Influence of the PsbA1/PsbA3, Ca(2+)/Sr(2+) and Cl(-)/Br(-) exchanges on the redox potential of the primary quinone Q(A) in Photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus elongatus as revealed by spectroelectrochemistry. 
Ca(2+) and Cl(-) ions are essential elements for the oxygen evolution activity of photosystem II (PSII).  It has been demonstrated that these ions can be exchanged with Sr(2+) and Br(-), respectively, and that these ion exchanges modify the kinetics of some electron transfer reactions at the Mn₄Ca cluster level (Ishida et al.,  J. Biol.  Chem.  283 (2008) 13330-13340).  It has been proposed from thermoluminescence experiments that the kinetic effects arise, at least in part, from a decrease in the free energy level of the Mn(4)Ca cluster in the S₃ state though some changes on the acceptor side were also observed.  Therefore, in the present work, by using thin-layer cell spectroelectrochemistry, the effects of the Ca(2+)/Sr(2+) and Cl(-)/Br(-) exchanges on the redox potential of the primary quinone electron acceptor Q(A), E(m)(Q(A)/Q(A)(-)), were investigated.  Since the previous studies on the Ca(2+)/Sr(2+) and Cl(-)/Br(-) exchanges were performed in PsbA3-containing PSII purified from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus, we first investigated the influences of the PsbA1/PsbA3 exchange on E(m)(Q(A)/Q(A)(-)).  Here we show that i) the E(m)(Q(A)/Q(A)(-)) was up-shifted by ca.  +38mV in PsbA3-PSII when compared to PsbA1-PSII and ii) the Ca(2+)/Sr(2+) exchange up-shifted the E(m)(Q(A)/Q(A)(-)) by ca.  +27mV, whereas the Cl(-)/Br(-) exchange hardly influenced E(m)(Q(A)/Q(A)(-)).  On the basis of the results of E(m)(Q(A)/Q(A)(-)) together with previous thermoluminescence measurements, the ion-exchange effects on the energetics in PSII are discussed.