Saint Nicholas (Greek: Ἅγιος Νικόλαος, Hagios ["Saint", literally "Holy", Latin: Sanctus] Nicolaos ["victory of the people"]) (270 – 6 December 343),[3][4] also called Nikolaos of Myra, was a historic 4th-centurysaint and Greek[5] Bishop of Myra (Demre, part of modern-day Turkey) in Lycia.  Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nikolaos the Wonderworker (Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός, Nikolaos ho Thaumaturgos).  He had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, and thus became the model for Santa Claus, whose modern name comes from the Dutch Sinterklaas, itself from a series of elisions and corruptions of the transliteration of "Saint Nikolaos".  His reputation evolved among the faithful, as was common for early Christian saints.[6] In 1087, part of the relics (about half of the bones) were furtively translated to Bari, in southeastern Italy; for this reason, he is also known as Nikolaos of Bari.  The remaining bones were taken to Venice in 1100.  His feastday is 6 December [O.S. 19 December]. 

Life

Nicholas was born a Greek[7][8][9] in Asia Minor during the third century in the city of Patara (Lycia et Pamphylia),[10][11] which was a port on the Mediterranean Sea,[11] and lived in Myra, Lycia[12] (part of modern-day Demre, Turkey), at a time when the region was Greek in its heritage,[11] culture, and outlook was part of the Romandiocese of Asia.[11] He was the only son of wealthy Christian parents named Epiphanius (Ἐπιφάνιος) and Johanna (Ἰωάννα) according to some accounts[13] and Theophanes (Θεοφάνης) and Nonna (Νόννα) according to others.[11] He was very religious from an early age[9] and according to legend, Nicholas was said to have rigorously observed the canonical fasts of Wednesdays and Fridays.  His wealthy parents died in an epidemic while Nicholas was still young and he was raised by his uncle—also named Nicholas—who was the bishop of Patara.  He tonsured the young Nicholas as a reader, and later as presbyter (priest). 

Translation of the relics

On 26 August 1071 Romanus IV, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (reigned 1068–1071), faced Sultan Alp Arslan of the Seljuk Turks (reigned 1059–1072) in the Battle of Manzikert.  The battle ended in humiliating defeat and capture for Romanus.  As a result the Empire temporarily lost control over most of Asia Minor to the invading Seljuk Turks.  The Byzantines would regain its control over Asia Minor during the reign of Alexius I Comnenus (reigned 1081–1118).  But early in his reign Myra was overtaken by the Islamic invaders.  Taking advantage of the confusion, sailors from Bari in Apulia seized part of the remains of the saint from his burial church in Myra, over the objections of the Orthodox monks.  Returning to Bari, they brought the remains with them and cared for them.  The remains arrived on 9 May 1087.  There are numerous variations of this account.  In some versions those taking the relics are characterized as thieves or pirates, in others they are said to have taken them in response to a vision wherein Saint Nicholas himself appeared and commanded that his relics be moved in order to preserve them from the impending Muslim conquest.  Currently at Bari, there are two churches at his shrine, one Roman Catholic and one Orthodox. 

Sailors from Bari, collected just half of the Nicholas' skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the grave.  These were collected by Venetian sailors during the first crusade and brought to Venice, where a church to St. Nicholas, the patron of sailors, was built on the Lido.  This tradition was confirmed in two scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which revealed that the relics in the two cities belong to the same skeleton[14][15]. 

According to a local legend, some of his remains were brought by three pilgrims to a church in what is now Nikolausberg in the vicinity of the city of Göttingen, Germany, giving the church and village its name. 

It is said that in Myra the relics of Saint Nicholas each year exuded a clear watery liquid which smells like rose water, called manna (or myrrh), which is believed by the faithful to possess miraculous powers.  After the relics were brought to Bari, they continued to do so, much to the joy of the new owners.  Vials of myrrh from his relics have been taken all over the world for centuries, and can still be obtained from his church in Bari.  Even up to the present day, a flask of manna is extracted from the tomb of Saint Nicholas every year on 6 December (the Saint's feast day) by the clergy of the basilica.  The myrrh is collected from a sarcophagus which is located in the basilica vault and could obtained in the shop nearby. 

