                                                                                 FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            June 7, 2018
                         _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                          No.  17-3179
                                                 (D.C. No.  6:16-CR-10094-EFM-1)
JOSHUA MICHAELIS, a/k/a Joshua                               (D. Kan.)
Robert Michaelis,

      Defendant - Appellant. 
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before LUCERO, BALDOCK, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges. 
                  _________________________________

      In 2017, Defendant pleaded guilty to manufacturing and passing counterfeit

United States securities or obligations.  The district court sentenced him to twenty-

four months’ imprisonment, to be followed by three years of supervised release.  The

district court imposed a special condition of release that subjected Defendant’s

property to search.      Defendant appeals this condition, arguing the district court

plainly erred in imposing the condition without making defendant-specific findings. 

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm. 




      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.  It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed.  R. App.  P. 32.1 and 10th Cir.  R. 32.1. 
                                          I.

      In late 2012, Defendant embarked on a crime spree that lasted until August

2015.  During this period, Defendant was convicted in Colorado state court twelve

times for various crimes, including possession of methamphetamine, fraud, forgery,

and identity theft.  After serving time in jail for these offenses, Defendant began

serving probation sentences for six of the convictions.     While still on probation

around July 2015, Defendant travelled to Kansas.        There, he manufactured and

passed counterfeit twenty-dollar bills.  In August 2015, U.S. Secret Service agents

arrested Defendant and extradited him back to Colorado, where the state court

revoked his probation and returned him to jail. 

      In June 2016, a grand jury indicted Defendant in the District of Kansas for

manufacturing counterfeit United States securities or obligations, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 471, and passing counterfeit Federal Reserve notes, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 472.  Defendant returned to Kansas for prosecution on these federal charges

and pleaded guilty, without a plea agreement, to both counts.  The district court

imposed a downward-variance sentence of twenty-four months’ imprisonment, to be

served consecutively to the remainder of his Colorado state sentence, followed by a

three-year term of supervised release. 

      Defendant’s presentence investigation report (PSR) recommended the

imposition of various conditions of supervised release, including the following

special condition:



                                          2
      You must submit your person, house, residence, vehicle(s), papers,
      business or place of employment and any property under your control to
      a search, conducted by the United States Probation Officer at a
      reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, based upon reasonable
      suspicion of contraband or evidence of a violation of a condition of
      release.  Failure to submit to a search may be grounds for revocation. 
      You must warn any other residents that the premises may be subject to
      searches pursuant to this condition. 

ROA Vol.  II at 38.  Defendant did not object to this or any other condition.  At

sentencing, the district court adopted the PSR’s conditions.  Explaining its adoption

of the special search condition, the court stated, “And, finally, as I do in all cases,

I’m authorizing a condition of search and seizure of the defendant and his property,

both to verify compliance and for safety of the probation officer.”  ROA Vol.  III at

94.  Defendant failed to object to this condition at this point as well but timely

appealed. 

                                          II. 

      Defendant argues on appeal that the district court erred in imposing a special

condition “in all cases” without making defendant-specific findings.  As Defendant

acknowledges, he did not make this argument before the district court and has

therefore forfeited the argument.1 Accordingly, we review for plain error.  United


      1
        Invoking United States v. Morrison, 771 F.3d 687 (10th Cir.  2014), the
Government argues Defendant waived, rather than forfeited, this argument.  In
Morrison, we held a defendant waived a challenge to a special condition of release
when, at sentencing, his argument for a lesser sentence was predicated on the
deterrence that specific special condition would afford.  771 F.3d at 694–95.  Here,
the Government contends Defendant intentionally did not object to the special search
condition because doing so would have undermined his argument for a downward
variance.  In defense counsel’s argument for a downward variance, he noted
Defendant would “continue to be punished.”  ROA Vol.  III at 87.  Subsequently,
                                          3
States v. Burns, 775 F.3d 1221, 1223 (10th Cir.  2014).  To establish plain error,

Defendant must show “[1] an error [2] that is plain, [3] that affects substantial rights,

and [4] that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.”  Id.

      A district court may impose a special condition of release that it deems

appropriate “to the extent that such condition—

      (1) is reasonably related to the factors set forth in section 3553(a)(1),
          (a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C), and (a)(2)(D);

      (2) involves no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably
          necessary for the purposes set forth in section 3553(a)(2)(B),
          (a)(2)(C), and (a)(2)(D); and

      (3) is consistent with any pertinent policy statements issued by the
          Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(a) . . . .” 

