Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Experiment footage showing the robotic legs in action - Courtesy Journal of Neural Engineering

US experts have developed what they say are the most biologically-accurate robotic legs yet. 

Writing in the Journal of Neural Engineering, they said the work could help understanding of how babies learn to walk - and spinal-injury treatment. 

They created a version of the message system that generates the rhythmic muscle signals that control walking. 

A UK expert said the work was exciting because the robot mimics control and not just movement. 

The team, from the University of Arizona, were able to replicate the central pattern generator (CPG) - a nerve cell (neuronal) network in the lumbar region of the spinal cord that generates rhythmic muscle signals. 

The CPG produces, and then controls, these signals by gathering information from different parts of the body involved in walking, responding to the environment. 

This is what allows people to walk without thinking about it. 

The simplest form of a CPG is called a half-centre, which consists of just two neurons that fire signals alternately, producing a rhythm, as well as sensors that deliver information, such as when a leg meets a surface, back to the half-centre. 

'New approach'

The University of Arizona team suggests babies start off with this simplistic set-up - and then over time develop a more complex walking pattern. 

They say this could explain why babies put onto a treadmill have been seen to take steps - even before they have learnt to walk. 

"The implications for increased understanding of, for example, patients with spinal cord injury are very exciting Matt Thornton,, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital

Writing in the journal, the team says: "This robot represents a complete physical, or 'neurorobotic' model of the system, demonstrating the usefulness of this type of robotics research for investigating the neuropsychological processes underlying walking in humans and animals". 

Dr Theresa Klein, who worked on the study, said: "Interestingly, we were able to produce a walking gait, without balance, which mimicked human walking with only a simple half-centre controlling the hips and a set of reflex responses controlling the lower limb. 

"This underlying network may also form the core of the CPG and may explain how people with spinal cord injuries can regain walking ability if properly stimulated in the months after the injury." 

Matt Thornton, gait analysis laboratory manager at the UK's Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, said the work was "an interesting development". 

He added: "Previous robotic models have mimicked human movement: this one goes further and mimics the underlying human control mechanisms driving that movement. 

"It may offer a new approach to investigate and understand the link between nervous system control problems and walking pathologies." 

Mr Thornton said existing systems for analysing how people walk, so-called gait analysis performed by the RNOH and others, accurately measure hip, knee, and ankle joint movements in 3D while patients walk on a treadmill.  Patients react differently, depending on their condition. 

He added: "At present this type of analysis provides us with detailed information about the joints, bones and muscles. 

"The robotic model may go one step further in linking these problems to the nervous system, which actually controls the movement. 

"The implications for increased understanding of, for example, patients with spinal cord injury are very exciting."