, the average time when women go through menopause. The only exceptions in the study were women who reported experiencing menopause after the age of 55. The authors said they suspected the explanation was that in reality some had experienced menopause earlier but had confused vaginal and uterine bleeding associated with disease with normal menstruation. A woman's risk of heart disease rises after menopause as estrogen production falls, but the authors of the study said they found no relationship in their research between lowered production of estrogen, a female hormone, and longevity. The new study also found that estrogen taken as a replacement drug did not increase longevity. #5,287 in Study The relationship between menopause and longevity was also found when the researchers took into account smoking, weight, childbearing and other factors. Other scientists said the study required confirmation because of its methods. The study, of 5,287 white Seventh-day Adventists in California, appears in the June issue of The American Journal of Public Health. It found that women whose menopause had occurred before the age of 40 showed almost twice the risk of dying in the six years of the study as did women of similar ages whose menopause came at the ages of 50 to 54. The researchers used women who underwent menopause between 50 and 55 as their point of comparison. For women who had reported menopause at the ages of 40 to 44, the risk was 39 percent higher than those who reached menopause later, said the research team led by Dr. David A. Snowdon. The researchers were from the schools of public health at the University of Minnesota and Loma Linda University in California. Risks Are Determined The women, who ranged in age from 55 to 100, were asked when they had undergone menopause. The researchers used a variety of statistical techniques to adjust for age in determining the women's relative risk of death. In the six

253451_4

5 Youths Held in Sex Assault On Mentally Impaired Girl, 17

suffer any physical injuries, told her teachers about the incident three days later, on March 4. While technically a student at Glen Ridge High School, where she was co-captain of the junior-varsity softball team this spring, she attends special-education classes at West Orange High School nearby. At one point Mr. Tate said the girl was mentally retarded but he would not characterize her mental capabilities. He said her impairment was diagnosed when she was in kindergarten. He said the girl was brought to the Glen Ridge police by school officials on March 22, three weeks after the incident is said to have occurred. Police officials gave no reason for the delay. The Glen Ridge Police Department, with 28 officers, assigned Lieutenant Corcoran to handle the investigation. The County Prosecutor's sexual assault unit was asked for assistance. On April 11, Lieutenant Corcoran's son, Richard, 18, was identified by other witnesses as having been at the Scherzer home during the assault and was brought in for questioning. Police Chief Thomas P. Dugan said Lieutenant Corcoran was removed from the case that day and the investigation was taken over by the prosecutor's office. Chief Dugan defended his department's handling of the investigation, saying, ''There's no question in my mind that we've done what we were statutorily required to do.'' The prosecutor's office continued the investigation for five weeks more before making the arrests. Mr. Tate said the television report had nothing to do with the timing of today's action. Most Serious Charges The three teen-agers charged as adults were arraigned before Judge Sidney H. Reiss of Superior Court. Kevin Scherzer, a football linebacker and co-captain with his brother of the Glen Ridge High School football team, faces the most serious charges. Robert D. Laurino, assistant prosecutor in charge of the sexual assault and rape analysis unit, said Kevin penetrated the girl twice with an object and engaged in other sexual acts with her, knowing she was physically and mentally helpless. The lawyer for the brothers, Donald W. Merkelbach of Montclair, said Kevin had no previous record and had been accepted by several colleges. Bail was set for him at $25,000. Kevin Scherzer was followed by his brother, Kyle, quarterback for the high school football team as well as captain of the school's baseball team. Mr. Laurino said Kyle applied a lubricant to the object used to penetrate the girl and helped coerce her

253256_0

New Rallying Cry: Parents Unite

LEAD: A PARENTS' movement is astir in the United States. Unlike other recent social movements, this one is not a battle for rights or equality, but for relief. A PARENTS' movement is astir in the United States. Unlike other recent social movements, this one is not a battle for rights or equality, but for relief. Increasingly criticized by educators, social workers, the clergy and law-enforcement officials for the way they rear their children, parents are joining forces in a patchwork of self-help groups, community programs, referral services and lobbying campaigns for increased family services. More than 2,000 of these sometimes informal programs exist nationwide as against only 50 in 1983, according to the Family Resource Coalition, a private Chicago-based social-services organization. Many of the parents share a belief that government, employers and institutions should do more to help families deal with daily burdens and stresses. As a result, some sociologists see these new parent-advocacy groups as part of a trend toward citizen-activist politics across the ideological spectrum. The leaders of the emerging movement, which tries to deal with dramatic changes in family life and work patterns across a broad range of social and economic levels, view it as an extension of earlier social movements, in particular the women's movement. Women, both mothers who hold jobs and full-time homemakers, are the most visible members of the support groups and their umbrella organizations. In the five years since Lora Lag, a 36-year-old mother of three in Evanston, Ill., joined the Family Focus Center, a nonprofit parent support program run the Family Resource Coalition, she has helped form a reading club, a mother's support group and raise $50,000 for the center. ''These programs are giving parents more self-esteem,'' said Mrs. Lag, a former elementary-school teacher whose husband is a lawyer. ''And that's giving us the confidence to take on larger issues affecting community, children and family.'' She recently joined Parent Action, a five-month-old nationwide group that hopes to have the same impact on family issues in Congress and state legislatures that the American Association of Retired Persons has on issues affecting older Americans. Emilia Davis, a 40-year-old single mother of five children, 6 to 23, credits the Committee for Boston Public Housing, a family-service program for residents of city-owned housing in that city, with rebuilding her confidence and her family's confidence in her ability to cope. ''Now, when I feel like I'm going

250815_0

Porto Velho Journal; In the Gold Rush, Nature Is Viciously Trampled

LEAD: When Thalis de Castro headed for the Amazon in 1976, he was in search of God. He joined a sect that stimulated its prayers and visions with the juices of a jungle plant, and for four years, he said, nothing drove him to hunt for wealth. When Thalis de Castro headed for the Amazon in 1976, he was in search of God. He joined a sect that stimulated its prayers and visions with the juices of a jungle plant, and for four years, he said, nothing drove him to hunt for wealth. But the Amazon's hustling and gambling caught up with the young man, and he is now a frontiersman stalking the wilderness for gold. His three barges churn soil from the riverbed and sift out gold dust. Like other boat owners, he brushes aside talk of profits because that would attract the ''big eye - a local expression for greed. ''This is one tough river,'' he said of the Rio Madeira, a major tributary of the Amazon and the site of one of Brazil's most prolific goldfields. ''It has rapids and it has prospectors. I don't know which are trickier.'' The Menace of Mercury In recent months, gold mining in rivers like these has caused alarm among environmentalists who have warned that poisonous mercury, used to amalgamate gold, is getting into the water and the food chain. The Government has banned the unlicensed use of mercury, but officials concede there is no way to enforce rules in the wilderness. From the hot border with Guyana to the rain forests along the division with Bolivia and Peru, the sight has become familiar: prospectors are panning, grinding and prodding for gold and precious stones. With an output of almost 70 tons in 1987 - five times that of Brazil's industrial gold mines - the Amazon's gold rush is the greatest ever seen, experts say. More than half a million people are said to be part of this industry. The boom owes much to the crisis in Brazil's formal economy, but it also thrives on the laissez-faire spirit with which the Government views settlement of what is now the world's largest tropical frontier. The freelance prospectors are spurred on by good fortune and tough labor. And there are fights over things like invading claims, fixing scales or stealing another man's dust under one's fingernails. Competition Is Ruthless Even the seasoned nomads

249481_1

Hills Says Trade Pressure Pays Off

last month for unfair trading practices. Her next list is due in two weeks, and the law requires Mrs. Hills to pick out the most egregious offenders, determining at the same time where there is ''the most significant potential to increase United States exports.'' South Korea recently announced a three-year plan to liberalize imports of 243 agricultural and fishery products to try to ease trade tensions with the United States. Taiwan has just laid out a four-year plan for reducing its surplus, which would involve cuts in both industrial and agricultural tariffs. Japan has hinted that it is prepared to buy more American computer chips, supercomputers and telecommunications products. The head of its trade ministry, Hiroshi Mitsuzuka, said in Tokyo that the Government plans to offer a new package of market-opening measures by May 27, a day before the American deadline. It is widely expected that Japan will be on Mrs. Hills's list. Asked what happens if Mr. Mitsuzuka does indeed hand her a market-opening program on May 27, Mrs. Hills responded, ''We'll just have to look into something so miraculous.'' The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 ''created a good bit of leverage'' for the United States, she said, and it can use that power to open markets not only for American entrepreneurs but also to benefit ''the global trading system.'' For example, Australia has benefited as well as the United States from American efforts to open the Japanese beef market, she said. Similarly, Italy and California have both sold more oranges to Japan after it opened its citrus market. The European Community and Japan have been highly critical of the new trade law, which they say represents a unilateral move in which the United States acts as judge and jury for the world trading system. The European List Warning that it will retaliate against any American retaliation, the European Community has issued a list of what it termed offensive American trade practices, including export subsidies and quotas on sugar, dairy products and other farm imports. ''I know some of our trading partners have expressed regrets,'' Mrs. Hills told reporters today. In an apparent effort to reassure them, she added, ''We do not contemplate using this law in a bullying fashion or in a unilateral fashion.'' Mrs. Hills said the United States would be ''sensitive to political circumstances'' in foreign countries. officials of South Korea have especially been

249512_0

Hungary Moves to Abandon Dam Project on the Danube

LEAD: A Government panel voted today to abandon a dam project on the Danube, calling it ''a symbol of Hungary's mismanaged economic development,'' the official press agency reported. A Government panel voted today to abandon a dam project on the Danube, calling it ''a symbol of Hungary's mismanaged economic development,'' the official press agency reported. The decision came in the form of a proposal by an advisory body of the Council of Ministers, but it serves as a strong indication that the Government and Communist Party leadership will scrap the project. The multimillion-dollar project to build dams and power stations at Nagymaros, 30 miles upstream from Budapest, and at Gabcikovo in Czechoslovakia was drawn up a decade ago with the goals of increasing electrical power for both Communist nations and making the Danube more navigable. But a petition opposing the dam on environmental grounds was signed by 140,000 Hungarians and submitted to the authorities.

249402_2

About New York; A 'Mother' Waits With Open Arms At Ports of Call

and all - that became East River landmarks. It was different, too, from the macho jungle Marlon Brando prowled in ''On the Waterfront.'' Fierce competition has changed the maritime industry. To raise productivity and slash costs, ships have become larger and more automated, carrying smaller crews and spending 12 hours rather than a week in port. Most now register under what are called flags of convenience - Panama's, say, or Liberia's - to avoid taxes and labor rules that American or European flags would mandate. Today's sailors come from the bargain basement, the villages of the third world. Mother Crafton tells of a Greek cruise ship in which 50 Bangladeshis in a crew of 600 were kept in despicable conditions: eight in rooms meant for two, no bedding, the toilet a smelly hole in the next room. Unlike sailors of other nationalities, the Bangladeshis were denied shore leave for fear they would bolt. Mother Crafton knew she could not do much, but she attacked a particularly egregious insult - men who made 50 cents an hour having to pay 55 cents for a soda. She succeeded in forcing the price to 20 cents, but probably only for as long as the boat was berthed. She has seen other bad things. A Filipino whose village scraped together $1,400 to pay his way to Miami so he could become an $800-a-month assistant chef. All that was available was a messboy's job at $200 a month. She saw a Chinese seaman break his neck and slowly die on a cold December day. She tells of ships abandoned at New York docks and bewildered crews running out of food. Missing fingers are common. Some shipping companies keep such inadequate records that families aren't notified of a death. All they know is that the checks no longer come. ''You don't have to treat people like dogs to make money,'' declared Mother Crafton, who admits the world labor market is sufficiently glutted that owners can make even more by doing precisely that. And there is the loneliness. Today's seamen are gone for a year at a stretch, missing children's births, parents' deaths. Mother Crafton fears the effects of the solace many seek from prostitutes. Seamen, she worries, could become Typhoid Mary's carrying AIDS far and wide. She has distributed 30,000 pamphlets warning of the dangers in six languages. Mother Crafton doesn't force religion on people. But

251509_0

Hungary Quits Danube Project, Angering Prague

LEAD: Twelve years ago, when work started on a huge power dam project near the winding Danube on the border of Czechoslovakia and Hungary, leaders in both countries lauded the project as a symbol of Communist harmony. Twelve years ago, when work started on a huge power dam project near the winding Danube on the border of Czechoslovakia and Hungary, leaders in both countries lauded the project as a symbol of Communist harmony. Last week, Hungary's unexpected withdrawal from the multibillion-dollar project, and Czecholovakia's bitter recriminations, appeared to transform the plan for Czechoslovak-Hungarian hydroelectric power into a monument to the growing political and ideological split in the East bloc. On Monday, Czechoslovakia's Foreign Minister, Jaromir Johanes, summoned the Hungarian Ambassador in Prague to tell him that the Czechoslovak Government considered Budapest's decision to suspend work legally ''groundless,'' and that Prague reserved the right to ''the subsequent payment of damages.'' Hungarian officials were quoted by the official press agency in Budapest as saying Czechoslovakia stood to lose nearly $3 billion if Hungary backed out entirely. Over the years, the ambitious plan to build large power dams on the Danube river south of Bratislava, in eastern Czechoslovakia, has encountered severe criticism from environmentalists. The dams are being built by Czechoslovakia and Hungary with financial and technical assistance from Austria. Essentially, the system involves large dams with with a warren of canals and reservoirs spread over an area of about 25 square miles. One hydroelectric dam is to go up at Nagymaros, north of Budapest, and a second about 120 miles upstream, at Gabcikovo, in Czechoslovakia. Proponents in Czechoslovakia and Hungary contend that the system will enhance flood control in addition to generating sufficient power to cut the burning of sulfur-laden brown coal, Czechoslovakia's main energy source, by millions of tons a year. Environmentalists contend the huge project will drown vast tracts of forest and marshland, destroying the habitat of numerous animals and plants. Last week, Hungary's Deputy Prime Minister, Peter Medgyessy, announced on the state television the decision to stop the Hungarian side of the project. A final decision, he said, would come after discussions with Hungary's partners in Austria and Czechoslovakia. In an editorial on Monday, the Czechoslovak Communist party daily, Rude Pravo, denounced the Hungarian withdrawal, contending that opposition forces in Hungary had exploited the issue as a ''instrument'' in order to ''cast doubt on decisions taken in the country

252053_1

Yellow-Fever Epidemic Raising Concern in Bolivia

reached its peak several weeks ago. But officials say the danger remains high. Most Victims Are Indians ''This is a serious outbreak, and it is of serious concern,'' said an American official who has been monitoring the epidemic. The epidemic highlights the current economic crisis in South America's poorest country. Tens of thousands of people have been thrown out of work as the Government has reorganized the economy to fight inflation and resume modest growth. Most victims have been jobless Indians who recently moved from the highlands into the jungle, hoping to make a living farming. About half began growing coca for processing into cocaine, Government officials said. The disease quickly cut through more than 40 squatters villages of thatch- and tin-roofed shacks, striking with greater intensity than usual, Dr. Mariscal said, because the Indians lacked natural antibodies and only a few had been vaccinated. The gravest concern now is that the fever will spread from an area of several thousand square miles of jungle to the nearby lowland cities of Montero and Santa Cruz, which is Bolivia's second largest city, and to neighboring countries. Health Officials to Meet ''An episodic wave does not remain static,'' Dr. Mariscal said. ''It's moving and that's a problem for us. We greatly fear that this jungle yellow fever will become urbanized. It can also go to the Amazonic zones of Peru and Brazil.'' Dr. Juan Manuel Sotelo, the representative of the World Health Organization here, said health officials would meet this month near the Brazilian border. Yellow fever is already present in parts of Peru and Brazil but the epidemic in Bolivia threatens to intensify the health problems in those countries. The Bolivian Government, with international help, has begun an extensive campaign against the epidemic. But until now, when officials responded to questions from a foreign reporter, it had not disclosed the crisis' extent. Officials said they had feared that widespread news coverage of the epidemic might create an anti-Government campaign issue in the presidential elections that were held on May 7. Dr. Mariscal said he believed the epidemic was the worst in Bolivian history. But other medical experts said it was difficult to know for sure because many yellow-fever deaths take place in deep jungle and are never reported. Over the last 40 years, the highest number of yellow- fever deaths reported in all of South America has been 297 in 1951.

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Stamping Out the Fire Of Religious Violence Is as Hopeless as Ever

LEAD: LATE last month, three members of an outlawed Protestant terrorist group from Northern Ireland were arrested in Paris for trying to sell a South African diplomat a British-made antiaircraft missile, presumably in exchange for supplies of weapons and ammunition. LATE last month, three members of an outlawed Protestant terrorist group from Northern Ireland were arrested in Paris for trying to sell a South African diplomat a British-made antiaircraft missile, presumably in exchange for supplies of weapons and ammunition. The incident was a reminder of the fundamentals in Northern Ireland - that violence is not a monopoly of the Irish Republican Army or of extremists in the Roman Catholic minority community who support it. After 20 years of British efforts to pacify Northern Ireland, an end to sectarian violence seems as far away as ever. The results of local council elections last week showed some signs that moderates were gaining public sympathy both among the Catholics, who consider themselves oppressed, and among the Protestant majority. But extremists on both sides remain deeply entrenched, and solutions are hard even to imagine. In 1985, the last time there was serious movement toward political accommodation with the Catholics, Protestants became fearful that the British would pull out, and one reaction was new militancy on the Protestant fringes. Understandably, the British Government has often seemed to worry more about the I.R.A., which is waging a campaign of bombing and murder against the army and the authorities, than about the Protestant groups like the Ulster Resistance and the Ulster Freedom Fighters whose Catholic targets are Britain's enemies. British troops arrived in Northern Ireland in the summer of 1969 with the mission of protecting people in both communities from violence, but quickly became the targets of a bloody I.R.A. guerrilla war to drive them and all other symbols of British authority out. It may be only a tiny minority that actually approves of what the I.R.A. does, but many others as well in the desperately poor neighborhoods of West Belfast and Londonderry or the South Armagh countryside feel that they need their own protection from organizations like the Ulster Resistance, the group the three men arrested in Paris belonged to. The group emerged after the British signed the Anglo-Irish agreement in November 1985, setting off fears among Protestants that Britain might be preparing to leave, abandoning them as a threatened minority in a mostly Catholic greater

252045_1

In Run for Ph.D., Costs and Hurdles Get Higher

result not of slothful habits by graduate students, but of the ever-increasing demands these students are forced to meet: an increase in the achievements requisite for employment and an increase in the financial and professional burdens that we, as students, are expected to bear. Given ample funds, it might be possible to complete a doctorate in my program in four years. The rapidity with which one completes the program is not a criterion for hiring, however. Instead, the dissertation (or perhaps related articles) must be prepared and submitted to a press or professional journals, and accepted for publication, before one is hired. In addition, Ph.D. candidates today, in English at least, are seldom, if ever, hired without teaching experience. These are professional requirements that simply did not exist when my father or my grandparents attended graduate school. The prerequisites I will need to get my first job will be substantially identical to those that got my grandfather tenure and an appointment as department chairman at Cornell University in 1932. The largest obstacle to rapid progress toward an advanced degree, however, is the pathetic inadequacy of funding. While my father's contemporaries were often financed by the G.I. Bill or grants, my contemporaries are mostly forced to hold full-time jobs to defray the costs of both living and education. Graduate education is fast becoming a luxury rather than a calling. Who can afford to accrue $20,000 worth of debt a year for a minimum of five years with an expectation of earning a starting salary of $35,000 at best? Graduate education, especially in the humanities, is not for the faint of heart. If the Council of Graduate Schools is truly concerned about the condition of graduate education, it might begin by comparing the rate of doctorate completion in predominantly funded programs (in English, programs such as Stanford University's, although even there a heavy teaching load is demanded from students) with the rate at largely unfunded universities (Columbia, California at Berkeley). While restructuring may help programs in some cases, it may ultimately lead to the increasingly discouraged proletariat that Theodor Ziolkowski of Princeton fears (although graduate students are hardly the proletariat). Reducing the allowable time to complete a dissertation without reducing the financial pressures on graduate students can only deepen the crisis: many students will be forced to drop out altogether rather than finish more rapidly. ELEANOR DEVANE New York, May 3, 1989

251976_0

'People Are So Fed Up, So Angry'

