Evaluation of "labile" metal in sediments by anodic stripping voltammetry. 
A procedure for determining the "labile" metal content of contaminated sediments (in different chemical environments) has been critically examined.  The sediments were extracted overnight with different chemical solutions and the suspensions were analysed by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.  The extractants used have been recommended for soil/sediment speciation schemes, and by examination of the suspensions directly in the ASV cell, errors due to re-adsorption of released metal ion were minimized.  The existence of different chemical forms of metal was signified by changes in peak shape and position or by the appearance of additional peaks.  With complexing agents present the peak size was pH-dependent.  The limitations of the ASV/suspension analysis technique have been carefully evaluated by using ten different extractants and seventeen sediments.  The "lability" results obtained have been compared with the values obtained from a cation-exchanger transfer procedure.  For characterizing the lability behaviour of the metal contents of sediments, preliminary extraction into a minimum of four base solutions is advisable, e.g., 0.02M nitric acid (low-pH labile); hydroxylamine in acetic acid (reducing conditions); acetic acid/acetate buffer (weakly sorbed and carbonate-bound) and 0.05M calcium chloride (exchangeable fraction at natural system pH), where the terms in parentheses describe the character of the fraction.  The results are critically compared with those obtained by atomic-absorption analysis of the extracts and with those obtained by an earlier ion-exchange fractionation scheme.  The advantages and limitations of the ASY systems are discussed.