In 1993 a grave was found on the small Turkish island of Gemile, east of Rhodes, which historians believe is the grave of Saint Nicholas. [ 16]

On 28 December 2009, the Turkish Government announced that it would be formally requesting the return of St Nicholas's bones to Turkey from the Italian government.[17][18] Turkish authorities have cited the fact that St Nicolas himself wanted to be and actually got buried at his episcopal town.  They also state that his remains were illegally removed from his homeland. 

Legends and folklore

Another legend[19] tells how a terrible famine struck the island[clarification needed] and a malicious butcher lured three little children into his house, where he slaughtered and butchered them, placing their remains in a barrel to cure, planning to sell them off as ham.  Saint Nicholas, visiting the region to care for the hungry, not only saw through the butcher's horrific crime but also resurrected the three boys from the barrel by his prayers.  Another version of this story, possibly formed around the eleventh century, claims that the butcher's victims were instead three clerks who wished to stay the night.  The man murdered them, and was advised by his wife to dispose of them by turning them into meat pies.  The Saint saw through this and brought the men back to life. 

In his most famous exploit,[20] a poor man had three daughters but could not afford a proper dowry for them.  This meant that they would remain unmarried and probably, in absence of any other possible employment, would have to become prostitutes.  Hearing of the poor man's plight, Nicholas decided to help him, but being too modest to help the man in public (or to save the man the humiliation of accepting charity), he went to his house under the cover of night and threw three purses (one for each daughter) filled with gold coins through the window opening into the man's house. 

One version has him throwing one purse for three consecutive nights.  Another has him throw the purses over a period of three years, each time the night before one of the daughters comes of age.  Invariably, the third time the father lies in wait, trying to discover the identity of their benefactor.  In one version the father confronts the saint, only to have Saint Nicholas say it is not him he should thank, but God alone.  In another version, Nicholas learns of the poor man's plan and drops the third bag down the chimney instead; a variant holds that the daughter had washed her stockings that evening and hung them over the embers to dry, and that the bag of gold fell into the stocking. 

The miracle of wheat multiplication

A key ring with the image of Nikolaos of Myra as patron of the sailors

During a great famine that the Bishop of Myra experienced, a ship was is in the port at anchor, which was loaded with wheat for the Emperor in Constantinople.  He invited the sailors to unload a part of the wheat to help in time of need.  The sailors at first disliked the request, because the wheat had to be weighed accurately and delivered to the Emperor.  Only when Nicholas promised them that they would not take any damage for their consideration, the sailors agreed.  When they arrived later in the capital, they made a surprising find: the weight of the load had not changed, although the wheat removed in Myra was enough for two full years and could even be used for sowing.[21]

The face of the historical saint

Whereas the devotional importance of relics and the economics associated with pilgrimages caused the remains of most saints to be divided up and spread over numerous churches in several countries, St. Nicholas is unusual in that most of his bones have been preserved in one spot: his grave crypt in Bari.  Even with the still-continuing miracle of the manna, the archdiocese of Bari has allowed for one scientific survey of the bones.  In the late 1950s, during a restoration of the chapel, it allowed a team of hand-picked scientists to photograph and measure the contents of the crypt grave. 

In the summer of 2005, the report of these measurements was sent to a forensic laboratory in England.  The review of the data revealed that the historical St. Nicholas was barely five feet in height and had a broken nose. 

Formal veneration of the saint

Among the Greeks and Italians he is a favorite of sailors, fishermen, ships and sailing.  As such he has become over time the patron saint of several cities maintaining harbors.  In centuries of Greek folklore, Nicholas was seen as "The Lord of the Sea", often described by modern Greek scholars as a kind of Christianized version of Poseidon.  In modern Greece, he is still easily among the most recognizable saints and 6 December finds many cities celebrating their patron saint.  He is also the patron saint of all of Greece. 

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Nicholas' memory is celebrated on most every Thursday of the year (together with the Apostles) with special hymns to him which are found in the liturgical book known as the Octoechos.  Soon after the transfer of Saint Nicholas' relics from Myra to Bari, a Russian version of his Life and an account of the transfer of his relics were written by a contemporary to this event.[22] Devotional akathists and canons have been composed in his honour, and are frequently chanted by the faithful as they ask for his intercession.  He is mentioned in the Liturgy of Preparation during the Divine Liturgy (Eastern Orthodox Eucharist) and during the All-Night Vigil.  Many Orthodox churches will have his icon, even if they are not named after him. 