LEAD: VIOLENT crimes are increasing in Connecticut and throughout the country, according to state and national statistics. Many of those crimes never make the news, but others, like the recent attack on the jogger in Central Park, not only make headlines, but cause many people to react as well. VIOLENT crimes are increasing in Connecticut and throughout the country, according to state and national statistics. Many of those crimes never make the news, but others, like the recent attack on the jogger in Central Park, not only make headlines, but cause many people to react as well. That reaction is one of hatred, fear and ultimately distress, according to L. Craig Parker Jr., a Madison psychologist and professor of criminal justice at the University of New Haven. In Connecticut, about 1,000 more violent crimes are committed each year. In 1985, 12,750 crimes were listed as murders, rapes, robberies or aggravated assaults by the State Judicial Department. Last year, there were 14,743. State figures are yet not available for 1989, but in Hartford, for instance, in the first three months of 1988, the city's police department reported 633 violent crimes; this year for the same period there were 743. Dr. Parker teaches a course on violence and aggression and is a co-author of the book ''Interpersonal Psychology of Criminal Justice,'' published by the West Publishing Company of St. Paul. In an interview in his university office, Dr. Parker talked about the consequences of living in an increasingly violent society and the roots of violence. Here are some excerpts from the conversation: Q. How are people reacting to the rise in violence? A. There was a show on television recently in which somebody took a home video of some young blacks in Washington, D.C., who stopped people on the street and asked for change of a dollar. The individuals, who were mostly white from the Georgetown area, chose not to stop. That's one aspect of it. People are stereotyping and are increasingly fearful of blacks and other minorities. And so, honest, hard-working, intelligent and thoughtful black people are often targeted in subtle and not-so-subtle ways. People are avoiding, retreating. Some don't want to go out of their homes. There's also a deeper sense that this society is in decay beyond the immediate response of not being comfortable walking out your front door, or with whom you speak. It's insidious. It's creating a

252213_1

TRAVEL ADVISORY

Reservations: 800-772-4642. Florence Repair Is Continuing Visitors to Florence should be aware that machinery, dust and rubble continue to fill the Piazza della Signoria, site of a copy of Michelangelo's ''David,'' as a result of repaving work. The work is expected to continue into next year. The repairs have been in progress since 1982, interrupted by debates over what to do with archeological material discovered in the course of work. The foundations of a medieval defense tower as well as vats belonging to a Roman wool-dyeing plant have been unearthed. The plaza is surrounded by the Palazzo Vecchio, built between 1299 and 1344, and the Loggia della Signora. Visitors Center Is Set to Open In Adirondacks A Visitors Interpretive Center for the Adirondacks will open Wednesday in the village of Paul Smiths, N.Y., about 15 miles north of Saranac Lake. The center was built on 2,885 acres of land leased to New York State by Paul Smith's College. It includes a two-story cedar and stone building with a 150-seat theater, five trails, a 60-acre marsh, five ponds and an easy-access trail stretching three-quarters of a mile for the handicapped. Situated on Route 30, the center affords views of the region's mountains and lakes and it is designed to introduce newcomers to the Adirondacks wilderness. The center, operated by the Adirondack Park Agency, will be open daily, except Thanksgiving and Christmas Day. It will be open from 9 A.M. to 7 P.M., May to September, and from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. October to April. Admission is free. A second interpretive center, at Newcomb, on Route 28N, is expected to open next year. National Park Campsites By Telephone Campsites in national parks that could previously be reserved only by mail or in person from Ticketron can now be reserved by telephone as well. Fees for the family sites are $8 to $11 a day, and there is a $1.75 charge for each order. Western areas are Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain and Grand Canyon National Parks and the Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area and Joshua Tree National Monument. Ticketron reservation numbers: 213-410-1720, 602-340-9033 and 303-825-8447. Eastern areas are the Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Shenandoah National Park and Cape Hatteras National Seashore. The number for them is 804-456-2267. Visa and Mastercard are accepted for both areas. Half the visitors to Federal public areas go to national forests, according to the Department of Agriculture, which

251968_1

Companies Open Jobs For Summer

the company's home office in Hartford, while the rest will be scattered around the country. Union Carbide Corporation will also hire a large number of interns this year, according to a spokesman, Harvey I. Cobert. In addition to 40 minority interns, the Danbury-based company will place 110 other college students at its various locations around the country. ''It's been pretty stable for the past couple of years, even up slightly,'' Mr. Cobert said of his company's use of interns. Companies Seeking Interns United Technologies Corporation, General Electric Company, American Brands, Stanley Works, Aetna Life & Casualty Company, Southern New England Telecommunications Corporation and Xerox Corporation are among the other Connecticut-based coporations that will open their ranks to interns this year, a survey of major state companies found. Accounting and business internships will provide the bulk of opportunities available to students but, Ms. Wilson said, ''teaching is becoming very popular again.'' Wesleyan also provides a program funded by the Dana Foundation that allows students to design their own internships, Ms. Wilson said. Students interested in adding an international experience to their resumes can find work with companies in Africa and Japan, or they can go overseas by becoming a management intern with the Peace Corps, Ms. Wilson said. Martin A. Hirschorn, director of the cooperative education and off-campus employment office at the University of Connecticut, predicted that international opportunities will continue to grow for students seeking internships and cooperative programs. In a cooperative program, a student works half a year and studies the other half. ''There's plenty of positions,'' he said. A Taste of the Business World Some internships are open only to students with special fields of study, for instance a metallurgical internship with the Stanley Works. But many other internships are open to students regardless of their majors. The result is that internships have proven to be valuable to both student and employer, officials say. They provide students with a taste of the business world, while also allowing employers to evaluate potential permanent employees. Students who do a good job as interns can usually look forward to a job offer after graduation. ''We're always looking for superior candidates for employment,'' said Roger Baker, a spokesman for American Brands in Greenwich. The company will hire three minority interns this summer. Officials expect the internship programs to grow over the next few years, Ms. Simon, of the Travelers, said. She added

252263_0

Congress Shows Signs of Spending To Fight Infant Deaths

LEAD: WITH progress in reducing the infant mortality rate in the United States seemingly stalled, Congress is considering a host of new measures intended to address what has become a notorious symbol of national failure. WITH progress in reducing the infant mortality rate in the United States seemingly stalled, Congress is considering a host of new measures intended to address what has become a notorious symbol of national failure. Most of the meaures being considered, and in some cases already being acted upon, involve increasing Medicaid coverage among the young poor - the budget Congress passed last week included increased funds for that purpose - for it is in inner cities and rural Southern counties that the problem is most acute. With 38,891 babies a year - 10.4 for every 1,000 live births - dying before their first birthday, the United States ranks 18th in the world in infant mortality, behind Japan, Sweden, France, Canada and East Germany, among others. This is the grim bottom line reflected in President Bush's pledge to help ''the most vulnerable, infants, poor mothers and children living in poverty.'' The infants most likely to die tend to have been born prematurely, and to weigh less than normal babies; their mothers, often in their teens, tend to have had little or no prenatal care. Former Senator Lawton Chiles of Florida, chairman of the National Commission to Prevent Infant Mortality, a 15-member group, said that recognition of largely ignored social problems is likely to prompt action this year on infant mortality. ''Twenty or thirty years ago the Government decided that every senior citizen was entitled to access to health care,'' Mr. Chiles said. ''We have never made that decision about pregnant women and children.'' In inner cities and rural counties in the South, infant mortality rates are ''worse than those in such developing countries as Cuba, Costa Rica and Panama,'' said Representative Mickey Leland, Democrat of Texas. As chairman of the House Select Committee on Hunger, Mr. Leland is a chief sponsor of legislation that would extend Medicaid coverage to more poor women and infants with the aim of reducing infant mortality. Higher Rates for Blacks For black infants, who are twice as likely as white babies to die in their first year of life, the mortality rates did not show a statistically significant decline in 1985 or 1986, the last two years for which figures are

252279_6

A Successful Alliance Gropes for a Purpose

is appointed the first Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. 1954-55: West German rearmament. After a 1952 conference in Lisbon decides that a conventional defense of Europe would require 50 divisions - a force level never achieved by NATO - an unsuccessful effort is made to establish an integrated European army. When this collapses, West Germany is allowed to rearm as a nation and is brought into the alliance, with limits on its forces that include a ban on nuclear weapons. 1956: Discord over Suez. Britain and France occupy the Suez Canal after Israeli forces move into Sinai, but pressure from the United States forces all three to withdraw. As in future crises, divergence of policies on an area outside NATO responsibility strains the alliance. In the 1960's and early 1970's, the Vietnam war alienates many Europeans. In 1973, some allies do not let the United States use bases to resupply Israel. In 1986, France and Spain refuse American warplanes use of airspace for a raid against Libya. 1961: Renewed Berlin crisis. Soviet harassment of West Berlin's routes to West Germany stirs fears of a new European war. President Kennedy calls up reserve units and visits Berlin. In August, the Communists build the Berlin Wall. 1966: Pullout by DeGaulle. Asserting that Europe cannot be certain America would risk nuclear war for the defense of Europe, DeGaulle takes France out of NATO's integrated military command, requiring the removal of allied troops from French soil and the rerouting of supply lines, although France remains a member that takes part selectively in alliance activities. France continues to develop its own nuclear forces. 1967: Shift in nuclear strategy. In 1967, a flexible response -increased reliance on conventional forces with a possible first use of tactical nuclear weapons - is adopted as NATO policy, after years of debate over the early Eisenhower strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons. 1979-1985: Missile debate and antinuclear movement. The American desire to deploy medium-range nuclear missiles meets strong political opposition in much of Europe. Allied governments generally go along, but the issue becomes a rallying point for increasingly influential antinuclear and environmental groups. 1989: Clash on arms reduction. West German resistance to American proposals for modernizing short-range nuclear missiles and insistence on seeking talks with the Soviet Union on reducing such weapons clash with American policy, which is to proceed with modernization and resist entering such talks. THE WORLD

251949_2

NOBODY'S PUPPET

relations were altered by Mikhail S. Gorbachev's recent visit to Havana. But in trying to cover so many subissues in 282 pages of text, he treats several themes superficially. Perhaps the weakest chapters are those dealing with Cuba's support for revolutionary movements and its relationship with the rest of Latin America and the third world. Mr. Dominguez acknowledges that by 1968 Cuba was beginning to temper its support for revolutionary movements in Latin America, but the reader is left with the impression that the same attitudes and tenets that characterized Cuban policy in the 1960's continue to prevail today. That is by no means the case. From a time in the 60's when Fidel Castro was vowing to overthrow the other Latin American governments, Cuba has now come around to the view that the conditions for armed struggle exist in only one Latin American country - El Salvador - and that the prerequisites for socialism do not exist anywhere in the region and therefore there will be no more Cubas. Mr. Castro now has diplomatic relations with the majority of Latin American countries and his objective is no longer to overthrow their governments, but rather to play an increasing role in inter-American affairs. One does not get from Mr. Dominguez a sense of the importance of that change in Cuban policy. The section of the book on the Nonaligned Movement is also sketchy. The reader would not know that during the 60's Cuba used the organization as a platform to defy Soviet policies, but then switched in the 70's to become Moscow's most outspoken ally there, even insisting that there was a natural alliance between Moscow and the third world. Nor would one know that since 1979 Cuba has chosen to downplay its relationship with the Soviet Union. No longer does it speak of that natural alliance. In fact, within the Nonaligned Movement Cuba hardly speaks of Moscow at all. This is all perfectly understandable if one reads Mr. Dominguez's chapters on Cuban-Soviet relations. Unfortunately, in this as in other areas, he fails to show the relationships among the various focal points of Cuban policy dealt with in his separate chapters. What is missing is a sense of how all aspects of Cuba's foreign policy fit together - and an indication of where it is going. Perhaps the answer would have been a longer book or a more limited focus.

249831_5

TOWARD WIDER HORIZONS

Danto's own discussions to a great extent move within the traditional framework constructed by those arguments, though he also deals with some modern attempts to shake that framework. As a result, most of the great philosophical isms - externalism, internalism, realism, idealism - have their day (more often, moment) in the book. And Mr. Danto's claim that ''a problem is not genuinely a philosophical problem unless it is possible to imagine that its solution will consist of showing how appearance has been taken for reality'' answers to a fairly traditional and widespread way of conceiving the structure of philosophy (though not everyone would put it in quite so provocative a way). It is not surprising that an account of what philosophy is is itself philosophically committed; and since philosophers are a varied and argumentative bunch, no explanation is likely to produce consensus. Defenders of a conception of philosophy on a scientific model will complain that the problem of representation is overblown; representations are just part of the scientific story we tell about ourselves and the rest of the world, and they do not introduce any problems of principle. Mr. Danto gives a riposte that is brief but as effective as it has been since Epicurus: that view blinds one to oneself. Scientistic philosophers are unable to account for what it is they are doing when they put forward their own scientistic theories. And more generally, philosophy goes wrong when it forgets that it is involved in a concern with the self. There are, however, two large gaps in the argument. One is serious philosophical engagement with past philosophical thought. Mr. Danto greatly exaggerates the self-contained nature of each philosophical theory and its rupture with the past. The other concerns ethical philosophy. Ever since Socrates we have all tried (from time to time, often under pressure) to make sense of our lives. We ask how we might become better people, how we might better understand the basis of our judgments about values, what is a just foundation for social arrangements. These are the philosophical questions most people care about, and care about most intensely; a scheme giving them no obvious place is Procrustean. One soon learns that in philosophy there is no satisfying most people, never mind everyone. But to write a book about philosophy that is both sophisticated and accessible is nonetheless a major feat, and greatly to be appreciated.

249757_3

Recycling or Incineration? Actually, We Need Them Both

landfilled. The fear that the ash is toxic is probably greater than it should be. Another option, ORFA, is a process designed to recycle 400 tons of waste a day. Operating in its first commercial application, in Philadelphia, the system takes unseparated garbage and converts it into a reusable fiber product. This system is not processing a volume of waste that is even close to what it is designed for, and the process is very expensive. Operators have also had a difficult time finding a market for the end product. Recycling of any kind must be a closed loop. To be successful, a program must convert waste into usable products. It is not enough to create a new material if it has no place to go. ORFA may play an important role in solid-waste management, but it is an infant technology and needs further development to be truly effective. Planning is crucial to the success of any solid-waste management program. Only by combining recycling, incineration and composting - technologies that are tried and proven in the United States - can we hope to achieve our goals. Many have argued that incineration and recycling will be competing for the same waste. If properly managed, the two processes complement each other. It is not desirable to incinerate recyclable items (glass, aluminum, tin and other metals), because they will decrease the B.T.U. value per ton of waste. This lowers the efficiency of the waste-to-energy process. In this respect, recycling facilities are crucial to the successful operation of incinerators. Used in moderation and combined with other technologies, incineration, as a component of solid-waste management, is a viable means to achieve our short-term goals. While the cost of incineration is high, it is not necessarily prohibitive if properly planned. If combined with recycling and composting, the size of each incinerator can be reduced. By building only 7 to 10 regional incinerators throughout the state instead of one or more in each of the 21 counties, the expense can be shared by the counties. This would reduce the cost per facility dramatically. The first step toward a comprehensive waste management plan is to comply with the mandatory recycling law, which has been done in most counties. Perhaps the most valuable improvement that counties can make, however, is the simplification of procurement and permitting processes. To manage recycling programs properly, intermediate processing in the form of materials

249596_13

Security at Airports Steadily Tightening

in his luggage, which were never examined. Looking at Soft Spots Security officials said that as international traffic, including flights within Europe, increase, and as the European Community eliminates most border controls by 1992, places like Greece must not be allowed to become soft spots in the security system. Philip Butterworth-Hayes, the editor of Jane's Airport Review, a British publication, worried that a terrorist might fly from the Middle East to a relatively lightly guarded Greek island. ''Once he's in, he's in,'' he said. It will be a problem all across Europe unless common standards are applied to all airports. ''The question is, can the British trust the Greeks with security? Can the Greeks trust the Germans, and can the Germans trust the French, and can the French trust the Italians?'' he asked. As the International Civil Aviation Organization moves to tighten security, the agency has agreed to seek financial assistance for less wealthy nations, perhaps including Greece, to keep their security systems on a par with others. New York A Melting Pot Of Regulations As if it were Europe in microcosm, John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York is a melting pot of security regulations, with individual carriers of various nations following various procedures as they board passengers for flights across the Atlantic. The toughest new rules issued by the F.A.A. governing United States airlines, like the rule requiring inspection of every bag in checked luggage, do not apply to flights leaving Kennedy -only to those originating in Europe and the Middle East. Even so, many airlines have increased luggage scrutiny. At the T.W.A. terminal, a new thermal neutron analysis device will be put into operation this summer, and the carrier will become the first in the world to use this technology to search for possible plastic explosives in luggage. At the Pan Am terminal, passengers are now being asked the same questions about their baggage that have until now been posed to voyagers in foreign cities. El Al Is the Most Vigilant Among the foreign carriers, the security precautions vary from place to place. El Al, always the most vigilant airline, has extremely tight controls, as does Air India. But some foreign carriers, although their security is increasing, continue to assume that flights from New York are subject to low risk. At some terminals, only people with tickets can enter waiting areas; other terminals have large areas

249846_5

Japan's New Farm Belt

Japanese trading company, announced that they would build a beef-processing plant in Fremont, Neb., to produce special cuts of meat for export to Japan. Japanese companies have also bought the Washington Beef Company, a processor in Yakima, Wash., and half of Colonial Beef in Philadelphia. In California, Masaaki Tanabe, an exporter, has put together a network of joint ventures with Americans, including a ranch to breed cattle, feeding lots to fatten them and packing houses to slaughter and butcher them into Japanese-style cuts. Mount Shasta Beef, as well as Southfield Beef Packing Inc., which took over the deserted meat-packing plant in Fresno, are two of these ventures. Americans run them and are part owners. The meat from this vertically integrated network will then be exported by Mr. Tanabe's South Pasadena company, Mercury Overseas, which is partly owned by the Hannan Corporation, a major meat wholesaler in Osaka. Other food areas are also seeing Japanese investments. At least five California wineries have been bought in the last few years by Japanese brewers and pharmaceutical companies, eager to learn about wine in general and to supply the growing Japanese market, where California wine is starting to make inroads. Several American bottling companies are already bottling fruit and soft drinks for Japanese companies. Even rice, the product Japan has given the most protection, is seeing some action. While rice cannot be imported easily, some products made from rice can. A Japanese-owned company called American Sunny Foods, based in Stockton, Calif., began exporting rice flour to Japan last year, mixing it with sugar to skirt the import barriers. The sugar is removed and sold in Japan, and the flour is used to make rice pastries known as mochi, a spokesman said. The American production of sake, a rice wine, goes mainly to supply Japanese restaurants in this country, but California officials expect exports to begin eventually. The Napa sake factory, which will be the fourth in California, is being built by Kohnan Inc., which is owned by Satsuma Shuzo, a Japanese brewing company. Kohnan also bought a Napa winery, which it has renamed the Silverado Hills Cellars, according to Kojiro (Mike) Iwasaki, its president. One long-term threat to American food and agriculture companies is that the Japanese will use their United States facilities not only for exports but also to penetrate the American market. Indeed, the Fresno cotton mill - being built by a

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Switch by Hispanic Catholics Changes Face of U.S. Religion

church to a middle-class church,'' said the Rev. Virgilio Elizondo, rector of San Antonio's cathedral, ''American Catholicism has become increasingly rationalized, moralistic and bureaucratic so that it does not respond to the more emotional and mystical religious feelings common among Hispanics.'' Immigration Plays a Role Although Catholicism has long been an important part of a Hispanic cultural and ethnic identity, Father Elizondo said this bond is sometimes broken by a person's immigration to the United States, because the Catholicism here is so different from that left behind. Belief in miraculous healing, for instance, is common in Latin American Catholicism, but here it is much easier to find in Pentecostal churches than in Catholic ones. No precise count of Hispanic defections from Catholicism exists, but in 1986 the Gallup Religion Poll found that 19 percent of Hispanic Americans identified themselves as Protestant. Using data gathered by the University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center, the Rev. Andrew M. Greeley, a sociologist and novelist, concluded in 1988 that about 23 percent of all Hispanic Americans were Protestants and that approximately 60,000 Hispanic Americans join Protestant denominations each year. Still, the bulk of Hispanic Americans, at least 70 percent, profess Catholicism, while a relatively small percentage claims to have no religion. Nearly a third of this country's 55 million Catholics are Hispanic, and with immigration and a high birth rate, Hispanic Americans are expected to make up about half the country's Catholic population in another decade. Few Hispanic Priests Both the size of the Hispanic population and its rapid growth appear to be overwhelming the American Catholic church and thus contributing to the defections. Nationwide there are fewer than 2,000 Hispanic priests, about 2 percent of all Catholic clergy, and that contributes to the linguistic and cultural barriers Hispanic Catholics face. ''Other immigrant groups like the Irish and the Italians brought clergy with them and established their own parishes with their own language and customs,'' said Archbishop Patricio F. Flores of San Antonio. ''This has never been the case with Hispanics, and until recently there has not been an emphasis on promoting Hispanic vocations. ''Many parishes and priests make an effort by providing some Masses in Spanish, but the attitude varies. Some say they have their hands full and can do no more.'' Meanwhile, the Southern Baptist Convention alone claims to have about 2,300 Hispanic pastors, with about 500 others in various stages

