The role of complement in Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome. 
Atypical forms of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) include HUS caused by defects in the regulation of alternative complement pathway and HUS linked to neuraminidase-producing pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae.  Increasing data support a pathogenic role of neuraminidase in the development of S. pneumoniae-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (SP-HUS), but the role of complement has never been clarified in detail.  Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether the pathologic complement profile and genetic risk factors of aHUS are present in patients with SP-HUS.  Enrolling five patients with SP-HUS classical and alternative pathway activity, besides C3, C4, factors H, B, I and anti-factor H autoantibody levels were determined.  The coding regions of CFH, CFI, CD46 (MCP), THBD, C3 and CFB genes were sequenced and the copy number of CFI, CD46, CFH and related genes were also analyzed.  We found that in the acute phase samples of SP-HUS patients, complement components C4, C3 and activity of the classical and alternative pathways were decreased, indicating severe activation and complement consumption, but most of these alterations normalized later in remission.  Three of the patients carried mutations and risk haplotypes in complement-mediated aHUS associated genes.  The identified mutations include a previously published CFI variant (P50A) and two novel ones in CFH (R1149X) and THBD (T44I) genes.  Our results suggest that severe complement dysregulation and consumption accompany the progress of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD)-associated SP-HUS and genetic variations of complement genes may contribute to the development of this complication in a proportion of the affected patients.