In late medieval England, on Saint Nicholas' Day parishes held Yuletide "boy bishop" celebrations.  As part of this celebration, youths performed the functions of priests and bishops, and exercised rule over their elders.  Today, Saint Nicholas is still celebrated as a great gift-giver in several Western European countries.  According to one source, in medieval times nuns used the night of 6 December to deposit baskets of food and clothes anonymously at the doorsteps of the needy.  According to another source, on 6 December every sailor or ex-sailor of the Low Countries (which at that time was virtually all of the male population) would descend to the harbour towns to participate in a church celebration for their patron saint.  On the way back they would stop at one of the various Nicholas fairs to buy some hard-to-come-by goods, gifts for their loved ones and invariably some little presents for their children.  While the real gifts would only be presented at Christmas, the little presents for the children were given right away, courtesy of Saint Nicholas.  This and his miracle of him resurrecting the three butchered children made Saint Nicholas a patron saint of children and later students as well. 

Among Albanians, Saint Nicholas is known as Shen'Kollë and is venerated by most Catholic families, even those from villages that are devoted to other saints.  The Feast of Saint Nicholas is celebrated on the eve of 5 December, known as Shen'Kolli i Dimnit (Saint Nicholas of Winter), as well as on the commemoration of the interring of his bones in Bari, the eve of 8 May, known as Shen'Kolli i Majit (Saint Nicholas of May).  Albanian Catholics often swear by Saint Nicholas, saying "Pasha Shejnti Shen'Kollin!" (" May I see Holy Saint Nicholas!"),  indicating the importance of this saint in Albanian culture, especially among the Albanians of Malësia.  On the eve of his feast day, Albanians will light a candle and abstain from meat, preparing a feast of roasted lamb and pork, to be served to guests after midnight.  Guests will greet each other, saying, "Nata e Shen'Kollit ju nihmoftë!" (" May the Night of Saint Nicholas help you!")  and other such blessings.  The bones of Albania's greatest hero, George Kastrioti, were also interred in the Church of Saint Nicholas in Lezha, Albania, upon his death. 

In Iconography

Saint Nicholas is a popular subject portrayed on countless Eastern Orthodoxicons, particularly Russian ones.  He is depicted as an Orthodox bishop, wearing the omophorion and holding a Gospel Book.  Sometimes he is depicted wearing the Eastern Orthodox mitre, sometimes he is bareheaded.  Iconographically, Nicholas is depicted as an elderly man with a short, full white beard and balding head.  In commemoration of the miracle attributed to him by tradition at the Ecumenical Council of Nicea, he is sometimes depicted with Christ over his left shoulder holding out a Gospel Book to him and the Theotokos over his right shoulder holding the omophorion.  Because of his patronage of mariners, occasionally Saint Nicholas will be shown standing in a boat or rescuing a drowning sailor. 

In Roman Catholic iconography, Saint Nicholas is depicted as a bishop, wearing the insignia of this dignity: a red bishop's cloak, a red miter and a bishop's crozier.  The episode with the three dowries is commemorated by showing him holding in his hand either three purses, three coins or three balls of gold.  Depending on whether he is depicted as patron saint of children or sailors, his images will be completed by a background showing ships, children or three figures climbing out of a wooden barrel (the three slaughtered children he resurrected). 

In a strange twist, the three gold balls referring to the dowry affair are sometimes metaphorically interpreted as being oranges or other fruits.  As in the Low Countries in medieval times oranges most frequently came from Spain, this led to the belief that the Saint lives in Spain and comes to visit every winter bringing them oranges, other 'wintry' fruits and tales of magical creatures. 

Saint Nicholas Day

The tradition of Saint Nicholas Day, usually on 6 December ( [O.S. 19 December (in most Orthodox countries)], is a festival for children in many countries in Europe related to surviving legends of the saint, and particularly his reputation as a bringer of gifts.  The American Santa Claus, as well as the Anglo-Canadian and British Father Christmas, derive from these legends. " Santa Claus" is itself derived in part from the Dutch Sinterklaas. 