247755_1

Riding Appalachia's Rapids

acres of water and a shoreline of 60 miles. The lake is so clear, with underwater visibility of from 25 to 40 feet, that scuba divers throughout the East make the trip. The New River Gorge Bridge, between Hico and Fayetteville on Route 19, spans the river with the world's longest steel arch, at 1,700 feet. The Washington Monument would fit in the 876 feet between the bridge and the river with over 300 feet to spare, for this is the highest bridge in the East. On Bridge Day, the second Saturday in October, skydivers plummet from the 3,030-foot roadway to the narrow waters. This engineering tour de force cuts 39 minutes off the 40-minute journey across the gorge. There is an overlook, with restrooms and picnic facilities, on the northeastern side of the bridge that provides a commanding vista of the bridge, the gorge and the cascades below. A 50-mile stretch of the New River is a National River under the care of the National Park Service. Nearby are eight state parks and three state forests, with camping facilities, hiking trails, boat rentals and lodging. Whitewater rafting is an act of cooperation - cooperation with your guide, with your raftmates and mainly with the river. As the rafters bus down the gorge, filling the one-lane road, the guide begins the lecture on safety, a serious topic for all rafters. Each raft in the water-borne caravan is required by state law to have a trained guide on board. The guide looks out for the rafters' safety and fun. The only required equipment is suntan lotion, a swimsuit or shorts, a T-shirt, tennis shoes and wool socks. Cotton socks and sweatshirts do not retain body heat when wet, and the water temperature ranges from 50 to 70 degrees. Wetsuits and other cold-weather apparatus can be rented from outfitters. A trip on the New River is recommended for beginners because it can be run from spring through fall in even the driest years. The journey also allows rafters to practice their technique in still pools and mild rapids before plunging into the monsters. The whitewater on the New is spaced to allow the visitor time to lie back, enjoy the scenery - the view from the bottom of the gorge is as dramatic as from the top - and to get to know those sharing the adventure. The Gauley, particularly the upper

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Understanding and Punishing Teen-Age Violence in Park Attack

LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: How could apparently well-adjusted youngsters turn into so savage a wolf pack, you ask in ''The Jogger and the Wolf Pack'' (editorial, April 26) about the attack on the jogger in Central Park. The answer is that teen-agers have a need to group, to form packs, and in these groups peer pressure is intense to conform and, for adolescents, the influences of the neighborhood are stronger than the influences of family and school. This has always been true. What values can a neighborhood where poverty and drugs are the rule impart? They will be violent and anti-social values, and when called upon to exhibit loyalty to a group, the teen-ager from such a neighborhood will not hesitate to behave in a violent and antisocial way if he believes a situation requires it. It always comes back to the same answer: The problems of poverty and drugs must be solved, or such outrages against decency will continue. GENE BOYO New York, April 26, 1989

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130 Are Said to Die in Pirate Attack on Vietnamese Refugees

massacred or left to drown last month by pirates who attacked their boat off the Malaysian coast, refugee officials said on Friday, citing the account of the only refugee known to have survived the ordeal. About 130 Vietnamese refugees were massacred or left to drown last month by pirates who attacked their boat off the Malaysian coast, refugee officials said on Friday, citing the account of the only refugee known to have survived the ordeal. The attackers, armed with shotguns and hammers, shot and bludgeoned refugees to death after raping several of the women aboard, said the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Kuala Lumpur. The seven pirates then set the refugee boat ablaze, the office said. Other refugees died of exhaustion after floating in the sea clinging to dead bodies of fellow refugees, an official of the High Commissioner's office said. ''It is one of the worst incidents of piracy we have heard of,'' said the official, Jean-Marie Fakhouri. Increase in Such Attacks The attack took place in the South China Sea off Malaysia on April 16, according to the only known survivor, who was picked up by another refugee boat after he floated for 29 hours. Such attacks on refugees fleeing Vietnam have increased in number and viciousness recently. Two attacks in March left more than 100 people missing and presumed dead. The attacks are occurring as countries in the region, beset by growing numbers of Vietnamese refugees, are taking new measures to stem the influx. Western officials say most pirates are Thais who roam the South China Sea, the Gulf of Thailand and waters near Indonesia. The 22-year-old man who survived the attack in April was identified as Pham Ngoc Minh Hung. 'Plunged Into the Sea' He fled Vietnam on April 14 on a motorized boat with about 130 refugees, including 20 children, said a statement from the commissioner's office. Pirates from two boats boarded the refugee boat, shot and killed the vessel's 2 pilots and its mechanic and raped some, if not all, of the 15 to 20 women and girls as young as 12 years old, the statement said. Then the pirates set the boat ablaze. ''In the ensuing panic, many refugees grabbed buoys and jerrycans and floats and plunged into the sea.'' The pirates ''used sticks to prevent refugees from clinging on floating objects. Those who resisted were shot at.''

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U.S. and Britain Move To Tighten Air Security

bomb exploded following takeoff from London for New York, killing 270 people. Officials from both nations have stressed the importance of reaching a consensus on making sure electronic gear is not used by terrorists to conceal explosive devices, the method suspected in the Pan Am bombing. Paul Channon, the British Transport Minister, and Transportation Secretary Samuel K. Skinner of the United States met in London last month. They have told their agencies to develop a plan both nations can agree on, in an effort to spur other nations to take similar steps. The options being considered run from a total ban on carrying electronic gear onto planes, which is considered unlikely, to a series of measures for inspecting the devices and controlling where they are carried onto the planes. American officials said they hope that new immigration procedures, if adopted by Britain and the United States, would spread to other nations. Aviation Industry Favors Plan Last month British immigration officials completed a week's test of the new approach to immigration procedures at Kennedy International Airport in New York and Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, N.C. The British authorities have invited the United States to conduct a similar test in England. American officials plan to accept the offer, and the State Department has raised the possibility of negotiating a permanent arrangement. ''We are in an encouraging situation with the United Kingdom,'' said Richard E. Norton, Associate Commissioner for examinations at the Immigration and Naturalization Service, who is a proponent of extending pre-inspection of passengers to many overseas airports. ''We're sure that everyone is going to fall in love with it and want to keep it.'' Aviation industry officials, who have long favored the new approach, expressed support for its adoption by the United States and Britain. Some of them said they wished the governments would go further and put outbound passengers through customs checks, including the searching of some baggage, before planes depart. This is already done on flights to the United States from Canada. But the Customs Bureau, and foreign governments too, are hesitant to adopt this measure because customs agents expect to be able to exercise the power to arrest smugglers carrying contraband. This is hard to arrange on foreign soil. For the traveler, installing checkpoints at departure airports would be a convenience, and for governments it could save money, because it would avoid the long lines that develop

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NEW JERSEY Q & A: DR. JOSE LOPEZ-ISA Helping Argentina on Education

something for people who want more than a high school education but who do not want to pursue a four-year degree. Community colleges should prepare students for careers that are becoming more and more technically oriented, and that's something that can always be improved, whether it's here or abroad. Q. Where do you see your own college in 10 years? A. I do not see a growth in the number of students, because the county's population is not growing substantially. But I think that in time you will see an increase in the number of adult students who want to take advantage of the type of education available at Bergen. Whether it's improving skills that they already have, or taking the step and getting a two-year degree at night because it might not have been possible for one reason or another immediately after high school, this is something I see as being taken advantage of in the years to come. Q. Will community colleges also reach out to the same age group in Argentina? A. In Argentina at the present time, the community college has to focus on the younger student, because the older student is overprepared in terms of education. They have a high rate of the population that is going on to higher education, and those are the people affected - those who are highly skilled and cannot find a job because many careers are already filled. Here circumstances differ. Community colleges are traditionally not seen as centers of excellence, but as poor alternatives to colleges and universities, and this is a concept that is changing quickly in the United States. The training that we offer is useful, and the students that graduate from our centers are well prepared and ready to take advantage of the opportunities available in our job market. Q. You don't feel that at one time the view in education circles was that community colleges were substandard centers of learning? A. It was. In the beginning it was like any new institution until it had a chance to prove itself. Even in New Jersey, community colleges had to prove themselves immensely. We've been around 20 years, which isn't much time compared to more traditional four-year schools, but our improvements have been many and we make a difference. This difference is something that we must carry on and share with the rest of the world.

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Understanding and Punishing Teen-Age Violence in Park Attack; Labels Distract

LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: If, as you write of the youths who raped and beat a woman in Central Park, ''glib answers bear a price'' and ''labels distract from real answers,'' why, in the space of a short editorial, do you repeatedly use the term ''wolf pack'' to describe the attackers? Whatever you mean to convey by this, it certainly suggests a lot more than you know. ROBERT KAREN New York, April 26, 1989

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When Crimes Become Symbols

mug him; the case both evoked and counteracted the feeling of helplessness among people who saw themselves as potential victims. The strangling of Miss Levin illustrated a subculture of underage drinking and affluent teen-agers out of control. Racial Conflict The case of Michael Griffith, a black man chased to his death on a Howard Beach highway by a gang of white youths, became a benchmark of racial animosity in New York's simmering melting pot where, other than in clashes with the police, when white kills black it's news. Joel Steinberg's vicious beating of 6-year-old Lisa Steinberg, and his battering of Hedda Nussbaum, reminded people of city indifference, but the main issue was that it was not the sort of behavior expected of a white professional. The murder of Edward Byrne in a patrol car on a Queens street revealed that druglords had become so brazen as to single out police officers for assassination. The murder prompted significant changes in police deployment. And last month's ''Lord of the Flies'' rape, the one, that is, in Central Park, New York's premier playground and tourist attraction, galvanized a city and nation with shock at the randomness and brutality of the crime and the contrast between good and an evil that was terrifying in the banality of suspects who, because they were neither drug crazed nor from broken homes, could not be written off as a feral fringe of the underclass. The terror spree, which enshrined ''wilding'' in the lexicon of crime, also claimed victims who were nonwhite. But regardless of what motivated the rape of the investment banker, the fact that the gang accused in the assault was composed of black and Hispanic teen-agers was one element that struck another responsive chord. The rape tested New Yorkers' resolve to reclaim their parks and other public spaces and prompted debate - in black and white communities - of the causes of teen-age crime. Also, it fed the resentment of many blacks who believe that had the victim been nonwhite or poor the case would not have provoked such an outcry. It is largely - though, of course, not exclusively - the media that set the public agenda; predominantly white editors and reporters choose which crime to cover on the basis of relevance and interest to readers and viewers. Their judgment often reflects society's indifference to crime among poor people, regardless of race. In minority

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Voila! In Paris, the Romance of the Century

it had on that day a century ago when the engineer Gustave Eiffel climbed 1,710 stairs to the top to declare the tower finished by unfurling a French flag from the summit. Eiffel, a bridge engineer who had previously designed the structural support system for the Statue of Liberty, had won a competition in 1885 to find a design for a 300-meter tower that would serve as the centerpiece of an international exhibition marking the centenary of the French Revolution. The tower was the tallest structure in the world until 1930, when the Chrysler Building in New York superseded it; excluding television masts, it remains the tallest tower in Europe, and it is surely one of the most beloved works of engineering ever created by man. It is worth pondering for a moment why it is that this structure, 100 years after its completion, should still be able to captivate us as powerfully as it does. After all, there are now many taller structures, and in an age of space travel there can be only limited thrill in rising 1,000 feet above the ground. Some years ago James Marston Fitch, the American architecture historian, wrote that the 19th century had three great achievements in structural engineering: the Brooklyn Bridge, which spanned great distance; the Crystal Palace, which enclosed great space, and the Eiffel Tower, which reached great height, and in this observation may lie the beginnings to an understanding of why the tower still holds sway over our imagination. For the Eiffel Tower represented a truly spectacular leap forward; like the Brooklyn Bridge, it was a genuinely heroic thing, an achievement that completely redefined an age's sense of what men could build. It is no exaggeration to say that the tower, like the Brooklyn Bridge, made for a whole different sense of civilization's potential - not necessarily a better potential, but a different one, as vast technological achievements suddenly seemed attainable. The tower was hardly the object of universal adoration when it was first conceived: indeed, French artists and intellectuals, among them Guy de Maupassant and Alexandre Dumas the younger, mounted an aggressive publicity campaign against the tower, denouncing it in phrases like ''useless and monstrous,'' ''arrogant ironmongery,'' ''black factory chimney'' and ''disgraceful skeleton.'' Perhaps we should not be surprised about this, given how much more the tower did beyond utterly redefining the Parisian skyline. In the midst of what

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WHAT TO RULE THE WAVES WITH

strongholds close to shore and enemy merchant fleets at sea. The goal was to gain strategic advantage, not to look for a single decisive engagement. Stephen Decatur's raid on the harbor of Tripoli on the night of Feb. 16, 1804, is a legendary example of the American tradition at work. With a small band of volunteers, Lieutenant Decatur slipped under the defending guns, boarded the American frigate Philadelphia, which had been captured by corsairs from Tripoli, set her afire and escaped. This feat restored American naval preponderance in the waters off the Barbary Coast, and Decatur was promoted to captain at the age of 25. On hearing of the exploit, Nelson described it as ''the most daring act of the age.'' Nelson's praise is telling, for, as Mr. Keegan says, early in his career he had distinguished himself as a swashbuckling shallow-water fighter, especially in his brilliant defeat of the anchored French fleet at Abukir Bay at the mouth of the Nile in 1798. In the American Civil War, David Glasgow Farragut struck from the sea and captured New Orleans and Mobile, Ala. for the Union. The impression he made on American naval officers was lasting; they remembered him as ''the American Nelson.'' One of his former lieutenants, Commodore George Dewey, had Farragut in mind when attacking the anchored Spanish fleet in the opening battle of the Pacific war against Spain on May 1, 1898: ''I confess that I was thinking of him the night we entered Manila Bay and with the conviction that I was doing precisely what he would have done.'' At the end of the Spanish-American War, spurred by the British example and by President Theodore Roosevelt, the United States Navy opted for a fleet of battleships and a strategy of command of the sea. The earlier tradition was forgotten or discounted as irrelevant. Ironically, as Mr. Keegan makes clear, a little more than a decade later the battle of Jutland ''called into question the chief assumptions on which the great ironclad fleets, of which the dreadnoughts were the ultimate embodiment, had been built.'' After World War I, Jutland was misread by the ''gun club'' of battleship admirals in the British and American Navies who revived and held on to their dated conception of naval warfare for another generation. On Dec. 10, 1941, as Mr. Keegan shows, Japanese land-based bombers effectively ended the Royal Navy's command of

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Practical Traveler; Who Can Sit by Plane Exit? F.A.A. Proposes a Rule

lawyer at the F.A.A. called a gap: the existing rule allowing airlines to control cabin seating would be overridden and an airline would be unable to prevent, for example, the seating of a group of children straight across an emergency exit row. The F.A.A. said it wanted both proposed rules, if adopted, to take effect at the same time. The document that contains the proposed exit-row rule includes reports on evacuation tests undertaken by the F.A.A.'s Civil Aeromedical Institute in 1973. The tests involved the handicapped , the blind, people wearing blindfolds, dolls used to simulate babies and a 200-pound dummy to simulate an immobile passenger. ''Given the results of the tests,'' the report said, ''the researchers concluded that the average ambulatory handicapped passenger could be seated anywhere in the cabin except in an exit row or an overwing exit route, where he or she might impede the early states of an evacuation or be injured by the rush of other passengers. This approach . . . serves as the basis for the present proposal.'' THE supporting material also cited a 1970 study by the F.A.A. on three takeoff or landing crashes in which 105 of 261 passengers died. ''In aircraft accidents in which decelerative forces do not result in massive cabin destruction and overwhelming trauma to passsengers,'' this study said, ''survival is determined largely by the ability of the uninjured passenger to make his way from a seat to an exit within time limits imposed by the thermotoxic environment.'' The F.A.A. said in its proposal that it also reviewed a 1987 memorandum focusing on 50 of 3,382 entries in the Civil Aeromedical Institute's cabin safety data bank. These 50 ''included problems affecting persons with disabilities, handicaps, the aged, children, the obese and others having characteristics which could affect the evacuation process,'' the F.A.A. said. ''While the memorandum included some reports of successful, rapid evacuation by persons with disabilities,'' the F.A.A. said, ''the reports show rather dramatically that certain factors generally impede rapid evacuation - advanced age or extreme youth; parental responsibilities for minors; physical disabilities; obesity; injury or ill health.'' Marc Maurer, president of the National Federation of the Blind, cites this type of statement as proving that the proposal is discriminatory. He said: ''The F.A.A. said . . . that they knew that some blind people were as capable as others in responding in an emergency. Yet they

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GAUDY SPIDERS AND PUSHY ARMADILLOS

LEAD: BULOW HAMMOCK Mind in a Forest. By David Rains Wallace. 170 pp. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. $17.95. BULOW HAMMOCK Mind in a Forest. By David Rains Wallace. 170 pp. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. $17.95. In his new book, David Rains Wallace tells us about Bulow Hammock, a woodland and swamp on the east coast of Florida. His reflections begin with his childhood; describing a visit to his grandmother at Ormond Beach, he writes of the ''seductiveness of the place . . . to which the adult world seemed curiously immune.'' Over the next 30 years, he frequently revisited the dark green woodlands of the historic plantation site that have since become a state preserve. The very essence of a swamp is captured on these pages - you hear the buzzing of cicadas, feel snakes undulating across your path, see the alligator slipping off the mud bank into the water, feel how the swamp itself sops up moisture and fluffs out after a rain. The author depicts wildlife with wit and affection. ''Most jumping spiders are colorful,'' he writes, ''but this one was gaudy.'' Sitting in the swamp at night, he hears the clatter of armadillos that ''kept rummaging around my feet, like pushy shoppers.'' ''A green heron landed on a snag upstream, and another landed on one downstream. They looked glum, like arriving office workers.'' For the most part Mr. Wallace - the author of four other books about the environment, including ''The Wilder Shore'' - has a soft but effective message. Hiking down the beach, he sees a dead sea turtle presumably drowned by shrimp boats. He speculates that Florida has more frosts than it used to because of the massive draining of wetlands, which destroyed the micro-climate, creating dryer local environments. It's when Mr. Wallace went off into evolutionary theory, and claimed that cancer is really a reverse form of evolution, that this reader got entangled in cat-claw vines. His scientific speculations are sometimes not well grounded. I applaud his effort to try understanding the mind, but I have trouble with airy ruminations proposing that human brains and flowers evolved through stress, or that the forest and human brains are biologically analogous. To me a swamp is a swamp and a brain is a brain, and while there is certainly a connection, Mr. Wallace doesn't find it. Both have to be taken on their own

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RECIPE FOR MIDEAST CONFLICT: ADD WATER

left water supplies vulnerable to insurgency. In the southern Sudan, the country's long-running civil war has stilled a major project to dredge the swamp known as the Sudd and release more water into the Nile; the project's machinery has been bombed and its foreign technicians have been driven away. The goal of the Sudd project is to carve a canal through the swamp to increase the water flow and reduce the amount lost to evaporation. That way, more water would flow into the Soviet-built Aswan High Dam on the Nile -the towering barrage that sheltered Egypt from the ravages of Africa's recent drought. The Nile, however, is the lifeblood of Egypt's agriculture, a slender ribbon of verdancy hemmed by desert and threatened by a growing population that consumes farmland for housing. Thus, what happens upstream in Ethiopia and East Africa, where the Blue and White Niles rise, and in the Sudan, where they join at Khartoum, is held by senior Egyptian officials to be a matter of high national interest. Water as Leverage in Disputes If the drought had not broken, Western and Egyptian officials say, Egypt would have confronted its own water crisis. Egypt's share of the Nile is rationed under an agreement with Khartoum. Western water experts in Cairo say that if the river is to meet the drinking-water needs of a fast-growing population - which leaps by one million every nine months - and if agriculture is to be made more productive to help feed that population, Egyptian farmers will need to use water more efficiently. Some Western estimates suggest that efficiency ratings will have to increase by 60 percent over the next 11 years to meet the needs of the population, projected to reach 70 million in the year 2000. The disputes spread wider. Western diplomats and Turkish officials say Syria supports a Kurdish separatist movement in eastern Turkey that is fighting the central government, in part to maintain leverage with Ankara over the waters of the huge Ataturk Dam and 12 other dams on the Tigris and Euphrates. The dam itself is part of an ambitious development program that is supposed to enhance the underdeveloped region's economy and so undercut the Kurdish revolt after its completion, projected for next year. Water Shortfalls Expected But, some specialists assert, the dam's use of the waters of rivers vital to Syria and Iraq could so reduce the flow

