Q:

Check how iOS application was installed

I was wondering if there is a way to check how an application was installed to device in any of the following ways. 

Installed via iTunes by way of their PC/Mac. 
Installed directly from appStore. 
Installed via Xcode. 
Installed via MDM (Mobile device management). 
Installed from an adhoc profile. 
Installed via the B2B store. 

I would also like to know whether or not it is possible to check if the iPhone is set up for development or not? 
Any help or clarification would be greatly appreciated. 

A:

In general, no.   There is no mechanism to do this.   As mentioned in the comments, the only real way would be to assign a version number to each build and append it with say a, b, c...
But again, that's not perfect. 
As you said in your comments, this is for a client; however, it might be wise to talk to your client as to why want this data to see if theirs an underlying analytical feature they're interested that might be more easily accessible.