Anesthesia for fetal surgery. 
Fetal surgery pushes the limits of knowledge and therapy beyond conventional paradigms by treating the developing fetus as a patient.  Providing anesthesia for fetal surgery is challenging for many reasons.  It requires integration of both obstetric and pediatric anesthesia practice.  Two patients must be anesthetized for the benefit of one, and there is little margin for error.  Many disciplines are involved, and communication must be effective.  Conducting anesthetic research with vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women and their fetuses, is difficult, and many questions remain unanswered.  Work must be done in the study of possible neurotoxicity caused by exposure of developing brain to anesthetic agents.  The effects of stress on the developing fetus must also be further examined.  Optimal anesthetic regimens remain to be determined.