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Farm Gene Makers' Money Woes

and food companies, like the Monsanto Company. Products of the Future So far, the companies have produced only a few products with small sales, and most of those products do not involve recombinant DNA technology, or gene-splicing, which is what is generally meant by biotechnology. In the years ahead, the industry promises to bring forth several significant groups of products, including the following: * Genetically altered crops that can resist herbicides, disease and insects. Such crops are likely to be the first applications of gene-splicing in plants. Herbicide resistance would allow herbicides to be sprayed liberally to kill weeds without harming the crops. * Biopesticides - genetically modified microbes that can also kill pests. Companies working on these products include Mycogen, Ecogen and Crop Genetics International. * Better tasting or more nutritious food. Calgene, for instance, hopes to develop a tomato that will not soften easily, so that tomatoes could be allowed to ripen on the vine, producing a better taste. Using cell culture technology, which is not as difficult as genetic engineering, DNA Plant Technology has developed Vegisnax, crisp carrots and celery that will be sold in snack-size packages in a joint venture with the Du Pont Company. * Crops that can produce industrial oils and other chemicals. Calgene is working on breeding better rapeseed plants for their oil. The Biosource Genetics Corporation, a privately held company in Vacaville, Calif., said it can get get tobacco plants to produce drugs and melanin, a human skin pigment that can be used in sunscreens. * New vaccines and drugs for farm animals. Genetically altered viruses used as a vaccine for swine pseudo-rabies are already on sale. Regulators might soon approve the use of a growth hormone for cattle, produced in bioengineered bacteria, to increase meat and milk production. Market Seen in the Billions Annual sales of such products could reach billions of dollars a year eventually. Sales of seeds for the four largest United States crops now exceed $2 billion a year. But bioengineered seeds could cut not only into that market but also into the $15 billion a year that is spent in the United States on pest control chemicals, according to the Agbiotech Stock Letter, published in Berkeley, Calif. Some industry executives say the low stock value of agricultural biotech companies reflects lack of understanding by Wall Street, as well as its short-term focus. ''How many of these analysts

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THE MEDIA BUSINESS: Magazines; Glimpsing A Day When No 2 Copies Will Be Alike

''Dear Al, ''That flannel shirt you bought three winters ago probably has a few holes in it by now. We're running a special this month that you might want to take advantage of. Take a look at the flannels on page 33 of your catalogue. Give us a call. ''All the best.'' So far, neither Bean nor any other mail-order company has perfected a method to deliver such a personal note at a reasonable cost, but the day is fast approaching. (We still have some time before a computer-driven printer will learn not to begin a message to the Virginia Marble Company with ''Dear Virginia.'') Combine the capacity to personalize the message with the facts available through credit information companies about customers' buying habits, and a publisher has a startling ability to deliver just the right message at just the right moment. American Baby, for instance, has been able to offer advertisers a chance to buy space only in those copies going to subscribers with a newborn child. But what happens to the editorial material? Many publications already create zoned editions, reshaping editorial content geographically. But what prevents a publisher from changing the content for different demographic segments? Will we have one version of a magazine for old people, another for young readers? Will urban and rural subscribers recognize each other's magazines? In many respects, magazine publishers have come to see their job as delivering a market to advertisers. The more tightly focused an audience the magazine can reach, the more efficient it becomes as a delivery vehicle. Why not then break a single mass-market magazine into thousands of more specialized vehicles. The future can already be seen somewhat in the work of mail-order retailers and specialty-magazine publishers. Mail-order companies like Lands' End issue catalogues that have begun to look suspiciously like magazines, with the editorial matter reinforcing the images of the products for sale. At the other end, Whittle Communications has refined the target approach with specialty magazines that all but erase the line between editorial and advertising information. ''What we are doing in magazine publishing now is the equivalent of red-lining in mortgage lending,'' said John R. MacArthur, the president and publisher of Harper's. ''We are eliminating entire neighborhoods from our horizon in order to concentrate on those that are the most affluent.'' Mr. MacArthur thinks that as the trend accelerates toward specialization of messages, the bonds that

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Videotapes Have Tips for New Sailors and Old

LEAD: MAKING a mistake on a boat can get you into trouble - far more than with most other sports. If you hit a golf ball the wrong way, the ball may land in a sand trap. But if you steer a boat the wrong direction, you and the boat may end up on the rocks. Videotapes can reduce that risk by showing you what to expect before you leave the dock. MAKING a mistake on a boat can get you into trouble - far more than with most other sports. If you hit a golf ball the wrong way, the ball may land in a sand trap. But if you steer a boat the wrong direction, you and the boat may end up on the rocks. Videotapes can reduce that risk by showing you what to expect before you leave the dock. Right and wrong is shown graphically through the eye of a camera. In recent years, there has been a flood of new nautical videos on the market. The days when a Joseph Conrad novel was all one needed to satisfy a wunderlust for the sea are as much in the past as the wooden dory. Videos today provide sailors and would-be sailors with a rich visual account of life at sea under real circumstances. There is no substitute for experience on the water, but videos can add immeasurably to your knowledge of boat handling, coastal navigation and seamanship. Here are a few video selections to get you thinking about your first port of call: The Annapolis Book of Seamanship Series: Volume One, Cruising Under Sail This 72-minute tape is the first of five based on a book of the same title written by the experienced sailor and yachting writer John Rousmaniere. ''Cruising Under Sail'' is a primer for your first sailboat trip away from home. Rousmaniere starts you off at the waterfront with tips on planning, what to take along, sailhandling, navigation, and safety precautions. The straightforward narrative ends with an actual sailing trip from Stonington, Conn., to Fisher's Island in Long Island Sound. The cruise adds a firsthand perspective that is missing from the dockside presentation. Produced by Creative Programming of New York, the tape is available through SEA TV Ltd., New Haven, Conn., for $49.95; telephone (800) 323-SAIL. Set Your Sails, Cruising Skills This 75-minute tape takes a look at sailboat cruising from two perspectives:

237536_2

GORBACHEV SIGNS TREATY WITH CUBA

of differences in size, ethnic diveristy and history. Cuba, he said, did not have to contend with the legacy of terror and forced collectivization left by Stalin. ''Unless you consider me a kind of Stalin,'' he said jovially. ''And in that case I would say, well, all my victims are in perfect health.'' Stance on Latin American Debt ''How can you suppose that the steps that are being taken in the Soviet Union can be applied to Cuba, and vice versa?'' he said, adding, ''Anyone can see that this is madness.'' At a brief news conference after his speech, Mr. Gorbachev was asked what the Soviet Union and the United States could do to influence Cuba's activities in Central America. Mr. Castro intervened angrily: ''You start from the point of view that this is a colony. I feel that this is not an appropriate question.'' Mr. Gorbachev later flared angrily when asked about differences between the two countries. ''This comment that we are enemies is pure invention,'' he said, waving his finger at reporters. The Cuban leader also differed pointedly with Mr. Gorbachev on one issue on which the two counries had appeared to be seeking common ground - the huge debt burden of the underdeveloped world. While praising Mr. Gorbachev's proposal last year for a 30-year moratorium on foreign debt to impoverished countries, Mr. Castro said his view is that the debt must be completely forgiven. Despite the contrast between Mr. Castro's militant tone and Mr. Gorbachev's comparatively conciliatory remarks, Soviet officials insisted that the friendship treaty marked an important redefinition of the terms of Soviet-Cuban relations. 'A Stable Zone of Peace' The treaty made no mention of the traditional Soviet role as Cuba's main military supplier. It said the Soviet Union and Cuba ''will spare no efforts in making the principle of rejecting the use or threat of force a universal norm of conduct in inter-state relations and fostering the settlement of conflicts between states solely by peaceful and political means.'' The treaty language echoed a similar pledge by Mr. Gorbachev in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly in December, which was widely interpreted as a signal that the Soviet Union would no longer finance Marxist revolutionaries abroad. In his speech, Mr. Gorbachev said, ''We are categorically opposed to any theories or doctrines that seek to justify the export of revolution or counterrevolution and all forms

237481_0

Latin Intellectuals Urge Brazil to Save Amazon Rain Forest

LEAD: A group of Latin American intellectuals has called on President Jose Sarney of Brazil to put an immediate halt to ''massive deforestation'' and other ''acts of barbarism'' in the Amazon rain forest. A group of Latin American intellectuals has called on President Jose Sarney of Brazil to put an immediate halt to ''massive deforestation'' and other ''acts of barbarism'' in the Amazon rain forest. In a statement issued here on Monday, the intellectuals accused Brazil of carrying out ''a policy of ecocide and ethnocide'' in the Amazon. ''Mr. President, we Latin American writers and artists believe that the historical responsibility for the destruction of the Amazon jungle is enormous and that future generations of Latin Americans will not pardon your not having done everything within your reach to avoid it.'' the statement said. The document was signed by 28 of the region's leading novelists, painters, poets and actors, who come from nine countries. The Nobel laureate Gabriel Garcia Marquez and the painter Fernando Botero, both of Colombia, and the novelist Carlos Fuentes and the painter Rufino Tamayo, both of Mexico, were among the signers. No Brazilians appeared on the list. Highway at Issue The Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa also signed the document, which specifically rejects Brazilian plans to build a highway from the western Amazon through Peru to the Pacific coast. Mr. Vargas Llosa is one of the leading candidates in next year's presidential election in Peru and, if elected, would have the authority to block construction of the road. In recent months, as international criticism of Brazil's management of the Amazon has grown, Mr. Sarney has sought to cast the issue in nationalist terms. He and other Government officials have accused the United States and other industrialized nations of coveting the Amazon and of ''intervention'' in Brazil's internal affairs. The intellectuals rejected that argument in unusually strong terms. ''To invoke national security to justify crimes against nature seems to us to be puerile and dishonest,'' their statement said. ''Ecocide and ethnocide cannot be excused with chauvinist, jingoist words and sentiments,'' the statement continued. ''We, as Latin Americans, would like to see you, with your love for national sovereignty, defend the Amazon from local and foreign predators.''

245417_2

Anglican Heads Try to Defuse Women's Issue

to act together without compromising their convictions. In March, Bishop Barbara C. Harris, elected as a suffragen, or assistant bishop, by the Boston diocese of the Episcopal Church, became the first woman consecrated a bishop in any branch of Anglicanism. 'Episcopal Visitors' Those convinced that Scripture or tradition bars the ordination of women as priests or bishops question the validity of sacramental acts carried out by women, including confirmations and the ordinations of priests, male or female, by bishops who are women. The commission was sympathetic to ad hoc arrangements so that dissenting minorities in churches ordaining women could have sacramental care by priests and bishops whose status they did not question. The Episcopal Church in the United States narrowly approved such an arrangement of ''episcopal visitors'' last summer. But the report strongly rejected proposals to serve minorities opposed to the ordination of women by establishing special structures of bishops and priests parallel to regular dioceses. Some of these proposals ''seem to amount to institutional schism,'' the report said. The Anglican primates meeting in Cyprus particularly seconded this criticism of parallel jurisdictions in their statement on Friday. But they rejected the commission's recommendation that a woman ordaining Anglican priests be joined by male bishops so that all church members would be assured that the ordination was valid. #2 Separate Streams Feared ''One of the serious dangers of the present situation is the possible emergence of two increasingly separate 'streams' of Anglican ordinations,'' the report had warned. While acknowledging this danger, the bishops in Cyprus said that insisting on male bishops' participation in ordinations would appear to question the validity of a female bishop's consecration and ''be demeaning to the woman concerned.'' Other commission recommendations proposed ways to keep confirmations, visits by bishops to other Anglican provinces or their attendance at sacramental acts by ordained women and even symbolic gestures by the Archbishop of Canterbury from becoming sources of friction between Anglican branches. The report also recommended that provinces not ordaining women should ''welcome and foster visits of overseas women priests and bishops'' so their people ''will have at least a limited experience of the ministry of women and some opportunity to understand and appreciate developments elsewhere.'' The seven-member commission was headed by Archbishop Robert Eames, Anglican Primate of Ireland, and included bishops from Nigeria, Australia, the United States and England as well as two theologians, one of them a woman.

245700_0

LONG ISLAND JOURNAL

LEAD: Ms. Priest? DECIDING what to call the new priest is the first problem facing the small congregation of St. John's Episcopal Church in Oakdale. What do you call a female priest? ''I don't know,'' said Betty Voehl, whose family has attended St. John's since 1946. ''Father won't do,'' said her husband, Ms. Priest? DECIDING what to call the new priest is the first problem facing the small congregation of St. John's Episcopal Church in Oakdale. What do you call a female priest? ''I don't know,'' said Betty Voehl, whose family has attended St. John's since 1946. ''Father won't do,'' said her husband, William. ''Mother Mooney doesn't make it either,'' said the priest in question, Noreen O'Connor Mooney. ''I've asked them to call me Noreen,'' she said. ''The more formal can call me Mrs. Mooney.'' In an unusual blending of old and new, the first female Episcopal priest to oversee a congregation on Long Island is performing that duty in one of the oldest churches on the Island. St John's, a one-room church with upstairs slave gallery and ramrod straight-back pews, complete with accordion doors to lock in the worshippers, opened its door in 1765. The first Episcopal bishop in America administered there; American Revolution and Civil War veterans are buried in its churchyard. It is a church rich in history. And now it is making more. The bubbly and full-of-life Mrs. Mooney, the divorced mother of a 16-year-old, David, is one of three Long Island women ordained as Episcopal priests earlier this year. She is the first female priest to have her own church, even if only temporarily. ''I'm the supply priest here,'' she said. ''The priest in charge retired to Florida after Easter. The diocese is deciding what to do, but I would love to stay.'' The Episcopal Diocese of Long Island is not certain what the future of St. John's, with its dwindling congregation, will be, but the future for women as priests on Long Island ''is bright,'' said Tony Miller, a diocese official. ''The reaction has been generally positive. You'll be seeing more women priests on the Island.'' ''I think that's wonderful,'' said Christine Giles of Oakdale, who attends St. John's with her 11-year-old daughter, Jennifer. ''Women are just as capable,'' she said. In place of an organist, Ms. Giles plays her guitar and sings in a pure Judy Collins-like voice at the 10 A.M. service.

245625_0

1971: ''OUR BODIES, OURSELVES.''

LEAD: ''Our Bodies, Ourselves,'' a large-format paperback published by Simon & Schuster, was a book that was not so much written as aggregated. After a 1969 women's conference in Boston, a group of women began conducting a course on ''Women and Their Bodies'' and assembled a mimeographed study to go with it. ''Our Bodies, Ourselves,'' a large-format paperback published by Simon & Schuster, was a book that was not so much written as aggregated. After a 1969 women's conference in Boston, a group of women began conducting a course on ''Women and Their Bodies'' and assembled a mimeographed study to go with it. Calling themselves the Boston Women's Health Collective, a dozen of them later issued a revision of the material in printed form. Another revised edition was issued in 1976, a ''New Our Bodies, Ourselves'' in 1984. The latest version has 400,000 copies in print and sells particularly briskly in college bookstores. In its current form, the book is a 383-page profusely illustrated volume, written and edited entirely by women, that combines encyclopedic facts with personal reminiscence about such matters as female physiology, sexuality, childbearing, abortion, menopause and lesbianism. PAPERBACKS

238366_0

A New Procedure For Breeding Tomatoes

LEAD: The DNA Plant Technology Corporation of Cinnaminson, N.J., received a patent this week for a method of breeding better tomatoes in petri dishes. The DNA Plant Technology Corporation of Cinnaminson, N.J., received a patent this week for a method of breeding better tomatoes in petri dishes. Known as somaclonal variation, the method consists of removing tissue from a high-quality tomato, placing it in a petri dish filled with nutrients, and allowing the cells to reproduce and form new shoots. The shoots are then transplanted and grow into mature plants. Laboratory breeding is faster than traditional techniques, company officials said, because the shoots develop a wide range of genetic variations. Breeders can then select the best ones for farming. Thus far, the company has bred tomatoes with a longer shelf life, which allows them to be picked later in their growth period and to ripen naturally. Another variety, to be used in soups and in prepared foods, yields 20 percent more bulk than existing varieties. The Campbell's Soup Company, which has been financing some of the research, has rights to license any of the varieties. DNA Plant Technology received patent 4,818,699. PATENTS

236820_6

A Caribbean Communist Seeks New Friends

society could prove to be a challenge at a time when resentment of food rationing and housing shortages is growing. In addition, more than half the Cuban population has been born since Mr. Castro came to power. They are presumed to be hungry for the kind of change, openness and dynamism that Mr. Gorbachev represents. Mr. Castro, on the other hand, seems to be doing his utmost to push his country in the opposite direction. For the last three years, the keystone of his policy has been a ''rectification campaign'' that stresses sacrifice and moral commitment to the revolution as opposed to the material incentives that Mr. Gorbachev favors. ''Like Che Guevara, I am against the use of capitalist mechanisms to build socialism,'' Mr. Castro said during a February visit to Caracas when reporters asked him about his opposition to economic reforms under way in the Soviet Union, China and Eastern Europe. ''I don't believe in convergence, fusion or hybrids. What can result is a retreat from socialism, because nowhere is it written that socialism is irreversible.'' Moscow, however, has become increasingly unhappy about having to foot the bill for Mr. Castro's costly and inefficient insistence on orthodoxy. Dr. Carmelo Mesa Lago of the University of Pittsburgh, a leading authority on the Cuban economy, estimates total Soviet subsidies to Cuba are running as much as $5 billion a year, and Cuba's debt to the Soviet Union is at least double the $6.5 billion it owes to the West. Over the last five years, Cuba's annual trade deficit with the Soviet Union has doubled, to $1.6 billion. Economic growth has averaged less than one percent during the last three years, and annual production of sugar, still the backbone of the Cuban economy, has fallen to 7 million tons. The Soviets have reduced the subsidized price they pay for Cuban sugar and have balked at increasing oil exports to Cuba, the excess of which Havana resells to earn hard currency. ''These are examples of what is going to be happening more and more,'' Dr. Mesa Lago said. ''The Soviets have been burned several times, and Gorbachev has enough problems without acquiring more, 6,000 miles from home. If Fidel does not improve his performance dramatically, he gives the Russians grounds to say 'You criticize us, but your system is not working and every year we have to support you more.' '' LEFT BEHIND

236760_2

Gorbachev-Castro Face-Off: A Clash of Style and Policies

interview here. Soviets Want Regional Accord Mr. Komplektov said Moscow is still devoted to the proposal President Reagan rejected when Mr. Gorbachev first tendered it privately in 1987 - a mutual cutoff of military aid to the region by both superpowers. Any new proposals, the Soviet official said, would require reciprocal actions by the United States. ''How can we talk about cutting the Nicaraguan defenses when you have the 82d Airborne sitting in Honduras?'' he said. But Mr. Komplektov took a markedly conciliatory tone when asked about the recent bipartisan deal between the Bush Administration and Congress to spend $40 million maintaining the Nicaraguan contras. The Foreign Ministry official said this nonmilitary aid would ''not necessarily contradict'' the peace plan negotiated by Central American states, which calls for the contras to be disbanded. Mr. Komplektov indicated the Soviet leader will urge President Bush to enter a direct dialogue with Cuba and Nicaragua, and will focus on reducing military ''assymetries'' in the region to create greater stability. Last Meeting in 1986 Mr. Gorbachev and Mr. Castro have talked extensively only once before, in 1986, before Mr. Gorbachev had become so clearly committed to social and economic liberalization. They meet one week after the freest Soviet election in seven decades, in which voters showed a strong preference for more rapid change and more independent voices in their leadership. Mr. Castro, after permitting entrepreneurs a taste of freedom, has retreated to socialist convention, eliminating small private farmers' markets and urging his people to be content with moral rather than financial rewards. Behind his show of independence, diplomats say, Mr. Castro is eager to please his Soviet guest. Cubans seem eager to show that they have mastered at least the mannerisms of the new Communist thinking by giving foreign reporters some access to normally reclusive Cuban officials and tolerating interviews with Cuban dissidents. Mr. Gorbachev has strong incentives to avoid any open friction with Mr. Castro that go beyond the value of this island as a major military transit point and intelligence-gathering center. For the Soviet leader, this is a prelude to future trips into Latin America, where he has enthusiastic invitations from a half dozen non-Communist countries, including Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Ecuador. Gorbachev's Overtures to Latins Mr. Gorbachev has made overtures to the region by forgiving or extending Soviet loans to the third world and challenging the West - by far the

