Improved poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production in Escherichia coli by inactivation of cytochrome bd-II oxidase or/and NDH-II dehydrogenase in low efficient respiratory chains. 
In order to redirect more carbon flux from TCA cycle into poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) biosynthesis pathway via increasing respiratory efficiency, appB and ndh genes encoding cytochrome bd-II oxidase and NDH-II dehydrogenase were inactivated in Escherichia coli JM109/pBHR68.  All appB or/and ndh knockout strains exhibited significantly increased PHB accumulation accompanying with increased NAD(P)H/NAD(P)(+) ratio and intracellular acetyl-CoA pool.  Among them, the Δndh strain could accumulate up to 6.16g/L PHB from 20g/L glucose and 3.5g/L PHB from 20g/L xylose, respectively, a 1.76-fold and 3.43-fold increase compared to the wild-type control.  The PHB production of this strain reached 28.23g/L in a 5-L fermentor study, which was 2.70-fold as much as that of the wild-type control.  These results indicated that inactivating the cytochrome bd-II oxidase or/and NDH-II dehydrogenase of the aerobic respiratory chain is a simple and effective strategy to improve PHB biosynthesis in E. coli.  To date, this is the first time to improve PHB production by inactivation of cytochrome bd-II oxidase or/and NDH-II dehydrogenase in low efficient respiratory chains.