France

St. Nicolas comes primarily in Alsace, Lorraine and Nord-Pas-de-Calais (French Flanders).  St. Nicolas is patron of Lorraine.  A little donkey carries baskets filled with children's gifts, biscuits (U.S. 'cookies') and sweets.  The whole family gets ready for the saint's arrival on 6 December, with grandparents telling stories of the saint.  The most popular one is of three children who wandered away and got lost.  Cold and hungry, a wicked butcher lured them into his shop where he attacked and salted them away in a large tub.  Through the intervention of St. Nicolas the boys were restored to their families.  This story led to Nicolas being recognized as the protector of children.  In France statues and paintings often portray this event, showing the saint with children in a barrel.  The evil butcher became Père Fouettard, who has followed St Nicolas in shame ever since.  This story is also a popular French children's song.  Meanwhile bakeries and home kitchens are a hive of activity as spiced gingerbread biscuits (U.S 'cookies') and mannala (a brioche shaped like the good saint) are baked.  At school children learn St. Nicolas songs and poems and draw and paint St. Nicolas pictures and crafts.  Saint Nicolas visits nursery schools, giving children chocolates and sometimes even a little present.  Though Père Fouettard carries switches to threaten the children, what they really fear is that he may advise Saint Nicolas to pass them by on his gift-giving rounds. 

Malta

In Malta, St. Nicholas (mt: San Nikola, less commonly San Niklaw) is the patron saint of the town of Siġġiewi where his feast is celebrated on the last Sunday in June.  The parish church, dedicated to the saint, was built between 1676 and 1693.  It was designed by the Maltese architect, Lorenzo Gafà, with the portico and naves being added by Nicola Zammit in the latter half of the 19th century.  The ruins of a former parish church are still visible and have recently undergone restoration. 

Ireland

The saint who inspired the legend of Santa Claus (Naoṁ Nioclás) is believed to have been buried in Newtown Jerpoint in Kilkenny some 800 years ago.  Originally buried in Myra in modern day Turkey, his body was moved from there to Italy in 1169, but said to have been taken afterwards to Ireland by Nicholas de Frainet, a distant relative.  The church of Saint Nicholas was built by his family there and dedicated to the memory of the saint.  A slab grave on the ground of this church claims to hold his remains.  There is a yearly Mass in relation to the memory of Saint Nicholas, but otherwise the celebration is quite low key. 

Italy

St. Nicholas (San Nicola) is the patron of the city of Bari, where it is believed he is buried.  Its deeply felt celebration is called the Festa di San Nicola, held on the 7–9 of May. In particular on 8 May the relics of the saint are carried on a boat on the sea in front of the city with many boats following (Festa a mare).  On 6 December there is a ritual called the Rito delle nubili.  The same tradition is currently observed in Sassari, where during the day of Saint Nicholas, patron of the city, gifts are given to young brides who need help before getting married. 

In the provinces of Trieste, Belluno and Trentino St. Nicholas (San Nicolò) is celebrated with gifts given to children on the morning of 6 December and with a fair called Fiera di San Nicolò[23] during the first weeks of December.  Depending on the cultural background, in some families this celebration is more important than Christmas.  Trieste is a city on the sea, being one of the main ports of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and is influenced mainly by Italian, Slovenian and German cultures, but also Greek and Serbian. 

Spain

St. Nicholas ("San Nicolás") is the patron of the Valladolid, one of the two medieval universities of Spain. 

Portugal

In one city (Guimarães) in Portugal, St. Nicholas (São Nicolau) has been celebrated since the Middle Ages as the patron saint of high-school students, in the so called Nicolinas, a group of festivities that occur from 29 November to 7 December each year.  In the rest of Portugal this is not celebrated. 

The Netherlands, Belgium, and Lower Rhineland (Germany)

In the Netherlands and Belgium, Saint Nicholas' Eve (5 December) is the primary occasion for gift-giving, when his reputed birthday is celebrated. 