242890_13

DANGEROUS DAYS IN THE MACARENA

armadillos, ocelots and fresh-water dolphins, but I would not see them because from this point on human beings would interfere. Thirty thousand human beings. They had arrived over the last 20 years: fleeing violence, looking for cheap or free land, or actually sent here by agrarian reform officials who had found it easier to invade a defenseless nature reserve than risk expropriating a few hundred hectares from wealthy landowners. Methodically, these colonos had slashed and burned their way into the Macarena. The thin rain-forest soils gave way after one or two corn harvests, so they continued on, farther and deeper. The Government was nowhere close enough to stop them. For years, this region, like several of Colombia's 30 national parks, has been the domain of the country's largest guerrilla organization: the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces, or FARC. The few scentists who enter have to deal with them, as did I. My contact was through a Bogota university that coordinates a program to simultaneously preserve the Macarena and protect the colonos' rights; my agronomist companion is employed there. The idea is to educate colonos about the importance of the reserve, and then either relocate them or teach them agricultural techniques less injurious to the ecosystem. ''Fine,'' said Jose Ignacio, a colono we met. ''I tried cassava and bananas, but there are no roads. Everything rots by the time it reaches the market. The only thing that pays is this.'' ''This'' is coca, which is filling the Macarena. Leaves can be processed into flour and packed out by mule, so there is no spoilage, but after buying fertilizers and insecticides at the prices mule skinners charge to haul them in, it doesn't pay very much at all. Even so, we encountered whole coca-growing villages inside the reserve. ''It hurts me that my students will have no choice but to produce this,'' said a schoolteacher whose husband also plants coca. WE WERE PASSING through yet another field of burned stumps surrounded by wispy, lime-green coca shrubs when a youth dressed in olive-drab, carrying an Israeli semiautomatic Galil assault rifle stepped into our path. Apologetically, he informed us that we could go no farther until he verified that we were expected. The encampment of the FARC's Eastern Forces has a bamboo aqueduct drawing water from a stream that has been dammed to create a swimming pool, a field clinic, a diesel plant for electricity

242718_0

The Problems of DES Exposure Remain Real

LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Fewer Problems: The Medical Record on DES Emerges After Years of Research and Anxiety'' (Week in Review, April 9) minimizes the problems of exposure to diethylstilbesterol, or DES, the drug that was once prescribed to avert miscarriages. While the cancer associated with DES has turned out to be less widespread than originally feared, DES-exposed women are at greater risk for dysplasia, an abnormal cell change that is a potential precursor of cervical cancer. Increased pregnancy problems have resulted from exposure to the drug, as you point out, but they are not limited to miscarriages. DES-exposed women also have more ectopic pregnancies and premature deliveries. You do not deal with the biggest problem associated with DES-exposed women - finding them. Millions were exposed to the drug in utero over 30 years. Most still do not know they were exposed. Our organization is trying to find these women and advise them about the special medical care they require. A DES-exposed woman must inform her gynecologist of her exposure so the proper pelvic exam can be performed. If she does not, her exam may be ineffective. DES Action will recommend a gynecologist familiar with testing procedures for DES exposure. (We have chapters in many states, listed in telephone directories.) The problems of DES exposure are real, especially the increased childbearing problems. At the least, DES-exposed women must submit to a more expensive gynecological exam than their unexposed contemporaries, probably for the rest of their lives. ANTHONY M. TEDESCHI National Communications Director, DES Action New Hyde Park, L.I., April 9, 1989

243108_4

DON'T BE CRUEL OR REASONABLE

can so confidently predict the result of imaginative investigations into cruelty; don't forget that these are to be carried out by those who do not believe in an objective ''better'' and ''worse.'' Might not the recommended television watching and book reading destroy their liberalism, leaving only their irony, for example? But again we are attempting to give logical, theoretical, reasonable rejoinders; again we fail to enter into discourse with Mr. Rorty on his own terms. So now - on the principle that if we can't beat them let's join them - I shall follow Mr. Rorty's advice and use my creative imagination. Consider the liberal ironist. My creative imagination tells me that he certainly does not expect ever to be the victim of cruelty in his own person, and that his irony about values rests on that supposition. My imagination also tells me that he is heavily padded with money and with unwarranted self-esteem, and that his personal safety rests partly on the fact that his fellow citizens, most of them, are not moral ironists. We might compare him, too, in imagination, with people who have spoken or written about the cruelty that they themselves have suffered: let's say, with Alexander Solzhenitsyn or Primo Levi. How does he compare, according to your creative imagination? My creative imagination tells me that the liberal ironist, when compared with men like these, shows up as shallow, priggish and voyeuristic. Now let's ask: what does the creative imagination tell us about the probable sources of the liberal ironist's special dogmas - namely, that there is no such thing as human nature or human solidarity or objective morality or objective truth? These dogmas are not grounded in reason, nor indeed in the imagination. Some philosophers will trace their first articulation to Nietzsche, a few to Plato's Thrasymachus. But forget the philosophers. The creative, ethnography-reading imagination tells us, surely, that these dogmas represent nothing more or less than the tribal mores of teen-age human males. As such they can be explained in terms of the evolutionary history of the human race, just as the temporary ''loner'' behavior of the adolescent male lion can be explained in terms of the evolutionary history of lions. Why do philosophers elevate the temporary instinctual behavior patterns of the male human teen-ager into (allegedly) self-evident truths? The creative imagination readily suggests an answer, but it is not a very polite one.

242858_11

Marrying Overseas: 'I Do' in Greece

couple's own clergy that such counseling has taken place in the United States. Banns must be posted at least two days before the couple can apply for a license, and there's a one-week waiting period after submitting the application. Roman Catholics wishing a religious wedding are not required to post banns but must submit to a four-day waiting period. After receiving the license, another application must be completed at the mayor's office. Two witnesses are required, one of whom must be able to act as an interpreter. To be legally valid, the marriage must also be registered with the local office of vital statistics after the wedding. Italy: The couple should go to the nearest Italian Consulate with four witnesses, who must not be related to each other, and obtain a certificate of their intention to marry. The cost varies with the dollar-lira exchange rate and is currently $12.16. Birth certificates and any divorce papers must be translated. In Italy the couple must obtain a certificate of their single status from a United States Consulate. Arrangements can then be made at a local city or town hall. Sweden: Couples must declare in writing at the local parish civil registration office that they are not related to each other and have not been married before. A divorced person must present a copy of the decree. Although there is no waiting period or residency requirement, paperwork may take a few days. The Swedish Foreign Ministry has a copy of requirements for a marriage license for each of the 50 states. If the couples satisfies those requirements they will receive a certificate of eligibility, which is then taken to the parish office. Fee: $11. Britain: Both partners must have resided in England or Wales for 15 days before a notice of intent to marry is filed with a registrar. The registrar will then issue a certificate and license and the marriage may take place one day later and within three months of the filing. Further information: General Register Office, St. Catherines House, 10 Kingsway, London WC2B 6JP, England. In Scotland, there is no residency requirement and the couple can apply in person or by mail to the registrar for the district in which the marriage is to take place. The notice should be filed four to six weeks before the wedding but not later than 15 days before the ceremony. Further information: General

242929_1

The I.R.A.'s Political Allies Run Against Its Violent Side

in the May election, and gradually build up support in the Republic to the south, where it will compete in another election in June. The party realizes that improving its standing in the Republic will be a long, slow process. A police official in Northern Ireland pointed out a paradox: Protestant loyalist groups, which choose victims mainly on the basis of religion alone, have also been killing civilians - about 20 since November 1987. But it is the predominantly Roman Catholic I.R.A., which says its preferred targets are members of the security forces and British Government officials, that has been the target of the heaviest criticism lately. This is precisely because the I.R.A. has said it tries to spare bystanders but has failed to do so. The latest death occurred when a bomb hidden in a van exploded near a police station in the town of Warrenpoint on the Irish border. The I.R.A. indicated it had meant to kill policemen, but not the woman. It said the blast, which wounded 30 people and damaged more than 200 houses, was premature, and may have been caused when an attacker inadvertently detonated the bomb. The incident brought to 29 the number of civilians killed by the I.R.A. in the last year and a half, including 11 Protestants who died in the accidental detonation of a bomb intended for British soldiers and members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Enniskillen in November 1987. Sinn Fein, which operates legally as a political group, has several times called on the I.R.A., an outlawed guerrilla force, to avoid killing civilians. After the bombing this month, Gerry Adams, the party's president, said that he did not condone the attack and urged the I.R.A. to be more careful. Disavowals or Propaganda? Nevertheless, the I.R.A.'s enemies have characterized both the reprimands and the search for allies as propaganda intended only to help Sinn Fein in the coming elections. The critics note that leaders of Sinn Fein and the I.R.A. recognize the political cost of civilian attacks. After the incident at Enniskillen, hardcore support for the I.R.A. in the Roman Catholic areas of Northern Ireland remained steadfast but the party's standing suffered among more marginal sympathizers north and south of the border. ''They are aware that these continuing mistakes do a lot of damage to political support and any sympathy that people around the world might have,'' said the police

245144_0

NATO Crisis: London Frets Over the Alliance . . . As Scars Reopen on the Continent

LEAD: The debate now straining the Atlantic alliance echoes the controversy that brought millions of demonstrators into the streets of Western Europe six years ago to protest the deployment of American medium-range missiles. The debate now straining the Atlantic alliance echoes the controversy that brought millions of demonstrators into the streets of Western Europe six years ago to protest the deployment of American medium-range missiles. As bitter words fly between Washington, London and Bonn, some diplomatic veterans of the 1983 crisis are drawing the unhappy conclusion that the celebrated ''victory'' of securing the stationing of Pershing 2 and ground-launched cruise missiles was a Pyrrhic one and that it left behind the seeds of today's confrontation. Scarred and Frightened Although the Pershings and cruise missiles were emplaced and then negotiated away in a milestone treaty with the Soviet Union, the battle over their deployment deeply scarred and frightened West Germany's conservative leadership; the battle also marked politicians in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Norway, nations that also saw tumultuous anti-missile movements. ''We won a diplomatic battle,'' commented Dominique Moisi, deputy director of the French Institute for International Relations. ''But by winning a diplomatic battle we increased our pyschological vulnerabilities vis-a-vis our public opinions.'' In 1983, France kept its sang-froid and was little moved by the demonstrations that roiled its neighbors, who were said to be afflicted by ''Protestant angst.'' But today even President Francois Mitterrand is sensitive to rising anti-nuclear sentiment among French youth, and acted accordingly. Same Issue, Different Times The current crisis is also about missiles: what to do about 88 aging short-range Lance launchers that are mostly based in West Germany. But this time around, Bonn's political leaders are rallying public opinion against the United States and Britain, whereas six years ago Chancellor Helmut Kohl sought allied help to influence West German opinion and push through the unpopular medium-range deployments. The diplomatic contest over the Lance is taking place in an international context that has changed profoundly since 1983 - and that some NATO diplomats insist was decisively altered by the alliance's refusal to buckle to Soviet pressure six years ago. Under Mikhail S. Gorbachev, the Soviet Union has abandoned tough words for smiles, psychologically disarming those in the West who, like Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of Britain, appeal for vigilance and resolve and warn that it would be folly to let down one's guard before the irreversibility

245166_1

Gene-Altered Farm Drug Starts Battle in Milk States

reputation among consumers who are increasingly skittish about chemicals in food. ''Our main concern about the hormone is the economic implications,'' said Julie Bleyhl, a lobbyist here with the National Farmers Union, which has 300,000 members nationwide. ''We don't see any good coming from this.'' Supporters of the drug, including executives of several large dairy cooperatives, conservative lawmakers and lobbyists for four multinational chemical companies, argue that their opponents are spreading misinformation and playing to emotion. They contend the new drug is the safest and most promising product of agricultural biotechnology yet developed. They say it will yield more milk at lower cost, helping farmers to gain greater efficiency and keeping milk prices down for consumers. Company Defends Drug ''Science is on our side,'' said Laurence J. O'Neill, a spokesman for the Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis, one of the manufacturers. ''The arguments of our opponents are exaggerated and without merit.'' The stakes in the confrontation go beyond the $100 million to $500 million annual worldwide market for the drug that Monsanto, Eli Lilly & Company, the Upjohn Company and the American Cyanamid Company hope to tap. For the first time in this century, farmers and industrial leaders are battling to control how a new agricultural technology is deployed. The struggle against bovine somatotropin was begun three years ago by Jeremy Rifkin, president of the Foundation on Economic Trends, a Washington-based group that opposes many applications of biotechnology. Farm groups and other influential organizations have since joined the protest. Waiting in line behind bovine somatotropin are a host of other new products of agricultural biotechnology: genetically altered crop plants, microbes, animal drugs, even altered animals. The success or failure of bovine somatotropin, the first economically important product of agricultural biotechnology ready to be marketed, will affect the development of these other inventions and ultimately the structure of American agriculture. Ban Is Approved The abounding political activity around the new drug is most intense in the upper Midwest. Here in the capital of the nation's fourth largest dairy state, the Minnesota House Agriculture Committee in mid-April narrowly passed a measure that would ban the sale or use of bovine somatotropin for one year. The Democrat-led committee split along party lines to approve the measure 10 to 9. A similar measure is being considered in the State Senate. ''When I first started with this issue I asked myself a simple question:

245142_0

France Expels Pretoria Envoys

LEAD: France said today it was expelling three South African Embassy officials to protest what it described as an illegal effort by Pretoria to acquire a stolen British Blowpipe missile in Paris. Officials said one of those being expelled was Daniel Storm, who was found in a Paris hotel on April 21 with three Protestant extremists from Northern Ireland. France said today it was expelling three South African Embassy officials to protest what it described as an illegal effort by Pretoria to acquire a stolen British Blowpipe missile in Paris. Officials said one of those being expelled was Daniel Storm, who was found in a Paris hotel on April 21 with three Protestant extremists from Northern Ireland. The three militants have been charged with arms trafficking and conspiracy for the purpose of terrorism.

239172_3

Disabled Foster-Care Youths Kept in New York Hospitals

that time, the boy had been at Mount Sinai nine months. The judge ordered the worker to write a report on the boy and return in two weeks. The report confirmed Ms. Lerner's worst fears. The worker totally misunderstood the system and the facts. In the report, what amounted to a handwritten note on a single piece of memo paper, the caseworker said state institutions had rejected the boy because his I.Q. was below 50. Noted About Efforts The worker erred on several counts. The state automatically accepts children with I.Q.'s below 60. And Troy had been rejected because his I.Q. was too high to qualify for state institutions. The paper also included a few, apparently incomplete, notes about the caseworker's other limited efforts to place Troy. ''It was really an incredible piece of paper,'' Ms. Lerner said. ''It told a lot.'' In recent years, the Child Welfare Administration has been successful in reducing the number of healthy babies kept in hospitals while awaiting foster homes. But the disabled children have received little attention. Three years ago, the city sued the state in the hope of forcing state agencies to accept the children faster. The case remains in its early stages. 'As Fast as We Can' Child-welfare officials said 122 handicapped children in foster care were living in hospitals in February. Ninety were younger than 2 and had been in hospitals an average of 40 days. The 32 older children had been in hospitals an average of 107 days. One child had been in a hospital 16 months. State officials said they had been notified of 17 children in hospitals who were eligible for state institutions. On average, the children wait four months before being placed. ''We move them in as fast as we can,'' said Louis J. Ganim, a spokesman for the Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. The cost of keeping the children in the hospitals ranges from $12,000 to $27,000 a month. City officials said the expense was borne by sources like the hospitals' bad debt pools and Federal, state and city funds. But none of the money is from the foster-care agency, the Child Welfare Administration, which is part of the Human Resources Administration, city officials said. ''In this time of overcrowding, we could admit a lot of other patients if the children weren't there,'' Mr. Marcos of the hospital agency said. ''And then there

240216_4

Rome Journal; Vatican 'Saint Factory': Is It Working Too Hard?

giving local bishops responsibility for initiating causes of canonization, the Pope ruled in 1983 that only one miracle - instead of the traditional two -would be needed in each case. A Miracle Is Needed Today, the requirements for beatification are either that a candidate died a martyr or that he lived a life of ''heroic virtue'' and is credited with a miracle after death. To gain sainthood once beatified, a candidate must also be found responsible for a miracle and, above all, be chosen by the Pope. But the process can still take decades. Initiation of a cause can start only five years after the individual's death, and it may be many years before a bishop has collected sufficient evidence of a devout life as well as a miracle. It may take even longer before religious and medical consultants to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints endorse the virtue of the candidate's life and the authencity of his or her miracle. Intense lobbying by supporters of a cause - and even by an interested government - can help draw attention to a particular case, although Msgr. Robert Sarno, an American priest who forms part of the Congregation, said the Vatican did not bend to pressure. ''We cannot,'' he added, ''because we're dealing with a combination of the human element and the divine element.'' Conversely, in a number of cases, individuals have been beatified or canonized against the wishes of local governments. One such case recently involved the beatification of Miguel Pro, a Jesuit priest who was killed in Mexico in the 1920's during a wave of anti-clericism condoned by the founder of today's governing party. In reality, the sharp jump in beatifications and canonizations over the last decade is largely a result of the Pope's selection of groups of martyrs, such as 117 Vietnamese missionaries who died in the 18th and 19th centuries and 103 Koreans who died in the last century. Reflecting the Pope's interest in ''de-Europeanizing'' the church, he also carried out the first canonization outside Rome, in the Philippines in 1981. But while the Pope's policy is altering the map of saints, it is also stimulating some Catholics to promote candidates for beatification and canonization whose ''heroic virtues'' and miraculous powers are not always immediately apparent. The cause of Princess Grace of Monaco, formerly the actress Grace Kelly, for instance, is said to be moving slowly.

240159_2

Poverty Doesn't Make Blacks Better Athletes

fallacy in your reasoning -and much of the tendentious reasoning employed in sociology today - is that one must know the specific nature of a physiological mechanism before one may suspect that such a mechanism exists. Such logic would have attributed to social causes the human need to eat until the actual mechanism of digestion was discovered. Even if we knew nothing about the relevant physiology, the empirical fact of a black jumping ability that manifests itself cross-culturally in all social and economic environments would lead anyone who is not the servant of ideology strongly to suspect that environmental factors -while they may increase group differences, as male weight lifting increases male-female differences in strength - are not of primary causal importance to the black athletic superiorities we discuss. It is understandable, though not scientifically forgivable, that many would deny a physiological basis to all race differences; bogus claims of such differences have helped justify injustice. It is similarly understandable that many fear that to acknowledge real physiological differences will seem to justify claims of physiological differences that do not exist. But even if one wishes to view such denial as a humane concern for others, rather than a narcissistic subordination of truth to personal need, one will find that the result is an ever-accelerating tendency toward the embarrassingly incoherent muddle that so much sociology accepts as explanation. Worse yet, one will discover that this tendency is greatest in those areas that are of most importance to the public, the group that pays the bills for what it supposes to be the relatively objective search for truth social science is supposed to be. When ideology replaces overwhelming evidence in virtually every introductory sociology textbook and students are taught that, to use three of many possible examples, it is clear that the death penalty doesn't deter, that physiology is unimportant to male-female differences in emotion and behavior, and that ''abnormal'' behavior is ''abnormal'' only in that it is so labeled (and we don't have to consider the cause of the behavior that makes such labeling possible), sociology deserves the low esteem in which it is held. However, it is far more serious that the institutions that mold public opinion, institutions like yours, accept such nonsense and present it to readers as fact. STEVEN GOLDBERG New York, April 2, 1989 The writer is chairman of the department of sociology at City College.

