Downregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-1beta mediates angiotensin II-dependent stimulation of sympathetic nerve activity. 
There is substantial evidence that angiotensin II (Ang II) enhances sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity.  We recently observed that nitric oxide and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) exert a tonic inhibitory action on central SNS activity.  Moreover, in 2 rat models of neurogenic hypertension, one caused by intrarenal injection of phenol and the other by 5/6 nephrectomy, we observed that losartan, an Ang II type 1 receptor blocker, inhibits SNS activity and increases the abundance of IL-1beta and the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the posterior hypothalamic nuclei (PH), paraventricular nuclei (PVN), and locus ceruleus (LC).  This raises the possibility that the stimulatory effects of Ang II on central SNS activity may be mediated by inhibition of nNOS and IL-1beta.  To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of Ang II on blood pressure (BP), norepinephrine (NE) secretion from the PH, renal SNS activity (RSNA), and abundance of IL-1beta and nNOS mRNA in the PH, PVN, and LC of normal Sprague-Dawley rats.  Finally, we measured the concentration of nitrite/nitrate in the dialysate collected from the PH after Ang II or vehicle.  ICV infusion of Ang II (100 ng/kg body wt dissolved in 10 microL of artificial cerebrospinal fluid) raised BP, RSNA, and NE secretion from the PH compared with control rats.  Ang II reduced the abundance of IL-1beta and nNOS mRNA in the PH, PVN, and LC.  Pretreatment with losartan (10 microg/kg body wt dissolved in 10 microL of aCSF) given ICV 20 minutes before Ang II abolished the effects of Ang II on BP, RSNA, and NE secretion from the PH and IL-1beta and nNOS mRNA.  Ang II also decreased the secretion of NO from the PH.  In conclusion, these studies suggest that Ang II inhibits the expression of IL-1beta and nNOS in the brain.  Because locally produced NO exerts a tonic inhibitory action on SNS activity, the decrease in NO expression caused by Ang II results in greater SNS activity.