Does evaluative conditioning depend on awareness?  Evidence from a continuous flash suppression paradigm. 
The role of awareness in evaluative learning has been thoroughly investigated with a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches.  We investigated evaluative conditioning (EC) without awareness with an approach that conceptually provides optimal conditions for unaware learning - the Continuous Flash Suppression paradigm (CFS).  In CFS, a stimulus presented to one eye can be rendered invisible for a prolonged duration by presenting a high-contrast dynamic pattern to the other eye.  The suppressed stimulus is nevertheless processed.  First, Experiment 1 established EC effects in a pseudo-CFS setup without suppression.  Experiment 2 then employed CFS to suppress conditioned stimuli (CSs) from awareness while the unconditioned stimuli (USs) were visible.  While Experiment 1 and 2 used a between-participants manipulation of CS suppression, Experiments 3 and 4 both manipulated suppression within participants.  We observed EC effects when CSs were not suppressed, but found no EC effects when the CS was suppressed from awareness.  We relate our finding to previous research and discuss theoretical implications for EC. ( PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).