237782_0

Drive Seeks to Make Sex in Therapy a Crime

LEAD: Accusations against two psychotherapists of engaging in unethical sexual contact with patients have intensified a drive in the Massachusetts Legislature to protect patients from sexual abuse by doctors, therapists and counselors. Accusations against two psychotherapists of engaging in unethical sexual contact with patients have intensified a drive in the Massachusetts Legislature to protect patients from sexual abuse by doctors, therapists and counselors. Having sexual contact with patients, or clients, is a violation of professional ethics in these fields, but in Massachusetts and most other states it is a crime only if rape, indecent assault or unlawful drug use is involved, said a spokesman for the Middlesex District Attorney. The District Attorney is looking into one of the cases with the possibility of bringing criminal charges. One psychotherapist surrendered his medical license Monday. The other had done so earlier. Neither will be able to practice medicine anywhere in the country, said a spokesman for the State Board of Registration in Medicine. In four states, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois and Colorado, a complaint by a patient of sexual contact by a therapist, even with the patient's consent, can lead to criminal charges, said a spokesman for the American Psychiatric Association. In two states, Florida and California, any sexual contact with a patient, even with consent, can be specific grounds for a civil suit, the spokesman said. The concern raised by newspaper reports of the two Massachusetts cases has increased support for legislation to make sexual contact by doctors and counselors with their patients a crime as well as to require that professionals who learn of colleagues engaging in such sexual contact report it to the state licensing board. Two separate bills have been introduced that would also cover members of the clergy. Patients Considered Vulnerable Sexual contact, as opposed to rape, may be considered a crime because people in therapy or under a doctor's care are too vulnerable and dependent to give informed consent, medical experts say. ''There can be a feeling of extreme guilt because unlike rape, the patient may not protest vehemently,'' said Dr. Kathleen M. Mogul, a psychiatrist here who is on the American Psychiatric Assocation's ethics board. In a national study of psychiatrists, 7 percent of the men and 3 percent of the women admitted that they had had sexual relations with a patient and 88 percent of those had done so with more than one patient, said

236378_0

Xapuri Journal; Where Back to Nature Is Wave of the Future

LEAD: Valerio da Silva slit an ancient tree trunk with his knife and quickly hooked a cup into the bark to catch the white latex oozing out. Valerio da Silva slit an ancient tree trunk with his knife and quickly hooked a cup into the bark to catch the white latex oozing out. ''A man who makes poor cuts gets a terrible name,'' he said. ''To damage a tree is as bad as killing a pregnant animal or not paying your debts.'' The rubber tappers who once helped advance the Industrial Revolution of more than a century ago are still collecting latex deep inside the Amazon rain forest. There is no longer much demand for their natural rubber, but environmentalists see these forest people as bearers of a message ever more pressing in a world where nature is widely abused. As the race for development and quick profits consumes vast swaths of Amazon forest, forestry experts and economists argue that the estimated 300,000 people who live off collecting wild rubber, nuts, resin and other forest produce have demonstrated that exploiting yet preserving the rain forest can go hand in hand and even be profitable. A Forest Leader Is Killed The killing last December of Francisco Mendes, leader of the tappers, at first had seemed to fracture their movement and its battle against land speculators and cattle ranchers. But now, three months later, the tappers seem even more determined to gain reserves for extraction only. Their opponents, the landowners, have used more anonymous death threats to intimidate them. ''How can we stop now,'' Maria da Silva said, scurrying about the small family farm in the heart of the forest and hanging some deer meat to dry in the sun. If it wasn't for Francisco Mendes, she added, ''all this forest would have been destroyed.'' A union meeting was coming up and Mr. Mendes's brother, Jose, and other tappers were visiting the Silvas in their forest clearing, a three-hour walk from the mud road to Xapuri (pronounced shah-poo-REE). Unlike the tappers farther west who continued laboring under the old system - like serfs forever in debt to landowners for taxes and goods -these were independent people working a forest that their parents or grandparents had divided up. They now defended these lands on the basis of the squatter rights recognized by Brazilian law. More Battles Ahead Soon the conversation turned to battles

242034_0

Help for Rain Forests, in the Shower

LEAD: ''RAIN forests are being cut down at the rate of 100 acres every minute and an area the equivalent of Central Park every eight minutes,'' said Daniel Katz, president of the Rainforest Alliance. ''We've only got basically 10 years left to save them.'' To help the cause, Maytex Mills, a home textile company, has produced a rain-forest shower curtain, the profits of which will go to saving the Monteverde Nature Reserve in Costa Rica. ''RAIN forests are being cut down at the rate of 100 acres every minute and an area the equivalent of Central Park every eight minutes,'' said Daniel Katz, president of the Rainforest Alliance. ''We've only got basically 10 years left to save them.'' To help the cause, Maytex Mills, a home textile company, has produced a rain-forest shower curtain, the profits of which will go to saving the Monteverde Nature Reserve in Costa Rica. The shower curtain is made of brightly colored clear vinyl and depicts a realistic tropical rain-forest scene. ''We worked with closely the Rainforest Alliance to make sure the birds and trees were realistic,'' said Steve Feder, president of Maytex Mills. Much to Mr. Feder's surprise, when he showed the product to retailers the response was surprisingly positive. ''More people are aware of the problem than we had realized,'' he said. ''As a result, the shower curtain will be in retail stores in the next 90 days.'' The shower curtain is immediately available for $25 plus $3.95 for shipping and handling from the Rainforest Alliance, 295 Madison Avenue, Suite 1804, New York, N.Y. 10017. Allow six to eight weeks for delivery. CURRENTS

241865_0

Brazil Needs Help, Not Scorn

LEAD: The reckless destruction of the Amazon rain forest is surely among the worst of the world's ecological disasters. Encouraged by Brazil's Government, cattle ranchers and landless settlers have set fire to huge sections of Rondonia, in western Brazil, fouling the air and laying waste to a rich and precious natural wonder. The reckless destruction of the Amazon rain forest is surely among the worst of the world's ecological disasters. Encouraged by Brazil's Government, cattle ranchers and landless settlers have set fire to huge sections of Rondonia, in western Brazil, fouling the air and laying waste to a rich and precious natural wonder. President Jose Sarney now offers a plan to guide the forest's commercial development. It's disappointingly sketchy, aimed more at calming international outrage than saving Amazonia. Yet his willingness to address the problem at all reflects growing strength among Brazil's environmentalists. His successor may offer more credible proposals when Mr. Sarney leaves office in the fall. The West should be ready to respond generously. Mr. Sarney's main proposal is to spend $100 million over five years to divide the forests into zones for agriculture, mining and conservation. The plan would leave huge parts of the 1.9-million-square-mile basin vulnerable to further exploitation. And Mr. Sarney made clear he would go no further. He invoked the Brazilian nationalist battle cry ''The Amazon is ours,'' and denounced what he called a worldwide campaign of ''scientific falsehoods.'' Environmentalists have been pressuring Mr. Sarney for a year. In Rondonia alone, nearly 20 percent of the forest has disappeared. At risk is not only a priceless biological nursery but also the atmosphere. The fires may account for 7 percent of the world's annual production of carbon dioxide, intensifying the global warming known as the greenhouse effect. What role can industrial nations play to save the Amazon? Even when the xenophobic Mr. Sarney goes, the task will be to make Brazil feel part of a global solution to global problems, rather than a pariah deserving special scorn. Indeed, given its $115 billion foreign debt, Brazil needs special help. One answer lies in so-called debt-for-nature swaps that, in simplest terms, would forgive foreign debt in exchange for conservation. Foreigners would bear most of the cost, and many Brazilians like the idea. But Mr. Sarney says swaps would insult Brazil's sovereignty. The industrial nations might also announce their readiness to offer aid whenever Brazil seems genuinely ready

241780_0

China Has Eased World Population Pressure; Preventive Measures

LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: People who read only headlines would receive a distorted picture about the birth-control program in China from ''U.N. Population Plan for China Seen as Test of U.S. Attitude: Forced Abortions and Sterilizations are Policies of Beijing's'' (news story, March 12), and that might hurt chances for the bill on United States aid to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities in Congress. The bill is very important for the well-being of the Chinese people, especially Chinese women. Most of the money that came from the United Nations before 1985 was used for birth-control education and free contraceptives - preventive measures, not forced abortion. Since that program was discontinued for lack of funds, the Chinese Government has decreased the preventive program. Abortion has increased, especially in rural areas. When I lived in a Chinese village for two years and worked in a factory three and a half years, I was involved in the birth-control program. Before I came to the United States in 1986, I investigated the abortion issue in two rural villages in two separate provinces. Most people realized the importance of birth control. Even though some families still have traditional ideas about having more children, most people, even in rural areas, realize it is not wise to have more than two. Using contraceptives has become part of the culture. Both in rural and urban areas people repeatedly complained about the poor quality of contraceptive devices, which resulted in many abortions. I support birth-planning education and improvement of birth-control methods. If people really care about abortion and the well-being of Chinese women, they should make some suggestions about how to help with birth control using the United Nations money. For example, use the money to rebuild factories and create education centers. Cutting money for the birth-control program will not hurt those officials who abuse it but will harm women, the very victims who need help. Some people are using the money shortage as an excuse to deprive women of needed contraceptives. As a result they have to resort to sterilization or abortion. Americans need to see the statistics of 1.5 billion Chinese in the 21st century, to know about the worsening imbalance of China's humans-to-land ratio and the misery of Chinese women to understand the importance of the Chinese birth-control program. Since one out of every four or five people in the world

242045_0

China Has Eased World Population Pressure

LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Soon after the Cuban revolution, Fidel Castro was asked about the need for population control. ''I am a socialist,'' he responded, ''but really that is something you cannot plan.'' Mr. Castro should take a look, as I did last summer, at China's family-planning program. Intensely curious how the Chinese had managed, in scarely over a decade, to reduce the average number of children per family from six to fewer than three, I accepted an invitation from the State Family Planning Commission to visit their program in cities, towns and villages. Outside China, the most common explanation of the remarkable reduction in fertility is ''coercion'' - Chinese are compelled to have one child. Though there are legal incentives and disincentives to discourage fertility, these are not sufficient to account for such monumental change. There have been many social and economic advances in China that set the scene or precipitated a fertility decline, which was then greatly accelerated by the family-planning program; but the program itself has unusual features. I will mention two that could be instructive to other countries. (1) The Chinese have educated both adults and adolescents to associate their family behavior (age at marriage and the number of children they have) with national welfare. Unlike traditional family-planning programs in the West that stress the benefits of family planning to the parents and the children, the Chinese have endeavored to convince their people that controlling individual family size is necessary for the well-being of the greater community. Even children are acutely aware of national and world population problems through population education. An extract from an essay written by a Sichuan student illustrates the identification of personal behavior and national goals: ''My uncle said he wanted to have another child and could afford the fines. I told Granny it was wrong to 'buy' a son. If everybody with money tries to have more children our future life could be destroyed. Granny made my uncle give up his idea. I feel a little proud because I have done a bit for the country.'' We conducted a survey of 5,000 high school students in Sichuan Province. Eight-five percent correctly identified the size of world population, and 79 percent thought that world population was too large. The same question administered to national high school samples in Costa Rica, Colombia and Peru, found that less than 5 percent

241885_2

Ginowan Journal; An Island of Resentment: Okinawa Feels Betrayed

to do with anti-Americanism. It has to do with Okinawa.'' Superficially the debate has centered on a series of clashes with American forces here. The paratroopers, for example, landed in a town in which many villagers committed mass suicide 44 years ago, and the Mayor was elected on a platform of banishing American forces from the area. Then there were the bullets that ricocheted off an American firing range and hit a highway rest stop. But the subtext for those controversies is Okinawa's sense that it is once again Japan's political pawn; that little has changed since Emperor Meiji forcibly brought the islands under Japanese control in 1879. That sense was reinforced in recent weeks when, confirming long suspicions, evidence emerged that Emperor Hirohito - never a popular figure on the only Japanese island to suffer invasion - invited the United States to continue the occupation of Okinawa long after the four main islands returned to Japanese sovereignty. Documents uncovered 10 years ago by Prof. Eiichi Shindo, a Tsukuba University professor, suggested that a message had been sent in the name of the Emperor to convince America to stay in Okinawa. ''We did not know, however,'' Prof. Shindo said the other day, ''if the Emperor himself was behind the message.'' Apparently he was. A few weeks after Hirohito's death in Janaury, the Asahi Shimbun printed from the memoirs of Sukemasa Irie, the Emperor's grand chamberlain. Mr. Irie recalled discussions in which the Emperor expressed fears that China or the Soviet Union would join the occupation, dividing Japan much like Germany. ''If the U.S. did not occupy and protect us,'' Mr. Irie recalled the Emperor saying, ''the fate of not only Okinawa but the whole of Japan was uncertain.'' For Okinawans, most of whom were born long after soldiers battled each other with flame throwers and destroyers blew up after hitting mines in the bay, the import of the Emperor's message seems remote. But older people say it is unthinkable that the Emperor would have invited a foreign nation to permanently occupy one of Japan's four main islands to the north. Americans here, even those on the receiving end of the anger, say they understand the way Okinawans feel. Lack of Political Clout ''These people are horribly anti-military and I don't blame them,'' Maj. Gen. Norman H. Smith, the marine commander who is arguably the island's most powerful figure, said the

241828_3

Personal Health

radio waves while under the influence of a strong magnet, thousands of times the strength of the earth's magnetic field. Each type of tissue responds differently, emitting characteristic signals from the nuclei of their atoms. The signals are transmitted to a computer that translates them into a composite picture of the area scanned. M.R.I. units must be housed in special facilities that protect them from extraneous radio signals and magnetic iron-containing substances. Together, the unit and its housing cost about $3.3 million, three times the cost of the set-up for a CT scan. There are no known damaging effects associated with the magnetic strengths of current M.R.I. units, so the imaging can be used without fear of radiation in patients who may require multiple or periodic scans. Moreover, magnetic imaging often speeds diagnosis of difficult medical problems, saving money on other tests and hastening therapy. Unlike X-rays, the magnetic scans can see through bone and produce images of blood vessels, blood flow, cerebrospinal fluid, cartilage, bone marrow, muscles, ligaments and the spinal cord without the use of a dye. The magnetic imaging has even been able to depict certain brain tumors and, in patients with multiple sclerosis, the characteristic plaques on brain cells, neither of which can be seen with any other diagnostic method. M.R.I. is also helping cancer therapists determine the extent of various tumors, like those in cancers of the endometrium and cervix, and plan treatment accordingly. Magnetic imaging could also be used to monitor cancer patients for recurrences that demand immediate and aggressive treatment. In addition, M.R.I. can show tissues at many different angles without having to change the patient's position during the examination. Researchers expect the visualizing ability of imaging to improve even further with the use of magnetic contrast agents, which they say are safer than the dyes used to enhance X-rays. They have also developed techniques, such as cinematic imaging, to improve the ability to scan areas like the chest and upper abdomen that might be blurred by the involuntary motion of organs. The Exam Patients undergoing an M.R.I. scan, like those having a CT scan, lie on a cushioned table that is slid into the unit, which is about as big as two large refrigerators. In M.R.I., this is a tubular magnet, a metal cylinder nearly as long as an average adult is tall. Although the narrow cylinder is open at both ends,

241240_4

In China, Dam's Delay Spares a Valley for Now

80,000 large dams. ''We have solved all the technical problems,'' said Yang Qisheng, a research fellow at the ministry who participated in China's most recent feasibility study. ''The challenge lies in convincing our adversaries of that.'' China's most recent feasibility study will be presented to the State Council this summer, officials in the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power said. Opponents cast doubt on the thoroughness of the studies and the feasibility of the project. But the most disturbing effect of the dam would be the forced relocation of about one million people who farm and work in the agriculturally rich and relatively developed areas around the dam site. ''Whatever the government says, this problem just can't be resolved,'' said Dai Qing, who recently edited a book of essays opposing the project. Only Place to Move Is Up The Chinese Government has said little about its plans to resettle the residents. Last year the Canadian Government granted $3.4 million to a Canadian consortium to study the problem. ''Resettling so many people is the biggest ecological problem,'' said Lu Qingkan, an advisor to the Three Gorges research team on flood control. ''The only place we can put them is up, that is, up in the mountainous areas, where it is not easy to build homes and factories.'' Mr. Lu said smaller, less costly projects could supply energy within five years but would do little to control flooding in the Yangtze Valley. On the technical side, sedimentation appears to be the largest problem. When water collects in an artificial reservoir, silt tends to collect with it. The Chinese have proposed using a silt-flushing mechanism whereby the flow of the water would carry the silt down the river. China has used this method successfully at another recently completed hydroelectric dam. But some argue that unlike other dams, the Three Gorges project is supposed to serve several purposes at once: control floods, provide electricity and improve navigation for large ships. Some engineers agree that silting would not be a problem if strong currents were allowed to carry the silt away. But they argue that the dam cannot protect people from strong currents that flood the valley, and at the same time discharge the silt. ''You can't store flood water and flush silt at the same time,'' said Grainne Ryder, a water resources researcher at Probe International, an environmental organization based in Toronto. ''The

241197_0

Reports Confirm Soviet Mining of Afghanistan; Not Free for Women

LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: You report the proclamation of ''a free Muslim state'' by the Afghan guerrilla leaders seeking international recognition of their ''government in exile'' (front page, Feb. 25). Free for whom, free from what? Not only are the four Shiite Muslim Afghan groups based in Iran not consulted in this supposedly democratic process, let alone the Afghans who support the Kabul Government, but also Afghan women are conspicuously without voice in formation of a ''cabinet.'' A theology professor has been named ''acting prime minister.'' He is backed by Saudi Arabia, and you describe him as ''a strict fundamentalist who opposes educating women and refuses to give interviews to journalists who are women.'' Nor were women heard in the choice of the fundamentalist who would head the justice ministry. Justice for whom? Women in the United States who knew the rebels' resistance toward women's rights winced at the euphemism ''freedom fighters.'' They must now feel doubly affronted on behalf of their Afghan sisters, who will be forced to live in ''a free Muslim state,'' which interprets the Koran's teachings in a way that abjures gender parity even at elementary levels of education and occupation, let alone government leadership. If there is to be any freedom in the proposed theocracy, which our tax dollars have fed, it is surely not for the female half of Afghanistan's population. What can be done? Would not the proposed ''free Muslim state'' of Afghanistan be appropriate for the spotlight that women's organizations can throw on gross violations of women's rights? ROSE M. SOMERVILLE San Diego, March 27, 1989 The writer retired as a professor of sociology at San Diego State U.

239517_3

Europe's Politicians Thinking Green As Concern Grows on Environment

Worcester said that a recent poll of 2,000 respondents found that 10 percent agreed that environmental policies would be ''crucial'' in determining their votes in June's elections to the European Parliament in Strasbourg. Since December, the number of Britons calling the environment the nation's paramount issue has risen from 5 to 14 percent, he said. For long, France's political elite tended to regard passionate concern about the environment as a German problem that blended dangerously with neutralist attitudes on strategic questions. The sinking of the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in 1985 by French secret service agents stirred little outcry in France, even though a photographer was killed. The ship was involved in protests against French nuclear testing in the South Pacific. But the Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe in 1986 marked the beginning of a major shift in French attitudes, one that Mr. Mitterrand and his Prime Minister, Michel Rocard, have sought to exploit. In forming his predominantly Socialist Cabinet last May, Mr. Rocard picked Brice Lalonde, a former Green presidential candidate, as Environment Secretary, a sub-Cabinet post. The French Greens have steered clear of the neutralist positions of their German cousins, but they, too, have their greatest pool of supporters among young city dwellers. In the municipal elections, the Greens drew voters from all over the country and not just in eastern France, where several nuclear reactors had already kindled sympathy for their cause. In their statements, Mr. Mitterrand and Mr. Rocard have now joined Western Europe's staunchest defenders of the environment. At a French-sponored conference of 24 nations in The Hague last month, they pushed for the creation of an international authority called Globe, whose rules would be enforced by the International Court of Justice. ''One day there will be 'green helmets' just as today there are 'blue helmets,' with the power to inspect and verify the polluting nature of this or that installation or product,'' Mr. Rocard predicted confidently, referring to the blue-helmeted United Nations peacekeeping forces. Within the European Community, however, France remains a stout opponent of adopting stringent emission-control standards for automobiles. Last month, the community executive in Brussels found itself in a bind after ruling that the Netherlands had exceeded the community's norms by introducing tax incentives to encourage the purchase of cars that met tough, American pollution-control standards. Effective as Presssure Groups After a meeting of the community's full Cabinet in Brussels, Carlo Ripa di

239421_1

Young in China Being Stirred By an Old-Time Christianity

In a nation that has stressed conformity and the unity that comes from a common faith in an encompassing ideology, Christianity threatens with competing values, loyalty and legitimacy. In China, far more than in the West, the state for centuries has regarded itself as the wellspring of moral judgment, and so it is particularly alarming to the Government to find a rival faith attracting adherents. The growth of Christianity troubles many sincere Communists here for other reasons. China never had a very large Christian population, and to some people here Christianity seems an indelibly foreign affront to Chinese nationalism. The Christian awakening is still at the fringe of China's consciousness, and no one conceives of China's becoming a Christian nation. The official Catholic Church says it has 3.4 million believers, compared with 3 million at the time of the Communist takeover in 1949. The official Protestant Church reports at least 4 million adherents, compared with about 700,000 in 1949. But these numbers are only the beginning. There is no evidence to support the assertions of some Hong Kong missionaries that China has up to 50 million Protestants, but it is clear that there are hundreds of thousands, and perhaps millions, of believers outside the official church. Some of these are surreptitious Roman Catholics who defy China's official Catholic Church, which cut its ties with the Vatican after the Communists took power. Sometimes, especially in rural areas, self-appointed preachers mix a vague knowledge of Christianity with folk beliefs to create a powerful and sometimes dangerous combination. Preachers have sometimes urged ''collective ascensions'' into heaven, by encouraging their congregations to march into nearby rivers - a practice that has resulted in a number of drownings. And unsuccessful exorcisms have also left many people dead, 24 in one county alone, the official Beijing Review reported last month. The Catholic Church is in an awkward position because of Government suspicions that the Vatican will try to control it. Today the official church goes out of its way to criticize secret Vatican missions to spread the gospel, using priests with tourist visas. Moreover, local Catholic leaders say that while they disapprove of contraception and abortion, they will accept them. Reinterpretations of Teachings ''What we really are against is female infanticide,'' said Bishop Zong Huaide, chairman of the China Patriotic Catholic Association. ''That is a big sin.'' Juxtaposed to this reinterpretation of Catholic teachings is a

