Variations in Neisseria meningitidis carriage by socioeconomic status: a cross-sectional study. 
Deprivation is associated with an increased risk of invasive Neisseria meningitidis disease, but little is known about the relationship between deprivation and asymptomatic carriage of N. meningitidis.  This analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between meningococcal carriage and deprivation.  As part of a rapid meningococcal carriage prevalence study conducted in West Cumbria to investigate an apparent cluster of invasive meningococcal disease, data were collected on lifestyle and social factors, including area-level indicators of socioeconomic status, to identify factors associated with meningococcal carriage.  In a multivariable log binomial regression model adjusted for age, lower socioeconomic status was significantly associated with higher prevalence of meningococcal carriage.  A 1-unit increase in Index of Multiple Deprivation (2010) score was associated with a 1.7% increase in meningococcal carriage prevalence (95% confidence interval 0.3-3.0%).  Age was the only significant predictor of carriage of Neisseria lactamica.  Living in a deprived area is associated with increased carriage of Group B meningococcus.  Deprivation is an important factor to consider in the evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the introduction of new meningococcal B vaccines and the development and implementation of immunization policies.  Further work is required to understand whether deprivation has an effect on meningococcal carriage through other factors such as smoking.