Surgical treatment for permanent dislocation of the patella in adults. 
Permanent dislocation of the patella in adults is a rare condition that presents with complete irreducible lateral dislocation of the patella, combined with secondary changes, such as valgus deformity and leg-length discrepancy.  Because these secondary changes cannot heal spontaneously after skeletal maturation if left untreated, the patients frequently possess pathology not limited to the knee joint and extending to the whole lower extremity, such as malalignment or leg-length discrepancy, that can develop into osteoarthritis of the knee.  However, to our knowledge, few surgeons advocate the significance of correcting the malalignment in treating adult patients.  We treated a 34-year-old woman with permanent dislocation of the patella in a 2-stage surgery, consisting of first-stage correction of valgus deformity and limb shortening using a Ilizarov external fixator and second-stage realignment of the dislocated patella over the trochlea.  A follow-up examination conducted 3 years after the second operation revealed plantigrade gait with normal alignment of the lower extremity without limping and medial thrust.  The patella was tracking centrally in the patellofemoral groove.  Radiographs showed a neutral mechanical axis of the lower extremity, no evidence of patellar subluxation, and no deteriorating osteoarthritic changes at the tibiofemoral joint.  This case highlights the importance of correcting secondary changes, such as valgus deformity and leg-length discrepancy, to reduce the risk of future osteoarthrosis and postoperative dislocation, especially when these deformities are substantial.