239426_0

Rio Branco Journal; A Death in the Amazon, From Symbol to Script

LEAD: The movie producer's business card read ''Beverly Hills,'' but her T-shirt proclaimed ''The Union of Acre Natives.'' The movie producer's business card read ''Beverly Hills,'' but her T-shirt proclaimed ''The Union of Acre Natives.'' ''We have a track record of movies based on true stories,'' she said, her earnest demeanor contrasting with the languid air of this river town in Acre, a remote Amazonian state. ''We make controversial films that others would be afraid to touch.'' But as she spoke, Rio Branco's international telephone lines crackled with movie industry names. Story Everyone Wants to Tell Hollywood is beating a path and paddling a canoe to the door of Ilzamar Mendes, the young widow of Francisco (Chico) Mendes. Mr. Mendes, a leader of Brazil's rubber tappers, was killed by a shotgun blast on Dec. 22. In life, Mr. Mendes organized Acre's passive rubber gatherers to block large landowners from burning down expanses of Amazonian rain forest for cattle pasture. By one estimate, his movement saved three million acres of forest since 1975. In death, the union leader has become a worldwide symbol of the effort to slow the destruction of Brazil's massive rain forest. An Italian environmental group recently proposed the Nobel Peace Prize for the soft-spoken union leader, who followed the principles of nonviolent resistance. Mr. Mendes has emerged as a martyr for this nation's growing environmental movement. Posthumous Honors In March, the authorities in Curitiba, a southern city, unveiled a Chico Mendes memorial. The centerpiece is a marble copy of a letter he wrote to the police last year detailing death threats made against him by local landowners. Present at the ceremony was Mrs. Mendes, who had just returned from a trip to New York and to Washington, where she accepted a posthumous award for her husband. Mrs. Mendes and other members of the newly formed Chico Mendes Foundation are weighing 10 offers as they prepare to select the studio that will film the story of her slain husband. The sale of film rights could bring the foundation $1 million, a Hollywood producer estimated here. The last week of March, journalists, filmmakers and unionists from Brazil, Europe and the United States converged here to cover the second congress of the National Council of Rubber Tappers. When the congress was planned last year, it was expected that Mr. Mendes would be elected president. Instead, Julio Barbosa de Aquino, a

239390_2

About Education

retarded children. The book's subtitle, ''Don't accept me as I am,'' is his motto for active intervention, which he considers crucial in all education, for normal children as well handicapped ones. Abraham J. Tannenbaum, of Teachers College at Columbia University, warns in the book's foreword that, beyond optimism, the message is that there is no quick-fix magic, only ''huge investments of time, effort, skill, patience, commitment and old-fashioned boundless love for children.'' Dr. Feuerstein cites the case of Joel, referred to him at age 16 by his mother. Joel had been severely handicapped since his premature birth and long incubation, from which he emerged with serious damage to vision, lungs and brain. He had been in and out of custodial care and was described as ''incorrigible.'' After 20 days of assessment, Dr. Feuerstein concluded Joel was ''modifiable.'' What followed was ''mediation'' in a foster home and integration with children functioning at a much higher level. Months were invested to get Joel to remember the days of the week. Progress was repeatedly interrupted by outbursts of anger. Joel would climb into a trash can, saying: ''I'm garbage. I belong here.'' Eventually he was made a carpenter's apprentice and later placed with relatives on a poultry farm where he worked competently with others. Today, Joel is employed in a carpentry shop and functions, Dr. Feuerstein says, as ''one of the most well-adapted persons.'' Through it all he was supported by his mother's faith, and the belief of educators that he was ''modifiable.'' Dr. Feuerstein's theory is based on the proper balance between adult intervention and a child's independence. It is not enough, he says, to have a child exposed to a rich world of objects, like toys; adults must offer purposeful direction. A negative example is Adam, a little boy who flits through a science museum, pushes a button here, rings a bell there. His mother is pleased, even though Adam gains little understanding from it. Dr. Feuerstein contrasts this with the experience of another boy who explores exhibits with his mother. ''It is important,'' the book warns, ''that the mediators keep assistance within the strict limits of what is necessary in order for the child to succeed, not to offer more lest the child become too dependent.'' Dr. Feuerstein is angry at those who use tests - mere snapshots of the moment, he calls them - to put a permanent label

244808_7

New Yorkers Wrestle With a Crime

his own original view of the incident had been shaped by stereotypes that were reinforced by early news coverage. He said that as these views were shattered a new anxiety grew in him. ''The idea of the type of people I have to fear changed,'' he said. ''At first I thought they were kids high on drugs. The publicity scared me. The wolf pack. Nasty kids. That was the first shock: they're average city kids. If they were street kids you could blame it on poverty. In a sense they were anybody's kids. Here you don't know where to put the blame.'' Mr. Harlin noted that the case had deeply affected everyone he knew, probably because of its elements of sudden, unexplained and random violence. ''I don't remember people talking about anything like this since Challenger,'' he said. A Word Sends a Chill For Elizabeth McCracken, who is 50 years old, white and a superviser at a private health-care agency, the horror of the news of the attack was heightened by her learning the word that some young people use to describe rampaging and terrorizing. ''I thought the term wilding was chilling,'' she said. The setting of the crime also unsettled her. ''It's partly because it's an idyllic place that makes the violence that more stark,'' she said. Michael Wolff, a 35-year-old writer who is white and who is the author of a collection of short stories titled ''White Kids,'' was interviewed as he finished jogging with a friend not far from the spot where the attack took place. ''Most crimes are committed against black people and we don't hear about it,'' he said. ''Why did this one become the crime of the moment? It is a particularly hideous. It also touches us in what we do every day. We run, we assume a level of safety.'' He thought for a short while and then added: ''You live in a largely segregated city. In a way it's surprising how stunned people are when there is an inevitable explosion. You have kids. You have race. You have sex. You have violence. ''There will be a response against black people in general,'' he said. ''The ultimate response will be further gentrification. Black people will be forced further out of areas where white people live because people can't think of another way to deal with poverty except to push it away from them.''

244731_2

The Worst Fear

dumb beasts. As far as is now known, the Central Park attack was not, in the usual sense, a ''racial crime.'' Except for one now-disputed statement by one of those charged, the fact that the victim was white and the attackers black does not seem to have caused the crime. To the wilding young mob, a black victim, male or female, might have done just as well; the record shows that white youths also have gone on terrifying rampages; and the unaccountable mob spirit, in which the attackers seem to have shed their individuality, has been known to occur in packs as different as white lynch mobs and rioting black looters. But if race does not explain this crime, race was relevant to it. The attackers lived surrounded and surely influenced by the social pathologies of the inner city. They hardly could have reached teen age without realizing and resenting the wide economic and social gap that still separates blacks and whites in this country; and they could not fail to see, and probably return, the hostility that glares at them undisguised across that gap. These influences are bound to have had some consequences - perhaps long repressed, probably not realized or understood - in their attitudes and behavior. The crime was racial, moreover, in its worst social effect: black-white angers exacerbated - for whites, by the apparent extremes of her excellence and their violence; for blacks, by comparable extremes of publicity, outrage and demands for retribution. Just as predictably, but probably less permanently, the attack momentarily aroused the consciousness of the comfortable to the need for ''doing something'' about the inner city. Something surely needs to be done, as it did long before the Central Park crime, and as it will long after the shock effect of that crime fades. But will the impulse to do something survive the shock effect? Even if it does, can anyone say for sure what the ''something'' is that needs to be done, or who should do it? Does anyone know how to pay for it? Besides, the bleak existence of the inner city does not finally explain this crime. Nothing does, except the chance that these youths went wilding where this victim was running, that their lives met, their paths crossed, in one explosive moment neither certain nor explicable. Against that moment, no defense was possible. Escape was only another chance. Even

242495_2

Patents; Applications For Animals Up Sharply

of casein, an important ingredient in cheese. Most of these early applications, however, cover animals designed to aid laboratory research and ''molecular farming'' - the production of pharmaceutical proteins in modified animal cells. Diabetes Study Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, for example, has applied for a mouse carrying a gene to create human insulin. A hospital official said the mouse could be used for research into genetic treatments for diabetes. It is also known that the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, is seeking a patent for a mouse carrying a transplanted gene for the AIDS virus. Integrated Genetics has applied for a half-dozen patents on mammals engineered to secrete particular drugs in their milk. Among the drugs is tissue plasminogen activator, or T.P.A., a protein that dissolves blood clots. T.P.A. is manufactured by Genentech Inc. using genetically modified bacteria. Integrated Genetics believes that transgenic animals could yield greater quantities of the drug. Similarly, Pharmaceutical Proteins Ltd. of Cambridge, England, has made an application concerning sheep engineered to secrete factor VIII, a protein that causes blood to coagulate. The Immunex Corporation of Seattle has applied for broad protection of methods to produce a variety of proteins in mammals. Producing Genes In a slightly different vein, the Embryogen Corporation of Athens, Ohio, has applied for genetic coding that regulates the production of other genes like an on-off switch. Embryogen's switch, or regulatory sequence, can be controlled through the animal's diet, and can be linked to any one of many genes desired to produce different effects. According to Richard D. Godown, president of the Industrial Biotechnology Association in Washington, the commercial arrival of genetically engineered farm animals is still at least 5 to 10 years away. Embryogen, for example, is working on a hog that produces pork with low cholesterol. Legislation Reintroduced The controversy over patented farm animals will undoubtedly arise again this year. Representative Robert W. Kastenmeier, Democrat of Wisconsin, has reintroduced legislation that would exempt farmers from paying royalties on offspring of patented farm animals. The bill passed the House last year but received no action in the Senate. In addition, a coalition of farm groups, religious organizations and animal welfare groups is lobbying for a moratorium on additional animal patents. Biotechnology companies argue that either of these measures would destroy all of the incentives to develop new animals through genetic engineering.

242509_2

NEWS SUMMARY

shepherding much of the nation's biomedical research at the National Institutes of Health. 7 Computerized information by phone may be the wave of the future if a Federal court grants American Telephone and Telegraph permission to enter the market of electronic publishing. 1 A fight over seven frozen embryos, eggs from Mary Sue Davis's body that were fertilized with Junior Lewis Davis's sperm, has raised profound and troubling issues like determining when life begins. 1 Nature is removing the spilled oil in Prince William Sound off Valdez, Alaska. Exxon said that so much of the remaining oil has evaporated, dispersed or washed onto the beaches that little additional cleanup of the water is possible. 9 New boosters for the space shuttle will be built by units of the Lockheed Corporation and Gencorp's Aerojet General. The NASA contract that will be negotiated is worth about $1.2 billion. 35 Jim Wright's oil well deal, under scrutiny by the Congressional panel investigating the House Speaker, was arranged when Mr. Wright was under intense financial strain, his financial trustee said. 10 The jury in the Oliver North case is deliberating in a room crowded with hundreds of evidence exhibits. Having reached no verdict, they departed for the hotel where they are being sequestered. 7 To honor the 47 crewmen who died in the explosion of the battleship Iowa, Gov. Gerald L. Baliles of Virginia and 750 other mourners turned out in Norfolk, Va. 8 Opposition to Iowa port plan is rekindled 8 The Government is fighting claims that it owes $3.3 billion in royalties and back interest for infringing the patented technology that opened the way for worldwide satellite communications. 35 The stock market resumed its surge yesterday, and the Dow Jones industrial average broke through the 2,400 level for the first time in 18 months. Traders credited heavy program trading. 35 Award drastically reduced in Hudson AIDS suit 7 Regional 29-32 The youths who raped and beat a young investment banker Wednesday as she jogged in Central Park were part of a loosely organized gang of schoolboys whose assaults terrorized at least nine people in two hours. 1 Two men who were attacked in the park, apparently by the same youths who later raped and beat a young woman, depicted them as calculating and menacing. 30 The war over Shoreham is not over. For officials in Albany and in Washington, the conflict could

238986_3

A Patchwork of Responsibilities Marks Kennedy Airport Security

explosives. The guard stations around the airport's perimeter are manned by contractors working for the Port Authority; the guards are unarmed and earn about $8 an hour. Inside each terminal, security agents who screen luggage might work directly an airline or for a private security company. Pan Am: Visible Change Pan Am, whose Flight 103 from London to New York was destroyed by a bomb in December, killing 270 people, has been quick to expand security. Company officials said it is part of the effort to attract passengers who have avoided the airline since the bombing. The interviews of passengers checking in, a process known as profiling, is done by company security officials who work for Alert Management Systems, a subsidiary of the airline. Details of the profile, used to select some passengers for further examination, are secret, but may include behavior, nationality and other factors. Passengers will be asked if their bags were packed by someone else or if they have left their luggage unattended for a long time; people who answer yes, and others whose profiles raise security questions, will be taken to a nearby enclosure for more questions and a search. Pan Am is also rearranging the checkpoints inside its Kennedy terminal so that the luggage of ticketed passengers will be screened just before they arrive at a departure gate, where people without tickets are not allowed. Furthermore, the company is replacing its older X-ray equipment with a new system that provides color images discriminating between organic materials like paper, cloth and many explosives, and inorganic materials like metal. Equipment: Standards Vary While other airlines are also adding equipment for bomb detection, the standards vary from one airport to another and from one place to another inside an airport. Last week, Secretary of Transportation Samuel K. Skinner announced new rules ''elevating standards for X-ray and metal detection equipment to assure that U.S. air carriers are using state-of-the-art equipment.'' The Government is also speeding up the installation of the special new bomb-detecting machines like T.W.A.'s at airports in the United States and abroad. Known as thermal neutron analysis devices and costing $1 million each, they bombard suitcases with radiation to detect the chemical signatures of plastic explosives. But the new rules are not applicable to all airports, and the delivery of the new equipment will take years. Some people do not believe the aviation agency is moving fast

238801_0

Crimes at Historic Sites Reported to Be Down

LEAD: The vandalism and burglaries that once plagued New York City's historic homes are on the decline, curators and government officials report. The vandalism and burglaries that once plagued New York City's historic homes are on the decline, curators and government officials report. The introduction of on-site caretakers, increased surveillance and improved security systems in the last decade have greatly reduced the problems of earlier years, said Robert F. Mahoney, superintendent of the six historic sites in the city operated by the National Park Service. The most recent theft, he said, occurred two years ago at the Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace. ''Whoever it was that broke in was obviously looking for electronic equipment,'' Mr. Mahoney said. ''An answering machine was it. Historic houses just don't have televisions and video equipment.'' At the four-story Roosevelt house, at 28 East 20th Street, thieves had previously made off with a small bronze statue and guns that Roosevelt had carried as a young man. Better Security System Since the break-in two years ago, a heavy plastic door has been installed behind the window that was broken through, and the security system at the house has been improved with devices including periphery alarms and motion detectors, Mr. Mahoney said. In the 15 historic dwellings that come under the jurisdiction of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, no serious vandalism has taken place in recent years, said Mary Ellen W. Hern, director of historic homes. ''I hear about it when a radiator leaks, a tree overhangs onto someone else's property or when railings are broken and need to be fixed,'' she said. Kathleen McAuley, curator of the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, agrees that vandalism is no longer a serious problem. The cottage, on East Kingsbridge Road and the Grand Concourse in the Bronx, was closed in the early 1970's because of vandalism. ''The cottage was completely restored and has been open since 1976,'' she said. ''The only vandals today are the squirrels who eat the flowers in the garden.'' Only 'a Wild Dog' In the four years that Evan Kingsley has been curator at the Lefferts Homestead, at Empire Boulevard and Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn, it has also had no serious problem. ''The only exception I could cite was when a wild dog broke into the basement,'' Mr. Kingsley said. The kitchen wing is occupied by Parks Department employees, who deter vandalism on nights

238681_5

Chaplin, Inventing Modern Times; Spinning Reels of Memory On a Master's Centenary

to stare at her in silent admiration. Once, as he watches her, bathed in smiles, she rises, goes to the corner fountain, fills up her watering can while she dreams her own dreams. Then she matter-of-factly empties the contents of the watering can directly into Charlie's face. No one meant him harm. He was just sitting there. I have shanghaied many a friend into looking at ''The Pilgrim'' with me - ''The Pilgrim,'' rather neglected today, is the last of the middle-period films - and I've invariably been astonished at what a few friends miss. I'm aware that I shouldn't be astonished every time, but I am: the root comedy is there, but so lightly brushed in that a man must keep his wits about him. In ''The Pilgrim,'' Charlie is an escaped convict, just in case you didn't know. Much to his surprise and benefit, he comes upon a pile of clothing that proves to be a complete clerical outfit: a local minister has gone swimming. Chaplin promptly swaps his prison garb for the parson's clothes, and proceeds to the railway station, where he wishes to buy a ticket for as far out of town as he can get. The moment he approaches the railway station's ticket window, he grips the bars with his fists, prison-style. Charlie quickly notices his slight error and corrects the slipup; but prison habit is too strong for him, and those hands are straying up to cell-door height once again. And once again he snaps them back. Very quickly. When I see the film nowadays, there is usually a kind of discovering laugh from about half the house, and an urgent questioning, ''What did he do?'' from the rest. Yet Chaplin, wishing the business to register, but without heavy underlining, has carefully played fair. The shot is angled from behind Chaplin's back. We don't see his face. The joke is in the hands. Charlie does buy a ticket, a rather long ticket that trails behind him until he has gathered it all in. Leaving the station house, he approaches the waiting train and automatically climbs under its carriage to ride the rods, habit being the force it is. When a conductor spots Charlie and approaches, Charlie politely gives him his ticket. Charlie does what is usual for him; ordinary. And what is ordinary for him is quietly, deliciously funny. The ending of ''The Pilgrim''

238741_1

IDEAS & TRENDS: Fewer Problems; The Medical Record On DES Emerges After Years of Research and Anxiety

sterile. While studies indicate that the women are more likely to have miscarriages, no other widespread problems have appeared. Medical experts do not discount the anguish the drug has caused. Even one woman who developed cancer or was infertile because her mother took DES is too much, said Dr. Lynn Rosenberg of Boston University. From 1941 to 1970 DES was given to as many as two million women even after researchers had established that it was ineffective. Despite the encouraging medical evidence, the DES lawsuits are likely to continue. In its decision, the New York Court of Appeals ruled that companies can be held liable even if they can prove that they did not make the DES that a plaintiff said her mother took. More than $3 billion in claims have already been filed in New York by hundreds of women who say that DES has made them infertile or had other adverse effects. But research suggests that for most women the worst damage is psychological. The new picture of DES ''is really very encouraging,'' said Dr. Emmanuel Friedman, chairman of obstetrics and gynecology at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston. ''Our major cause of concern now,'' Dr. Friedman said, ''is the emotional problems, the sword of Damocles that women think is hanging over their heads.'' A highly potent female sex hormone, DES can alter the development of estrogen-sensitive tissues like the vagina and uterus in fetuses. But after nearly 20 years of studies, researchers have concluded that it only occasionally causes a rare vaginal and cervical cancer known as clear-cell adenocarcinoma and that it might increase women's chances of being infertile only in some cases. Beginning of the Scare The DES scare began in 1971, when Dr. Arthur Herbst, who is now at the University of Chicago, reported that young women whose mothers took DES when they were pregnant were more likely to develop clear-cell adenocarcinoma. Some researchers speculated that from 20 to 80 percent of DES daughters would get the cancer. Dr. Herbst started a registry of adenocarcinoma patients and has now established that no more than 1 in 1,000 of the women develop the cancer. The cancer occurs almost exclusively in women in their 20's and 30's. In the peak year for the cancer, 1975, 31 DES daughters were diagnosed with it in the United States. ''Clearly a relationship exists,'' he said. ''But we had felt there would

238729_0

Korea Takes Steps to Loosen Import Curbs

LEAD: The South Korean Government, which has pledged to reduce a huge trade surplus with the United States to avoid the threat of penalties, said today that it planned to liberalize imports of 243 agricultural and fishery products over the next three years. The South Korean Government, which has pledged to reduce a huge trade surplus with the United States to avoid the threat of penalties, said today that it planned to liberalize imports of 243 agricultural and fishery products over the next three years. ''This package is the biggest concession we could make,'' said an Agriculture Ministry spokesman. ''We hope it will help Washington to understand our efforts to reduce bilateral trade tensions.'' Peanut butter, salmon and lobsters are among 82 items from which Seoul is to remove restrictions this year. An additional 76 products will be put on an automatic import list in 1990 and the remainder in 1991, the Agriculture Ministry said. According to United States figures, South Korea had a trade surplus of $9.9 billion with the United States last year, the fifth largest after Japan, Taiwan, West Germany and Canada. Seoul says it will trim the surplus to $6.5 billion this year by expanding imports. But the Government said today that it would continue to curb imports of rice, beans, corn and beef to protect domestic industries. Under the terms of a trade act passed last year, Washington will single out ''priority foreign countries'' deemed to be using unfair trade practices. These countries will face trade sanctions if bilateral talks fail to make progress. Trade Minister Han Seung Soo leaves next week for talks with United States Trade Representative Carla Hills and other Washington officials to try to prevent South Korea from being singled out as an early target of the trade law.