In the days leading up to 5 December (starting when Saint Nicholas has arrived by steamboat around mid-November), young children put their shoes in front of the chimneys and sing Sinterklaas songs.  Often they put a carrot or some hay in the shoes, as a gift to St. Nicholas' horse. ( In recent years the horse has been named Amerigo in The Netherlands and Slechtweervandaag in Flanders.)  The next morning they will find a small present in their shoes, ranging from sweets to marbles or some other small toy.  On the evening of 5 December, Sinterklaas brings presents to every child who has behaved well in the past year (in practice, just as with Santa Claus, all children receive gifts without distinction).  This is often done by placing a bag filled with presents outside the house or living room, after which a neighbour or parent bangs the door or window, pretending to be Sinterklaas' assistant.  Another option is to hire or ask someone to dress up as Sinterklaas and deliver the presents personally.  Sinterklaas wears a bishop's robes including a red cape and mitre and is assisted by many mischievous helpers with black faces and colourful Moorish dress, dating back two centuries.  These helpers are called 'Zwarte Pieten' ("Black Petes") or "Père Fouettard" in the French-speaking part of Belgium. 

The myth is that, if a child had been naughty, the Zwarte Pieten put all the naughty children in sacks, and Sinterklaas took them to Spain (it is believed that Sinterklaas comes from Spain, where he returns after 5 December).  Therefore, many Sinterklaas songs still allude to a watching Zwarte Piet and a judging Sinterklaas. 

In the past number of years, there has been a recurrent discussion about the perceived politically incorrect nature of the Moorish helper.  In particular Dutch citizens with backgrounds from Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles might feel offended by the Dutch slavery history connected to this emblem and regard the Zwarte Pieten to be racist.  Others state that the black skin color of Zwarte Piet originates in his profession as a chimneysweep, hence the delivery of packages though the chimney. [ 24]

In recent years, Christmas (along with Santa Claus) has been pushed by shopkeepers as another gift-giving festival, with some success; although, especially for young children, Saint Nicholas' Eve is still much more important than Christmas.  The rise of Father Christmas (known in Dutch as de Kerstman) is often cited as an example of globalisation and Americanisation.[25]

On the Frisian islands (Waddeneilanden), the Sinterklaas feast has developed independently into traditions very different from the one on the mainland.[26]

German speaking countries

In Northern Germany, Sankt Nikolaus is usually celebrated on a small scale.  Many children put a boot called Nikolaus-Stiefel(Nikolaus boot) outside the front door on the night of 5 December.  St. Nicholas fills the boot with gifts and sweets overnight, and at the same time checks up on the children to see if they were good, polite and helpful the last year.  If they were not, they will have a tree branch (Rute) in their boots instead.  Sometimes a Nikolaus impersonator also visits the children at school or in their homes and asks them if they have been good (sometimes ostensibly checking his golden book for their record), handing out presents on the basis of their behavior.  This has become more lenient in recent decades, and this task is often taken over by the Weihnachtsmann (Father Christmas).  In more catholic regions, Nikolaus is dressed very much like a bishop and rides on a horse, welcomed at public places by a large crowd.  Typical in Germany for Saint Nicholas Day is the Stutenkerl, a pastry made of sweet leavened dough. 

In Austria, Bavaria and Tyrol (Austro-Bavarian speaking regions), St. Nicholas is accompanied by Krampus, represented as a beast like creature, generally demonic in appearance. 

In Swiss folklore, the Christmas gift-bringer is known as Samichlaus (like Dutch Sinterklaas a corruption of the name of St. Nicholas).  The Swiss version of the scary companion of St. Nicholas corresponding to the Austrian Krampus and the German Knecht Ruprecht is known as Schmutzli.  In the folklore of certain Swiss regions, the demonic characters corresponding to Austrian Krampus are themselves known as Chläuse (singular Chlaus "Nicholas"; see also Chlausjagen).  In Catholic parts of Switzerland, Saint Nicholas long retained his traditional habit of bishop's robes and mitre, while in Protestant parts, he came to be depicted in the Anglo-American "Father Christmas". 

Central Europe

In highly Catholic regions, the local priest was informed by the parents about their children's behaviour and would then personally visit the homes in the traditional Christian garment and threaten to beat them with a rod.  In parts of Austria, Krampusse, who local tradition says are Nikolaus's helpers (in reality, typically children of poor families), roamed the streets during the festival.  They wore masks and dragged chains behind them.  These Krampusläufe (Krampus runs) still exist. 