18 U.S.C. § 3583(d).  In accordance with this statute, a district court must assess

whether a special condition is appropriate for the particular defendant before

imposing the condition.  See United States v. Martinez-Torres, 795 F.3d 1233, 1237

(10th Cir.  2015); §§ 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B)–(D) (requiring consideration of “the nature

and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant”

defense counsel stated Defendant would be “on paper”—i.e.,  on supervised release. 
Id. Reading the argument in context, defense counsel’s statement refers to the fact
that Defendant would “continue to be punished” by his Colorado sentence, not by his
federal conditions of release.  See id. (“[T]hat conduct deserves something but it
doesn’t deserve another three years on top of what he’s got to serve in Colorado.”); 
id. (requesting “if anything, an incremental punishment but something that’s going to
be a downward departure or variance from a 33-month low end, to go on top of what
he’s going to serve in Colorado”); id. (“I would just ask for a six-month incremental
sentence on top of his Colorado case . . . .”).  Absent a stronger showing that
Defendant’s downward-variance argument relied on his federal conditions of release,
we cannot say Defendant intentionally relinquished—i.e., waived—the argument. 
                                           4
and the need for the sentence to deter criminal conduct, protect the public, and

provide the defendant with training or treatment).  This assessment may consist of “a

statement of ‘generalized reasons’” but “must be sufficient for this court to conduct a

proper review.”  Id. at 1238 (quoting United States v. Smith, 606 F.3d 1270, 1283

(10th Cir.  2010)).  In light of this precedent, even though the district court noted it

was imposing the condition “to verify compliance and for safety of the probation

officer,” the district court’s comment that the court imposes the special search

condition “in all cases” is highly questionable.  We need not reach the issue of

whether this comment was error, however, and assume without deciding the district

court erred and the error was plain. 

      We thus turn to whether the assumed error affected Defendant’s substantial

rights. “ An error affects substantial rights if there is a reasonable probability that the

error affected the outcome of the proceedings.”  Burns, 775 F.3d at 1224.  Here, we

ask: is there a reasonable probability that, but for the court’s error, the court would

have omitted the special search condition?  See id. We answer in the negative. 

Given Defendant’s criminal history and history of noncompliance with conditions of

release, a reasonable probability does not exist that the district court would have

omitted the special search condition. 

      Defendant’s extensive criminal history cannot be overstated.  As the court

noted during sentencing, Defendant qualified for Criminal History Category VI, the

highest for which the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines provide.  And he did not just barely

cross the Category VI threshold; he had more than twice as many points as necessary

                                            5
to qualify for Category VI.  This salient fact was a “pertinent factor in the Court’s

determination in fashioning a sentence.”          ROA Vol.  III at 80.      Additionally,

Defendant had a history of noncompliance with conditions of release.            Recall,

Defendant was on probation in his Colorado cases when he committed the instant

offenses.  Committing these crimes, of course, violated the condition of his probation

that he abide by all federal laws.  See Conditions of Prob.,  Colorado v. Michaelis,

2014 CR 46.  Given this background, verifying Defendant’s compliance with the

conditions of release is of utmost importance. 

      Despite Defendant’s extensive criminal history and history of noncompliance

with conditions of release, Defendant argues the special search condition involves

greater deprivation than is reasonably necessary.  We disagree.  Given Defendant’s

blatant disregard for the law, the places where Defendant might commit a crime or

otherwise violate conditions of release, including any “business or place of

employment and any property under [Defendant’s] control,” should be subject to

search to further the purposes set forth in § 3553(a)(2)(B), (C).       Knowing these

places are subject to a search could (and should) deter Defendant from committing

any further crimes therein, thereby protecting the public from becoming victims to

additional crimes such as fraud and identity theft. 

      Another fact that indicates the special search condition is not a greater

deprivation than necessary is that a lesser deprivation has already proved ineffective. 

When Defendant manufactured and passed counterfeit notes, he was subject to a

similar but narrower condition in one of his Colorado cases, which reads:

                                           6
      I will submit to a search of my residence, vehicle or personal effects,
      including but not limited to any electronic devices, by probation, when
      there are reasonable grounds to search.  I understand my personal
      property is subject to seizure if it violates any of the terms and
      conditions of my probation. 

Conditions of Prob.,  Colorado v. Michaelis, 2014 CR 46.  This search condition was

clearly ineffective in deterring Defendant from violating his conditions of release. 

Therefore, a condition broader than this one, such as the one imposed in the instant

case, is necessary to effectively verify compliance with the other conditions of

release.  Lastly, the special search condition imposed by the district court is not

unlimited.    It requires a search to be conducted only “based upon reasonable

suspicion of contraband or evidence of a violation of a condition of release” and,

then, only “at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner.” 

      Accordingly, we hold that if the district court had undergone the appropriate

analysis, a reasonable probability does not exist that the court would have omitted the

special search condition.  Any error, therefore, did not affect Defendant’s substantial

rights.  AFFIRMED. 




                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Bobby R. Baldock
                                           Circuit Judge




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