238527_2

The Powerful Push for Self-Service

consumers are so convinced that self-service is the height of good service that they are willing to pay extra for the privilege - witness the people who pay fees for using teller machines in New York, or who pay extra to tap into data systems through their own computers. Clearly, such consumers believe that the only way to get things done quickly, pleasantly - and right - is to do it themselves. ''People want the personal element removed from transactions, the same way they want cancer removed from cigarettes,'' said John O'Shaughnessy, a professor at the Columbia Business School. The result, said John Deighton, an assistant marketing professor at the University of Chicago, is that ''there is a lot of unbundling of service and product going on, as consumers become willing conspirators in the assumption of more responsibilities.'' Plenty of forces are driving the trend. Consumers have grown far more comfortable with the technology of self-service as they have grown impatient with what is increasingly perceived as shoddy or rude service. For industry, this is a godsend, in that labor shortages are making service-oriented people harder to find, and more expensive to hire. Moreover, industry has gotten far more sophisticated in promoting its wares. Today's corporations have learned to present self-service as an added fillip to a product, not a way of cutting corners. ''Business people learned long ago that it is cheaper, and may be more effective for the consumer, to substitute capital for labor,'' said Noel Capon, another business professor at Columbia. ''What they are learning now is their marketing. They've learned to say they are giving extra value.'' Whatever its roots, the do-it-yourself movement has meant replacing highly trained salespeople with lower-paid clerks and order-takers at shoe stores and a host of other sellers of low-tech consumer goods. For electronic information companies and others that offer services or products conducive to a high degree of computerization, it may soon mean cutting the overall number of employees. New Vistas But the ramifications of self-service go well beyond personnel costs. The trend has opened whole new vistas for American industry. For ARCO, it has meant entering an industry - food - that it would not have touched in a full-service environment. (Today there are AM/PM minimarkets, as ARCO calls them, at 770 of ARCO's 1,700 branded stations, and the company says it will franchise many more in the future.)

238470_2

Town and Gown Clash Over Housing

but disappeared around many urban campuses because of the rapid rise in real estate values over the last 10 years. ''What used to be a difficult problem has become almost intractable,'' said Raymond L. Orbach, provost of the College of Letters and Sciences at the University of California at Los Angeles, whose campus is surrounded by some of the most expensive residential neighborhoods in the nation. He said that home prices in the area start at more than $300,000, far beyond the reach of new faculty members, and that rental apartments suitable for graduate students are scarce. U.C.L.A. has therefore acquired more than 300 apartments over the last four years for graduate students and built 68 condominiums for faculty members. It plans to build 2,500 undergraduate dormitory rooms. Adding to the pressure on many urban campuses is a shift in student attitudes that has made attending a prestigious urban university - and living in a dormitory - more popular. ''THERE is no question that urban education has come into vogue nationally, and that means more dormitories are essential,'' said L. Jay Oliva, the chancellor of New York University, where undergraduate applications increased by 20 percent in 1987 and by 40 percent last year. N.Y.U. has been on a dormitory binge, transforming itself from what had been primarily a commuter campus to a residential university. It has added rooms for more than 3,000 students since 1985 through the construction of five dormitories near Washington Square, the heart of its Greenwich Village campus, and the acquisition of three apartment buildings just off Union Square Park, eight blocks to the north. Meanwhile, academic officials say the pressure to provide faculty housing is certain to mount because a surge in hiring will take place in the 90's. The increased hiring, coming after two decades in which faculty openings have been hard to find, will be necessary because many professors and scholars are approaching retirement age. Most of the faculty members in this group were hired and granted tenure during the 1960's, when academia was a growth area. Many institutions, anticipating intense competition for the best faculty members, have already expanded their recruiting activities. U.C.L.A., for example, has been hiring twice as many faculty members each year as the number who retire, and administrators elsewhere have been scouring the nation's graduate schools for the top professorial candidates. Almost without exception, administrators at the urban institutions

238524_12

Making Mashed Peas Pay Off

BABY FOODWHOSE TIME HAS COME? Gerber may seem to have left little room for new competition, but Arnold and Ronald Koss, the founders of the largest producer of organic baby food, see plenty of opportunity. Indeed, their Earth's Best Inc. hopes to cash in on consumer concerns about chemicals in foods. The produce used in its products are pesticide-free and grown in soil untreated with chemicals for at least three years. Like ''natural'' baby foods marketed by the giants - and a host of home-grown enterprises - Earth's Best's edibles are also free of additives, preservatives, sugar and salt. Although it only entered the market in late 1987, Earth's Best of Middlebury, Vt., is already the nation's No. 4 maker of baby food. But with sales of about $1 million last year, it holds much less than 1 percent of the $1 billion-a-year business. Earth's Best has been bombarded with inquiries since the Chilean fruit-poisoning scare and the linking of Alar, a ripening agent, to cancer. ''Consumers who weren't even aware of Earth's Best are calling us,'' said Arnie Koss. The company says its orders quadrupled in March. Even so, Kurt Feuerman, an analyst at Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., is pessimistic about just how far such small companies can go. ''Without being acquired, they can't conceivably grow into a meaningful factor,'' he said. The 38-year-old brothers are used to discouraging words. Ronald, who had worked at an environmental group, and Arnie, who had managed a health food store, say more than 100 bankers, venture capitalists and investors refused to finance them. They say they finally raised between $3 million and $10 million from 20 people. Earth's Best is a niche player. At 49 cents to 99 cents for a 4.5-ounce jar, its eight products, which include apple-plum puree, peas and brown rice, and sweet potatoes, cost two to three times more than leading brands. Though its food is available in 750 supermarkets -mainly in Colorado and New York - most is sold through 1,500 natural food stores and diaper services in eight cities. The main competitor is Simply Pure Foods Inc. of Hermon, Me., another organic baby food maker. A planned supermarket expansion, however, will force Earth's Best to worry more about the baby food Goliaths. The Kosses are sketchy about their strategy, but ''we certainly will underline the fact that we have no pesticides,'' Arnie Koss said. DONNA CORNACHIO

238644_0

Hands Across the Water

LEAD: Students from kindergarten to graduate school are beginning to use computers and communications satellites to break down cultural and geographical barriers while fostering greater awareness of the interdependent world and their own roles in it. Students from kindergarten to graduate school are beginning to use computers and communications satellites to break down cultural and geographical barriers while fostering greater awareness of the interdependent world and their own roles in it. For example, several hundred students and faculty from Tufts University in Massachusetts and Moscow State University will get together in class April 22 to discuss environmental problems shared by the superpowers, including global warming, acid rain and ozone depletion. Two-way television signals beamed via a satellite nearly 23,000 miles in space, along with simultaneous translation, will enable the students to discuss issues as if they were in the same lecture hall. ''By exposing students in the United States directly to the viewpoints of students in other countries, and vice versa, the traditional cultural filtration of information is minimized,'' said Dr. Martin J. Sherwin, director of Tufts University's Nuclear Age History and Humanities Center. The effect, he said, is to truly internationalize the teaching of international relations. In the last year, Soviet and American students have met ''face to face'' via satellite at Tufts seven times to discuss issues such as the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the effects of the nuclear threat on art, literature and culture, and the limited nuclear test ban treaty of 1963. Future classes will address North-South relations (between industrialized and developing nations) and the global economy. As a measure of the importance the Soviet Union places on the exchanges, the Moscow State classes are instructed by Evgeny P. Velikhov, vice president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and one of Mikhail Gorbachev's principal scientific advisers. Such international dialogues are not limited to higher education. In another example of multinational cooperation, Apple Computer Inc. is designing a network that will enable elementary and secondary students and teachers in dozens of countries to exchange information and conduct joint research projects using personal computers. Once connected to the Apple Global Education network, schools equipped with a Macintosh computer, a modem and an Applelink electronic-mail address will be able to share pen-pal letters, scientific data, computer graphics, video images and even musical compositions with any other school on the network, all at the touch of a keyboard. A class

238644_1

Hands Across the Water

year, Soviet and American students have met ''face to face'' via satellite at Tufts seven times to discuss issues such as the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the effects of the nuclear threat on art, literature and culture, and the limited nuclear test ban treaty of 1963. Future classes will address North-South relations (between industrialized and developing nations) and the global economy. As a measure of the importance the Soviet Union places on the exchanges, the Moscow State classes are instructed by Evgeny P. Velikhov, vice president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and one of Mikhail Gorbachev's principal scientific advisers. Such international dialogues are not limited to higher education. In another example of multinational cooperation, Apple Computer Inc. is designing a network that will enable elementary and secondary students and teachers in dozens of countries to exchange information and conduct joint research projects using personal computers. Once connected to the Apple Global Education network, schools equipped with a Macintosh computer, a modem and an Applelink electronic-mail address will be able to share pen-pal letters, scientific data, computer graphics, video images and even musical compositions with any other school on the network, all at the touch of a keyboard. A class in Guam might compare weather data with an Inuit school in Canada. A school in Puerto Rico might study heritage issues with a school in Spain. Among the proposals made to Apple so far are projects that would initiate regular dialogues on current world events or conflict resolution, the establishment of a mock United Nations, a chess tournament, an attempt to measure the speed of light and, from Lyons, France, an international culinary project that would gather favorite recipes from participants' hometowns. One American high school, Croton-Harmon in Westchester County, applying to join the Apple network has already proposed an international project ''to reanalyze and re-prove the Erastosthenes earth-circumference experiment, using the angles of the sun's rays on a particular date and at a particular time to provide trigonometric data from various paired sites'' at the opposite ends of the earth. Using computers and telecommunications, students can get hands-on experience with geophysical studies that until recently were merely abstract ideas, or that were logistically impossible for a single school. Although the Tufts and Apple efforts involve a relatively small number of schools, they show the potential of technology in global education. Hundreds of American campuses already have their own satellite

238648_0

Answers [ to Geography Quiz ]

LEAD: Fold back to page 24. Fold back to page 24. 1. Naples. 2. Managua. 3. Soviet Union. The Diomede Islands are about two miles apart; the boundary runs between Big Diomede (U.S.S.R.) and Little Diomede (U.S.). 4. Two-thirds. Most nations have extremely small populations; more than half the world's countries have fewer people than does the Commonwealth of Virginia. 5. Because death rates have decreased and birth rates have remained relatively constant. 6. Nigeria. 7. United States. 8. Increasing crop yields per acre. This is a result of technology applied to agricultural production. Almost all the world's arable land is under cultivation today; the rest is too cold, too dry, too mountainous, too hot or too wet. 9. Brazil. This pattern of land ownership is typical in Latin American countries, where there is a large gap between the wealthy few and the impoverished many - unlike Africa and most of Asia, where land is much more equitably distributed. 10. Pacific Rim, especially East Asia. 11. New York and Pennsylvania. State boundaries in the United States do not impede trade in any way; neither will the United States-Canada boundary. 12. South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Also called the Little Dragons, they are among a larger group known as N.I.C.'s - newly industrialized countries. 13. Resettlement camps and populations dominated by women, children and the elderly. These areas are the so-called homelands established by South Africa as part of its policy of apartheid. Because there is little or no employment in the homelands, able-bodied men tend to work, and thus live, in South Africa; people who cannot work remain in the homelands. 14. An island or archipelago. Among the newer nations are Belau, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and the Federated States of Micronesia, with more to come. 15. Africa, because of its relatively high birth rates and short life spans. 16. Part of China. Hong Kong will supposedly be self-governing, however. 17. All of the above. Bangladesh is a delta nation; it has no say in upstream flood control in India before the rivers flow into Bangladesh, and its own terrain is inadequate for efficient flood control. 18. South and Southeast Asia, especially India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Pakistan. 19. German mark. 20. Arctic Ocean. The port of Murmansk remains ice-free because of the North Atlantic Drift-Gulf Stream. 21. Long Island. There are about five billion people in the world. If

238800_5

When the World Turns

share a common nerve. Clicking sounds presented to each ear follow their electrical course into the brain-stem and up to the temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere where hearing is registered. If there is no loss of signal, the relevant pathways are probably clear of a serious injury. The involuntary, rapid movement of the eyeballs that accompanies vertigo, called nystagmus, can be recorded by another test, electronystagmography, or ENG. When the professor cooled my right inner ear, my eyes jerked rapidly to the left like bat wings, blurring my vision. By analyzing these movements, the physcian can help find where the trouble lies along the vestibular system. The best test for a possible tumor or stroke is a magnetic resonance imaging scan (created by magnetic waves given off by atomic nuclei of the brain). Many people experience vague symptoms from a past viral labyrinthitis or head injury, feelings that cause undue anxiety if they go unexplained. Instead of fall-on-your-face vertigo, they only have floating, rocking, rolling, wooziness, the sense of being off balance or walking an uneven surface. In the dark, when their eyes are of little help and their inner ears' motion detectors become the prime tool for navigation, they might simply stagger a bit or bump into things. When they reach for a door handle, they may miss on the first try. Normally, this less than full-scale vertigo presents no great physical problem, though it, too, can have unfortunate consequences. The elderly can easily fall after a sudden movement. Or, a career that requires superb agility can be ruined. For example, an outstanding National Hockey League goalie was struck in the head by a puck. Even after his acute vertigo stopped, he was left with subtle, split-second spatial disorientation that caused him to give up goals - and his career. Occasionally, all of us experience some dizziness or wooziness. Look overhead at moving clouds. The body will sway a bit and you may sense yourself becoming nauseated because the eyes report motion yet the neck and head and vestibular system are in an unusual position and cannot help determine the coordinates of where you are in space. From close to the movie screen, watch a car chase over hilly streets of San Francisco, as in ''Bullitt,'' and the mismatch between the visual sensation of rapid movement and the labyrinths' report of no motion may produce dizziness and nausea.

238460_5

Democrats Call for Initiatives On Three Fronts

and teacher. It would hire ''an experienced consultant to develop the alternatives, with their costs and relative advantages,'' she said. ''There is no plan ready to be put into place if and when a funding bill is passed,'' she added. Recycling Efforts Pressed The Democrats also called for new efforts in recycling, a bid that came a few days before Mr. O'Rourke announced a two-year contract with Recycle Material of Port Chester to act as a marketing agent for the recycling of the county's office paper and corrugated cardboard. Last month, the county selected J. Bass and Son of Mount Vernon to help market recycled glass. Last year, Mr. O'Rourke issued a comprehensive recycling plan in which the county would find marketing agents for recyclable material produced in the county. He said last week that the county was continuing to examine markets for bulk metals, tires and other materials. In announcing the recycling grants to the 33 Westchester municipalities, Mr. O'Rourke said they were ''incentives to initiate new recycling programs.'' The grants are open to all communities, including the seven northern towns that have chosen not to join the Solid Waste District that uses the county's Peekskill plant. New Pact on Electricity Mr. O'Rourke also announced the new agreement that had been concluded between Con Edison and Westchester Resco, as the operator of the refuse-to-energy plant is known, which he said would save taxpayers about $3.5 million year. Mr. Brady said later that he had initiated the talks, which the Board of Legislators assigned to a consultant, Samuel S. Yasgur, the former County Attorney, who is now a member of Hall Dickler Lawler Kent & Friedman of White Plains. Taxpayers in the Solid Waste District, Mr. Brady explained, make up shortfalls in operations. In the original 1982 contract, Con Edison agreed to pay 6 cents a kilowatt hour for the electricity it purchased, an amount tied to the price of oil; the county guaranteed 7.6 cents an hour to Resco and paid the 1.6-cent difference. As the price of oil went down, so did the amount that Con Edison had to pay, thus increasing the county's share to match the guaranteed price. By 1986, when Mr. Brady and the Board hired Mr. Yasgur as a consultant, Con Edison was paying only 2.6 cents and it was costing the county $11 million to make up the rest. Last summer's heat wave,

237171_2

Tobacco May One Day Be Factory for Anti-Cancer Drugs

said that his company has developed a ''vector molecule'' that allows scientists to introduce virtually any foreign gene into tobacco plants. The vector, which is derived from a common tobacco virus, is first ''packaged'' or combined with a useful gene, for example, one that regulates production of the human protein interleukin-2, which is being used in experimental cancer treatments. The molecules are sprayed or scraped against tobacco leaves so that they enter the plant cells. Once the vector is inside the cytoplasm of the cell, Mr. Erwin said, the gene begins directing production of the protein. The vector carries the gene from cell to cell, so that the entire tobacco leaf eventually churns out the wanted protein. Up to 40 percent of each leaf can theoretically produce protein, Mr. Erwin said, although in practice only about 10 percent of the plant's dry weight is expected to end up as protein because of processing losses and field conditions. He said the tobacco plant is being used because it is the best understood research tool in plant cell biology. ''It is a good launching pad to develop commercial products,'' he said. Biosource, a privately held company, is now producing human melanin, a protein found in skin, in tobacco cells grown in the laboratory. It plans to incorporate the melanin, which is the body's natural protector against sunburn, into tiny sponges so that it can be applied to the body as a sunscreen. The company has not yet conducted tests of its vector in tobacco plants grown in open fields, Mr. Erwin said. But such testing could be under way in a year. An important advantage of the system, Mr. Erwin said, is that the genetically engineered vector does not enter the nucleus of the plant cells. As a result, the new gene is not incorporated into the germline and is not passed on from generation to generation. This assures that harmful mutant strains are not able to reproduce and become a permanent part of the environment. Nor does the vector travel from plant to plant, he said. The system is designed to turn itself off. A gene typically produces protein for a couple days and then dies. This transient gene expression, Mr. Erwin said, is ideal for producing commercial products inside plants. A farmer could introduce different genes into his tobacco crop each year, depending on which products fetch the highest prices.

237230_0

HIGH COURT BACKS AIRPORT DETENTION BASED ON 'PROFILE'

LEAD: The Supreme Court ruled today that the Constitution permits the police to stop and question airline passengers who display behavior patterns that may have an innocent explanation but parallel the actions of drug couriers. The Supreme Court ruled today that the Constitution permits the police to stop and question airline passengers who display behavior patterns that may have an innocent explanation but parallel the actions of drug couriers. While the 7-to-2 decision made little new law, it marked the Court's clearest validation to date of the techniques that the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration has developed for surveillance and detection of drug traffic through airports and railroad depots. Over the last 15 years the agency has developed what it calls a ''drug courier profile,'' based on patterns of behavior that agents' observations have shown are typical of those who use commercial airline flights to transport narcotics. The profile includes paying for tickets with cash, using an alias, boarding a long flight without checking luggage and staying briefly in distant cities known to be sources of narcotics. Actions Can Be Innocent Since these actions can be entirely innocent, the profile has long been under attack as an unconstitutional shortcut to establishing the level of suspicion that the Constitution requires before the police can interfere with a person's liberty. Most lower courts have rejected the challenges on the basis of earlier Supreme Court decisions permitting the use of a ''totality of the circumstances'' approach to brief detentions by the police. In another actions today, the Justices let stand a law forcing New York City firefighters who live outside New York State to move into the city or nearby counties. [ Page B3. ] The Court also ruled that states do not have to allow oil companies to deduct ''windfall tax'' payments from their state income calculations. [ Page D1. ] Story of a Drug Arrest The drug decision, written by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, summarized and applied the earlier decisions in overturning a ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, sitting in California. That court had ruled that the brief detention by Federal drug agents of a passenger at the Honolulu International Airport was unconstitutional. Justices William J. Brennan Jr. and Thurgood Marshall dissented, saying they saw certain dangers in applying the drug courier profile. The agents detained the man long enough to let a trained

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Airlines Urged To Act Quickly Against Threats

Command. The Popular Front is considered by many Government experts to be the leading suspect in the Pan Am bombing. American intelligence officials noted today that several terrorist acts had been planned or executed on past anniversaries of the United States raid, including the 1988 bombing by the Japanese Red Army of a Naples, Italy, nightclub popular with American servicemen and women. The officials said there is concern that similar attacks may be planned for this year. But one senior official, who asked not to be named, said the evidence indicating possible new attacks is skimpy. New Equipment Planned In announcing the new rules today, Administration officials did not directly criticize the performance of airlines in heeding previous warnings. But the imposition of the strict procedures implies that there have been no guarantees of a rapid response to past alerts. The new measures include installation of advanced bomb detection equipment in dozens of airports around the world, at an estimated cost of at least $100 million. The installations will begin this summer at Kennedy International Airport in New York City and will take years to complete. The Federal Aviation Administration will also increase its overseas security staff. In addition, the aviation agency will require airlines to replace older model X-ray and metal detectors with new, more capable models. And Mr. Skinner said he has ordered a comprehensive review of each airline's security operations. He said the costs of the new measures would be paid from airline revenues, including security surcharges that many airlines impose on international travelers. ''We are not going to let cost get in the way of security,'' Mr. Skinner said. But he rejected suggestions, supported by the airlines and airports, that the Government use its special aviation fund, paid for with ticket taxes, to buy new security equipment. The families of victims of Flight 103 who met with Mr. Bush represented scores of people who came to Washington today for a memorial service. They said they were encouraged by the fact that Mr. Bush; Mr. Skinner; John H. Sununu, the White House chief of staff, and the President's national security adviser, Brent Scowcroft, listened to their views and seemed sympathetic to some of their complaints. But the family members, who later conducted a vigil in the park opposite the White House, said they viewed their meeting with the President as only a beginning. One action they are