In Croatia, Nikolaus (Sveti Nikola) who visits on Saint Nicholas day (Nikolinje) brings gifts to children commending them for their good behavior over the past year and exhorting them to continue in the same manner in the year to come.  If they fail to do so they will receive a visit from Krampus who traditionally leaves a rod, an instrument their parents will use to discipline them. 

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Mikuláš, in Poland Mikołaj and in Ukraine Svyatyi Mykolay is often also accompanied by an angel (anděl/anioł/anhel) who acts as a counterweight to the ominous devil or Knecht Ruprecht (čert/czart).  Additionally, in Poland children find the candy and small gifts under the pillow or in their shoes the evening of 5 December [O.S. 18 December (in Ukraine)] or the morning of 6 December [O.S. 19 December]. 

In Hungary and Romania, children typically leave their boots on the windowsill on the evening of 5 December.  By next morning Nikolaus (Szent Miklós traditionally but more commonly known as Mikulás in Hungary or Moş Nicolae (Sfântul Nicolae) in Romania) leaves candy and gifts if they have been good, or a rod (Hungarian: virgács, Romanian: nuieluşǎ) if they have been bad (most children end up getting small gifts, but also a small rod).  In Hungary he is often accompanied by the Krampusz, the frightening helper who is out to take away the bad ones. 

In Luxembourg, Kleeschen is accompanied by the Houseker a frightening helper wearing a brown monk's habit. 

In Slovenia, Saint Nikolaus (Miklavž) is accompanied by an angel and a devil (parkelj) corresponding to the Austrian Krampus. 

Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria

A modern metal icon of St. Nicholas by the Bulgarian artist Georgi 'Chapa' Chapkanov.  Gilbert House, Stanley, Falkland Islands. 

In Greece, Saint Nicholas does not carry an especial association with gift-giving, as this tradition is carried over to St. Basil of Cesarea, celebrated on New Year's Day.  St. Nicholas being the protector of sailors, he is considered the patron saint of the Greek navy, military and merchant alike, and his day is marked by festivities aboard all ships and boats, at sea and in port.  It is also associated with the preceding feasts of St. Barbara (4 December), St. Savvas (5 December), and the following feast of St. Anne (9 December); all these are often collectively called the "Nikolobárbara", and are considered a succession of days that heralds the onset of truly wintry cold weather in the country.  Therefore by tradition, homes should have already been laid with carpets, removed for the warm season, by St. Andrew's Day (30 November), a week ahead of the Nikolobárbara. 

In Serbia, and among the Serb people living across the world, Saint Nicholas is the most widely celebrated family patron saint, celebrated as the feast day (Slava) of Nikoljdan.  Since Nikoljdan always falls in the fasting period preceding Christmas, it is celebrated according to the Eastern Orthodox fasting rules ("Post").  Fasting refers in this context to the eating of a restricted diet for reasons of religion. 

In the Republic of Bulgaria, Saint Nicholas is one of the most celebrated saints.  Many churches and monasteries are named after him.  Saint Nicholas' day is celebrated as a holiday on the 6th of December. 

Lebanon

Saint Nicholas is celebrated by all the Christian communities in Lebanon: Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Armenian.  Many places, churches, convents, and schools are named in honor of Saint Nicholas, such as Escalier Saint-Nicolas des Arts, Saint Nicolas Garden, and Saint Nicolas Greek Orthodox Cathedral. 

Palestine

Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of the town of Beit Jala.  This little town, which is located only two kilometers to the west of Bethlehem, boasts being the place where St. Nicholas spent four years of his life during his pilgrimage to the Holy Land.  Every year on the 19th of December according to the Gregorian Calendar—that is the 6th of December according to the Julian Calendar—a solemn Divine Liturgy is held in the Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas, and is usually followed by parades, exhibitions, and many activities.  Palestinian Christians of all sects, denominations and churches come to Beit Jala and participate in prayers and celebrations. 

