Chimeric NKG2D modified T cells inhibit systemic T-cell lymphoma growth in a manner involving multiple cytokines and cytotoxic pathways. 
In this study, the efficacy and mechanisms of chimeric NKG2D receptor (chNKG2D)-modified T cells in eliminating NKG2D ligand-positive RMA/Rae1 lymphoma cells were evaluated.  Intravenous injection of RMA/Rae1 cells led to significant tumor formation in spleens and lymph nodes within 2 weeks.  Adoptive transfer of chNKG2D-modified T cells after tumor injection significantly reduced tumor burdens in both spleens and lymph nodes, and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice.  Multiple treatments with chNKG2D T cells resulted in long-term tumor-free survival.  Moreover, these long-term survivors were resistant to rechallenge with RMA tumor cells (NKG2D ligand-negative), and their spleen and lymph node cells produced IFN-gamma in response to RMA but not to other tumors in vitro, indicating immunity against RMA tumor antigens.  ChNKG2D T cell-derived IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not perforin (Pfp), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, or Fas ligand (FasL) alone were critical for in vivo efficacy.  T cells deficient in both Pfp and FasL did not kill NKG2D ligand-positive RMA cells in vitro.  Adoptive transfer of Pfp(-/-)FasL(-/-) chNKG2D T cells had reduced in vivo efficacy, indicating that chNKG2D T cells used both mechanisms to attack RMA/Rae1 cells.  Taken together, these results indicate that chNKG2D T-cell-mediated therapeutic effects are mediated by both cytokine-dependent and cytotoxic mechanisms in vivo.