United States and Canada

While feasts of Saint Nicholas are not observed nationally, cities with strong German influences like Milwaukee, Cincinnati and St. Louis celebrate St. Nick's Day on a scale similar to the German custom.[27] As in other countries, many people in the United states celebrate a separate St Nicholas Day by putting their shoes outside their bedroom doors on the evening of 5 December.  St Nicholas then comes during the night.  On the morning of 6 December, those people will find their shoes filled with gifts and sugary treats.  Widespread adoption of the tradition has spread among the German, Polish, Belgian and Dutch communities throughout the United States. 

On 24 December, Christmas Eve, each child puts one empty stocking/sock on their fireplace.  The following morning of 25 December, the children awake to find that St. Nick has filled their stockings with candy and small presents (if the children have been good) or coal (if not).  Gifts often include chocolate gold coins to represent the gold St. Nick gave to the poor and small trinkets.  They also awake to find presents under the tree, wrapped in Christmas-themed paper.  This is a very traditional part of Christmas. 

Metamorphosis in Demre

The metamorphosis of Saint Nicholas into the more commercially lucrative Santa Claus, which took several centuries in Europe and America, has recently been re-enacted in the saint's home town: the city of Demre.  This modern Turkish town is built near the ruins of ancient Myra.  As St. Nicholas is a very popular Orthodox saint, the city attracts many Russian tourists.  A solemn bronze statue of the Saint by the Russian sculptor Gregory Pototsky, donated by the Russian government in 2000, was given a prominent place on the square in front of the medieval church of St. Nicholas.  In 2005, mayor Suleyman Topcu had the statue replaced by a red-suited plastic Santa Claus statue, because he wanted the central statue to be more recognizable to visitors from all over the world.  Protests from the Russian government against this action were successful only to the extent that the Russian statue was returned, without its original high pedestal, to a corner near the church. 

Restoration on Saint Nicholas' original church in Demre is currently under way.  In 2007, the Turkish Ministry of Culture gave permission for the Divine Liturgy to be celebrated at the site, and has contributed the sum of forty-thousand Turkish Lira to the project. 

^Cunningham, Lawrence (2005).  A brief history of saints.  Wiley-Blackwell.  p. 33.  ISBN978-1-4051-1402-8. " The fourth-century Saint Nikolaos of Myra (in present-day Turkey) spread to Europe through the port city of Bari in southern Italy…Devotion to the saint in the Low countries became blended with Nordic folktales, transforming this early Greek bishop into that Christmas icon, Santa Claus’." 

^Jones, Charles W. (1978).  Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend.  University of Chicago Press.  ISBN978-0-226-40700-5. 

^Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002).  The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture.  Greenwood Publishing Group.  p. 21.  ISBN0-313-30733-4. " Saint Nicholas (Bishop of Myra) replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city…A Greek from what is now Turkey, he lived in the early fourth century." 

^Burman, Edward (1991).  Emperor to emperor: Italy before the Renaissance.  Constable.  p. 126.  ISBN0-09-469490-7. " For although he is the patron saint of Russia, and the model for a northern invention such as Santa Glaus, Nicholas of Myra was a Greek." 

^ abIngram, W. Scott; Ingram, Asher, Scott; Robert (2004).  Greek Immigrants.  Infobase Publishing.  p. 24.  ISBN0-8160-5689-7, 9780816056897. " Saint Nicholas The original Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas, was a Greek born in Turkey in the fourth century.  He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life to Christianity." 

^Lanzi, Gioia (2004).  Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images.  Liturgical Press.  p. 111.  ISBN0-8146-2970-9. " Nicholas was born around 270 in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey." 

^Faber, Paul (2006).  Sinterklaas overseas: the adventures of a globetrotting saint.  KIT Publishers.  p. 7.  ISBN90-6832-437-3, 9789068324372. " The historical figure that served as model for the Dutch Sinterklaas was born around 270 CE in the port of Patara in the Greek province of Lycia in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey).  His Greek name Nikolaos means something along the lines of “victor of the people”." 

^Lanzi, Gioia (2004).  Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images.  Liturgical Press.  p. 111.  ISBN0-8146-2970-9. " Nicholas was born around 270 in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey; his parents were Epiphanius and Joanna." 

Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content.  Each square carries a letter.  To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares. 

boggle

Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters.  You can also try the grid of 16 letters.  Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better.  See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame ! 

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